CHAPTER – 2

NETWORK MODELS
LAYERED TASKS

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OSI MODEL
Open System Interconnection model => 7 layers

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THE INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN
LAYERS

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AN EXCHANGE USING OSI MODEL

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ORGANIZATION OF LAYERS
Layers 1, 2 and 3 – Physical, Data link and Network layers are
network support layers.
They deal with the aspect of moving data from one device to
another

Layers 5, 6 and 7 – Session, Presentation and Application

layers are user support layers.
They allow interoperability among unrelated software systems

Layer 4, the Transport layer, links the two subgroups of

network support layer and user support layer 6
PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.

It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the

interface and transmission medium.

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PHYSICAL LAYER TASKS
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
Representation of bits
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode

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DATA LINK LAYER
The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from
one hop (node) to the next without errors.

It makes the physical layer appear error free to the upper layer

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DATA LINK LAYER – HOP-TO-HOP
DELIVERY

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DATA LINK LAYER TASKS
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control

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NETWORK LAYER
The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet across multiple network links.

If two systems are connected to the same network, there is

usually no need for a network layer. However, if the two
systems are attached to different networks with connecting
devices between the networks, there is often a need for the
network layer to accomplish source-to-destination delivery.

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NETWORK LAYER –
SOURCE-TO-DESTINATION DELIVERY

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NETWORK LAYER TASKS
Logical addressing
Routing

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TRANSPORT LAYER
The transport layer is responsible for the process-to-process
delivery of the entire message. A process is a program running
on a host.

Network layer ensures source-to-destination delivery of

individual packets, but it does not recognize any relationship
between those packets.

The transport layer, on the other hand, ensures that the whole
message arrives intact and in order, ensuring both error control
and flow control at the source-to-destination level.
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TRANSPORT LAYER –
PROCESS-TO-PROCESS DELIVERY

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TRANSPORT LAYER TASKS
Service point/ Port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control

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SESSION LAYER
The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interactions between communicating devices.

Session layer is the network dialog controller.

It is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

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SESSION LAYER TASKS
Dialog control
Synchronization

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PRESENTATION LAYER
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.

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PRESENTATION LAYER TASKS
Translation
⚫ Different computers use different encoding systems, the presentation
layer is responsible for interoperability between these different
encoding methods.

Encryption
⚫ The message is changed into a format in sender and transmits that. In
receiver, the encrypted message is transformed back to its original
form
Compression
⚫ Compressing data so that it will be transmitted first
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APPLICATION LAYER
The application layer enables the users to access the network.

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APPLICATION LAYER TASKS
Network virtual terminal
⚫ A network virtual terminal is a software version of a physical
terminal, and it allows a user to log on to a remote host.

File transfer, access and management

Mail services
Directory services

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SUMMARY OF LAYERS

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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The TCP/IP protocol was developed prior to OSI

Layers in TCP/IP
⚫ Physical Layer
⚫ Data Link layer
⚫ Internet (Network) layer
⚫ Transport layer
⚫ Application layer

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TCP/IP PROTOCOL AND OSI MODEL

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NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS
Internetworking Protocol (IP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)

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IP
Unreliable and Connectionless protocol – a best effort
delivery service

Best effort means IP provides no tracking or error

checking

IP assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and

does its best to get a transmission through to its
destination, but with no guarantees.

IP transports data in packets, called datagrams, each of

which is transported separately
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ARP AND RARP
ARP is used to find the physical address when its
internet(IP) address is known

RARP is the reverse of ARP

RARP is used to find the IP address when its Physical

address is known

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ICMP AND IGMP
ICMP is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send
notification of datagram problems back to the sender.
ICMP sends query and error reporting messages.

IGMP is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a

message to a group of recipients.

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TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

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TCP
TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that provides
full transport-layer services to applications. A connection must
be established between both ends of a transmission before
either can transmit data.

At the sender, TCP divides a stream of data into smaller units

called segments. Each segment includes a sequence number for
reordering. At the receiver, TCP collects, reorders and
assembles the segments based on sequence numbers.

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UDP AND SCTP
UDP is the simpler of the two standard TCP/IP transport
protocols. It is a connectionless, unreliable process-to-process
protocol that adds only port addresses, checksum error control,
and length information to the data from the upper layer.

SCTP provides support for newer applications such as voice

over the Internet. It is a transport layer protocol that combines
the best features of UDP and TCP.

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ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols

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RELATIONSHIP OF LAYERS AND
ADDRESSES

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PHYSICAL ADDRESS
Physical address is the address of a node as defined by its
LAN. It is the lowest level address
A 48 bit physical address is included in the frame used by the
data link layer.

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LOGICAL ADDRESS
Logical address is a kind of address that can uniquely identify
each node in an internetwork environment, regardless of the
underlying physical network.

A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address

that can uniquely identify each host. It is known as IP address.

No two publicly visible node can have same IP address!

206.54.129.98
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IP ADDRESS

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PORT ADDRESS
The Port address identifies a process on a host.

The end objective of Internet communication is a process

communicating with another process. There should be some
address to uniquely identify a process.

The Port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.

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PORT ADDRESSES
The physical address change from hop to hop, but the logical
and port address usually remain the same!

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WELL KNOWN PORT ADDRESSES USED BY
TCP

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SPECIFIC ADDRESS
Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed
for that specific address.

For example, e-mail address (e.g., [email protected]) and

Universal Resource Locator (URL) (e.g., www. mhhe.com).
The first defines the recipient of an e-mail; the second is used to
find a document on the World Wide Web.

These addresses, however, get changed to the corresponding

port and logical addresses by the sending computer.
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