UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

(REVIEWER)

Module 6:
WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT OF SELF

WESTERN SELF EASTERN SELF WESTERN EASTERN (COLLECTIVIST)

(INDIVIDUALIST)
Focus on oneself and Focus on others and their People are independent from Interdependent with their in-
personal needs. feelings. their in-groups. groups.
Tend to be more egoistic or Tend to be more collectivists Give priority to the personal Give priority to the goals of
individualists. goals of their in-groups. their in-groups.
Behave on the basis of In-groups primarily shape
attitudes rather than norms. their behavior.
Behave in a communal way.
Concerned in maintaining
relationship with others.

Module 7: PHYSICAL SELF

PHYSICAL SELF - It refers to the body which we interface with our environment and fellow being.

WILLIAM JAMES - He considered body as initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality. It is an element of
spiritual hygiene of supreme significance.
Ex., Pain tolerance; A police officer trained to have a strong body physique.

In Psychoanalytical School, construction of self and personality makes the physical body the core of human experience.

WILHELM REICH
o He is the founder of Somatic Psychology (Body Psychology)
o He argued that mind and body are one.
o "When we inhibit impulses or energies, we feel tension" which may lead to malfunctions physically and mentally in the future.
o MUSCULAR ARMOR: It protects yourself against the pain of not releasing the energy you need to release.
Ex., Parental teaching stopping the natural flow of energy.
ERIK ERIKSON - According to him, the role of bodily organs is especially important in early developmental stages of a person's life. Later in life, the
development of physical as well as intellectual skills help determine whether the individual will achieve a sense of competence or superiority.
Ex., A child get their confidence when they're bigger, stronger, faster and more capable of learning complex skills.
CARL JUNG - He argued that the physical body and the external world can be known only as psychological experiences.

SELF-ESTEEM - As our physical self dictates how we act in front of other people, it also defines how we will manage our self-esteem. Most of the times,
self-esteem is defined by what physical attributes a person have.
Inflated Self-Esteem: These people holds high regards of themselves to the point of underestimating other people.
High Self-Esteem: A positive self-esteem which makes a person satisfied of himself.
Low Self-Esteem: This kind of person do not value and trust themselves.

Module 8: SEXUAL SELF

ANDROGENS
 These are male sex hormones which produces secondary sex characteristics like growth of bodily hair and change in voice
 It is secreted by the testes at the time of puberty

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

 Estrogen hormones are secreted by ovaries which are concerned in female secondary sexual characteristics such as changes in physical
appearance
 Progesterones which are also secreted by corpus luteum in ovaries are concerned in menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 It is an organ system by which reproduce and bear offspring
 It requires the union of male (penis) and female (vagina) sexual organs through sexual intercourse to fertilize an egg cell and become a zygote
Fertilization - fusion of egg and sperm to form the zygote
Zygote - it will soon develop into an embryo then into a fetus
Masturbation - is a sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm
Ejaculation - is the discharge of the seminal fluid penis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Testis - it is the source of spermatozoa which makes it the most important part of male reproductive system
Scrotum - a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped
Prostate Glands - a gland that carries seminal fluid and urine, connected by sperm ducts from sperm ducts joining into single tube called urethra
Urethra - it then leads the seminal fluid and urine to the outside of the body through penis
Penis - It is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cell from testis and secrete out
Prepuce - an erogenous tissue which is very sensitive and induce arousal which function the same as the clitoris in female
Sperm Cell - a male gamete which is necessary for the egg to be fertilized and become a zygote. (approx. 300M spermcells are secreted per scrotum
elaculation)

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Ovary - a pair of small, oval organs which produces ova (ovum; female gametes or germ cells; egg cell)
Fallopian Tube - a pair of thin tubes that leads ova from ovaries to uterus where fertilization takes place
Fimbria - a fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary that sweep the ova into the fallopian tube
Uterus - or womb in layman's term, is a hallow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where the zygote will develop into a fetus for months
Endometrium - innermost lining in the uterus where the zygote will be implanted after fertilization. It is also concerned in menstruation
Cervix - it allows flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina, and direct the sperms into the uterus during intercourse
Vagina - a tube leading to outside of the body through an opening called vulva
Labia Majora - are relatively large, fleshy folds of tissue that enclose and protect the other external genital organs
Labia Minora - it can be very small or up to 2 inches wide and lies just inside the labia majora and surrounds the openings to the vagina and urethra
Bartholin's Gland - secrete a thick fluid that supplies lubrication for intercourse
Clitoris - very sensitive to sexual stimulation and can become erect. Stimulating the clitoris can result in an orgasm

These are parts of the body that are particularly sensitive to touch. pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal and brings sexual
satisfaction.
1. Sex organs: vagina, penis, scrotum, clitoris
2. Mouth: lips
3. Neck
4. Breasts: nipples
5. Ears

PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT

PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
1. Arousal Phase - there is a subjective sense of sexual pleasure. Penis of males erect (tumescence) while vagina of females begin to lubricate
(vasocongestion)
2. Plateau Phase - is a brief period of time before the orgasm as the body prepare for orgasm
3. Orgasm Phase - refers to the climax in layman's terman, an intense and pleasurable experience, male ejaculates the seminal fluid while both
male and female heart rate reach the maximum
4. Resolution - is the last phase where arousal decrease and muscles starts to relax, breathing, blood pleasure and heart rate go back to normal

SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
 Transcends in different forms
 Influenced by different expectations, attitudes, beliefs and state of medical and biological knowledge.
 Its different forms are heterosexuality, homosexuality, biesexuality and transsexuality

1. Heterosexuality - is a sexual attraction and behavior directed to opposite sex

2. Homosexuality - is a sexual attraction between members of same sex
3. Bisexuality - sexual attraction to either same sex or opposite sex
4. Transgender - people whose gender identity differs from the sex they have at birth
 Transition - a process of changing a birth-assigned sex to the opposite through sex reassignment therapy
inc. hormone replacement therapy and gender reassignment surgery
 Transexual - a person who undergone gender reassignment surgery
 Transvestites - a person who dresses in style associated with the opposite

IMPORTANCE OF CONTRACEPTION
 To control the inflation of population in PH
 To lessen the threat of having sexually transmitted diseases ex: gonorrhea and syphilis
 To lessen the threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

CONTRACEPTION
NATURAL CONTRACEPTION
  These are type of birth control that depend with observations on woman's body through monitoring and recording
different fertility signals during her menstrual cycle

ARTIFICIAL CONTRACEPTION
 Is a diverse method of contraception used to prevent conception of a woman
 Using artificial methods depend on age, health status, sexual activity and/or number of partners

Module 9: MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL SELF

MATERIAL SELF
WILLIAM JAMES
 Father of American Psychology
 According to him, material self is also known as the economical self in relation to the amount of money, time, or
effort we spent to build our material self
 Our material self does not only consists of one's own body but also includes the things that we possess such as:

Material self constitues...

One's definition of his/ herself + Other people's definition of one's self + Accumulated objects and achievements a person
acquired in his life
Self as “ME” - Physical Body, Friends, Family, Possesion (House, car, phone)

SPIRITUAL SELF
WILLIAM JAMES - Spiritual Self is the inner most workings of the person's mind, behavior, beliefs and morals that involves
every aspect of the human as a person.

Person's Will
 Refers to one's wishes
 The things we want to see and achieve

Intelligence and Abilities

 Things that a person has a confidence of doing
 Things that a person believes to have a certain level of mastery
 Things a person has a knowledge of
Morals
 A efinition of what's right or wrong
 Things that are accpetable to a person and society
 Determining the effects of one's action to his self and other people
Values
 A person's ability to distinguish what's important or not
 Ability to prioritize things that should be done immediately and those that can be delayed

Religion - Refers to beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and powers
Worldview - It is broader than religion which refers to the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally
share.
Spirituality - A concern with the sacred in an individual manner.

Difference between Religion and Spirituality

RELIGION SPIRITUALITY
Religion is an organized system of Concerned with the sacred as
ideas about spiritual reality, or the distinguished from material matters.
supernatural, along with the In contrast to religion, spirituality is
associated beliefs and ceremonial often individual rather than collective
practices. and does not require a distinctive
format or traditional organization.

MYTH
 A sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence
 where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here and where we are going.
 Are stories intended to provide explanations for things people don't understand Ex., Greek mythology, legends,
etc.
RITUALS
A culturally prescribed symbolic act or procedure designed to guide members of a community in an orderly way through personal and
collective transitions.
 Has two types, the calendric which is performed occasionally (e.g. every year) and crisis which is performed in time of crisis (e.g. when there's
a plauge) Ex., 1. When a person is dealing with an illness, evil possession, or loss of soul 2. Festivals
SUPERNATURAL
 The supernatural is around you all the time, especially in non-industrialized societies
 In a lot of cultures, health, wealth and daily things are related to supernatural
Ex., magic, miracles, precognition, demonic possession, souls, spirits or ghosts, monsters, grim reaper, angels

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION
Cognitive Function - Enabling humans to explain the unexplainable phenomena
Emotional Function - Helping individuals to cope up with anxieties that often accompany illness, accidents, death and other misfortunes
Social Function - Social control, conflict resolution and building group solidarity

The Concept of "Dungan"

 The spirit or soul (kaluluwa in Tagalogs, dungan in llonggos came from the root word duwa means two has two dimensions: human body and
spiritual
  Dungan is not seen by the naked eye
 It can be in a form of an insect or small animals/ a lizard
 Bisayans believes that dungan leaves the body when the person is asleep
 When the soul is reunitede with the body, the person will be awake The Stronger the "willpower" of a person, the stronger his dungaris

General Features of Harang Ritual

 An offering ritual in Visayan fishing villages where a local shaman invokes sea-spirits
 There are several stages of the ritual such as follows:

Purification of the place (tuob) > Invocation of spirits (pagtawag) > Explanation of motivation of request (pangamuyo) > Offering Coomunion (bayad) >
Feast (kan-on)

Module 10: DIGITAL SELF

ONLINE DISINHIBITION
Digital Literacy is the capability possessed by onself who are living, working and learning in a digital society.
Online Disinhibition is the lack of restraint of oneself when communicating online. There are two types of online disinhibition namely the benign
disinhibition and the toxic disinhibition.

Benign Disinhibition
 Speaking about one's emotions, fears and wishes
 Showing kindness and helping other people
 Combating loneliness through online interactions
 Finding emotional support

Toxic Disinhibition
 Using rude language online
 Having harsh criticism, anger, hatred and threats to other people
 Cyberbullying, cyber harassment and exploitation
 Humiliating other people
 Spreading rumors and making fun of other people

Lessening Toxic Disinhibition

 Think before you click!
 Do not hang with the wrong crowd online
 Consider your emotional state before posting
 Consider others' possible reaction

Our Digital Self is the persona you use when you're online.
o One or more online identities that are distinct from their "real world" selves.
o Others have a single online self that's more or less the same as the one they inhibit in the real world.
Your Digital Self is also considered as an extension of your self which referred to as your extended self.

Extended Self refers to certain possessions and certain other people are seen to be a part of us. They extend our identity beyond our mind and body
alone. When they are damaged, die, or are lost, we feel their loss as an injury to the self. Ex., clothes, accent, grooming, and jewelry express the person
belong to which group.

Self-presentation refers to how people attempt to present theirselves in the manner they want to. You can choose to present yourself differently across
different platforms.

Types of Self-Presentation
 Self-promotion
 Ingratiation
 Exemplification
 Intimidation
 Supplication

Why would people want to present themselves differently?

o They want to feel sense of belongingness and freedom.
o They want to meet other people's expectations to build their self-esteem.
o It can be their ideal self.
2 Ways of Self-Presentation:
o Pleasing the Audience - trying to match oneself to the audience's expectations and preferences.
o Self-Construction - trying to match oneself to his ideal self.
E. Tory Higgins
o Psychology Professor at Columbia University
o He is the proponent of Self Descrepancy Theory
Multiple Domains of Self According to HIGGINS
o Actual Self - attributes an individual ACTUALLY possess
o Ideal Self - attributes an individual WANTS to possess such as wishes, hopes and aspirations which motivates an individual to change and
improve.
o Ought Self - attributes that an individual SHOULD possess such as your duties, obligations and responsibilities.

Multiple Domains of Self According to HIGGINS

Actual Self - Ideal Self - Ought Self