1

Dysgu
Cymraeg

Mynediad y Gogledd
– Canllaw Gramadeg

Entry level (North Wales)

– Grammar Guideline
2 Canllaw gramadeg

Canllaw gramadeg/A grammar guideline

Termau/Terms

Berf Verb (mi es i, mi wnaeth o)

Berfenw Verb-noun (mynd, gyrru, cerdded)
Ansoddair Adjective (da, gwyntog, prysur)
Enw Noun (car, tŷ, llyfr)
Rhagenw Pronoun (ti, ni, nhw)
Bôn Stem (rhed-, golch-, siarad-)
Gwrywaidd Masculine
Benywaidd Feminine
Lluosog Plural

Berfau/Verbs

Mae’r berfenw bod yn bwysig iawn. Dan ni’n defnyddio bod i wneud yr
amser presennol, yr amherffaith, y dyfodol a’r perffaith: y ferf bod + yn/
wedi + berf (dim treiglad).
The verb-noun bod is very important. We use bod to create the present,
the imperfect, the future and the perfect tenses: the verb-noun bod +
yn/wedi + verb (no mutation).

Yr Amser Presennol/The present tense

Dw i’n talu. Dw i ddim yn talu. Dw i’n talu?/Ydw i’n talu?
I pay/am paying. I don’t pay/am not Do I pay?/Am I paying?
paying.
Rwyt ti’n talu. Dwyt ti ddim yn talu. Wyt ti’n talu?
You pay/are paying. You don’t pay/are not Do you pay?/Are you
paying. paying?
Mae o/hi’n talu. Dydy o/hi ddim yn talu. Ydy o/hi’n talu?
He/she pays/is paying. He/she doesn’t pay/ Does he/she pay?/Is
isn’t paying. he/she paying?
Dan ni’n talu. Dan ni ddim yn talu. Dan ni’n talu?/Ydan ni’n
We pay/are paying. We don’t pay/are not talu?
paying. Do we pay?/Are we
paying?
Dach chi’n talu. Dach chi ddim yn talu. Dach chi’n talu?/Ydach
You pay/are paying. You don’t pay/are not chi’n talu?
paying. Do you pay?/Are you
paying?
Maen nhw’n talu. Dydyn nhw ddim yn talu. Ydyn nhw’n talu?
They pay/are paying. They don’t pay/are not Do they pay?/Are they
paying. paying?
 Canllaw gramadeg 3

Yr Amser Amherffaith/The imperfect tense

Ro’n i’n talu. Do’n i ddim yn talu. O’n i’n talu?
I was paying/used to I wasn’t paying/didn’t Was I paying?/Did I
pay. used to pay. used to pay?
Roeddet ti’n talu. Doeddet ti ddim yn talu. Oeddet ti’n talu?
You were paying/used You weren’t paying/ Were you paying?/Did
to pay. didn’t used to pay. you used to pay?
Roedd o/hi’n talu. Doedd o/hi ddim yn talu. Oedd o/hi’n talu?
He/she was paying/ He/she wasn’t paying/ Was he/she paying?/
used to pay. didn’t used to pay. Did he/she used to pay?
Roedden ni’n talu. Doedden ni ddim yn talu. Oedden ni’n talu?
We were paying/used We weren’t paying/ Were we paying?/Did
to pay. didn’t used to pay. we used to pay?
Roeddech chi’n talu. Doeddech chi ddim yn talu. Oeddech chi’n talu?
You were paying/used You weren’t paying/ Were you paying?/Did
to pay. didn’t used to pay. you used to pay?
Roedden nhw’n talu. Doedden nhw ddim yn talu. Oedden nhw’n talu?
They were paying/used They weren’t paying/ Were they paying?/
to pay. didn’t used to pay. Did they used to pay?

Yr Amser Dyfodol/The future tense

Mi fydda i’n talu. Fydda i ddim yn talu. Fydda i’n talu?
I will be paying. I won’t be paying. Will I be paying?
Mi fyddi di’n talu. Fyddi di ddim yn talu. Fyddi di’n talu?
You will be paying. You won’t be paying. Will you be paying?
Mi fydd o/hi’n talu. Fydd o/hi ddim yn talu. Fydd o/hi’n talu?
He/she will be paying. He/she won’t be paying. Will he/she be paying?
Mi fyddwn ni’n talu. Fyddwn ni ddim yn talu. Fyddwn ni’n talu?
We will be paying. We won’t be paying. Will we be paying?
Mi fyddwch chi’n talu. Fyddwch chi ddim yn talu. Fyddwch chi’n talu?
You will be paying. You won’t be paying. Will you be paying?
Mi fyddan nhw’n talu. Fyddan nhw ddim yn talu. Fyddan nhw’n talu?
They will be paying. They won’t be paying. Will they be paying?

Yr Amser Perffaith/The perfect tense

Dw i wedi talu. Dw i ddim wedi talu. Dw i wedi talu?/Ydw i
I have paid. I haven’t paid. wedi talu?
Have I paid?
Rwyt ti wedi talu. Dwyt ti ddim wedi talu. Wyt ti wedi talu?
You have paid. You haven’t paid. Have you paid?
Mae o/hi wedi talu. Dydy o/hi ddim wedi talu. Ydy o/hi wedi talu?
He/she has paid. He/she hasn’t paid. Has he/she paid?
4 Canllaw gramadeg

Dan ni wedi talu. Dan ni ddim wedi talu. Dan ni wedi talu?/Ydan
We have paid. We haven’t paid. ni wedi talu?
Have we paid?
Dach chi wedi talu. Dach chi ddim wedi talu. Dach chi wedi talu?/
You have paid. You haven’t paid. Ydach chi wedi talu?
Have you paid?
Maen nhw wedi talu. Dydyn nhw ddim wedi talu. Ydyn nhw wedi talu?
They have paid. They haven’t paid. Have they paid?

Yr Amser Gorffennol/The past tense

Mae’r ferf gwneud yn bwysig iawn. The verb gwneud is very important.
Mi wnes i. Wnes i ddim. Wnes i?
I did/made. I didn’t do/make. Did I?/Did I make?
Mi wnest ti. Wnest ti ddim. Wnest ti?
You did/made. You didn’t do/make. Did you?/Did you make?
Mi wnaeth o/hi. Wnaeth o/hi ddim. Wnaeth o/hi?
He/she did/made. He/she didn’t do/make. Did he/she?/Did he/she
make?
Mi wnaethon ni. Wnaethon ni ddim. Wnaethon ni?
We did/made. We didn’t do/make. Did we?/Did we do/
make?
Mi wnaethoch chi. Wnaethoch chi ddim. Wnaethoch chi?
You did/made. You didn’t do/make. Did you?/Did you do/
make?
Mi wnaethon nhw. Wnaethon nhw ddim. Wnaethon nhw?
They did/made. They didn’t do/make. Did they?/Did they do/
make?

Mae mynd a cael yn dilyn yr un patrwm â gwneud. Dach chi’n medru gweld
mynd yn Uned 10 a cael yn Uned 11.

Mynd and cael follow the same pattern as gwneud. You can find mynd in
Uned 10 and cael in Uned 11.

Dan ni’n defnyddio gwneud efo berfau eraill i siarad yn yr amser gorffennol.
Edrychwch ar y patrwm.

We use gwneud with other verbs to speak in the past. Look at the pattern.

Mi wnes i dalu. Wnes i ddim talu. Wnes i dalu?

I paid. I didn’t pay. Did I pay?
Mi wnest ti dalu. Wnest ti ddim talu. Wnest ti dalu?
You paid. You didn’t pay. Did you pay?
Mi wnaeth o/hi dalu. Wnaeth o/hi ddim talu. Wnaeth o/hi dalu?
He/she paid. He/she didn’t pay. Did he/she pay?
 Canllaw gramadeg 5

Mi wnaethon ni dalu. Wnaethon ni ddim talu. Wnaethon ni dalu?

We paid. We didn’t pay. Did we pay?
Mi wnaethoch chi dalu. Wnaethoch chi ddim talu. Wnaethoch chi dalu?
You paid. You didn’t pay. Did you pay?
Mi wnaethon nhw dalu. Wnaethon nhw ddim talu. Wnaethon nhw dalu?
They paid. They didn’t pay. Did they pay?

Atebion/Answers

Mae ’na lawer o ffyrdd o ddeud ‘yes’ a ‘no’ achos dan ni’n ymateb i’r ferf.
There are many ways of saying ‘yes’ and ‘no’ because we respond to the verb.
Yr Amser Presennol/The present tense

Ydw. Nac ydw. Wyt ti’n talu?

Yes, I am/do. No, I’m not/don’t. Ydw.
Are you paying?
Yes.
Wyt. Nac wyt. Dw/Ydw i’n talu?
Yes, you are/do. No, you aren’t/don’t. Wyt.
Am I paying?
Yes.
Ydy. Nac ydy. Ydy o/hi’n talu?
Yes, he/she is/does. No, he/she isn’t/ Ydy.
doesn’t. Is he/she paying?
Yes.
Ydan. Nac ydan. Dach chi’n talu?
Yes, we are/do. No, we aren’t/don’t. Nac ydan.
Are you paying?
No.
Ydach. Nac ydach. Dan ni’n talu?
Yes, you are/do. No, you aren’t/don’t. Nac ydach.
Are we paying?
No.
Ydyn. Nac ydyn. Ydyn nhw’n talu?
Yes, they are/do. No, they aren’t/don’t. Nac ydyn.
Are they paying?
No.

Dan ni hefyd yn defnyddio Oes/Nac oes yn yr amser presennol – pan

fyddwn ni’n gofyn am rywbeth amhendant.
We also use Oes/Nac oes in the present tense – when we ask about
something indefinite.
6 Canllaw gramadeg

Oes. Nac oes. Oes ’na fara yn y

Yes, there is/are. No, there isn’t/aren’t. cwpwrdd? Oes.
Is there (any) bread
in the cupboard?
Yes.
Oes ’na lyfrau ar y
bwrdd? Nac oes.
Are there (any) books
on the table? No.
Ydy. Nac ydy. Ydy’r bara yn y
Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. cwpwrdd? Ydy.
Is the bread in the
cupboard? Yes.
Ydyn. Nac ydyn. Ydy’r llyfrau ar y bwrdd?
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Nac ydyn.
Are the books on the
table? No.

Yr Amser Amherffaith/The imperfect tense

O’n. Nac o’n. Oeddet ti’n talu?

Yes, I was/used to. No, I wasn’t/didn’t used O’n.
to. Were you paying?
Yes.
Oeddet. Nac oeddet. O’n i’n talu?
Yes, you were/used to. No, you weren’t/didn’t Oeddet.
used to. Was I paying?
Yes.
Oedd. Nac oedd. Oedd o/hi’n talu?
Yes, he/she was/used No, he/she wasn’t/ Oedd.
to. didn’t used to. Was he/she paying?
Yes.
Oedden. Nac oedden. Oeddech chi’n talu?
Yes, we were/used to. No, we weren’t/didn’t Nac oedden.
used to. Were you paying?
No.
Oeddech. Nac oeddech. Oedden ni’n talu?
Yes, you were/used to. No, you weren’t/didn’t Nac oeddech.
used to. Were we paying?
No.
Oedden. Nac oedden. Oedden nhw’n talu?
Yes, they were/used to. No, they weren’t/didn’t Nac oedden.
used to. Were they paying?
No.
 Canllaw gramadeg 7

Yr Amser Dyfodol/The future tense

Bydda. Na fydda. Fyddi di’n talu?
Yes, I will (be). No, I won’t (be). Bydda.
Will you be paying?
Yes.
Byddi. Na fyddi. Fydda i’n talu?
Yes, you will (be). No, you won’t (be). Byddi.
Will I be paying?
Yes.
Bydd. Na fydd. Fydd o/hi’n talu?
Yes, he/she will (be). No, he/she won’t (be). Bydd.
Will he/she be paying?
Yes.
Byddwn. Na fyddwn. Fyddwch chi’n talu?
Yes, we will (be). No, we won’t (be). Na fyddwn.
Will you be paying?
No.
Byddwch. Na fyddwch. Fyddwn ni’n talu?
Yes, you will (be). No, you won’t (be). Na fyddwch.
Will we be paying?
No.
Byddan. Na fyddan. Fyddan nhw’n talu?
Yes, they will (be). No, they won’t (be). Na fyddan.
Will they be paying?
No.

Yn yr amser gorffennol a’r amser perffaith, dan ni’n ateb Do/Naddo bob tro.
In the past tense and the perfect tense, we answer Do/Naddo every time.

Wnest ti dalu? Do. Naddo.

Did you pay? Yes. No.
Wnaeth o weld? Do. Naddo.
Did he see? Yes. No.
Wyt ti wedi gorffen? Do. Naddo.
Have you finished? Yes. No.
8 Canllaw gramadeg

Pwyslais/Emphasis

Fel arfer, mae brawddegau a chwestiynau yn dechrau efo berf. Os does ’na
ddim berf, mae ’na bwyslais. Efo pwyslais, yr ateb ydy Ia/Naci. Dan ni hefyd yn
defnyddio Ia/Naci i ymateb i gwestiwn heb ferf.

Usually, sentences and questions begin with a verb. If there is no verb, this is
an emphatic construction. The answers following an emphatic question are
Ia/Naci. We also use Ia/Naci to respond to a question where there is no verb.
Mari wyt ti? Ia. Naci.
Are you Mari? Yes. No.
Fiesta ydy mêc dy gar di? Ia. Naci.
Fiesta is the make of you car? Yes. No.
Coffi? Ia. Naci.

Treigladau/Mutations

Y Treiglad Meddal Y Treiglad Trwynol Y Treiglad Llaes

The Soft Mutation The Nasal Mutation The Aspirate Mutation
t>d d > dd m > f t > nh d>n t > th
c>g g>/ ll > l c > ngh g > ng c > ch
p>b b>f rh > r p > mh b>m p > ph
 Canllaw gramadeg 9

Rhai rheolau/Some rules

Y Treiglad Meddal/The Soft Mutation

Ar ôl y efo enw After y with a singular (y broblem, y gadair)

benywaidd unigol feminine noun
Ansoddair yn dilyn enw Adjective following (problem fawr)
benywaidd unigol singular feminine noun
Ansoddair ar ôl yn Adjective after yn (Mae hi’n wyntog.)
Enw ar ôl yn Noun after yn (Mae hi’n feddyg.)

Ar ôl llawer o arddodiaid: After many prepositions:

am ar at gan
dros drwy wrth dan
heb hyd i o

Ar ôl mi mewn After mi in a (Mi wnes i helpu.)

brawddeg. sentence
Ar ddechrau cwestiwn At the beginning of a (Wnest ti weld John?,
uniongyrchol direct question Fyddi di yn y tŷ?)
Ar ddechrau brawddeg At the beginning of a (Wnes i ddim gyrru.
negyddol (dim t, c, p) negative sentence (not Fydda i ddim.)
t, c, p)
Ar ôl geiriau i ofyn After words to ask a (Pwy wnest ti weld?, Be
cwestiwn question wnest ti?, Faint fydd yn
dŵad i’r parti?)
Berf neu wrthrych ar ôl Verb or object (Mi wnes i yrru. Mi ges i
ffurf gryno berf following concise fara. Ga i fynd?)
verbs
Enw benywaidd ar Feminine noun after un (un ddiod, un gadair)
ôl un
Enw ar ôl dau, dwy, ail Noun following dau, (dau funud, dwy bunt,
dwy, ail ail flwyddyn)
Ar ôl y rhagenwau dy Following the (dy gar di, ei gar o)
ac ei (gwrywaidd) pronouns dy and ei
(masculine)
10 Canllaw gramadeg

Y Treiglad Trwynol/The Nasal Mutation

Ar ôl yr arddodiad yn yn After the preposition (yng Nghymru)

golygu in yn meaning 'in'
Ar ôl y rhagenw fy After the pronoun fy (fy nhad i)

Y Treiglad Llaes/The Aspirate Mutation

Ar ddechrau brawddeg At the beginning of a (Ches i ddim.)

negyddol negative sentence
Ar ôl y cysylltair a yn After the conjunction a (te a choffi)
golygu and meaning ‘and’
Ar ôl yr arddodiad After the preposition â (Paid â phoeni.)
â
Ar ôl yr adferf tua After the adverb (tua phump o’r gloch)
tua
Ar ôl y rhagenw ei After the pronoun ei (ei thad hi)
(benywaidd) (feminine)
Ar ôl tri a chwe After tri and chwe (tri phlentyn, chwe
phunt)

Rhagenwau + treigladau/Pronouns and mutations

Dyma’r rhagenwau a’r treigladau sy’n eu dilyn nhw.

Here are the pronouns and the mutations they cause.
Rhagenw/ Treiglad/ Enghreifftiau/
Pronoun Mutation Examples
fy my Treiglad trwynol fy nhad i fy nrws i
Nasal mutation fy nghar i fy ngwaith i
fy mhen i fy mrawd i
dy your Treiglad meddal dy dad di dy ddrws di dy fam di
Soft mutation dy gar di dy waith di dy lyfr di
dy ben di dy frawd di dy rieni di
ei his Treiglad meddal ei dad o ei ddrws o ei fam o
Soft mutation ei gar o ei waith o ei lyfr o
ei ben o ei frawd o ei rieni o
ei her Treiglad llaes a ‘h’ o ei thad hi
flaen llafariad ei char hi
Aspirate mutation
and ‘h’ before a ei phen hi
vowel ei henw hi
 Canllaw gramadeg 11

ein our Dim treiglad ond ‘h’ ein henw ni

o flaen llafariad
No mutation but ‘h’
before a vowel
eich your Dim treiglad eich tad chi
eu their Dim treiglad ond ‘h’ eu henw nhw
o flaen llafariad
No mutation but ‘h’
before a vowel

Arddodiaid/Prepositions

Mae arddodiaid yn rhedeg. Dach chi wedi dysgu gan ac i.

Prepositions conjugate. You have learned gan and i.

Gan Mae gan Sam gar. Sam has a car.

gen i Mae gen i gar. I have a car.
gen ti Mae gen ti gar. You have a car.
gynno fo Mae gynno fo gar. He has a car.
gynni hi Mae gynni hi gar. She has a car.
gynnon ni Mae gynnon ni gar. We have a car.
gynnoch chi Mae gynnoch chi gar. You have a car.
gynnyn nhw Mae gynnyn nhw gar. They have a car.

I to/for Rhaid i Sam fynd. Sam must go.

i mi to/for me Rhaid i mi fynd. I must go.
i ti to/for you Rhaid i ti fynd. You must go.
iddo fo to/for him Rhaid iddo fo fynd. He must go.
iddi hi to/for her Cyn iddi hi fynd. Before she goes.
i ni to/for us Cyn i ni fynd. Before we go.
i chi to/for you Ar ôl i chi fynd. After you go.
iddyn nhw to/for them Ar ôl iddyn nhw fynd. After they go.

Mae’r ferf yn treiglo ar ôl yr arddodiad i.

The verb mutates after the preposition i.
12 Canllaw gramadeg

Dan ni’n defnyddio mynd i o flaen llefydd a berfau, ond dan ni’n defnyddio
mynd at efo pobol. We use mynd i before places and verbs, but mynd at
with people.

Dw i’n mynd i Ynys Môn. I’m going to Anglesey.

Dw i’n mynd i weld. I’m going to see.
Dw i’n mynd i’r ysgol. I’m going to school.
Dw i’n mynd i siopa. I’m going shopping.
Dw i’n mynd at y meddyg. I’m going to the doctor.

Rhai rheolau eraill/Some other rules

a/ac
a o flaen cytsain a before a consonant (Aled a Siân, te a choffi)
ac o flaen llafariad ac before a vowel (Siân ac Aled, afal ac
oren)

â/ag
â o flaen cytsain â before a consonant (Paid â phoeni. Paid â
mynd.)
ag o flaen llafariad ag before a vowel (Paid ag ateb. Paid ag
aros.)
y/yr/’r
y o flaen cytsain y before a consonant (y tŷ, y car, y plant)
yr o flaen llafariad yr before a vowel (yr ysgol, yr ysbyty, yr
ardd)
‘r pan fydd y ar ‘r when y follows a vowel (Mae’r tywydd yn dda, i’r
ôl llafariad gwaith, o’r Alban)

Mae/ydy
Dan ni’n defnyddio ydy ar ôl Pwy, Be, Faint. Dan ni’n defnyddio mae ar ôl y
geiriau cwestiwn eraill – Lle, Pryd, Sut, Pam.
We use ydy after Pwy, Be, Faint. We use mae after Lle, Pryd, Sut, Pam.

Pwy ydy o? Who is he? Lle mae o? Where is he?

Be ydy’r broblem? What is the Pryd mae’r gêm? When is the
problem? game?
Faint ydy’r tocyn? How much Sut mae’r tywydd? How is the
is the ticket? weather?
 Canllaw gramadeg 13

Rhifau/Numbers

Mae ’na ddwy ffordd o ddefnyddio rhifau: rhif + enw unigol neu rhif + o +
enw lluosog (wedi’i dreiglo’n feddal). Hyd at ddeg, mae’n gyffredin iawn i
ddefnyddio'r unigol.
There are two ways of using numbers: number + singular noun or number
+ o + plural noun (soft mutation). Up to deg, it is very common to use the
singular noun.

dau blentyn dau o blant

saith llyfr saith o lyfrau
naw car naw o geir

Mae ffurfiau benywaidd efo 2, 3, 4 – dwy, tair, pedair. Dan ni’n defnyddio’r
rhifau yma o flaen enwau benywaidd. A dan ni’n defnyddio’r ffurfiau yma wrth
drafod oedran.
2, 3, 4 have feminine forms – dwy, tair, pedair. We use these forms with
feminine nouns. And we use these forms to express age.

dwy bunt
tair punt
pedair punt
Mae Siôn yn ddwy oed.

mewn/yn

Ystyr mewn ydy in a. Dan ni hefyd yn defnyddio mewn o flaen berfau a rhifau.
Dan ni’n defnyddio yn o flaen pethau pendant, gan gynnwys enwau llefydd.
Mewn means 'in a'. We also use it before verbs and numbers.
We use yn when something definite follows, including place names.
mewn ffatri in a factory
mewn pum munud in five minutes
yn y ffatri in the factory
yn ffatri Ford’s in Ford’s factory
yn Llandudno in Llandudno
14 Canllaw gramadeg

Bonau/Stems

Rhaid i ni wybod bôn y ferf i greu gorchmynion.

We need to know the stem of verbs to create commands.
Dyma rai rheolau. Here are some rules.

Berf yn gorffen efo un llafariad Verb ending with a

– gollwng y llafariad. single vowel – drop the vowel.

bwyta bwyt- bwytwch helpu help- helpwch

Berf yn goffen efo io – Verb ending with io – drop the final

gollwng y llafariad ola. vowel.
ffonio ffoni- ffoniwch dawnsio dawnsi- dawnsiwch

Berf yn gorffen efo cytsain – Verb ending with a

ychwanegu’r terfyniad. consonant – add the ending.

darllen darllen- darllenwch ateb ateb- atebwch

Berf yn gorffen efo –ed Verb ending with –ed – drop the ed.
– gollwng yr ed.

yfed yf- yfwch

Berf yn gorffen efo –eg Verb ending with –eg – drop the eg.
– gollwng yr eg.

rhedeg rhed- rhedwch

Rhai bonau anodd/Some more difficult stems:

aros arhos- arhoswch
benthyg benthyc- benthycwch
cymryd cym- cymwch
chwarae chwarae- chwaraewch
dechrau dechreu- dechreuwch
gorffen gorffenn- gorffennwch
meddwl meddyli- meddyliwch
 Canllaw gramadeg 15

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