CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | Nov-Dec 2023 ISSN: 2660-4159
http://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org
A Protocol for The Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plant
Extracts
1. Rana Tariq Yahya Abstract: The study summarized the most important
2. Dalia Abdul Elah Mohammad biological methods in the manufacture of nanoparticles with
3. Amjad Abd Al-Hadi Mohammad high benefits, the most important of which is the vegetative
4. Marwan Zuhair Alias or green biosynthesis of these nanoparticles using plant
extracts and without side effects, as is the case in traditional
methods.
Received 20th Sep 2023,
Accepted 21st Oct 2023,
Online 8th Nov 2023 Key words: Biosynthesis, nanoparticles, plant extracts.
Corresponding author:
[email protected]
Introduction
Nanobiotechnology are names that pointed to the connection of nanotechnology and biology
(Ehud, 2007; Nussinov and Aleman., 2006; Raja, 2016). Nanomaterials have many applications in many
scopes as environmental, food, remediation, agriculture and health care (Karp and Soccol., 2021).
General properties of nanomaterials (Saleh and Gupta, 2016): These nanoparticles have specific
physical, chemical and biological characters paralleled to their big, which are largely to their structure
and higher surface-area-to-volume percentage.
Types of nanoparticles (Khan et al., 2017; Crucho and Barros, 2017): Nanoparticles may be
arranged into many categories according to the many physical features as size, morphology and chemical
properties (Fig.1).
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CAJMNS Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | Nov-Dec 2023
Figure. 1: Modern types of nanoparticles (Kumar et al., 2016)
Applications of nano biotechnology in agriculture
The engineered nanoparticles manipulated in the agriculture, containing herbicides and
chemicals. Earlier Nano capsules containing herbicides have been described have the ability to enter
across the outer layer of tissues, causing the gentle and produce of the medical compounds which
minimize environmental pollution through agricultural. Several researches were pointed to the positive
applicate of nanoparticles, which stimulate the growth of plants (Thangavelu et al., 2019). Nanoparticles
based applications caused benefits compared to other nanoparticles found on different plant types with
less toxicity (Thangavelu and Krishnan, 2016; Requal et al., 2009). AgNPs explain increased content of
chlorophyll and ascorbate when they treated leaves of Asparagus. Also showed increased the vegetation
length, leaf features, protein and chlorophyll contents of bean plant (Hediat, 2012).
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Plant extract as a source of herbal medicine benefit of human health
They have aided as a benefit source of active materials for many pharmaceutical and many
important medicines that have been isolation and characterized from plants. The end product of any
isolation program is a drug, some type of pharmacological evaluation must necessarily be used to
director the isolation methods to obtained the pure bioactive component (Kumar et al.,2017). The active
substance content of plant extracts may different related to genetics of plants and to climatic features,
the time of gathering and the extraction methods. Flavonoids may be somewhat accountable for their
pharmaceutical effects. For examples extracts of Ginkgo biloba contain terpenes and flavonoids
(Srivastava and Chaturvedi, 2014). Also, Centella asiatica extract are able to stimulate collagen
synthesis in connective tissue (Ramelet., 2011; Dobrucka, 2019).
Synthesis of metal nanoparticles by plant extract
Today there are advanced study to manipulated of plant extracts in some fields as reductants and
stabilizers to biosynthesis of them which has the functions of environmental friendliness, safe, and more
constant in size than the supplements synthesis though the classical ways (Nune et al., 2009; Bao et al,
2021).
Figure. 2: Diagram for synthesis of metal nanoparticles by plant extracts (Yousaf et al.,2020).
Chemical mechanisms of using plant extract to synthesize metal nanoparticles.
Numerous active compounds as terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, proteins, alkaloids and quinines
found in plant extracts which have act as a reducing agent to produce MNPs also they have antioxidant
properties ( Veisi et al., 2019) thus act as a key in the green synthesis of them which can be represented
by three phases : the reduction phase, growth phase, and termination phase (Naseer et al., 2020 ; Wang
et al., 2021 Dinesh et al., 2020).
Examples of using plant extracts to synthesized nanoparticles:
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles:
They were synthesized using many types of extracts (Sundar et al., 2019; Pang et al., 2020; Yousaf
et al., 2020). Jiang et al., 2016 prepare AgNPs through hawthorn fruits as reducing and stabilizing agents
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to silver nitrate. Another study prepares AgNPs by used bark aqueous extracts of the Catharanthus roseus
as the precursor compound to reduce silver nitrate (Nishanthi et al., 2019; Rohaizad et al., 2020).
Synthesis of copper nanoparticles
It is an essential material and a main element of several enzymes and proteins. Today the
researchers used copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) because they have many advantages as easy
accessibility, not expensive and good catalytic features (Chandra et al., 2014, Zhao et al.., 2020) which
enable it to be commonly used in biomedicine and solar energy conversion (Chen et al., 2012 ; Das et
al., 2020 ). Pinto et al., 2019 used a Eucalyptus globulus bark extracts to prepare CuNPs by reduce
copper chloride dihydrate. Many studies proved the ability to prepare CuNPs through reduced copper
salts by used several extracts of flower, leaf, seed, fruit, and bark (Sajadi et al., 2016; Adhikari, 2019).
Figure 3: Mechanism of Cu-NP synthesis using Silybum marianum L. seed extracts (Sajadi et al.,
2016)
Aim of the study
Recently, the plant-extract-proposed the specialized ways for the preparation of MNPs, that
suitable to the application fields to aid us in better use this green synthesis method.
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