Unit yin Present perfect 1 (I have done) EY scudy this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still doesn’t have it. | Wweltheylyou have (= I've etc.) | fimished | | lost hefshe/it has (= he'sere.) | 4M | been ete } ‘The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed | (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. When we say that ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information: © Ow! Pve cut my finger. © The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident. © (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now: © ‘Where’s your key?” ‘I don’t know. I've lost it.’ (= I don’t have it now) 1 He told me his name, bur I’ve forgotten it. (= I can’t remember it now) 1 ‘Is Sally here?” ‘No, she’s gone out.’ (= she is out now) 1 Ican’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?) You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. Just = a shore time agi 1 ‘Are you hungry?” ‘No, P've just had lunch.” © Hello. Have you just arrived? ‘We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected: 1 ‘Don't forget to send the letter.’ “I've already sent it.” 3 ‘Whar rime is Mark leaving?” “He's already gone.” Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: 1 Has it stopped raining yet? 11 M've written the letter, bur I haven't sent it yet q Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to): 13 Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) i 1D Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back) | Present perfect — Units 8, 11. Been to — Units 8A, 1268 Present perfect continuous —> Units 9-10 14 Present perfect and past -> Units 12-14 Yet and already -> Unit 111 American English — Appendix 7Exercises 7A 72 73 14 Unit 7 Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs: arrive break fall, go.up grow improve lose: 1 Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. oll. Le 2. Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She 3 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. ‘The bus fare - 4. Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English sa 5° Dan didn’t have a beard before. Now he has.a beard. He ai 6 This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. The Letter eee 7 The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12. The Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet. aby 1 ‘Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. !'¥e..jus (I/ just / have / lunch) 2 Do you know where Julia is? || Yesy on || just / see / her) 3 What time is David leaving? | a (he / already / leave) 4 What's in the newspaper today? | | I don’t know | | dnt / read / it yer) S| Is Sue coming to the cinema with us? || No, a (she / already / see / the film) 6 Are your friends here yer? || Yes, (they / just / arrive) Whar does Tim think about your plan? (we / not / tell / him yer) Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?” You say: No thank you, ...!'ve Just. had. lunch... (have lunch) Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Joe?” You say: Inf afraid -. (go out) 3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! ..... = (not / finish) 4 You are going to a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says, “Shall I phone to reserve a table.” You say: Noy wore (do it) You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You sa > (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. friend asks, ‘Where are you going for your holiday?” You say: «= (not /decide) Linda went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is Linda still at the bank?” You say: No, ie «(come back) Put in been or gone. 1 Jim is on holiday. He's ..92"€...t0 Italy. 2 Hello! I've just to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3 Alice isn’t here at the moment. She's ..- to the shop to get a newspaper. 4 Tom has out. He'll be back in about an hour. 5 *Are you going to the bank?” “No, I've already seem €0 the bank? 1516 Present perfect 2 (I have done) Study this example conversation: pave: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? Jane's life Yes, I've been to China twice (a period until now) What about India? No, I haven't been to India, past now When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now). Some more examples: © Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) © We've never had a car. ‘Have you read Hamlet?” ‘No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.” © Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times! © What a boring film! Ie’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen. Been (to) = visited: G I’ve never been to China. Have you been there? In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.): © Have you heard from Brian recently? © P've met a lot of people in the last few days. ———recently—___+ © Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems —___jn the last few days —»| so far. se break © I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. since breaks] {= from breakfast until now) past 7 1 It’s good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time. We use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these periods are no! finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B): I've drunk four cups of coffee today. eo © Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? ————— 5 [haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? pate ad Rob hasn't studied very hard this term, We say: It's the (first) time something has happened. For example: 1 Don is having a driving lesson. It’s his first one. Ie’s the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) or He has never driven a car before. 1 Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (sot happens) © Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. Thar’s the third time he’s phoned her this evening. Present perfect 1 -> Unit 7 Present perfect + for/since — Units 11-12 Present perfect and past — Units 12-14Exercises Unit 8 8.1 82 83 8.4 You are asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words in brackets. 1 (ride / horse?) Have. you. ever ridden a. horse?, 2 (be / California?) Have a 3 (run / marathon?) - 4 (speak / famous person?) . 5 (most beautiful place / visit?) Whar’s Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs: be be eat happen have meet play read see see try AD re What's Mark’s sister like?) /T've no idea. .|'We never met her, 2 How is Diane these days? Idon’t know. I. -ooow her recently. 3 Are you hungry? Yes. 1 much today. 4 Can you play chess? | | Yes, but a .. for ages. 5 | Are you enjoying your holiday? | | Yes, it's the best holiday a for a long time. 6 What's that book like? | | Idon’t know. 7 | Is Brussels an interesting place? | | I've no idea. 8 Mike was late for work again | | Again? He... late today. | | every day this week. Do you like caviar? | | 1 don’t know. search 10 Thear your car broke down | | Yes, it’s the second time 7 again yesterday. || this week. 11 \. Who's thar woman by the door?) \1 don’t know. oonnnnnnen her before. Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc. 1 I saw Tom yesterday, bur ...!, haven't, seen, him, today, . 3 Tread a newspaper yesterday, but I 4 Last year the company made a profit, but this year .... 4 Tracy worked hard ar school last term, but soir psc » § It snowed a lot last winter, But oo. eae j 6 Our football ream won a lor of games last'season, but we oom : Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example. 1 Jack is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: ...Have. you. driven a. car ph He says: ...N0s. this. is. the first. time, ve. driven 2 Ben is playing tennis. He’s nor good at it and he doesn’t know the rules. You ask: Have ‘0, this is the First . ing a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable. He says: She sayst — 7