| copuys- 302° Nucleaw corned | Pashcfe phystes || Fuymelann mentet Interaction t- Tn avdlex to | Skuely the. ‘decay mode Os elecerote | nawtictes amd heir _othey _pxv per H ob [fg . easentiap -to have a Knowledge of: | the various “interaction tn wvlhich they ate ubjected - : i he sous funda one: tak interactions lave? ; Grrauita Hones” Inte rmackion > — The, Gra vitetion Lolo fot depen!s porn the. colouy size i or any othe parameten expepk I inentHa | The boxe 5 Yo? type anol acs Talons thre Dine joining the Pnassec anol | [nes mot cle pend upon the ‘Velocity om orientation of tne masses _o thelr I Spia _ Its Magni tule fs welatively roaali amrol ie conjectived to 2 | pro pagjated by means Ol, A particle I icatied aqaviben | TH force is -cheverc- L=tericed by climension Ie Ss __Couupli Consta nf {| GM? , ©64xlo x(réFx oY =o yo : ne [406 x 164) x (3x 109)a ore My sl 3 Strony jntenaction t- “the Je. 5 uthere Mn. nucle | 24. clew to expbin| Gz -Gravitationet benste ie tine edistence of stable nuclei = so ee. | Sivens enough to ove ole nuclei orig 7 the lorge Laive foxes Bebe of ly pacived pzpte in the nucleus. mecdled. The fyuxce cannot he © grauitationa? origin as it fc too wleale ; J tO supply the neressar, binding energy. mange” Chanaciee fn ao! Mouch as Vit | | The strong mucledy kerce Tai choos 7g J Ifa? type. Vinclepemedent-, ie the. P=P) n-n and O-P Hectromanebic fate rach jyorces a1 the fame. The force cannoh ey on. i eu 15 4D i bude “bs it Jeacribed terms ch Ok chavae and ic mot ciirertecl f5ue| Latrengin ~ aictante gelatonship . tt ceztaial ha Barge bat 1% fo that clivects Te wot Vo? type, bub fe a Very strong aind also to the dlirecHen ol emotion, Lame force . It does mot clepensa upow “The. quantum ok am si¢lol is the phohn, I ttre lo Hore, covlentatic fs the. nucleons! “The ke ws chawactesised by -ctimensin The qeeametes Ok the hielo be th =fess Coupling constant 24 4 noesons Koons. Tt ts characterised wae, EE an uupling Constanp Called bine stvuetun onstant, Th aes 2 Magnitude gs much gzeater than that Qt The chavoctesistic. time is a oF gravitational sntepackon ,~Th AC 16 7? sec. Rowieterice time Ok een interaction gos lose Rea 2 Ai Alea Intersection > Most ole th | i Cle-mentomy particles by Shes t | l Hypeso c i nol maComm pore tiv. Op [RY TSK otha ap ore es bi my fs the ant~ © of taleaKe Inte ; ° frumebion 21 mob tate eho] Very Slow 5 SE = Coordinates i. zeker to position uniip & diene 10% 4 greater thy pin coordinate Vectors mespectivels thar frvolved 2 sizana Yntera chon. Now ise have tuto types of atau. ~The ten: and leatromejnettc. Jnteraus tude- Bpate, imversion Cchan a Cannot ddeouni kr such Qans Spatially Symmetric isiave kundhons opi its either th pontiiles pieay = ty (-F, 8) Dot suijec to these fsoves - OF e3e patially Pnii- ey iri¢_alave Funcion on s_paohibifien ~ ipmrbids Us Za) = — p(=3,8) a i fentually Che clecay tare folese. , Ha. aust —h. ‘bout fost lave, pumeHorns axe Eype ob Jnteraction. Ver parity .omd “Ke exictente of Such an syieran Des tits Sie par =Hon alan posed by Fermi in 19204 woxdinate Jnveasis a plain" B ” decay Ta ‘ pempesty ahh f ‘sore :i Parity ss conserved sn Sb7004 and echo. ! i ~opagnebe, vatervachon buf Gk #0 wleaug | [I tale eanploy gohevical polerr coosdinat: I icfnaction such as deco. af | the spate coordinates Vere % (9,6, ¢), “particles és precluced 80 25 inte ractin| [hs changing B27 -F mea Pe i Win ulhitS patity sic _CoMServed and j [o2k-9 and” S->AtS, thith no other” pastides ase ce red ial I i annihilated , the Knowledge of Charge conjugation = The operation ob i CPbital angular mmomenty Up yéces te | changin Ue poaticfe én i blish the intrinsic pavity [partie 5 me) 7 caheess By clekination nucleons and electron | Spuiderdr rs Joctrp—cluoamics thre opevatic i ae masianed positiy pia eu | ans io ih nivinsic pavity. Then pions uihivh are | potion a iavarfanf under charg | énuolved Hons intenachi ibs [conju gatéon Sy ue abbreviate a i ouclean, heuled a =VO_ oF dal In Weak interarto: charge conjugat i ti (sine pariiy fc consewe oka sy iy _Openation. i, clea Léa es interachons)) , k mesana and Miede ras fine “etn _o LY Seem to respec P= messns ame allotted Negative psol chee Conjugation savariance wlhere 2 A Ios perrity fe taken to Ine +ve 4 L trons Onierachens clo wespecte Phi. i Although th posify o. bypernna hab | geyptnnetey + The same ie true fpr pority net Rese establised Vponclustiely but] Jo Jpertitle physics a makes. th there ane. irong ° fey | appenm ras Games mumber how i it has +Ve. parity, | [Cexjatn mectreal perstitles ok Borgo. poe ae ee Dumber zero (Br0)-lefus Consider a” pt _phok Photon #6 adel _unele ine | Operation Chang the Sign oe this ss Sartphysics ore no a ight- => panity ey sty PG este Aistinguich hetweron we el¥ yes [> i talesid — “thea this eigen Gunnin ci me) = 41h steve, tVe, (éa egeing in lc obsenved tn decoy date | | So ppesie “angen TA photons hie vindicates thee RO | Weal Aol eT shad elk conjugate and that 1R°) é¢ =) OS G7 Oa oO dake ob Celt ei the other hand [Kt anol Rass the efgen abate ob i ped ISAT ee eS NE - I Eley = At Wixeoy ans clx*ty) =- (RD) cpr >= — [At [Tk the melertren 5 ae - sn 4v then electoon 2 = This weeutk follow from the jsacf tae Al lol sal moving i am. Woke Rand that ost Llectrom sf Moving “gn —ve os 7 tts, Mi Jectwons or Also me Nee O 1k the eneras ov mnenmeniumlansulen) bn Ale. 2 Benen Conserved then the operahon + That means we can distinguish hel a Called _g5naenetry. : eat | eniryey uyer fol. Thi mn —& amd Pte crear eime|_- Par ip) a Ole parity. Th -tn, fee frons «uy | cae thekeers of Syren — +t art clisechion in FOI ancl miazer Se eS eee| gaid +o posers odal aoe, ane ik it [cloes mob charge ite ign, it “ic said. to | posses + eVern pagity [Tye weblection operahien of poasition Se TE Me We tg | | coordinates is Kncuin ay pevity opesatin <— O10 QI@— = ome [Fthe parity ok o closed zyrteng Cannob if fom (8) ob 2 change HS oT ere Ben a si "he operation of chansi ys every . pop hius @ : Py is amtipastite ic Called . change ——e[O @ ed ny ugation hange Conjugakien gnvawiante 4 - oS 1D) rneans Nothing $s changed by charge Conpugation . “The - faws ok elestri magnetiery orse jovani | wnclew thig_. Granckowmation.: If orth charge + [We me sevevsal invariance Preans that ‘q! wileve. tp be Geplated by -9 and tus | a ave sence of time cannot be clistingui the olivection of “electric “field -ame| rrepeil led Jyromy =e “Bence of time ie If wl bields wtese weversed the oyngmics would I Seplace -t by — , ale Velocity and mnomenty pirteru the Jam kore: I vetter are weverced. Time. _fovaria olesevibe 4s we weptace -postictes wlith their ant th: behaviowr ok a wave bunctien wlhen t Peatictes then Some particles ore there + | s weplaced By =t-. Th ymmety operat Lthat togrespond to Conservation opti | pPagity . fs tran eVersat . Accorting ty lth, “amy process com proreed _elthe | fenton” packwind Fn time without Lehane. AS On 29, is a motion pict i -eahibits ap proces! , them bat | aee >) ‘Time. Revewsat cr) 2-7 This operator i | octated ath -wevercing cau olive tions CL — Lok moton sncludigg that of Spin - Tovariamce & Snténach Under T noeans that "iho etal phystcat process occurs. then the process that ¢ Obtained toy weversi all olixecti Rolations, spatial -Pranslati | tiene Tok _abotien . must be also” ealizable “igplosemenis axe continuous Ereinsbovn, | ions and 40 wihen they —SPPser—— ay Bo Charge Conjygation () t= The cperation ymmetries ot so fste. sh Lop cRansigy o pasticte into a anti EpRrepsents Contiou out Spy men etaries Resi. particte —ic called charge censugation Ce. coh-inuous Symme-tri. pemations, thes: LH Tk ic operative 69 ch: do are Aome cligcwete Symmetry opexatin| Lae as neutral pastel G 1 algo . “These are. i Arn inopor tant theorem kk 4 Pozity P) f= “This operator 4d connected Relatyiss, Quantum mechani is thy - tc ith Apotiad jnveraion . i: fall. physica process _of relohuists PRE = API-F E)- phy, Le mut walhere 4 fe the Jotrinsie povity of the eth mbined .opevabe o} Cp. T. parhde Jn tate of a collection of t “This és Known ¢ CPT thesxer. Pazticles tt chould + be noted -thoft + ordey po wlhich thy _ operations ore carried uk i. immaterial . wl Hem ok Sovarionre one CPT + hoy be. Eigen valves Ha sok Powity operatny 2 Observed o har:ao gaia Nr. I Ie «Scheme Cerrraiay Twit te Hyper om cliscovery of kaon (kt, K) amd ane 2, CE a) Ltt -was poured hat -they behaved - rather that hey yoadily eat interactions but -n Phew s ever OU the Known conservation wajese, Observed. Storangely i. cevtats oP | thous, | Qowrs Vion t)—=> Verh L Wb eyh > | yest] - | eta = AP +k? Coctuas coh Aigh Probab bo ae PTH > K°4 (Coloes a0F ccm) O-> Nr +e 2Ve oy “hand: 12 boreted Spio 2 A # -€ 7 = cA |n7 Pte +e a a fusdy 5 (uug) Doers, _ Hagar! mramesiem oF = = @ amd Ve are 19 Opp. Oe OTscelion - BUF (PIT anya] Momentum . axe 1) Same diredim Bur 27 VRIGLe Wad Aer fond by 6! Bolh interac conserves all the Known Baws ' energ Momentum, Cherge number ome fepten number . fot @ cloes not - peer gn Oatuve . Bue Mnlerach bor yoo terach' @_ aces (Probability. Further mere. hese particles were (oars woduced WG. Stdeng nu@lear aie iy Bue they decay Ua weak Il Bote rachis, To esp lain ee quanhinn Kaows as xange behaviour pumber - Glas inventeck gtrongenesc. wu 416 aaticles Fox Caltatation of Steangeness » Gellmann fos gi iver Gellmann an Nushiima formula, eB Sonpsrtank fosmruls 0: “A+ O48 is given by Qh (Bis) —@ OFS ge BITE 2 7 + @_ for Faong QT For Cascades (E7, ED et 3 Oar Peo ie, ~ fs 8 OQ > 9, Be), be gr ar Tes ; a aBaeh o= {8s TR TS eee ee i : 2 f @ K 920, B01 Bs TFET| (GD) 2 Me ray + - | ulbese Vio, 2 and b are corlonts Y= hypea Ahaxge | The ebeo f2mnuta called Gell-Mann ekubo mass _ ‘1 ~Thic fovm of amule 1¢ applrcable to @) larba A" 5 G26; Be! 1 =0 Borryons. = oS PBA6: =e fis Ik case of mesons fetter aqoeemn ¥ Zz 2 with experiments Chilained ik Mo i 4 $3). eplace y mr in the above se lotion. O_omrya al GF 75 B= 0 BT Fox Bowsers sets with Spin parity from equ’. -) = 0+ is : Goa -Aireemenk with the fellowiny form 5 = Of batt Srrann - Okube mass © formuta, 4&2 -3- 21MytMe (9,7) -O Gell-Mann ~ OKubo Mass - faxmula fa SU (3) Mulsiplets ental values ase i where My = Average Nucleon mass Mr = Averaye mais Since masses of the di event members oh) anv (3) multiplier a ase got the Sami and sut3) - ymmetryy ts nok exact and | excellent agreement 2oith the -bary if eee fo be” paver Okuby spur fut I clecuplee “P= 34%, for this. decuiplee f following fevmuta. Loy tae masses! ! Ls-i+h~y. —@ Op the member witan” ap utb pie & Ayperons més masse) A Aspes | Gell - mann - Okubo Mass fermula st also inal 2) intenactens . Howey: ati = Me a (PANG AIT jenp . centyitutions bn this ctixecke from Gell. tann and (Mio +28) + (are) r This fornia _preducts- iH Linclependenty by I Ne ‘eran in 1961 theeugh a fymmeby scheme Known a ight beled tay Gin whic UL th, | veSeuin pasta forest ane ie ayes to fewer fsarilles comeinine | Po [to or 2% -rmembers by iy pplication of pecial unitary Ruymometry group I kee ae £003). Bil mMembesL a homily had the same Spin ond parity js a The Sv (3) is “the group ck att unimo |-duloy , Unitary Qs matrices ie th, | group op at? 2x2 mar U_ Such [Uthat 0" fe unitasy i. =U" where (The. bavysn -durcupay) | (the. baryon octet ) OF ie - the hesmition adjoint of 0 ond obtained by goteschanging yous ond Ofumns and taking the Cemplex Conjugal of each element -~ yemetry Schemes ol Blementary .partde Covers gelation, behdeen erghe - tonseaved =u (3) muteptts . have. haea mo wantities . Th & anol 10 members grvup Ais eery - ave -of astculay gnterer) ee il and bary ce plete I | | OT 16 is cated ight pold because Ht | Ilobeexved _a1 za theoe tical bap pest Could aq a Cee HEL) ithe achrodinger « requ) for the two- beda a | prob} te Bods Problem and Nuclear Force | RC OK [EvVeatPImagy=ss il The. Deutewon > The Deuteson consists oe calhese, Ps On % Mic the wedured { Neutron and -Q proton. Th periments Mnt™p 2 mags ok th Measised properties ate deuteren a: =P + S9¢ tem. ch egos te Mic the oaveras Li ass 5 VIF) Mass = 2-01ue3¢ amu tt potentral enerq taken to be pin > 4 Cin unit ok 4) [function ol: Sepagatfee behaesn the newt ‘totisHes = Boce ~ Singin I cme} tne peoten anol £ ic the tot Radius = 9.1 Fevai [leneray. Bincling “Energy — 2.95 + 0-003 ev | ne caxtesian coordinate - : Masoehe Dipole moment > 0-85436 +0-0003 Pherical Cocrdinates ar, | = Ducleax neton. the selation. ib = Bletie Quadeasele ee eee I = psing 28 i { 75) t | [= TSOSTS 2 weose| ase ety (a). spt dein) 3 oN efes ities cad rele, Aas QKy? wir) = 0 9) 4 oat OGe dz The last tere -D(8+104 Qear is called Centrifuges On hes Expressing Vin terms ob the Sphericat pala fox binding the neutson and proton to- Coordinates gu) @) the Athovectinser -gether cl iq dleutexon V2) Must be atlvad qu D2 wens Ene korn | v ve at least ex a Lemited zane oho. Lond should have avalueat -Jeasr to 19 fpay. i) 9 [cing? lat 2% | compensate fer the -wepultive centrifugat i [ 3? oF \V ar] “ding 36 | 207 arsinto [Potentiat THIF con ee eal | | achieved qs Q20 - State. - 22" [E-vin]p=o -@) | [The schvodisger equ for an -State of eae [ dleuterom (l=0) mak - therefore be are i Ta th Guoin state of deutewon y the yrs Tos f is Cent¥as | ie clepends only the 4 pars via). 2 dvi) +2” Le-veni]erx)> 0 # =Hon ta! Of, the ucleons “and not up fa? oe A: - Bond &, f “The _ dchreedinrey Bee lhes th [The soluton of Cis equ” i - peatly Sinpliped t Pctentes f pheote ine my a [by Uotroduen er need + wave kunchim vty) be Acporated \ int Snqulay md adial-— T Gelated to Vera) as fellows? posts. The redial Sart of, 25) nag I y pgp 2 i hen ay \ az Pictur from © 9% © ve jerequ? 62) and Ge) meg equ? 62) and ula) , Adar Lutajzo- Chere Mz neukon or profen MASS Gro] OF nearly . equal tO "Qh. The generat Sof” oF equ (Ns) 1s fer the 30507 of Simplivly , [ee ws use a! guare well podenkos fox the Solution of | uferon pzoble. 1 UTI = Aaany + BURT (24) Wl) must be welt behaved (Cre Pfr) Should 6 nite at T20. and revo ak TIM) te V(BTR =e VES “DUTP = FEI IO ag V> 0, othevane 20 ym | Gecemes fofinite - Ths condition on olemonds _thel= B20. Hence Ul7) 2ASIDKY OST] SGC E ARN BOT AT Aq orye ryan written as a) The general cof? of ego ik = ae oe Ml (Vs=Ea)uinjse fer vere — Ga) winds Cer =Del? (a, = “ ——- and the boundory conclitim at snfiatty =. one. _—~ lemmvomdh_that-~ D0 » 0 that - ux) ereman a =—_ z) 20 5% — Inite HMeoce 5 fr Ea C2) = Ce apr — fb) po rere a Roa ar aly bolhn (PGE ew lena devivabve Aust be Conhiouc 2 and (133 ule obf4/9anit = = Get SS AK coskh = - Cle EG?) Compariay equ? (ya) and a | Az [mv Teese eet VAD 2% 2% Tor Vit = Aa, OTA ¢-——— rare 2-1 -&@ ve ee a. cob qoe oof dovolve_4 and ¢ ond vehh 7 a. | only .the ronje of the polenb'al ry fo [ot _ kn WOE PR CEP tbe depts Vs. fits : | ee ee ts! i; MEg/ 4.2 oe I 7 6 Yh | ym | ! Cot KH = — = a ; = - x [fr (e-BPEET This equ gives us only the Value of Vet mw t : | amd not fhe values Of Vo and -%» Kparatel, — 7 a=] Fa @ [Accepting the approx value of the soni 4 “he dae: Ixy 22-4" Fermi, we gek i ——_ 2242 : 9" © fuses hak Qt hy ab sathond® ua i cmev Ca) i t_@ Ta efore_ th I omy Slightly , quere Afa | wi Bhd oF 00 much much fouelued we take | | [This Value -Jugtibies the assumption that [Eg Ve, This - poteatiad has a depth of BeMev. and a width of a F. PD with the depth of the.: ————EE—————— on = ——— ‘ = Soh DEG na . Es a a eee ff x — Ve — | Top) 7 “TAu, ‘ Ltr rodius of deuteron ie fpounel tonel | a — a mouth Coreen than canye To of thy nucle. z nee a The Meson Thesry ek Nuclear Forces‘ r eters aknomen of; the Gzound The Tnypolhesic tha nuclear - koxces posi B Focund ome) thereher ik ic “just barely an exchanye character iar pul bert aad e ier lt deems | quite toy Heisenieeng fy 1922, Houleven th : avons ay i ee nek l Wisin oh tree. eathamre: teres ck. that Be = prtten Suchen, fer the neutron dime. talay of Kasuin. i =a | Ta 19301. YaKkaga pur beoulerd e_eneng © the pichive of Choxb wanse intey nucleo: froce, in _teums eh th “ Hiele| Quantum (® meson ) ob th nucleay Held , The Sherk an ek intey nucleon hoce ; + assigns a fsinite yest pass to these bret quank A Comidesable body 2viden has g6tablished . that th wanse o}e th nuclear jrorte. ic about Ly FE.Thus thi theavebically - predicted im of dine. meson (270 me ) Tapatible iby the ork range, of th wuclear frurte, (1-4 E) Eee no}, the. meson Violates nes is_in _exfellenp - agreemenk wlith ty — (onsevahin Saw _by_an_amnount 46) mass ol T moson” (223 re) mreasuzed 1 Ck the avder of” the meson est apersimentally - in totmic yay chouter: epads they. ie aes Magee aT “These K MSsons are negardhd as & og quanta fur the, nuclear™ field. t The _uncertai: ty Selatin, GE.4b ot, the | The Belatiurshic - lationship « behvee: Hime Sieit se" givem bp l the. ral - energy E, the momentum P gC | ane the -rest mos Mo oh eo poxdicte Ca ] fc + 2 = prc?amct g& nace puters E=th2 and Pz -thy The mesimum distance meena can cover a T Taare | a nto? 2 — hg meet —@ | Ere + . = tend a=W) | lef us Now rntroduce a funchon S(Ai ‘which bas th ignigrcante oh poten tia and whith may be segavied as th) Kielol - variable”, the & ox -Mg . O257DxIO™ f ie electron mausy A) x 165) I —~f 2m gs -@) ap eee = © fox 4 megona this eo? vig O26 Mn C A £0 becomes CL 9{2 2ane 3s G0) =| at 120 and &a)z0 ak bine > thea we obtain (0K) P= VA9 (2) [The Sol” ‘of equ? (Sab) -a¢ can be Seen | Chrosh divect Subshitutim, d- —9 o% i £ mi rt = oop pe balheve 9’ ic an undegmined constant shih | accupres a jn meson th Where K> °C 2 T from eqD analojous tt that o the chor vin a ka [efecFromajneh'c. theavy. i: [alow tae” pofenbor Ur) of _o nucle of. Sou A) yalid do cose oh a meson pele | cAarge 9 | curt, the imeson «field! 1 howled a san analogue o} the” laploue's equ" I be oe i walicl in (05% of eon held 25 the qrhlence| I vn ee =e ree CBoxyes lo the presente of charge. sy | ; ve tej aoe ene of, TE Teer 2 a ~ 2 Rep |e) ets “the shevtrenic charge and ane Ze elem | Tie 16 hen wepained YuKouwe - Rekeobat - Partie decstly and He I end graphically shown in oy belos. FA _mesons/ have been cliscoveréf expert Lementolly to be of ‘tree kel 7 5 Ry alt of conch . ave 2000 - opin porbely Te ach Bofwces + the ! eachonse - of A_Mesons ei | nucleons -ma, be taKeo 2: ol) os. ear 6 He nucf DU Cleon 22 Ch0% ye.— a a no nak? and to 7 eke i ae pp Hong ig call ea Aw J; length ond_ is called tne shit Tn_this case an Tange. Ta. This theory ic knowin, ______0nd_o. profon ints atk Lebpetive mange. thesbly | expresses. the ; fv pn)z =a 2 Phase Shikt “as a Rum ction ie eal neutron as pron YO = aaa U o oo 7 The Schvodinee's eau’ fer -an .¢ -wiave ines) ; Bespectivel (tr Scan ‘pe. wasitis | Polerbie ) i it} Also p> n2a" 1 (do Pet. Mv) Tu =o -@) | and then n+ nt- P | [ge nr } i and n= PtA@ amd then Pinion | | lhese Kz (eerie Fronn, this equ’ le x In -thexe rarer the. exchanges of 2 —.- =e! 2 hanged pion Ctve_ or ~ve) Bxchones Tcalaite -clouin -the eq. kur twe Veep Sin CRTFH) — Gu) I TI sin Sp [Mutt plies equ GD ty 8, -ared Ds v, | the Aubstra tting aut making Us of the | Sdentity, we get { 2 rs Curve vave To Re ee ODSubstoadiny @ fom. equ” (Bene get 7 OTEK Tftiag Tau, — Uaus UV tue Bin Katt be47y ony U2 Sin Katt Bon) Sin Soa : S19 S06 cas (Kat + fo) Sin fe | Wak ee Tage : Ga | gnd Uy = Ky, eos (Ko 4 Son) Sion f Noy Sioce_at distances -bexpnd the rans, ok nuclear borcer ted U hecomne, [Or Tes 6 = Kacotdos and [vp zo eth dential -'e -U,=Ue and Use U, i . 7 z : Tutor caluues i i t fowler Dimit ie ¥20, UgzUnzo, cq2tno : - i reduces to aa Kicot bop — Katot Sq = C= Kat) | (Vath, Weer Civ u0.T 2K ke [esau | Je) But since, TU, | Let us -consicler the Apeciat case of Ha? e the case of zero: energy 1 th & Lim CKatot fea) = 02 2 =f Ka 9 Soa e | Ulhere a is the Scattering lenyth ar ze0 U fe a Qeray -neufrons. Substituting - thir val ona GD sand using Subbly 0bSa } | eo —— | ere a . ; Se = Zero energy eufrons Le _Jef— Teo usi 4 AL. ait @ canbe Sail al Kote, th KH | (Y= on oly 3 See eer ip cot oy a | : — cot &, ptt ke, ) < TThis express - the phau hikt Lo. Using eaut | ae_deroppins Subhiy by ule obtain (ED) the dcatleving’ creat tection ca qe fi 7 Teasiten as |Kot& +2. x2 [ (tv -wow dr | 6 i [Seep 2 sighs, 2 UR 1 SS | K Ke KPO (x14 cots i = asec ) Thi: et ig CALF ond ic the undo mental éqt bee _ebkabive same theory. E _ tee OS OLS ots Ik u and 0 axe pleted by their zero [ WPS I —2heayy Kor Us-and tha Ue Pryrpuah pute oe ite BME The_ogut can be is Shows - thet th, Acatheving (toss ita — | geetion hesicles belal 2 functions of - 4, of epemals em tale 4 Meters Keo} 1. Ke energy pena f 2 Mate IU Wa —6a | the Keattesing length ‘a’ ene ehbestive ; i wan Lawn tHe Coss - gection therefore : can be determines bby easing | anef x, : L 2k dN = No ok particle collected at the dletectyy _) theo T= fo ok partides - in unit o unit time . (9uy - ; is! b = a ia ince, ip the path of Deam there gt ae athe. CN J S(OPIT= ctr 2G daNaNp romty ' \\ SAN ot GINe 1 oT ob 2D 5 ~cechie to a AN2 6 [0b )tgsLINe | Dikkerential cvoss -cechon Neal Ny = i a oo Ne ae Settion ob bean This contain the inkermatien oe Kiod of a fensity = No A. [kote cy interaction ex potential taking Be | Pein . 7d 7 _ || plate wlhen proyeetile amd targer vi dn = 6 (0 a d (S$ )id-2Th [pestide ore "Clore te eath other whi in 5 an = (6 rae UA the atteria (847d Na Np | Siihe above: pezimrental arrangement it. ulhere Noe — | atlouis tus to measuxe + the. crocs -seckion ie pho ok projectile parhicle = IAt T be pmeaiuving - RUS “ok equ? D experionts a . Tot Co a T — Genenal N=? calles =15 - a tein wale have, to -kovmulate., « Theay andl a : | mater it with eapesimental dats. Reta Decay ! 2 © | Gemeral Introduction Radin active nuc bt thvee types 4 1 posiaion em B_vadicact emission ard elecison | Puchewex sa 1909 ~ | that 8 parhie[es Are nothing caphre. kixsk bo prove beef bask gate feof 4} Genero Fears oh ra ~Spectrunn'= o> Prg+D Conti Wediving ) 20) 1 Evenycontounus © Spacin fh p> + pl av —@ cleps nd on the queleus . enni th tee | = paokicle. ulhete Vand Daze neutrino and antineutrin: D2. The particles B* and HW “possess com | CBup th eutzen ic nok to be Considered upper it of energy. |__as Composed of, & proton lectren and 3. The emission ob B Partides may -oy may | necutino but is + comicleyed - to be not be atcariated wlith the emission of | ctranskormed inte the. theee. particles (ray any instank of . Bo raission)- i a No emit 1 ways wiheseas n@; p I ; . dn nck emit Cay The mosk - imp. thing in the theory of f l_ decay Ss to -Caleulate + the proiae bility Fermi ‘s Theory ob B decay Tot Gaye proress. This is olone 4s fellows talhen outlets “ernits ah pashde = Sine wie. Know that electrons elo ike charge Chanaes by one uit whit | net eatck © faside the nucleus it oust them peackically wemain un: aryl | be besmed. at the, mmemenk eh It Dumber oe _number of — ‘taf the memeat - of cleus - jp z b Lan atom. The, = neufsine ~ Pts _enorssion. cb the memeak ak : ! “These particles > Seated ink State . wepresentedl by calave function — tp, and Wy. bef we assume. that, : foc plane these. Ore - fu bs Wty mementa Pa wand ByUlhese K+ Panel TF vepresents tn Coordinate -and Nig 4 -normatization ache: : Spa, 7 ‘ulhere Oy is the 2% Component Ob Spin operatur Th Tm? > [Ma |*+ [My |" | P42 ]°- @) He probability of empissinn ean be assumed tp ler d@_upon Hye, expectation Re. expression feo the, probability of emicsin t t u valve léctren and neuivine to be [depends also. upon a temntont pastes 3% at the nucle ie on the factor ey Deprerents - the Cinen op the Couptlin gruiny wise to emission -and foune ial TE =a g to have. Value. Z Se. 9x65? Mevim? -O Hoke depencls on the acho, whose naka iUiby «ck emission per unil [tates ot the ja) and [jinat * 7 na Ducleus. This mateiy elem in its_Si tt “*plek_turm can be taken as— fi oa sian Auth sae for ue “th ee Rredulus ob ¢ matuiy element ML “Thus - the pre b time. a A m2 1p fon] “1y, (09]* Jon 1a qo wulhese dnPad Py Ti Pp de — (Ee) u Tis found to be equat t Ye 2 Jacobian i then @ dn = ot PoPy ip, Vi) i ES UR tac. le Cae es a ; —- = Ps 7 Sulbstitutios - the Value to equ” G) stay probe seb ies 6. Al ole ae eg a sts Je Benission per unit tne pl Py, Falah a SE = (A, Paddys 2F (4 [alg y ot eR Ih @ aS uru aie Using try selaton Pyt 2 Bye Ep" Ep 4to_éliminate - Py amd Teplasing «Pp bo tel lave states havin beta, Pant — a apind SPA (faite — lees ets ae ite poppesties “of ourlei L = Decay life Time 2 disuse some Characteriche of. pruten and L “per unite me fpr -entkcien j L tally memeqvm “values: leben © and P., g: Thus z Pr ql E a wi iat | Poopertie of proton L Carica [ET er = poet Fi Proton fc a Positively charged paalide. £ -@) 9 “Th Magnitude ols charge Done proton = LG the _inteseatien of cou @) i§ conriee| out lomentary charge ie + 16x 1B 9 L ee 2} end point energy pe, thon a proton’ ic equal fo beraexie ty : deco stmstewl i found ue pope! te_1.0032.26u : a shinai “do_filth power ‘ol end. Boia cigl Te has Spin (inivinsic_enqulas momentum [as oer pe hs £ aii =snovinn tty Anolecul 2 thy x Somme time i wip hy 5 10866 Gu both tu. neutron “and thy molecule ob fog “neutral, it fe neither attracted ng ths moderaby attal ae i -epell d by the, nucleus ek an ettom 6 “he neutrons are Hun jn thermal gquilibrh ae [fk can penetrate aleep doko tbe atom rurg with te letules ob tts, mod eater poo 0 horse teh Bincdibvemlare! Called themes i Gv) Neutron has low ionising Pouler. __neutrors “The Speed ote ther: mad neut Newhon jexide the ourleue fo chabe. ic__2900me . amd energy = 0-025eV. aL ei en ee Reudeon (ie _oufsiele the neil) hesmal newtrons - axe most cuitable Hi 1 tee a 7 a lecayys Attorcling 2 $oe - CQusing . nuclear - eachone ' i quation sivern below. g MW te peas fois. Cintning gle men Vo We SS ; : BE gquot to Y (hax), ulhere. Sh ic plans sLt AE 20 Cantineutrins) pmtanh. {<) Magmetre. moment of 4 neutnien ge —h9! Jelear maamefon. 0 Give he properties -ok the nucleus » $aplain the » terms - angulay moment of! the ‘nucleus, nucle meagnetse dipele.-tnammenh oe kesh 2 oui - _ Povperties - ole Nuclet tt 2 =tiaving —— be Tp 2 ie is alent “number OF k nutleus theulhpse Zig owen eleutyon, chat Bhat “ok queleon in the, nucleus. te 7 iit “numb i protons and 0 to atomic. mas: ae down, = b66%)0°rK = 931-4G MeV. Deo aa ea Hhen | tye iy 2s jaa Ss i) ie rele x10 *Kpas Ais how) s that Bar oucleay “matter ig 5. ta hight compress Shake. feus x approa} fhe Volume ~ ie ie agen pherica at Nabal number op autléen vin ie (8), () Anqular -mernenkim of the oucleus te _4avians wher 9 is the vodiu (0) Pia “dnaulay nementimn a aes of Nucleus | ond pot? . neutron in the nucleus -as 7 ban _intrinsh mqulay - momenhim ulhich 2 ae [may he pictuned as being caused _by a | porticte - Spiniog motion _gbout on ait TF TAS | J ths sg ils“ Cedtme of; arass thick eee li Knowl as Spio - eget momenhim HF B= 3x10 mM i ame its anaynituele - Ts given beg Ao = 1-3 kexme 7 TST EI] St Telhee 8 te the hatk ix the Cpin Lv) Density — U = Nuclear mess Nucleorr volume mm _oumber angular seumeotum quonty= ) Magnetic «moment or Magnehe olipele mgment 2 The maqnelit dipole nooment associated + with - nucWar «spin = 2h | eh ic called nuclear: fh “The, quanti gives. by ela 2. Juanti ty amp talhese 0 is the. onbitat angles omen mejneton ane is» denoted beg Bre quantum numbet having interes valves <19 nat Ort, 214, = L ° Ba = 2h _ béxXlo cv — a JS . 2mp. 2X 1-692 we"? Ky © Totat angular cnamentum = The totat " a ; angular pvsrnenbira Ol o Neches te ty 2 isalom onan, { eller tum sk ik “Orbital and Spin I anqulay momentum, OW! the maynehec Apel moment associate is Fel+s. [with Spiniay. flectaen rd is giver bey “The. mainitude ok tohal angular aemenive Be eh. 9.99xt0 IT ee eaeae TP 2me wutlems Jt Aiven toy ° “The ratio cf ouclesy mapnehn to Rohr Masnebey + JU Pa. ome 1 t t Fa ™p 1836 ‘for etl nucle; fhe majnetic memenk MN Quenturs numb,mene tes o F . - = Mass ek 2 protons = MZ. \arvied fren Duceu Moss ok (Az) newtrew = Mp (A-2) Um. ok _mqsses + 0) Z protons sand (h-2) Fp = 2992 Bn. F necro 2 Mp2 4 Mp fA-z) tofu angular, mn Fe neuter Pneutrm 2 —1 213 2 Wass dele lam: {M24 mratane)fml : z (_ Mase Delec Unis oh Mass olefek s— L_talhat is mags delet ?ulrite an eaxpresim @_ilay lifer vs measurer dn or /9U) tee mass deksr, ' Sk ature masses ave &Xpee sed sn. fiass deka is dekined oy tu olikjevenre cumeu. - bekse eee a expsessesl_fo Ka eh a -nucleui inthe: bree. shade: and tue then mop Olefert- - is also omneasusest a Pass oh the nutleiu » Lt is denotes b Kg. ath: talhg a nucle o l a ss formed - by bain: neuiron steiner Nucleus . ¢o Seemed ‘ pres son. th t a 7 7 , al ko _elistinteyrate onde km ole the reuse The total ener 4 grea ised Boe ania (ha H vent Eee ptobe the nucleus snfo dhs _- const eer x a te nucle gs _catled . nuclear binda, Colle, Us _Ci bherence je Ce eres ae ok Hu avele £ 7 Hd Cos leer. _£ner9 4 or bindings eoery— ree 24 prvtons, a neuge . 6 f cruices Comsider +4 Biost: gnersyV i eurtcall ad a rater genase ae OF elo the Au —————A f Then qucleons - koray | nucleus . A wicleus - * = I 7 us 2 =) Eee | $mpzt+ Mn (AZ) 7M | X93 Mey This - clecvetse in the Mss oh nuclom 1 ¢ — mass left) 6 Ton erkae | ~lEb= 4m ¥931 Mev -@® 1 I $m nergy. In accordance tality La Lpquatim (2 E2dme>, white us bee [= Bible -tp hold tne nucleons “in tne ~~ Numerical oxnmpl@ Calewtate --the binetiny energy nucleus: OL a heligm ducleus (,He). Giver! mass Thus, the energy . equivalent do may. 2 7 Hel = 4.0026 or», Moss “eb a prob» olekep is 4A bineliny pnerpe vob tu Oy 00d amu. and mass ob arabe | suche. 2 og = ORF aawe. . je + Bincling . energy Ey 2 dmc", Adlufim 4—_ sTEPS 2 ince Y g Hel nucleus -Lonfeins 2 protons ond 2nubm Mass oh 9 prpbons 2x 100073 = 20146 Gmu v DX DRE AIONAY Crrmee am =| im z4 mn TP2)yeM | Mass ok Qnewtrons = alt Nucleon = 201 yet 22-0174 Eb = [ Smpzamn (A-z)t-M [ & —O Mos ofy i = 4.0320 aru This birding pneayy bh punted in Jol u Because. o ens IF Let! (dm) is meas TEP 2. #0 Ky. ajhen meas deter Cam) & [Mass of He nutleus = 4°0026 onmy xpired in _ovmans one pe Maes cleferr 2 Mass +h Aucleons — MANS Fe zokryy _ Dd talritte, wk ra nucleons i = 4.0320 —4:00 26. = O- 0294 Fw | bce tf amu x 73) Mev. { Hel quclens 2 enn dferrtey Bo =| frpzi my (REI amu a ‘ Bincling - energy :08 ¢ oe = 0.0297 X73) Mev gd DY BPP MLV thy