Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

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After receiving a 24-hour urine for quantitative total d. measure the total volume
protein analysis, the technician must first:

a. subculture the urine for bacteria

b. add the appropriate preservative
c. screen for albumin using a dipstick
d. measure the total volume

False results in urobilinogen testing may occur if the a. exposed to light

urine specimen is:

a. exposed to light
b. adjusted to a neutral pH
c. cooled to a room temperature
d. collected in a nonsterile container

A clean-catch urine is submitted to the laboratory for b. be rejected due to the time delay
routine urinalysis and culture. The routine urinalysis is
done first, and 3 hours later, the specimen is sent to the
microbiology department for culture. The specimen
should:

a. be centrifuged, and the supernatant cultured

b. be rejected due to the time delay
c. not be cultured if no bacteria are seen
d. be processed for culture only if the nitrate is positive

Which of the following urine results is most apt to be d. bilirubin

changed by prolonged exposure to light?

a. pH
b. protein
c. ketones
d. bilirubin

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Urine samples should be examined within 1 hour of c. bacterial contamination will cause alkalinization of the urine
voiding because:

a. RBCs, leukocytes and casts agglutinate on standing

for several hours at room temperature
b. urobilinogen increases and bilirubin decreases after
prolonged exposure to light
c. bacterial contamination will cause alkalinization of
the urine
d. ketones will increase due to bacterial and cellular
metabolism

The following results were obtained on a urine b. ketones

specimen at 8:00 am:

pH: 5.5
protein: 2+
glucose: 3+
ketones: 3+
blood: negative
bilirubin: positive
nitrite: positive

If this urine specimen was stored uncapped at 5C

without preservation and retested at 2pm, which of the
following test results would be changed due to these
storage conditions?

a. glucose
b. ketones
c. protein
d. nitrite

A urine specimen comes to the laboratory 7 hours after b. at 4-7C

it is obtained. It is acceptable for culture only if the
specimen has been stored:

a. at room temperature
b. at 4-7C
c. frozen
d. with a preservative additive

Which of the following would be affected by allowing a c. pH

urine specimen to remain at room temperature for 3
hours before analysis?

a. occult blood
b. specific gravity
c. pH
d. protein

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A 24-hour urine from a man who had no evidence of d. check the creatinine level; if it is >1 g, do the procedure
kidney impairment was sent to the laboratory for
hormone determination. The volume was 600 mL, but
there was some question as to the completeness of the
24-hour collection. The next step would be to:

a. perform the hormone determination, since 600 mL is

a normal 24-hour urine volume
b. check the creatinine level; if it is <1 g, do the
procedure
c. report the hormone determination in mg/dL in case
the specimen was incomplete
d. check the creatinine level; if it is >1 g, do the
procedure

Failure to observe RBC casts in a urine specimen can b. centrifuging an unmixed specimen
be caused by:

a. staining the specimen

b. centrifuging an unmixed specimen
c. mixing the sediment after decantation
d. examining the sediment first under low power

eGFR calculated by the MDRD formula takes into c. creatinine

account the age, BUN, race, albumin and what else for
its calculations?

a. urea
b. ammonia
c. creatinine
d. cystatin C

The creatinine clearance is reported in: c. mL/min

a. mg/dL
b. mg/24 hours
c. mL/min
d. mL/24 hours

Microalbumin can be measure by a random urine b. nephropathy

collection. An inicreased microalbumin is predictive of:

a. diabetes mellitus
b. nephropathy
c. hypertension
d. nephrotic syndrome

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will most a. pale urine with a high specific gravity
likely have:

a. pale urine with a high specific gravity

b. concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
c. pale urine with a low specific gravity
d. dark urine with a high specific gravity

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

While performing an analysis of a baby's urine, the a. phenylpyruvic acid
technologist notices the specimen to have a "mousy"
odor. Of the following substances that may be excreted
in urine, the one that most characteristically produces
this odor is:

a. phenylpyruvic acid
b. acetone
c. coliform bacilli
d. porphyrin

An ammonia-like odor is characteristically associated c. have an infection with Proteus sp.

with urine from patients who:

a. are diabetic
b. have hepatitis
c. have an infection with Proteus sp.
d. have a yeast infection

Urine that develops a port wine color after standing b. porphyrins

may contain:

a. melanin
b. porphyrins
c. bilirubin
d. urobilinogen

Acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken on c. methemoglobin

standing due to the formation of:

a. myoglobin
b. sulfhemoglobin
c. methemoglobin
d. red blood cells

Urine from a 50-year-old man was noted to turn dark b. porphyrins

red on standing. This change is caused by:

a. glucose
b. porphyrins
c. urochrome
d. creatinine

The clarity of a urine sample should be determined: b. following thorough mixing of the specimen

a. using glass tubes only; never plastic

b. following thorough mixing of the specimen
c. after addition of sulfosalicylic acid
d. after the specimen cools to room temperature

Milky urine form a 24-year-old woman would most b. many white blood cells
likely contain:

a. spermatozoa
b. many white blood cells
c. red blood cells
d. bilirubin

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A brown-black urine would most likely contain: c. melanin

a. bile pigment
b. porphyrins
c. melanin
d. blood cells

The yellow color of urine is primarily due to a. urochrome pigment

a. urochrome pigment
b. methemoglobin
c. bilirubin
d. homogenistic acid

Red urine may be due to c. myoglobin

a. bilirubin
b. excess urobilin
c. myoglobin
d. homogenistic acid

A urine specimen collected on an apparently healthy d. phosphates

25-year-old man shortly after he finished eating lunch
was cloudy but showed normal results on a multiple
reagent strip analysis. The most likely cause of the
turbidity is

a. fat
b. white blood cells
c. urates
d. phosphates

In which of the following metabolic diseases will urine b. alkaptonuria

turn dark brown to black upon standing?

a. phenylketonuria
b. alkaptonuria
c. maple syrup disese
d. aminoaciduria

Urine osmolality is related to: c. specific gravity

a. pH
b. filtration
c. specific gravity
d. volume

Urine specific gravity is an index of the ability of the b. concentrate the urine
kidney to:

a. filter the plasma

b. concentrate the urine
c. alter the hydrogen ion concentration
d. reabsorb sodium ions

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Osmolality is a measure of: a. dissolved particles, including ions

a. dissolved particles, including ions

b. undissociated molecules only
c. total salt concentration
d. molecule size

A patient urine sample has an increased protein and a a. osmolality

high specific gravity. Which of the following would be a
more accurate measure of urine concentration?

a. osmolality
b. ketones
c. refractive index
d. pH

To prepare a solution appropriate for quality control of c. sodium chloride with a specific gravity of 1.022
the refractometer, a technician should use:

a. urea with a specific gravity of 1.040

b. water with a specific gravity of 1.005
c. sodium chloride with a specific gravity of 1.022
d. calcium chloride with an osmolarity of 460

A urine's specific gravity is directly proportional to its: b. dissolved solids

a. turbidity
b. dissolved solids
c. salt content
d. sugar content

Isosthenuria is associated with a specific gravity which is c. fixed around 1.010

usually:

a. variable between 1.001 and 1.008

b. variable between 1.015 and 1.022
c. fixed around 1.010
d. fixed around 1.020

The fluid leaving the glomerulus normally has a specific b. 1.010

gravity of:

a. 1.001
b. 1.010
c. 1.020
d. 1.030

An antidiuretic hormone deficiency is associated with a: b. low specific gravity

a. specific gravity around 1.031

b. low specific gravity
c. high specific gravity
d. variable specific gravity

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Use of a refractometer over a urinometer is preferred c. small volume of urine and compensates for temperature
due to the fact that the refractometer uses:

a. large volume of urine and compensates for

temperature
b. small volume of urine and compensates for glucose
c. small volume of urine and compensates for
temperature
d. small volume of urine and compensates for protein

Calibration of refractometers is done by measuring the c. sodium chloride

specific gravity of distilled water and:

a. protein
b. glucose
c. sodium chloride
d. urea

The method of choice for performing a specific gravity a. reagent strip

measurement of urine following administration of x-ray
contrast dyes is:

a. reagent strip
b. refractometer
c. urinometer
d. densitometer

Which of the following urinary parameters are b. osmolality and specific gravity
measured during the course of concentration and
dilution tests to assess renal tubular function?

a. urea, nitrogen and creatinine

b. osmolality and specific gravity
c. sodium and chloride
d. sodium and osmolality

Refractive index is a comparison of: b. light velocity in air to light velocity in solutions

a. light velocity in solutions to light velocity in solids

b. light velocity in air to light velocity in solutions
c. light scattering by air to light scattering by solutions
d. light scattering by particles in solution

Which of the following can give a false-negative urine d. very dilute urine
protein reading?

a. contamination with vaginal discharge

b. heavy mucus
c. presence of blood
d. very dilute urine

The pH of a urine specimen measures the: b. free hydrogen ions

a. free sodium ions

b. free hydrogen ions
c. total acid excretion
d. volatile acids

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Upon standing at room temperature, a urine pH b. increases
typically:

a. decreases
b. increases
c. remains the same
d. changes depending on bacterial concentration

Urine reagent strips should be stored in a(n): c. cool dry area

a. refrigerator (4-7C)
b. incubator (37C)
c. cool dry area
d. open jar exposed to air

The principle of the reagent strip test for urine protein b. protein error of indicators
depends on:

a. an enzyme reaction
b. protein error of indicators
c. copper reduction
d. the toluidine reaction

The protein section of the urine reagent strip is most a. albumin

sensitive to:

a. albumin
b. mucoprotein
c. Bence Jones protein
d. globulin

Routine screening of urine samples for glycosuria is a. glucose

performed primarily to detect:

a. glucose
b. galactose
c. bilirubin
d. ketones

Which of the following reagents is used to react with a. sodium nitroprusside

ketones in the urine?

a. sodium nitroprusside
b. acetoacetic acid
c. acetone
d. beta-hydroxybutyric acid

A test area of a urine reagent strip is impregnated with a. acetoacetic (diacetic) acid
only sodium nitroprusside. This section will react with:

a. acetoacetic (diacetic) acid

b. leukocyte esterase
c. beta-hydroxybutyric acid
d. ferric chloride

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A reagent strip area impregnated with stabilized, a. bilirubin
diazotized 2,4 - dichloroaniline will yield a positive
reaction with:

a. bilirubin
b. hemoglobin
c. ketones
d. urobilinogen

Which of the following factors will not interfere with the c. nitrite
reagent strip test for leukocytes?

a. ascorbic acid
b. formaldehyde
c. nitrite
d. urinary protein level of 500 mg/dL

Excess urine on the reagent strip can turn a normal pH b. citrate buffer
result into a falsely acidic pH when which of the
following reagents runs into the pH pad?

a. tetrabromphenol blue
b. citrate buffer
c. glucose oxidase
d. alkaline copper sulfate

When employing the urine reagent strip method, a d. highly alkaline urine
false-positive protein result may occur in the presence
of:

a. large amounts of glucose

b. x-ray contrast media
c. Bence Jones protein
d. highly alkaline urine

A 17-year-old girl decided to go on a starvation diet. b. ketones

After 1 week of starving herself, what substance would
most likely be found in her urine?

a. protein
b. ketones
c. glucose
d. blood

A 2-year-old child had a positive urine ketone. This a. vomiting

would most likely be caused by:

a. vomiting
b. anemia
c. hypoglycemia
d. biliary tract obstruction

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A patient's urinalysis revealed a positive bilirubin and a b. biliary obstruction
decreased urobilinogen level. These results are
associated with:

a. hemolytic disease
b. biliary obstruction
c. hepatic disease
d. urinary tract infection

A urine specimen with an elevated urobilinogen and a c. hemolytic jaundice

negative bilirubin may indicate:

a. obstruction of the biliary tract

b. viral hepatitis
c. hemolytic jaundice
d. cirrhosis

Microscopic analysis of a urine specimen yields a a. vitamin C

moderate amount of red blood cells in spite of a
negative result for occult blood using a reagent strip.
The technologist should determine if this patient has
taken:

a. vitamin C
b. a diuretic
c. high blood pressure medicine
d. antibiotics

The purpose for routinely screening diabetes mellitus b. renal disease

patients for microalbuminuria is to monitor the
development of:

a. urinary tract infection

b. renal disease
c. yeast infections
d. diabetes insipidus

The principle of the reagent strip test for c. a dye-binding reaction

microalbuminuria is:

a. a diazo reaction
b. the protein error of indicators
c. a dye-binding reaction
d. the release of hydrogen ions to an indicator

The reason that an albumin:creatinine ratio can be run a. creatinine corrects for over or under body hydration
on a random specimen is:

a. creatinine corrects for over or under body hydration

b. a first morning specimen may be too concentrated
c. albumin corrects for over or under body hydration
d. the reaction is sensitive to any level of albumin

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

To prepare the reagent used in confirmatory protein a. dissolve 3 g sulfosalicylic acid in 100 mL of water
testing, a technician would:

a. dissolve 3 g sulfosalicylic acid in 100 mL of water

b. dissolve 5 g trichloroacetic acid in 100 mL of water
c. combine 3 mL of hydrochloric acid and 97 mL of
water
d. combine 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of
water

A positive result for bilirubin on a reagent strip should c. performing an Ictotest

be followed up by:

a. notifying the physician

b. requesting a new specimen
c. performing an Ictotest
d. performing a urobilinogen

Ammonium sulfate was added to red urine. The urine d. myoglobin

had a positive reaction for blood, but no RBCs were
seen on microscopic examination. After centrifugation
the supernatant fluid is red. The abnormal color is
caused by:

a. pyridium
b. hemoglobin
c. porphyrins
d. myoglobin

A urine tested with Clinitest exhibits a passthrough c. 1:6

reaction and is diluted by adding 2 drops of urine to 10
drops water. This is a dilution of:

a. 1:4
b. 1:5
c. 1:6
d. 1:8

When performing a routine urinalysis, the technologist b. confirm with the acid precipitation test
notes a 2+ protein result. He should:

a. request another specimen

b. confirm with the acid precipitation test
c. test for Bence Jones protein
d. report the result obtained without further testing

The confirmatory test for a positive protein result by the c. sulfosalicylic acid
reagent strip method uses:

a. Ehrlich reagent
b. a diazo reaction
c. sulfosalicylic acid
d. a copper reduction tablet

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A urine specimen is analyzed for glucose by a glucose b. glucose is present
oxidase reagent strip and a copper reduction test. If
both results are positive, which of the following
interpretations is correct?

a. galactose is present
b. glucose is present
c. lactose is not present
d. sucrose is not present

A woman in her ninth month of pregnancy has a urine d. lactose

sugar which is negative with the urine reagent strip, but
gives a positive reaction with the copper reduction
method. The sugar most likely responsible for these
results is:

a. maltose
b. galactose
c. glucose
d. lactose

A urinalysis performed on a 2-week-old infant with b. galactose

diarrhea shows a negative reaction with the glucose
oxidase reagent strip. A copper reduction tablet test
should be performed to check the urine sample for the
presence of:

a. glucose
b. galactose
c. bilirubin
d. ketones

When using the sulfosalicylic acid test, false-positive d. radiographic contrast media
protein results may occur in the presence of:

a. ketones
b. alkali
c. glucose
d. radiographic contrast media

Which of the following is the primary reagent in the b. copper sulfate

copper reduction tablet?

a. sodium carbonate
b. copper sulfate
c. glucose oxidase
d. polymerized diazonium salt

In most compound light microscopes, the ocular lens a. 10x

has a magnification of:

a. 10x
b. 40x
c. 50x
d. 100x

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The best way to lower the light intensity of the c. lower the rheostat
microscope is to:

a. lower the condenser

b. adjust the aperture diaphragm
c. lower the rheostat
d. raise the condenser

The advantage to using phase microscopy in urinalysis b. enhance constituents with a low refractive index
is to:

a. provide higher magnification

b. enhance constituents with a low refractive index
c. allow constituents to stain more clearly
d. provide a larger field of view

The presence of leukocytes in urine is known as: d. pyuria

a. chyluria
b. hematuria
c. leukocytosis
d. pyuria

Oval fat bodies are: b. renal tubular epithelial cells that contain lipids

a. squamous epithelial cells that contain lipids

b. renal tubular epithelial cells that contain lipids
c. free-floating fat droplets
d. white blood cells with phagocytized lipids

A microscopic examination of urine sediment reveals b. specific gravity <1.007

ghost cells. These red blood cells seen in urine with a:

a. >2% glucose concentrations

b. specific gravity <1.007
c. large amounts of ketone bodies
d. neutral pH

Glitter cells are a microscopic finding of: d. white blood cells in hypotonic urine

a. red blood cells in hypertonic urine

b. red blood cells in hypotonic urine
c. white blood cells in hypertonic urine
d. white blood cells in hypotonic urine

What cell is most commonly associated with vaginal c. squamous

contamination?

a. white
b. transitional
c. squamous
d. glitter

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A reagent strip test for blood has been reported b. hemoglobinuria
positive. Microscopic examination fails to yield red
blood cells. This patient's condition can be called:

a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. oliguria
d. hemosiderinuria

Ghost red blood cells are seen in urine that is: b. alkaline and dilute

a. acidic and dilute

b. alkaline and dilute
c. acidic and concentrated
d. alkaline and concentrated

The possibility of detecting glitter cells is associated b. dilute

with urine that is:

a. acidic
b. dilute
c. alkaline
d. concentrated

An eosinophil count may be requested on urine from a d. acute interstitial nephritis

patient with suspected:

a. acute glomerulonephritis
b. cystitis
c. renal lithiasis
d. acute interstitial nephritis

Clue cells are a form of: a. squamous epithelial cell

a. squamous epithelial cell

b. urothelial cell
c. white blood cell
d. renal tubular epithelial cell

Which of the following cells is most likely to be seen in b. urothelial cell

the urine sediment following a catheterization
procedure?

a. squamous epithelial cell

b. urothelial cell
c. white blood cell
d. renal tubular epithelial cell

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A patient admitted following an accident involving d. the presence of myoglobin in the urine specimen
massive crush injuries has the following urinalysis
results:

color: red brown

clarity: clear
specific gravity: 1.011
pH: 6.0
protein: 1+
blood: large
glucose, ketones, nitrite, leukocytes, bilirubin,
urobilinogen: all negative

Microscopic findings: renal tubular epithelial: 5-10

renal tubular cell casts: 1-2

The discrepancy between the large amount of blood

and the absence of RBCs on microscopy is caused by:
a. failure to mix the specimen before centrifuging
b. mistaking RBCs for RTE cells
c. contaminating oxidizing detergents in the container
d. the presence of myoglobin in the urine specimen

(PICTURE) d. cystitis

What is the most likely diagnosis given this microscopic

finding?

a. glomerulonephritis
b. pyelonephritis
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. cystitis

(PICTURE) a. RBC

Identify the formed element in this photomicrograph:

a. RBC
b. WBC
c. epithelial cell
d. yeast

All casts typically contain: d. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein

a. albumin
b. globulin
c. immunoglobulins G and M
d. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein

Hyaline casts are usually found: b. under subdued light

a. in the center of the coverslip

b. under subdued light
c. under very bright light
d. in the supernatant

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Which of the following casts is most likely to be found a. hyaline
in healthy people?

a. hyaline
b. red blood cell
c. waxy
d. white blood cell

Which of the following casts is most indicative of end d. waxy

stage renal disease?

a. hemoglobin
b. granular
c. cellular
d. waxy

A technologist performed a STAT microscopic urinalysis c. casts dissolved due to increase in urine pH
and reported the following:

WBC: 10-13
RBC: 2-6
hyaline casts: 5-7
bacteria: 1+

The centrifuge tube was not discarded and the urine

sediment was reevaluated microscopically 5 hours after
the above results were reported. A second technologist
reported the same results, except 2+ bacteria and no
hyaline casts were found. The most probable
explanation for the second technologist's findings is:

a. sediment was not agitated before preparing the

microscope slide
b. casts dissolved due to decrease in urine pH
c. casts dissolved due to increase in urine pH
d. casts were never present in this specimen

Which of the following aids in differentiating a spherical b. eccentrically-placed nucleus in the renal tubular cell
transitional cell from a round renal tubular cell?

a. spherical transitional cell is larger

b. eccentrically-placed nucleus in the renal tubular cell
c. eccentrically-placed nucleus in the spherical
transitional cell
d. round renal tubular cell is larger

The urine microscopic constituents that best d. WBC casts

differentiate between cystitis and pyelonephritis are:

a. WBCs
b. bacteria
c. RBCs
d. WBC casts

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Epithelial cell casts are most indicative of: c. tubular necrosis

a. glomerulonephritis
b. nephrotic syndrome
c. tubular necrosis
d. pyelonephritis

Granular casts found in the urine of a football player b. strenuous exercise

admitted to the hospital with a broken leg occurring
during the game can be the result of:

a. excessive bruising
b. strenuous exercise
c. excess power drink ingestion
d. bone fracture

Which of the following casts most frequently appears c. waxy

to have a brittle consistency?

a. hyaline
b. granular
c. waxy
d. fatty

To distinguish between a clump of WBCs and a WBC d. the presence of a cast matrix
cast, it is important to observe:

a. the presence of free-floating WBCs

b. a positive leukocyte reaction
c. a positive nitrite reaction
d. the presence of a cast matrix

Spherical urothelial cells may be confused with: b. renal tubular epithelial cells

a. oval fat bodies

b. renal tubular epithelial cells
c. glitter cells
d. lymphocytes

Prior to reporting a red blood cell cast, it is important a. free-floating RBCs

to observe:

a. free-floating RBCs
b. hyaline casts
c. granular casts
d. increased white blood cells

In a specimen with a large amount of bilirubin, which of d. renal tubular epithelial cell casts
the following sediment constituents would be most
noticeably bile-stained?

a. squamous epithelial cells

b. white blood cell casts
c. cystine crystals
d. renal tubular epithelial cell casts

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

(PICTURE) a. glomerulonephritis

What is the most likely diagnosis given this microscopic

finding?

a. glomerulonephritis
b. pyelonephritis
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. cystitis

A white precipitate in a urine specimen with a pH of 7.5 c. amorphous phosphates

would most probably be caused by:

a. amorphous urates
b. WBCs
c. amorphous phosphates
d. bacteria

Which of the following is an abnormal crystal described a. cystine

as a hexagonal plate?

a. cystine
b. tyrosine
c. leucine
d. cholesterol

The primary component of most urinary calculi is: a. calcium

a. calcium
b. uric acid
c. leucine
d. cystine

After warming, a cloudy urine clears. This is due to the a. urates

presence of:

a. urates
b. phosphates
c. WBCs
d. bacteria

Tiny, colorless, dumbbell-shaped crystals were found in b. calcium carbonate

an alkaline urine sediment. They most likely are:

a. calcium oxalate
b. calcium carbonate
c. calcium phosphate
d. amorphous phosphate

Which of the following crystals may be found in acidic b. calcium oxalate

urine?

a. calcium carbonate
b. calcium oxalate
c. calcium phosphate
d. triple phosphate

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Using polarized light microscopy, which of the a. cholesterol
following urinary elements are birefringent?

a. cholesterol
b. triglycerides
c. fatty acids
d. neutral fats

Which of the following crystals appear as fine, silky d. tyrosine

needles?

a. cholesterol
b. leucine
c. hemosiderin
d. tyrosine

Which of the following crystals is seen in an amber c. tyrosine

urine with a positive bilirubin?

a. ammonium biurate
b. cystine
c. tyrosine
d. uric acid

Following ingestion of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) b. oval/dumbbell

numerous crystals are found in the urine. The shape of
these crystals is:

a. flat with notched corners

b. oval/dumbbell
c. coffin-lid
d. rosettes/rhomboid

Cholesterol crystals will most likely be observed in b. 4+ protein

urine that contains:

a. 3+ glucose
b. 4+ protein
c. WBC casts
d. triple phosphate crystals

The finding of a large amount of uric acid crystals in a b. could indicate Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
urine specimen from a 6-month-old boy:

a. may actually be diaper fibers

b. could indicate Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
c. should not be reported
d. may indicate improper feeding

(PICTURE) b. alkaline pH and is nonpathologic

The following crystal is found in:

a. acid pH and is nonpathologic

b. alkaline pH and is nonpathologic
c. acid pH and is pathologic
d. alkaline pH and is pathologic

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

(PICTURE) a. uric acid

Identify this crystal:

a. uric acid
b. calcium phosphate
c. calcium carbonate
d. triple phosphate acid

(PICTURE) d. dissolve with acetic acid

Alkaline urine showed this microscopic finding. The

technologist should:

a. dilute with saline

b. request a new sample
c. culture for bacteria
d. dissolve with acetic acid

Polarized light can often be used to differentiate a. fibers and mucus clumps
between:

a. fibers and mucus clumps

b. hyaline and waxy casts
c. sqamous and transitional epithelial cells
d. red blood cells and white blood cells

Which of the following contaminants has a dimple a. starch

center and will polarize?

a. starch
b. oil droplets
c. air bubbles
d. pollen grains

(PICTURE) b. powder

The presence of this element in urine indicates the

presence of:

a. a UTI
b. powder
c. carbohydrate deficiency
d. high urine amylase

(PICTURE) a. cloth fiber

Identify the formed element in this photomicrograph:

a. cloth fiber
b. hyaline cast
c. granular cast
d. waxy cast

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A technologist is having trouble differentiating between b. lyse the red blood cells
red blood cells, oil droplets and yeast cells on a urine
microscopy. Acetic acid should be added to the
sediment to:

a. lyse the yeast cells

b. lyse the red blood cells
c. dissolve the oil droplets
d. crenate the red blood cells

A urine specimen is tested and has the following results: a. diabetes mellitus

Reagent strip:
glucose: 3+
protein: 1+

Microscopic findings:
>100 WBCs/hpf
many yeast cells

This is indicative of:

a. diabetes mellitus
b. contamination
c. pyelonephritis
d. diabetes insipidus

When identifying urinary crystals, which reagent strip b. pH

result is most important?

a. protein
b. pH
c. specific gravity
d. nitrite

Bacteria are considered significant in the urine sediment d. leukocytes is positive

when the:

a. nitrite is positive
b. protein is positive
c. specimen is cloudy
d. leukocytes is positive

Which of the following exhibits rapid motility in urine b. Trichomonas vaginalis

sediment?

a. spermatozoa
b. Trichomonas vaginalis
c. Gardnerella vaginalis
d. Enterobius vermicularis

Which of the following positive chemical reactions is c. glucose

most closely associated with the presence of yeast in
the urine sediment?

a. nitrite
b. protein
c. glucose
d. blood
Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC
(PICTURE) d. nitrate

Which of the following is consistent with this urine

microscopic finding?

a. ketone
b. glucose
c. specific gravity
d. nitrate

A 21-year-old woman had glucose in her urine with a a. renal glycosuria

normal blood sugar. These findings are most consistent
with:

a. renal glycosuria
b. diabetes insipidus
c. diabetes mellitus
d. alkaline tide

A 59-year-old man is evaluated for back pain. Urine b. urine protein is falsely negative because the method is not sensitive for Bence Jones
studies (urinalysis by multiple reagent strip) include: protein

Urinalysis:
specific gravity: 1.017
pH: 6.5
protein, glucose and blood: negative

Microscopic findings:
rare epithelial cells

Urine protein electrophoresis:

monoclonal spike in gamma globulin region

Which of the following statement best explains these

results?
a. urine protein is falsely negative due to the specific
gravity
b. urine protein is falsely negative because the method
is not sensitive for Bence Jones protein
c. microscopic examination is falsely negative due to
the specific gravity
d. electrophoresis is incorrect and should be repeated

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The results of a urinalysis on a first morning specimen d. pH and microscopic examination
are:

specific gravity: 1.024

pH: 8.5
protein and glucose: negative

Microscopic findings:
uric acid crystals

The next step is to repeat the:

a. microscopic examination
b. protein and glucose
c. specific gravity
d. pH and microscopic examination

The following urinalysis results were obtained from an c. glucose and possibly other reducing substances/sugars are present
18-year-old woman in labor:

pH: 6.5
protein: 30 mg/dL
glucose: 250 mg/dL
ketones blood and nitrite: negative
bilirubin: small (color slightly abnormal)
urobilinogen: 0.1 EU/dL
specific gravity: 1.025
copper reduction test: 1.0 g/dL

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for

the patient's positive copper reduction test?
a. only glucose is present
b. only lactose is present
c. glucose and possibly other reducing
substances/sugars are present
d. results are false positive due to the presence of
protein

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The following urine were obtained on a 25-year-old d. pyelonephritis
female:

pH: 7.0
color: yellow
appearance: cloudy
protein: 1+
glucose: negative
blood: small
specific gravity: 1.015

Microscopic findings:
bacteria: many
WBC casts: 0-3/lpf
WBC/hpf: 30-40

These results are most compatible with:

a. glomerulonephritis
b. renal calculus
c. cystitis
d. pyelonephritis

A urinalysis performed on a 27-year-old woman yields d. glomerulonephritis

for the following results:

specific gravity: 1.008

pH: 5.0
protein: 2+
glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrite: negative
blood: 3+
leukocytes: positive
urobilinogen: 0.1 EU/dL

Microscopic findings:
WBC/hpf: 10-15
RBC/hpf: 30-55
casts/lpf: hyaline, 5-7; RBC, 2-5; granular, 2-3
uric acid crystals: moderate

These findings are most consistent with:

a. yeast infection
b. pyelonephritis
c. bacterial cystitis
d. glomerulonephritis

A 62-year-old patient with hyperlipoproteinemia has a a. nephrotic syndrome

large amount of protein in his urine. Microscopic
analysis yields moderate to many fatty, waxy, granular
and cellular casts. Many oval fat bodies are also noted.
This is most consistent with:

a. nephrotic syndrome
b. viral infection
c. acute pyelonephritis
d. acute glomerulonephritis

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A patient has 2 separate urinalysis reports, which a. protein, glucose and microscopy of A are false negatives because of the specific
contain the following data: gravity

Report A:
specific gravity: 1.004
pH: 5.5
protein: negative
glucose: negative
blood: negative
microscopy: rare epithelial cells

Report B:
specific gravity: 1.017
pH: 7.0
protein: 1+
glucose: negative
blood: small
microscopy: 1-2 granular cast/lpf
2-3 hyaline cast/lpf
moderate epithelial cells

Which of the following statements best explains these

results?
a. protein, glucose and microscopy of A are false
negatives because of the specific gravity
b. protein and glucose are false positives in B due to
the specific gravity
c. microscopic of A is false negative because of the pH
d. microscopic of B is false positive because of the pH

A 4-year-old girl develops edema following a recent b. minimal change disease

immunization. Laboratory studies reveal:

serum albumin: 1.8 g/dL

serum cholesterol: 450 mg/dL
serum urea nitrogen: 20 mg/dL
urinalysis: protein 4+; hyaline, granular and fatty casts

These findings are most compatible with:

a. acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
b. minimal change disease
c. acute pyelonephritis
d. diabetes mellitus

A specimen with a negative nitrate reaction and a c. acute interstitial nephritis

positive leukocytes reaction that has WBCs, WBC casts,
and no bacteria in the sediment will be seen in cases of:

a. cystitis
b. pyelonephritis
c. acute interstitial nephritis
d. acute glomerulonephritis

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Urinalysis results on a female patient who brings a urine b. ask the patient to collect another specimen at the office
specimen to the physician's office for her annual
physical are:

color: yellow
clarity: cloudy
specific gravity: 1.020
pH: 7.0
protein: trace
glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin: negative
urobilinogen: 0.2 mg/dL
nitrite: positive
leukocytes: negative

Microscopic findings:
squamous epithelial cells: moderate
WBC/hpf: 0-2
bacteria: heavy

What action should be taken?

a. place the patient on a broad spectrum antibiotic for 7
days
b. ask the patient to collect another specimen at the
office
c. tell the patient she will be called when the culture
and sensitivity reports are back
d. have the patient return in a week with a new
specimen

A patient with lupus erythematosus has the following a. chronic glomerulonephritis

urinalysis results:

color: red
clarity: cloudy
specific gravity: 1.011
pH: 6.0
protein: 3+
glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrite: negative
blood: large
urobilinogen: 1.0 mg/dL
leukocytes: trace

Microscopic findings:
WBC/hpf: 5-10
RBC/hpf: 40-50
casts/lpf: hyaline, 2-4; RBC, 3-5

These results would be associated with:

a. chronic glomerulonephritis
b. chronic pyelonephritis
c. acute interstitial nephritis
d. acute tubular necrosis

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The sediment of a urine specimen with a reagent strip c. Candida albicans
glucose of 250 mg/dL and a pH of 5.5 is ideal for the
presence of:

a. cystine crystals
b. Trichomonas vaginalis
c. Candida albicans
d. throny apple crystals

A patient with severe back pain has the following a. specific gravity
urinalysis results:

color: dark yellow

clarity: hazy
specific gravity: 1.030
pH: 6.0
protein: trace
glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrite, leukocytes: negative
blood: small
urobilinogen: 0.4 mg/dL

Microscopic findings:
RBC/hpf: 10-20
squamous epithelial cells: moderate
calcium oxalate crystals: moderate

In addition to the presence of blood, what other

reagent strip result relates to the patient's symptoms?
a. specific gravity
b. pH
c. protein
d. urobilinogen

The normal renal threshold for glucose in the adult is c. 160 mg/dL
approximately:

a. 50 mg/dL
b. 100 mg/dL
c. 160 mg/dL
d. 300 mg/dL

The volume of urine excreted in a 24-hour period by an b. oliguria

adult patient was 500 mL. This condition would be
termed:

a. anuria
b. oliguria
c. polyuria
d. dysuria

A patient has glucosuria, hyperglycemia and polyuria. b. diabetes mellitus

These findings are most consistent with:

a. renal glucosuria
b. diabetes mellitus
c. emotional stress
d. eating a heavy meal
Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC
The normal glomerular filtration rate is: b. 120 mL/min

a. 1 mL/min
b. 120 mL/min
c. 660 mL/min
d. 1200 mL/min

Normal urine primarily consists of: c. water, urea and sodium chloride

a. water, protein and sodium

b. water, urea and protein
c. water, urea and sodium chloride
d. water, urea and bilirubin

An abdominal fluid is submitted from surgery. The c. test for urea and creatinine
physician wants to determine if this fluid could be urine.
The technologist should:

a. perform a culture
b. smell the fluid
c. test for urea and creatinine
d. test for protein, glucose and pH

Antidiuretic hormone regulates the reabsorption of: a. water

a. water
b. glucose
c. potassium
d. calcium

Which of the following components are present in d. large molecular weight proteins
serum but not present in the glomerular filtrate?

a. glucose
b. amino acids
c. urea
d. large molecular weight proteins

Polyuria is usually correlated with: a. acute glomerulonephritis

a. acute glomerulonephritis
b. diabetes mellitus
c. hepatitis
d. tubular damage

Cessation of urine flow is defined as: d. anuria

a. azotemia
b. dysuria
c. diuresis
d. anuria

The reason for performing a Clinitest on a newborn's b. galactose

urine is to check for:

a. fructose
b. galactose
c. glucose
d. lactose
Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC
Ketones in urine are due to: b. incomplete fat metabolism

a. complete utilization of fatty acids

b. incomplete fat metabolism
c. high carbohydrate diets
d. renal tubular dysfunction

Reagent strip tests for ketones measure primarily: d. beta-hydroxybutyric acid

a. acetone
b. acetoacetic acid
c. cholesterol
d. beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Bilirubinuria may be associated with: c. viral hepatitis

a. strenuous exercise
b. increased destruction of platelets
c. viral hepatitis
d. hemolytic anemia

Myoglobinuria is most likely to be noted in urine c. myocardial infarction

specimens from patients with which of the following
disorders?

a. hemolytic anemia
b. lower urinary tract infection
c. myocardial infarction
d. paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

A patient with renal tubular acidosis would most likely b. high pH

excrete a urine with a:

a. low pH
b. high pH
c. neutral pH
d. variable pH

Glycosuria may be due to: c. renal tubular dysfunction

a. hypoglycemia
b. increased renal threshold
c. renal tubular dysfunction
d. increased glomerular filtration rate

The area of the nephron that is impermeable to water is c. ascending loop of Henle
the:

a. proximal convoluted tubule

b. descending loop of Henle
c. ascending loop of Henle
d. distal convoluted tubule

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The urinary tract structures responsible for renal d. juxtamedullary nephrons
concentration are the:

a. renal pelvis
b. cortical nephrons
c. renal papillae
d. juxtamedullary nephrons

The most accurate test to determine renal a. osmolarity

concentration is:

a. osmolarity
b. glomerular filtration rate
c. specific gravity
d. tubular reabsorption rate

Failure of the nephron to produce ammonia will result in c. high pH

urine with a:

a. low specific gravity

b. positive nitrite
c. high pH
d. positive protein

To avoid falsely elevated spinal fluid cell counts: d. select an aliquot from the last tube collected

a. use an aliquot from the first tube collected

b. use only those specimens showing no turbidity
c. centrifuge all specimens before counting
d. select an aliquot from the last tube collected

A turbid cerebrospinal fluid is most commonly caused a. white blood cells

by increased:

a. white blood cells

b. protein
c. glucose
d. bacterial organisms

The normal concentration of proteins in cerebrospinal a. <1%

fluid, relative to serum protein, is:

a. <1%
b. 5-10%
c. 25-30%
d. 50-60%

To prepare the reagent used for mucin clot d. glacial acetic acid
determination of synovial fluid, water is mixed with:

a. hydrochloric acid
b. sodium hydroxide
c. trichloroacetic acid
d. glacial acetic acid

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

In addition to the sperm count in a fertility study, a. time of liquefaction, estimation of motility, morphology
analysis of seminal fluid should also include:

a. time of liquefaction, estimation of motility,

morphology
b. motility, morphology, test for alkaline phosphatase
c. time of liquefaction, test for acid phosphatase,
qualitative test for hemoglobin
d. time of liquefaction, qualitative test for hemoglobin
and motility

The following lab values were obtained on a body fluid b. synovial fluid
sample:

protein: 3 g/dL
albumin: 2.1 g/dL
hyaluronate: 0.4 g/dL
glucose: 80 mg/dL
lactate: 10 mg/dL

The sample is:

a. pleural fluid
b. synovial fluid
c. urine
d. cerebrospinal fluid

A physician attempts to aspirate a knee joint and a. the fluid is synovial fluid
obtains 0.1 mL of slightly bloody fluid. Addition of acetic
acid results in turbidity and a clot. This indicates that:

a. the fluid is synovial fluid

b. plasma was obtained
c. red blood cells caused a false-positive reaction
d. the specimen is not adequate

Synovial fluid is analyzed with a polarizing microscope. a. monosodium urate crystals

Strongly birefringent needles are seen. This most likely
indicates:

a. monosodium urate crystals

b. calcium pyrophosphate crystals
c. corticosteroid crystals
d. talc crystals

A sperm count is diluted 1:20 and 50 sperm are counted d. 5,000,000

in 2 large squares of the Neubauer counting chamber.
The sperm count in mLs is:

a. 5,000
b. 50,000
c. 500,000
d. 5,000,000

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The principle mucin in synovial fluid is: a. hyaluronate

a. hyaluronate
b. albumin
c. orosomucoid
d. pepsin

The synovial fluid easily forms small drops from the c. associated with inflammation
aspirating syringe. This viscosity is:

a. normal
b. increased
c. associated with inflammation
d. associated with hypothyroidism

Pleural transudates differe from pleural exudates in that d. relatively low cell counts
transudates have:

a. protein values of >4 g/dL

b. specific gravity values of >1.020
c. LD values of >200 IU
d. relatively low cell counts

Pleural fluid from a patient with congestive heart failure d. appear clear and pale yellow
would be expected to:

a. contain bacteria
b. have a high protein content
c. be purulent
d. appear clear and pale yellow

Monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate b. MSU are yellow

dehydrate (CPPD) crystals can be distinguished by
using a red compensator in a polarizing microscope.
When the crystal is aligned with the slow vibration of
the compensator, which is true?

a. MSU are blue

b. MSU are yellow
c. CPPD are blue
d. corticosteroids are yellow

False-positive results can occur for fecal occult blood b. horseradish

due to the ingestion of

a. ascorbic acid
b. horseradish
c. acetaminophen
d. blueberries

The chromogen for the fecal occult blood test is: a. gum guaiac

a. gum guaiac
b. NADH
c. o-toluidine
d. p-aminocinnamaldehyde

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

A build up of fluid in a body cavity is called: a. an effusion

a. an effusion
b. a transudate
c. an exudate
d. metastasis

A fluid sample was collected by thoracentesis. A serum a. pleural effusion exudate

sample was collected immediately afterward. The LD
fluid to serum ratio was 0.9. There were 5,000 WBC/ul,
with 75% PMNs. Which of the following describes this
fluid?

a. pleural effusion exudate

b. pericardial effusion exudate
c. pleural effusion transudate
d. pericardial effusion transudate

Ascites is collected by: d. paracentesis

a. thoracentesis
b. lumbar puncture
c. amniocentesis
d. paracentesis

Amniotic fluid is tested for the concentration of lamellar a. fetal lung maturity (FLM)
bodies. This test determines:

a. fetal lung maturity (FLM)

b. hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
c. alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
d. trisomy 21

Amniocentesis should be performed to: b. to confirm a high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP)

a. screen for Down syndrome

b. to confirm a high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
(MSAFP)
c. to test bilirubin levels for an Rh positive mother
d. test folic acid levels in fetal blood

A sweat chloride >60 mEq/L is indicative of: d. cystic fibrosis

a. multiple sclerosis
b. muscular dystrophy
c. respiratory distress syndrome
d. cystic fibrosis

The most common genetic defect associated with a. delta-F508

cystic fibrosis is called:

a. delta-F508
b. trisomy 21
c. Philadelphia chromosome
d. fragile X

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

The presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF but not in d. multiple sclerosis
the serum is associated with:

a. spina bifida
b. hydrocephalus
c. Reye syndrome
d. multiple sclerosis

Normal CSF has a relative abundance of which of the b. prealbumin

following proteins when compared to serum?

a. transferrin
b. prealbumin
c. albumin
d. fibrinogen

A CSF was collected from a 5-year-old with a fever, and d. traumatic tap
3 tubes were transported to the lab. Tube 1 had 50,000
RBC/mL and 48 WBC/mL. Tube 3 had 10 RBC/mL and 0
WBC/mL. What is the most likely explanation for the
discrepancy?

a. tube 3 was QNS

b. bacterial meningitis
c. subarachnoid hemorrhage
d. traumatic tap

An increased IgG index indicates: b. synthesis of IgG in the CNS

a. antibody response to bacteria

b. synthesis of IgG in the CNS
c. brain tumor
d. breach of the blood brain barrier

The appearance of normal CSF is: b. colorless and clear

a. pale yellow and clear

b. colorless and clear
c. opalescent
d. xanthochromic

A CSF was hazy and the WBC was too high to perform b. 11
undilute. The technologist took 50 mL of sample and
added 500 mL of saline. The cell count on the diluted
sample was 200 WBC per mL. This should be multiplied
by:

a. 10
b. 11
c. 1/10
d. 1/11

The finding of hemosiderin laden macrophage in a CSF c. previous hemorrhage

sample indicates:

a. bacterial infection
b. viral infection
c. previous hemorrhage
d. Urinalysis
traumatic tap and Body Fluids - BOC
Which CSF results are most consistent with bacterial A. sample A
meningitis?

A: glucose = 20mg/dL; protein = 50mg/dL; lactate =

increased
B: glucose = 75mg/dL; protein = 20mg/dL; lactate =
increased
C: glucose = 20mg/dL; protein = 45mg/dL; lactate =
decreased
D: glucose = 75mg/dL; protein = 120mg/dL; lactate =
decreased

A. sample A
B. sample B
C. sample C
D. sample D

Which of the following is the best indicator of Reye a. glutamine

syndrome for CSF (hepatic encephalopathy)?

a. glutamine
b. ammonia
c. ALT
d. bilirubin

The tau isoform of transferrin is a carbohydrate a. CSF

deficient protein found only in:

a. CSF
b. sweat
c. amniotic fluid
d. semen

Which marker can be used to identify a body fluid as a. PSA

semen?

a. PSA
b. alkaline phosphatase
c. fructose
d. hyaluronic acid

Which stain is used to measure sperm viability? a. eosin nigrosin

a. eosin nigrosin
b. Wright
c. toluidine blue
d. Papanicolaou

The dimensions of a hemacytometer are: a. 3 x 3 x 0.1 mm

a. 3 x 3 x 0.1 mm
b. 1 x 1 x 10 mm
c. 3 x 10 x 1 mm
d. 1 x 1 x 0.3 mm

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Rapid forward progression of sperm is rated as: d. 4.0

a. 1.0
b. 2.0
c. 3.0
d. 4.0

Laboratory characteristics of malabsorption syndrome a. increase fecal fat

due to pancreatic insufficiently include:

a. increase fecal fat

b. fecal leukocytes
c. positive Clinitest
d. fecal occult blood

Pilocarpine iontophoresis refers to the specific process a. inducing sweat

of:

a. inducing sweat
b. separating proteins in CSF
c. measuring ions in sweat
d. measuring pilocarpine in CSF

During sweat collection, a consideration that can result b. evaporation

in a falsely high result is:

a. high ambient temperature

b. evaporation
c. preparation of area with type 1 water
d. high sweat rate

Methods used as screening tests for cystic fibrosis c. sweat conductivity

include:

a. coulometric Cl measurement
b. Cl selective electrodes
c. sweat conductivity
d. pilocarpine iontophoresis

Which pair does not match with respect to amniotic c. dark green - hemolytic
fluid?

a. colorless - normal
b. dark red-brown - fetal death
c. dark green - hemolytic disease of the newborn
d. blood-streaked - traumatic tap

Amniotic fluid is evaluated using a Liley graph and a. bilirubin, which increases in HDN
change in absorbance at 450nm. What is being
evaluated, and why?

a. bilirubin, which increases in HDN

b. AFP, which increases in spina bifida
c. HCG, which increases in Down syndrome
d. lamellar bodies, which increase with fetal lung
maturity

Urinalysis and Body Fluids - BOC

Which assay for fetal lung maturity using amniotic fluid d. fluorescence polarization assay
gives a ratio of surfactant to albumin?

a. Amniostat
b. L/S
c. lamellar bodies
d. fluorescence polarization assay

Triglycerides (chyle) can be identified in body fluids by b. stain with Sudan III
their ability to:

a. polarize light
b. stain with Sudan III
c. sediment upon standing
d. glitter

Peritoneal lavage is used to: a. detect intra-abdominal bleeding in blunt injury

a. detect intra-abdominal bleeding in blunt injury

b. dialyze patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD)
c. replace ascites with saline
d. perform therapeutic thoracentesis

Tumor markers that can be measures on body fluids c. ANA

include all except:

a. CEA
b. CA 125
c. ANA
d. CYFRA 21-1

Which semen result is abnormal? d. motility of 1.0

a. sample pours in droplets after 60 minutes

b. >50% are motile within 1 hour of collection
c. pH 7.5
d. motility of 1.0

Increased CSF lactate is found in: a. bacterial meningitis

a. bacterial meningitis
b. Reye encephalopathy
c. spina bifida
d. multiple sclerosis

Decreased CSF protein can be found in: d. CSF leakage

a. meningitis
b. hemorrhage
c. multiple sclerosis
d. CSF leakage

What calculation is used to determine if there is a b. CSF/serum albumin index

breach in the blood-brain barrier?

a. IgG index
b. CSF/serum albumin index
c. fluid/serum LD ratio
d. albumin gradient