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Correlation and regression are statistical methods used to analyze relationships between variables. Correlation determines if a relationship exists, while regression describes the nature of the relationship as positive or negative, linear or nonlinear. Scatter plots graph relationships visually and are analyzed to determine the type of relationship between variables. The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of linear relationships, ranging from -1 to 1. A significance test determines if an observed correlation could occur by chance or represents a true correlation between variables in the population.

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Raquel Jean Moreno
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15 views17 pages

Stat

Correlation and regression are statistical methods used to analyze relationships between variables. Correlation determines if a relationship exists, while regression describes the nature of the relationship as positive or negative, linear or nonlinear. Scatter plots graph relationships visually and are analyzed to determine the type of relationship between variables. The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of linear relationships, ranging from -1 to 1. A significance test determines if an observed correlation could occur by chance or represents a true correlation between variables in the population.

Uploaded by

Raquel Jean Moreno
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 10

Correlation and Regression


Introduction Correlation is a statistical
method used to determine
whether a relationship between
Correlation and regression are variables exists.
two important concepts in
statistics used to analyze the Regression is a statistical
relationship between method used to describe the
variables. nature of the rela-tionship
between variables, that is,
positive or negative, linear or
nonlinear.
Scatter Plots
and Correlation
In simple correlation and regression studies,
the researcher collects data on two numeri-
cal or quantitative variables to see whether a
relationship exists between the variables.For
example, if a researcher wishes to see
whether there is a relationship between
numberof hours of study and test scores on
an exam, she must select a random sample
ofstudents, determine the hours each
studied, and obtain their grades on the
exam. A table can be made for the data, as
shown here.
A scatter plot is a graph of the ordered
pairs (x, y) of numbers consisting of
theindependent variable x and the
dependent variable y.The scatter plot is
a visual way to describe the nature of
the relationship between
theindependent and dependent
variables. The scales of the variables can
be different, andthe coordinates of the
axes are determined by the smallest and
largest data values of thevariables.
CONTENT

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consectetur adipiscing elit. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. consectetur adipiscing elit.

After the plot is drawn, it should be analyzed to determine which type of relation-ship, if any, exists.
For example, the plot shown in Figure 10–1 suggests a positiverelationship, since as the number of
cars rented increases, revenue tends to increasealso. The plot of the data shown in Figure 10–2
suggests a negative relationship,since as the number of absences increases, the final grade
decreases. Finally, the plot ofthe data shown in Figure 10–3 shows no specific type of relationship,
since no patternis discernible.
Correlation Coefficient

As stated in the Introduction, statisticians use a measurecalled the correlation


coefficient to determine the strength of the linear relationshipbetween two
variables. There are several types of correlation coefficients. The oneexplained
in this section is called the Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient(PPMC), named after statistician Karl Pearson, who pioneered the
research in this area.
The correlation coefficient computed from the sample data
measures the strengthand direction of a linear relationship
between two variables. The symbol for the
samplecorrelation coefficient is r. The symbol for the
population correlation coefficient is r(Greek letter rho).
Round the value of r to threedecimal places.The formula looks somewhat complicated,
but using a table to compute the values,as shown in Example 10–4, makes it somewhat
easier to determine the value of r.There are no units associated with r, and the value of r
will remain unchanged if thex and y values are switched.
2023

2022
2021

2020
2022
A biviarate normal distribution means that for

03
the pairs of (x, y) data values, the cor-
responding y values have a bell-shaped
distribution for any given x value, and the x val-
ues for any given y value have a bell-shaped

02
distribution.
The two variables have a
bivariate normal distributi

01 The variables are random


variables.

The variables x and y are


linearly related.
The Significance of the
Correlation Coefficient
Step 1
State the hypotheses.
Step 2
Find the critical values.
Step 3
Compute the test value.
Step 4
Make the decision.
Step 5
Summarize the results.
CONTENT
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adipiscing elit. Nulla pulvinar, ligula at iaculis
volutpat, lorem ipsum iaculis mi, ac finibus
diam lectus nec ipsum. Maecenas rutrum
placerat dolor.

CONTENT
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit. Nulla pulvinar, ligula at iaculis
volutpat, lorem ipsum iaculis mi, ac finibus
diam lectus nec ipsum. Maecenas rutrum
placerat dolor.
Formally defined, the
population
correlation
coefficient r is the
correlation
computedby using all
possible pairs of data
values (x, y) taken
from a population
Researchers must understand the nature of the
linearrelationship between the independent variable x
and the dependent variable y. When ahypothesis test
indicates that a significant linear relationship exists
between the variables,researchers must consider the
possibilities outlined next.
Thank
you

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