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CH 04

This chapter discusses motion in two and three dimensions. It defines concepts such as position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration. It also describes projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and relative motion. Kinematic equations are provided relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time.

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25 views16 pages

CH 04

This chapter discusses motion in two and three dimensions. It defines concepts such as position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration. It also describes projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and relative motion. Kinematic equations are provided relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time.

Uploaded by

suc10660215
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Motion in Two and Three Dimensions


Position and Displacement
 The position of an object
is described by its
position vector

 The displacement of the


object is defined as the
change in its position
Average Velocity and Instantaneous
Velocity

 Average velocity

 Instantaneous velocity
(or velocity) is in the
limit of t0
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

 The direction of the instantaneous velocity


vector at any point in a particle’
s path is
along a line tangent to the path at that point
and in the direction of motion.
 The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
vector is the speed.
 The speed is a scalar quantity.
Average Acceleration and
Instantaneous Acceleration

 Average acceleration

 Instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration)


Kinematic Equations, Component
Equations

 Constant acceleration a
 vf = vi + at becomes
 vxf = vxi + axt and
 vyf = vyi + ayt
 rf = ri + vi t + ½ at2 becomes
 xf = xi + vxi t + ½ axt2 and
 yf = yi + vyi t + ½ ayt2
Projectile Motion

 A particle moves in a vertical plane with some


initial velocity v0 but its acceleration is always
the free-fall acceleration g, which is downward.
 Such a particle is called a projectile and its
motion is called projectile motion.
Projectile Motion Analyzed

 Reference frame chosen (see next page)


 y is vertical with upward positive

 Acceleration components

 ay = -g and ax = 0

 Initial velocity components

 vxi = vi cos q and vyi = vi sin q


Verifying the Parabolic Trajectory
 The projectile’
s path is the trajectory.
 Displacements:

x = vxi t = (vi cosi)t


 y = vyi t + ½ay t2 = (vi sini )t - ½ gt2

 Combining the equations gives:


 g 2
y 
tan i x  2 x
2vi cos i 
2

 This is in the form of y = ax –bx2 which is


the standard form of a parabola.
Uniform Circular Motion

 Uniform circular motion occurs when an


object moves in a circular path with a constant
speed.
 An acceleration exists since the direction of the
motion is changing.
 This change in velocity is related to an
acceleration.
 The velocity vector is always tangent to the
path of the object.
Centripetal Acceleration and Period
The centripetal acceleration
is always perpendicular to the
path of the motion and points
toward the center of the circle
of motion.

The period is the time required


for one complete revolution
Proof of and centripetal acceleration
Relative Motion in One Dimension
Frame B moves at a constant
velocity of VBA with respect
to frame A.
Relative Motion in Two and Three
Dimensions
Summary

With known r (t ) x(t )iˆ y (t ) ˆ
j z (t )k ,̂
 
 dr (t ) dx(t ) ˆ dy (t ) ˆ dz (t ) ˆ  dv (t )
v (t )   i j k and a (t ) 
dt dt dt dt dt

  
With known a (t ), v (t0 ), and r (t0 ),
  t 
 a x (t )dt 
t
v (t ) v (t0 )  a (t )dt vx (t0 )  iˆ
t0  t0 

v y (t0 ) 
t
a y (t )dt 
 ˆ
j
 t 0 

v z (t 0 ) 

t
a z (t )dt 
kˆ

 t0 
  t 
r (t ) r (t 0 )  v (t )dt
t0

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