Task 2: learn the common English language teaching terminology

A LIST OF COMMON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING TERMINOLOGY ALONG

WITH THEIR DEFINITIONS:
1. Parts of Speech: These are categories into which words are grouped based on their
function in a sentence. The main parts of speech in English are nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
2. Noun: A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Example: 'cat', 'city',
'happiness'.
3. Pronoun: A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. Example: 'he', 'she', 'it'.
4. Verb: A word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. Example: 'run', 'is',
'think'.
5. Adjective: A word that describes or modifies a noun. Example: 'happy', 'green', 'tall'.
6. Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, typically
expressing manner, place, time, or degree. Example: 'quickly', 'very', 'there'.
7. Preposition: A word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in
the sentence. Example: 'on', 'in', 'at'.
8. Conjunction: A word that connects clauses or sentences or coordinates words in the
same clause. Example: 'and', 'but', 'or'.
9. Interjection: A word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion or reaction. Example:
'Wow!', 'Oh no!', 'Hey!'.
10. Subject: The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about, usually the noun
or pronoun performing the action or being described.
11. Predicate: The part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about
the subject.
12. Object: A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives or is affected by the action of a
verb in a sentence.
13. Phrase: A group of words that stand together as a single unit, typically as part of a clause
or a sentence.
14. Clause: A group of words that includes a subject and a verb. It can be a complete
sentence (independent clause) or part of a sentence (dependent clause).
15. Syntax: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a
language.
16. Morphology: The study of the form and internal structure of words.
17. Phonetics: The study of the sounds of human speech.
18. Phonology: The study of the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
19. Pragmatics: The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in
which it is used, including such matters as deixis, taking turns in conversation, text
organization, presupposition, and implicature.
20. Semantics: The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning, including the
meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.
21. Auxiliary Verb (Helper Verb): A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of
other verbs. The primary auxiliaries are 'be', 'have', and 'do', and the modal auxiliaries
include 'can', 'could', 'may', 'might', 'must', 'shall', 'should', 'will', 'would'.
22. Phrasal Verb: A verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to
create meaning different from the original verb. Example: 'give up', 'look after', 'run out
of'.
23. Modal Verb: A type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – likelihood,
ability, permission, and obligation. Examples include 'can', 'may', 'must', 'should', and
'will'.
24. Transitive Verb: A verb that requires one or more objects. The action of the verb is
transferred to the object. Example: 'She writes a letter.'
25. Intransitive Verb: A verb that does not take an object. In other words, there's no direct
object receiving the action. Example: 'He sleeps.'
26. Irregular Verb: A verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Example: 'go'
– 'went' – 'gone'.
27. Regular Verb: A verb that follows the standard rules for conjugation. Regular verbs
form their past tense and past participle by adding -ed. Example: 'walk' – 'walked'.
28. Infinitive: The base form of a verb, often preceded by 'to'. Example: 'to eat', 'to go', 'to
be'.
29. Gerund: A verb form ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Example: 'Swimming is
fun.'
30. Participle: A form of a verb used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or
verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb. There are two types:
present participle (ending in -ing) and past participle (often ending in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -
n).
31. Passive Voice: A type of clause or sentence in which an action (expressed by a verb), or
the result of an action, is emphasized rather than the subject. Example: 'The ball was
kicked by the boy.'
32. Active Voice: A type of clause or sentence in which the subject performs the action
stated by the verb. Example: 'The boy kicked the ball.'
33. Conditional Verb: A verb used in sentences to express conditions. Conditionals are
often constructed using if-clauses. Example: 'If it rains, we will cancel the trip.'
34. Stative Verb: A verb that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb which
describes an action. Example: 'believe', 'love', 'own'.
35. Dynamic Verb: A verb that shows continued or progressive action on the part of the
subject. This action has duration. Example: 'run', 'speak', 'grow'.
36. Linking Verb: A verb that connects the subject of a sentence to a subject complement.
They do not show action. Examples include 'be', 'appear', 'seem', 'become'.
37. Imperative Verb: A verb that creates an imperative sentence (i.e., a command).
Example: 'Stop!'