APPLIED ELECTRICITY-I

GET 225

Chapter 2: Basic Laws

Course Instructor: Ahmad A. Galadima

1 11/28/2022
 Outline

1. Introduction

2. Ohm’s Law

3. Nodes, Branches and Loops

4. Kirchhoff’s Laws

5. Series Resistors & Voltage Division

6. Parallel Resistors & Current Division

7. Wye – Delta Transformations

8. Summary

9. References

2 11/28/2022
 1. Introduction

Previously we introduced basic concepts such as

current, voltage, and power in an electric circuit.
To actually determine the values of these
variables in a given circuit requires that we
understand some fundamental laws that govern
electric circuits.
These laws, known as Ohm’s law and
Kirchhoff’s laws, form the foundation upon
which electric circuit analysis is built.

3 11/28/2022
 2. Ohm’s Law

Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of

resisting the flow of electric charge. This physical property,
or ability to resist current, is known as resistance.
The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of
electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).

Where ρ is known as the resistivity of

the material in ohm-meters

Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the resistor.

4 11/28/2022
 A short circuit is a circuit element with
resistance approaching zero

An open circuit is a circuit element with

resistance approaching infinity

5 11/28/2022
Conductance

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current;

it is measured in mhos (℧) or siemens (S).

The same resistance can be expressed in ohms or

siemens. For example, 10 Ω is the same as 0.1 S.

6 11/28/2022
 3. Nodes, Branches and Loops

Since the elements of an electric circuit can be

interconnected in several ways, we need to understand
some basic concepts of network topology.

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Two or more elements are in series if they

exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.

7 11/28/2022
Nodes, Branches and Loops Cont’d

A node is usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.

A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a
node, passing through a set of nodes, and
returning to the starting node without passing
through any node more than once.
A loop is said to be independent if it contains at
least one branch which is not a part of any other
independent loop.
Independent loops or paths result in independent
sets of equations

8 11/28/2022
 4. Kirchhoff’s Laws

Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.

However, when it is coupled with Kirchhoff’s two laws, we
have a sufficient, powerful set of tools for analyzing a large
variety of electric circuits.

Kirchhoff’s laws were first introduced in 1847 by the German

physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887).

These laws are formally known as Kirchhoff’s current law

(KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL).

9 11/28/2022
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero.
OR
Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

Expressed mathematically, KVL states that:

For example:

10 11/28/2022
 Parallel vs Series Circuit

1. Parallel Circuit 2. Series Circuit

11 11/28/2022
Example 1

Redraw the systems below, showing a single voltage source

for each. Solve for the current in each circuit. Solve for the
voltage across each resistor.

12 11/28/2022
Example 2

Determine V0 and i in the circuit below

13 11/28/2022
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
OR
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents
leaving the node.

Mathematically, KCL implies that:

For example:

14 11/28/2022
 Parallel vs Series Circuit

1. Parallel Circuit 2. Series Circuit

15 11/28/2022
Example 3

Find the unknown currents in each circuit.

(a) (b)
(c)

16 11/28/2022
Example 4

Find io and Vo

17 11/28/2022
 5. Series Resistors and Voltage
Division
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors
connected in series is the sum of the individual resistances.
For N resistors in series then.

To determine the voltage across each resistor (Voltage

Divider).

General
formula

18 11/28/2022
 6. Parallel Resistors and Current
Division

The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to

the product of their resistances divided by their sum.

General For two

Formula resistors

To determine current in each branch (Current divider)

19 11/28/2022
Example 5

Find the currents and voltages

20 11/28/2022
Example 6

Find Req (Total resistance)

21 11/28/2022
Example 7

Find io and Vo in the circuit below. Calculate the

power dissipated in the 3 ohm resistor

22 11/28/2022
7. Wye – Delta Transformations

Situations often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors

are neither in parallel nor in series.

For example, consider the bridge circuit below. How do we

combine resistors through when the resistors are neither in
series nor in parallel?

23 11/28/2022
Wye/Tee & Delta/pi connections

wye (Y) tee (T)

delta (Δ) pi (Π)

24 11/28/2022
Delta to Wye Conversion

25 11/28/2022
Example 7

Convert the delta network to and equivalent wye network

26 11/28/2022
Wye to Delta Conversion

27 11/28/2022
Example 8

Transform the wye network to delta network.

28 11/28/2022
Example 9

Find the total resistance Rab.

29 11/28/2022
Example 10

For the bridge network, find Rab and i.

30 11/28/2022
 Summary

31 11/28/2022
 Summary

32 11/28/2022
 Summary

33 11/28/2022
 Summary

34 11/28/2022
 Reference

Fundamentals of electric circuits / Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.

O. Sadiku. — 4th ed.

35