Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
WEEK 14
The State of Philippine Urban and Regional Planning
Module Information
Module Overview
The module introduces the student to The State of Philippine Urban and Regional Planning.
Module Coverage
The module will be covered for a duration of 1 week with a work output to be submitted on the end of
the module (see course outline schedule). It is scheduled on the Week 14 of the semester.
Module Objective
• The module aims to help the student understand The State of Philippine Urban and Regional
Planning.
• The module aims to develop an understanding between the mentor and the student and their
respective roles.
Module Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
• Know and understand the State of Philippine Urban and Regional Planning
• Examine how the State of Philippine Urban and Regional Planning influence the physical ,
social, economic and environmental characteristics of the cities and region.
• Evaluate macro spatial development of urban and rural areas found in Philippine cities and
regions through visual analysis and/or mapping
Module Learning Materials
Under this module the students are provided with the following materials:
• Lecture Notes:
Title: The State of Philippine Urban and Regional Planning
• PowerPoint Presentation:
The presentation provided in PDF file are the slides used for the audio-visual presentation of
the mentor.
All learning materials can be found inside the Folder of Week 14.
Additional Reading Materials
Students may refer to the given lectures under this module. Nevertheless, should the student like to study beyond
the given materials, they may read the books listed below:
• Serote, E. (2004) Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines.
Quezon City: SURP
Module Output-base Work
• Student participation is highly recommended.
• Formative Assessment 7- Refer to the assessment module for the instruction.
References
Lecture materials are excerpts from the following references:
• Ecopolis (2010) Powerpoint presentation: Spatial Planning Theories and Regional Planning Theories.
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Week 14
THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Urban Renewal
Urban Infrastructure tends to become obsolete, deteriorated and often just fail. Obsolescence could be caused by
technological changes roads designed for carriages are unfit for the automobile or it could be from functional shift
– river banks was used for warehousing but better port facilities resulted to abandonment of the warehouses.
Deterioration – normally from wear and tear. Water pipes leaks and corrodes, sewer lines get stuck and sometimes
deterioration is rapid due to a natural disaster such as an earthquake.
As infrastructure deteriorates the existing users move out and with them the services also deteriorate. Then a
vicious cycle starts- the high-income earners and high tax payers move out, the less money are available to the
government to rehabilitate the infrastructure and upgrade the services. As the government fails to rehabilitate the
infrastructure and upgrade services, the more income earners and tax payers abandon the area. Until the area
gets so rundown.
Urban Renewal is basically an initiative to break the vicious cycle of urban decay. Rebuild the infrastructure and
upgrade the services so that the high-income tax payers and high-income earners return to the area. Most often
the degraded area is part of the cultural center of the country and secondary objective is to restore the cultural
significance and tradition of the area.
Common Problems in Urban Renewal
1. Fractured land ownership and equity in valuing and distribution of urban renewal benefits
2. Land speculation
3. Informal settlers and relocation
4. Preservation of cultural and heritage value
5. Sustaining the maintenance of the infrastructure and services
Some approaches to overcome the problem
1. Proportioning land acquisition among all owners and redistribution of the redeveloped properties
2. Taxing unused land based on the overall average tax collected
3. Recognition of informal settlers as part of the urban landscape being rehabilitated
4. Identification of significant cultural and historic sites, preservation of the area and proper development
planning
5. Improved tax collection
PLANNING OF INDUSTRIAL SPACE
Industrial Dispersal – ‘concentrated decentralization’
Some approaches to overcome the problem
1. Proportioning land acquisition among all owners and redistribution of the redeveloped properties
2. Taxing unused land based on the overall average tax collected
3. Recognition of informal settlers as part of the urban landscape being rehabilitated
4. Identification of significant cultural and historic sites, preservation of the area and proper development
planning
5. Improved tax collection
POLICY ON INDUSTRIAL DISPERSAL
1. The national development strategy of government since late seventies
2. Means the promotion of new industries or the expansion of existing industries in areas outside of Metro
Manila
3. These are selected urban centers having superior industrial potential and / or better infrastructure to
accelerate industrial development
SPATIAL STRATEGIES
1. Regional Industrial Center
2. Special Economic Zone
3. Export Processing Zone
4. Industrial Estate
5. Growth Corridor
6. Balanced / Countrywide Agro-industrial Development (FV Ramos)
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
DIAGRAM OF STRATEGY FOR PHILIPPINE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Regional Industrial Centers (RICs)
A strategy to operationalize dispersal of industries outside Metro Manila
• one RIC per region where the full range of infrastructure needed are to be established
• make at least one location per region highly competitive for locators
Selection Criteria for RICs
• proximity to market and/or business district, population of the area, availability of labor
• availability and cost of land, expansion area
• proximity to airport and seaport, infrastructure and facilities, social services and utilities
• proximity to source of raw materials
• peace and order, zoning
Later called Regional Agri-Industrial Centers (RAICs)
• center of factories and industrial estates in each region
• intended to be primarily private sector undertakings with minimum government intervention
A total of 21 RAICs/RICs
Special Economic Zone (Ecozone)
Selected areas with highly developed or potential to be developed into industrial, agri–industrial, industrial, tourist,
recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial center
• boundaries fixed or delimited by presidential proclamation
• may contain any of the following:
o industrial estates
o export processing zones
o free trade zone
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
o tourist and recreational centers
• Criteria for Identifying ECOZONE Sites:
• Identified as Regional Growth Center
• Existence of required infrastructure
• Water source and electric power
• Land for future expansion
• Trainable labor force
• Incremental advantage over the existing economic zones
• Situated in area where controls can easily be established
4 Laws Creating ECOZONEs
• R.A. 7227 - Bases Conversion Development. Act
• R.A. 7903 - Zamboanga City
• Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
• R.A. 7916 - PEZA Law
• R.A. 7922 - Cagayan Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
o 7 public EPZs
o 10 with FS Completed
o 4 with FS Being Prepared
Ecozones (PEZA, 2002)
Incentives to Locator-Firms
• List of Incentives Offered by Subic
o 5% levy on Gross Income Earned (GIE) in lieu of all local and national taxes
o Tax and duty free importation of articles for SBF enterprises
o SBF managed as separate customs territory, ensuring free flow of articles within the zone
o Businesses within the SBF may be 100 percent foreign-owned
o Liberalized banking rules/no foreign exchange controls
o Security and infrastructure of a Special Economic and Freeport Zone
• List of Incentives Offered by Clark
o Tax-and duty-free importation of machinery, equipment, raw materials, supplies, and all other
articles including finished goods.
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
o No local and national taxes. In lieu of taxes, Clark enterprises shall pay only a fee of five percent
(5%) of Gross Income Earned (GIE).
• List of Incentives Offered by PEZA
o Income Tax Holiday (ITH) or Exemption from Corporate Income Tax
o for four years, extendable to a maximum of eight years;
o After the ITH period, the option to pay a special 5% Tax on Gross Income, in lieu of all national
and local taxes;
o Exemption from duties and taxes on imported capital equipment, spare parts, supplies, raw
materials;
o Also breeding stocks and/or genetic materials or the equivalent tax credit on these items, when
sourced locally;
o Domestic sales allowance equivalent to 30% of total sales;
o Exemption from wharf-age dues and export taxes, imposts and fees;
o Permanent resident status for foreign investors and immediate family members;
o Employment of foreign nationals;
o Simplified import and export procedures;
Industrial Estate (IE)
• tract of land subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan under a unified continuous
management
• with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities; with and without SFBs
• minimum size of 50 hectares of contiguous land with facilities to accommodate at least 5 locators
Export Processing Zone
• a specialized industrial estate located physically and/or administratively outside the customs territory
• predominantly oriented to export production
• enterprises allowed to import capital equipment and raw materials free from duties, taxes and import
restrictions
• Baguio City EPZ,
• Bataan EPZ
• Cavite EPZ,
• Mactan EPZ,
• PHIVIDEC Industrial Estate
• Hacienda Espina Industrial Estate
• Ayala de Zamboanga
Growth Corridor
• semi urbanized areas along major transportation axis
• aims to expand the development impact radiated by the RAICs
• consistent with the “growth center concept”
Characteristics:
• belt form of continuously developed urban areas
• requires strong transportation axes composed of several major roads and other transportation modes in
one direction
• based on a single strong road or on a combination of a major road and an expressway
Growth Corridors in the Philippines
• Growth Corridors in the Philippines.
• CALABARZON
• Cagayan - Iligan Growth Corridor
• Northwestern Luzon Growth Quadrangle (Laoag - San Fernando - Dagupan - Baguio)
• South Cotabato-Davao-Zamboanga
• West Central Luzon (Bulacan - Pampanga - Bataan - Zambales)
• Naga-Iriga-Legazpi
• Tuguegarao-Ilagan-Cauayan
PLANNING FOR COUNTRYSIDE DEVELOPMENT
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Countryside Agri- Industrial Development
• conceptualized in 1989, strategy aimed at achieving rapid, sustainable and equitable growth of the
economy
• aimed at creating the hub for modern agro-industrial villages scattered throughout the countryside
• Goals of CAIDS
o modernization and increase in productivity in agriculture
o industrial competitiveness
o growth and dispersal through agri-based industrialization
o integration of economic activities with private sector participation
• Modes to implement CAIDS:
• People’s Industrial Estates (PIEs)
o focused on the establishment and viable operation of appropriate processing centers as well as
common service facilities by organized private sector groups
• Agro-Industrial Development Area (AIDA)(Government-led)
• Components:
o Capability Building
o Livelihood Development Component
o Rural Infrastructure Support
Private-led & PPP modes to implement CAIDS
• A variation of the AIDA Concept Components:
• Family Farm School
• Rural Development Center
• Small Scale Agro-processing Industries
• Other Modes to implement CAIDS
o DA-LEAD Program
o DAR-DBP Window No. 3
o DAR-AIDA Direct Funding Scheme
o Key Production Areas (now SAFDZs)
o Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs)
o Integrated Social Forestry (ISF)
o Nucleus Estate-Outgrowers Project
Integrated Rural Development (1960 to mid-70s)
The goals of “Growth At All Costs” approach during the 1st UN development decade were to hasten economic
modernization and to reduce poverty by increasing income and reducing population.
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Integrated Rural Development
Substinence Farming Diversified or Mixed Specialized, modern
Farming commercial farming
WORKED HAND-IN-HAND WITH ‘GREEN REVOLUTION’: new technologies from MDCs, fertilizers, pesticides,
new seeds and germplasm, farmers’ adult education, entrepreneurship of farmer’s wives and children (RIC & 4-H
club of USDA), farm extension, etc.
Seven Elements of Integrated Rural Development
• Land Redistribution
• Labor-intensive agricultural technology to increase yield
• Use of off-season farm labor to build minor development projects
• Rural labor-intensive small industries to process agricultural products
• Local self-reliance rather than dependence on outside assistance
• Decentralization of government ministries on a regional basis Regional planning with development
planning centers at levels ranging from villages to the capital.
Integrated Area Development (IAD) mid 1970s-1980s
• IAD was to build a “planning region” or a “community region” that has a common interest in some set of
development projects. The general principle is that these units should be small enough to be “seen
steadily and seen whole”, possessing some kind of cohesion and homogeneity but big enough to be of
some significance in overall national development.
• The search for a “homogeneous region” in the Philippines failed; a more pragmatic approach was taken.
IAD units were conceived or chosen on the basis of the following: influence of feeder roads, river basin,
irrigation projects, erosion zone, reforestation area, mining area, resettlement area, school districts,
among others.
• Goal was spatial or territorial integration – inter-linking city and hinterland, urban and rural, within the
same economic space – to hasten trickle-down or spread effects (Albert Hirschman’s core-periphery
model).
• Using the “Growth with Equity and Redistribution” paradigm of the 2nd UN Development Decade, IAD
was redesigned to be basically poverty-oriented– to capacitate laggard areas so that they could catch
up with prosperous areas.
Integrated Area Development
IAD was known for five types of integration:
• Territorial integration – urban and rural, city and
countryside
• Functional integration – production, processing,
distribution, consumption,
• Sectoral integration– farm, forestry, industry,
services, informal sector
• Ecosystem integration –river basin, watershed,
floodplain, island-wide, micro-region
• Institutional integration – PMOs and Field Action
Teams with elements from NACIAD, DA, DAR,
DENR, NHA, DECS, DOH, DTI, DOF, DOLE,
DILG, LGUs
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Integrated Area Development by environmentalist Nick Perlas, CADI
NEDA on Rural Development
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
