Scribd
Upload
24 views3 pages

Module 4 - Pavlov

The document discusses Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. It explains that Pavlov observed that dogs salivated when presented with food (unconditioned stimulus which elicited the unconditioned response of salivation). Pavlov then presented a neutral stimulus like a bell before the food, and the dogs began to salivate upon hearing the bell alone (conditioned response to the now conditioned stimulus of the bell). The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of classical conditioning concepts like unconditioned stimulus/response, conditioned stimulus/response, and extinction.

Uploaded by

apple.chua15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views3 pages

Module 4 - Pavlov

The document discusses Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. It explains that Pavlov observed that dogs salivated when presented with food (unconditioned stimulus which elicited the unconditioned response of salivation). Pavlov then presented a neutral stimulus like a bell before the food, and the dogs began to salivate upon hearing the bell alone (conditioned response to the now conditioned stimulus of the bell). The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of classical conditioning concepts like unconditioned stimulus/response, conditioned stimulus/response, and extinction.

Uploaded by

apple.chua15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY (EC1)

MODULE 4 – IVAN PAVLOV (MIDTERM)


BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
LEIZEL C. DELA CRUZ, LPT

IVAN PAVLOV’S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Behavioral Approach
 The Behavioral perspective focuses on observable behaviors that can be measured objectively.
Behaviorists believe that our behavior is related to our environment, and we can modify
behavior by modifying the environment.
 We learn to associate certain acts with the responses they produce… so if my parents want me to
stop sucking my thumb, they can cover my thumb in something that tastes bad! Thus, sucking my
thumb produces a negative response, and I will eventually stop doing it.

Learning
 A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Stimulus
 An event, sensation, or experience that causes you to react.
 Visual stimulus: you see something, you react.
 Olfactory stimulus: you smell something, you react.
 Gustatory stimulus: you taste something, you react.
 Auditory stimulus: you hear something, you react.
 Kinesthetic stimulus: you feel something, you react

Response
 The reaction to a certain stimulus

Classical Conditioning
 A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired
with a stimulus that naturally brings that response.
 Learning to associate an automatic behavior (or feeling) with a stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) or (US)


 A stimulus that naturally (no learning involved) causes a particular response.
 Stimulus that unconditionally, automatically and naturally triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response (UCR) or (UR)


 An unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
 The response that occurring to the unconditioned stimulus.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)


 Stimulus that does not naturally cause the subject to respond in a certain way.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)


 A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated or paired with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
 Originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger
a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)


 The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov (1893-1936)


 He is a Russian physiologist who is well known for his work in classical conditioning or stimulus
substitution. His most renowned experiment involved meat, a dog & a bell. Initially, Pavlov was
measuring the dog’s salivation in order to study digestion. This is when he stumbled upon
classical conditioning.

The Little Albert Experiment


 In the 1920s, John B. Watson classically conditioned a human baby to experience fear at the sight
of white rats, and as a result of stimulus generalization, at the sight of other small furry animals.
 He achieved this by creating loud, painful noises whenever Albert touched the rat. Albert began
to associate small animals with the trauma of the noise.

Stimulus Generalization
 After a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar
to the original stimulus may produce the same response. The greater the similarity between two
stimuli, the greater the likelihood that stimulus generalization will occur.
 The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood that stimulus
generalization will occur.

Extinction
 When a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Spontaneous Recovery
 After a conditioned response becomes “extinct,”the response can sometimes re-emerge after a
period of time has passed with no further conditioning.

Classical Conditioning Helpful Tips:


 1st find response (usually the same or similar)
 Next, find 1st thing that caused that response. This will be your UCS – it causes the unlearned
response (UCR).
 Then, find the 2nd thing that caused that response. This will be your CS. This causes a learned
response (CR) because of the connection between the UCS and CS.
 The UCS and UCR usually appear in the beginning of the example and the CS and CR are
towards the end of the example.

Example of Classical Conditioning


 Fred has a fluffy down pillow with some of the down sticking out of the fabric. When he first
tries out the pillow, a piece of down tickles his nose and sneezes. This happens every time he
goes to bed. Soon he sneezes every time he lays down on any kind of pillow.
 UCS: piece of down
 UCR: sneezes
 CS: pillow
 CR: sneezes
 Every time you take a shower, someone in the house flushes the toilet causing the water to turn
cold and you to become cold. Now every time you hear a toilet flush, you get cold.
 UCS: cold water
 UCR: feel cold
 CS: hear a flush
 CR: feel cold
 It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing
every time you see a flower.
 UCS: pollen
 UCR: sneezes
 CS: see a flower
 CR: sneezes
 In order to treat bed wetting, a pad that is sensitive to dampness is placed under the sheets. When
this pad becomes wet, it sounds an alarm and you wake up. Eventually you don’t need the alarm
to wake up and your full bladder will wake you up.
 UCS: alarm
 UCR: wake up
 CS: full bladder
 CR: wake up
 People receiving chemotherapy often vomit during or shortly after the procedure. After several
chemotherapy sessions, people begin feeling sick at the sight of the treatment room.
 UCS: chemotherapy
 UCR: vomit
 CS: treatment room
 CR: feeling sick

You might also like