Building Automation

System
TF4033 Rekayasa Lingkungan Termal
 Referensi
[1] ASHRAE, Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems, Elsevier, 2009
[2] Sinopoli, Smart Building Systems for Architects, Owners, and Builders, Elsevier, 2010
[3] Wang, Intelligent Buildings and Building Automation, Spon Press, 2009
[4] Merz et al., Building Automation - Signals and Communication Technology 2nd Edition,
Springer, 2018
[5] www.PDHcenter.com, Fundamentals of HVAC Controls
 What is Building Automation?
Residential buildings focuses on:
• Cost effectiveness/saving energy
• Comfort and convenience
• Security

Automation in commercial buildings focuses on:

• Cost-effectiveness/saving energy
• Communication via bus systems and networks
• Comfort and convenience
• Flexibility.

Difference Between Building Automation and Building Control?

• Building control is a part of building automation
 Why Automatic Controls?

Capacity of HVAC system is Deviation from design shall

typically designed for extreme result in drastic swings or Without control system, the
conditions. imbalance since design system will become unstable
• Most operation is part load as variables capacity is greater than the and HVAC would overheat or
such as solar loads, occupancy, actual load in most operating overcool spaces.
ambient temperatures, equipment &
lighting loads, etc. keep on changing scenarios.

1. Maintain thermal comfort conditions

2. Maintain optimum indoor air quality
3. Reduce energy use
4. Safe plant operation
5. To reduce manpower costs
6. Identify maintenance problems
7. Efficient plant operation to match the load
8. Monitoring system performance
 What Parameters are controlled?
ASHRAE 55: proper environment is described with four variables
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Ventilation
• Pressure

ASHRAE 55: Indoor Air Quality

• Indoor polution
• Ventilation
• Pressure

• Special control requirements: Clean room, etc.

• https://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
 Where are HVAC controls required?
1. The HVAC equipment and their controls located in
the main mechanical room
1. chillers
2. boiler
3. hot water generator
4. heat exchangers
5. pumps
2. Air Handling Units (AHU)
3. The individual room controls depending on the
HVAC system design.
1. fan coil units
2. variable air volume systems
3. terminal reheat
4. unit ventilators
5. exhausters
6. zone temperature/humidistat devices
Control Basics
 Open loop control
• Open loop control is a system with no feedback, also
called feed forward control
• In open loop control the controller may operate an
actuator or switch and is often done by a timer
• For more accurate control it would be best to keep
the band width between on and off temperatures as
narrow as is practicable. However, too much
switching will wear out the switch contacts
 Closed Loop System
• In general ask a question, does sensor measure
controlled variable? If yes, then the control system is
closed loop, if no the system is open loop.
• HVAC control system, from the simplest room
thermostat to the most complicated computerized
control, has four basic elements:
1. Sensor measures actual value of controlled
variable and provides information to the controller.
2. Controller receives input from sensor, processes
the input and then produces intelligent output
signal.
3. Controlled device acts to modify controlled
variable as directed by controller.
4. Source of energy power the control system.
Control systems use either a pneumatic or electric
power supply.
 Types of Control
• Two position (on/off) control
• Proportional control
• Proportional + integral (PI) control
• Proportional + integral + derivative (PID) control

• Choice of control type

• Degree of accuracy required; amount of offset
• Type of load changes expected
• Including amplitude, frequency & duration
• System characteristics
• Such as no. & duration of time lags, speed of
response
• Expected start-up situation
• In general, use the SIMPLEST mode
 Sensors

• Temperature
• Bimetalic strip
• Sealed Bellows
• Bulb & Capillary
• RTD (Resistance
Temperature Device)
• Thermistor
• Thermocouple
Flow Sensors
 Sensors

• Humidity
• Resistance Relative Humidity Sensor
• Capacitance Relative Humidity
Sensor
• Temperature Condensation
• Condensation & Wetting
• Quartz Crystal Relative Humidity
Sensor
• Pressure Sensor
• Variable Resistance
• Capacitance
 Direct Digital Controller
• Entered the HVAC industry in late 1980’s
• Use a programmable microprocessor as controller
• ‘Direct’ = microprocessor is directly in the control loop
• ‘Digital’ = control is accomplished by the digital electronics
• Basic function
• Reporting - status detection from the operational system
• Metering - gather count values such as values of electricity
meters, water meters or heat meters.
• Measuring - capture of steady analog measurement signals
from the operational system.
• Switching - control of e.g. motors, fans or pumps in
operational systems
• Setting - output of continuous and non-continuous signals
DDC – in the field
DDC Schematic
Building Automation
The Hierarchical Structure of Building Automation
Communication model

• Mesh: Each device is connected directly with all

the other devices
• Bus: A short transmission cable connects each
device to a single transmission line (backbone
cable) that is terminated at both ends
• Ring: A short transmission cable connects each
device to a single transmission line (backbone
cable) that forms a ring
• Tree: Not only devices but also other lines are
connected to a line
• Star: The devices are connected to a central
station (e.g. a switch or a hub)
 Physical Layer

• Wired
• Twisted Pair Copper
• Coaxial
• Fiber optics

• Wireless
• WiFi
• WiFi Mesh
• ZigBee
 Open System Protocol

• Each device can be from a different

manufacturer
• Connections made between the devices with
standard connections
• Data is shared between the devices via
standard industry protocols, ensures
interoperability between devices
• Each device can be replaced with one from a
different manufacturer
 Communication Protocol
A protocol must define, for example:
• Who is allowed to access the transmission
medium and when
• How to detect data transmission errors and
what happens when an error is discovered
• What happens when a receiver receives more
data than it can process at a time
• How to ensure that data frames are sent to
the right destination
 LonWorks
• networking solution for building automation and
control networks that was developed by the
American company Echelon.
 BACnet
• BACNET is a standard protocol published by ASHRAE
Building Management System
Building Management System Workstation
 BMS
• BMS systems are “Intelligent” microprocessor-based
controller networks installed to monitor and control
buildings technical systems and services
• Scalable from just one device to thousands of
devices
• Link the functionality of individual pieces of building
equipment so that they operate as one complete
integrated system.
• Provide the building owners and operators with the
tools to manage the performance and energy
efficiency of their buildings
• Can be integrated into all other building services
such as security, access control, CCTV, fire, Lifts
and other life and safety systems.
 BMS User Interface

• Can be a basic LCD display through to

full Graphic Operator Workstations.
• The Graphic Interface must be intuitive
to use and not require an Engineering
degree to interpret
• They must provide sufficient level of
detail to enable the operator to
determine what is happening and what
is going to happen next
• Graphics need to provide access to
parameters for tuning and seasonal
information needs to be built into the
system
Display Sample - AHU
Display Sampe - Chiller
 BMS for Control Tuning

• BMS Tuning or control loop tuning

ensures that the equipment
operates in a stable, predictable
and repeatable manner.
• Optimisation focuses on operating
the equipment in the most energy
efficient manner without impacting
on the controlled variable
BMS for Control Optimization
Intelligent Building
Automated Buildings Evolution
Intelligent Building
 Integration of Building Services
• OPC – OLE for Process Control
• Based on Microsoft’s OLE, COM (Component
Object Model) and DCOM (Distributed Component
Object Model) technologies
• OPC provides a common interface for
communicating
• Before OPC, application developers had to create
specific communications drivers for each control
system with which they wanted to connect.
• With OPC, application vendors no longer need
separate drivers for each new processor or protocol.
Instead, manufacturers create a single optimized
OPC driver for their product.
 Integrated Approach

Load System Plant model (traditional approach)

Qbuilding Q
Heating/Cooling
Building Plant
System including
Ventilation
and
Dehumidification

Integrated models

Heating/Cooling
Building Plant
System
 Optimal start-stop
Typical fixed time schedule for HVAC system
• An optimum start/stop energy-saving control
strategy/function
• Find out the shortest period of time required
to bring each zone from current temperature
when systems are off, to the set point
temperature.
• Determine how early heating or cooling can
be shut off for each zone so that the indoor Potential energy savings of optimum start
temperature remains within specified
margins.

13/10/2020 39
 Temperature set point adjustment

• Typically, changing the space

temperature set point by 1°C can
affect the energy consumption of
associated cooling or heating
equipment by around 10 per
cent.
• Measures: change the set point
or change to the dead band (or
the width of the control range).
• If possible, collect real occupant
comfort votes. Oftentimes the
occupants feel too cold already,
easy energy saving!

13/10/2020 40
 AHU operation optimization

• In humid climate, the AHUs can consume

up to 70% of the chilled water in the
building.
• Optimised AHU operation will provide a
reduction in operating hours and load of
HVAC plant due to reduced needs for
cooling and heating of AHUs and VAV
boxes.
• When available, use CO2 sensor reading
to adjust the ventilation rate. Avoid
unnecessary ventilation

13/10/2020 41
 Chiller capacity matching

• Turn the right chiller on

13/10/2020 42
 Optimal operation point

• Variable water pressure control – Automatically adjust the pump

speed control to provide just enough water
• Variable cooling water temperature – only chill the cooling water
enough to cater for the building load
13/10/2020 43
 Terminology

• Building automation system (BAS)

• Building management system (BMS)
• Building energy management system (BEMS)
• Energy management system (EMS)
• Direct digital control (DDC)
• Intelligent building (IB)
Terima kasih