HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION Island, Indonesia

eon- an indefinite and very long period of time, often a Archaeolgists- a person who studies human history and
period exaggerated for humorous or rhetorical effect. prehistory through the excavation of sites and the
analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
epoch- a period of time in history or a person's life,
typically one marked by notable events or particular - nd buildings
characteristics. ecofacts- are the natural remains such as plant and
animal remain that can help archaeologists understand
diet and subsistence patterns.
- natural objects that have been used or affected
by humans.
- ex. bones, pollen, and insects
context - in archaeology refers to the relationship that
artifacts have to each other and the situation in which
they are found.
- This is the reason why archaeologists
painstakingly document each and every artifact,
ecofact and feature found in an archaeological
site.

Sociocultural and political Evolution: The Development of

societies from the hunting and gathering to the Agricultural ,
Industrial, and Post Industrial Stages

Gerhard Lenski- an American Sociologist

- Argued that human society undergoes
transformation and evolution and in the process
develops technological advancement
Geologic and Climate Change - “the more technology a society has, the faster it
changes”
Millions of years ago, the earth was not like what it is at Hunting and Gathering Societies
present. Based on geological studies, the earth’s - The oldest and most basic way of economic
continents shifted dramatically over millions of years in subsistence
a process called continental drift as proposed by - Making use of simple tools to hunt animals and
gather vegetation for food
scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912.
- Depend on the family to do many things
- Although women and men perform different tasks,
most hunters and gatherers probably see the sexes
as having about the same social importance
- People come close to being socially equal
Period of Evolution
1. Paleolithic (old stone age)
2. Mesolithic (middle stone age)
3. Neolithic (new stone age)
4. Metal Age

Polytheistic- believes in many God

Evolution of man
plate tectonics 1. Australopithecine
states that the earth's crust is divided into several plates 2. Africanus
gliding over the mantle, the inner layer above the core. 3. Robustus
4. Afarensis
Life on earth, as indicated on the Geologic Time Scale, Homo
shows that one species gave rise to other species - Habilis (handy man)
through a process called speciation. - Erectus (wise man or thinking man) (cave as
shelter)
- Sapiens
- Sapiens Sapiens
Political Organization
BAND
The band is the most traditional and smallest type of
political organization. Familial ties connect a According to the sociologist Max Weber, there is a
band.Politically independent, a band usually does not category as to how authority is legitimated as a belief
recognize the formal government. There are no system. These are traditional, charismatic, and rational.
writtencodes or laws. There is no organized group of
leaders. This is the result of their tendency and nature Traditional authority is based on a system in which
ofmoving from one place to another in search of food or authority is legitimate because it "has always existed."
shelter.
Charismatic authority rests on the unique qualities of a
TRIBES leader who shows that he possesses the right to lead
are traditional societies comprised of people or group of under magical powers, prophecies, heroism, etc.
people connected by social, religious,ancestral, or Rational authority is based on a system of rules that is
cultural ties. Bigger than a band, tribes are usually applied administratively and judicially per known
settled in one place and do not rely onhunting and principle.
gathering but on agriculture for subsistence. Just like
bands, tribes do not observe formalgovernments.Bands Social structure
and tribes are egalitarian societies. This means that they refers to patterned institutions or groups in society
see people of the same age and genderas equals. For where people work, act, and live together.
instructions and decision, they rely on group consensus
political structure
CHIEFDOM is used to call on the institutions and political entity
unlike tribal societies, is a permanent and formal organized in agreement with regulations, laws, and
government. Chiefdoms are formal norms of society or of the entity itself. A society based
politicalorganizations in a traditional society based on on political structure may follow totalitarianism,
kinship or the leadership of selected families authoritarianism, or democracy

STATE Political organizations

A state is a formal political organization in a modern or are entities in a society formed for administrative or
industrial society regarded as an organizedcommunity political functions. They refer to the scheme or design of
under a government. Characteristics of a state include power and authority in society. Political organizations
owning a certain territory, having aparticular group of define the scope and limits of power
people to lead it, a group of people to take
administrative roles, and freedom from external or Special interests of a particular group may also be
foreign control. addressed through political organizations such as labor
unions, political parties, interest, or advocacy groups.
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY
Labor unions
Power collaborate or negotiate with the company
According to Thomas Hobbes, power is a natural administration to raise employee concerns regarding
inclination that is sought continuously by salary increase, benefits, and labor rights.
individuals. In sociology and politics, power is the ability
to get others to do things even when they might not Political parties
want to. Put into action either through coercion or are formed for staging interest in the government seat.
persuasion, power, in simpler terms, is the ability 'to
do.' Power may be exercised through coercion or the Advocacy and interest groups
use of sanctions, punishment, or threat are designed for campaigning the rights, privileges, and
concerns of a particular group of people in society. Such
Authority group of people may not be represented in government
is the right to command. Authority is observed when an
individual has a command to make a person do things.
Such act is a response to that person’s perceived power.
This person can be your boss, your superiors, or those
who hold high positions in society.

Legitimacy gives form to authority. Together with

power, legitimacy dresses authority. It is said to be a
symbol or representation–like professionals having their
licenses, employees wearing their uniforms, and laws
being written as formal documents.
 Who am I?
- self concept
- Beliefs
How good am I as a person
- Self esteem
- Worthiness
- Self-efficacy
- Accomplishments
PERSONALITY
Characteristics of a person arising from the interaction
of:
a. Genetics
b. Socialization
c. Enculturation
d. Life Experience
FACTORS INFLUENCING SENSE OF SELF
External- outside forces
Internal- your own choices and decisions

Culture provides everyone with norms, values,

expectations and other information needed to live with
others in the group. Values and norms of a society are
passed on to or acquired by its members through the
process of Enculturation

NORMS
- Shared ideas and expectations about how
certain people ought to act in given situations
VALUES
- Shared ideas or standards about the
worthwhileness of goals and lifestyle

Becoming a member of society STATUS

- In general, status is associated with prestige. It
L1: ENCULTURATION/ SOCIALIZATION may be because of an individual’s:
a. Identity Formation a. Lifestyle
b. Norms and Roles b. Education
c. Statuses and Roles c. Vocation
ROLE
Identity - Set of norms, values, behaviors and personality
- The qualities, behavior, values, beliefs, characteristics attached to a status. An
personality, looks and/or expressions that make individual may play one or more roles
a person
- It is flexible and can therefore change according According to sociologists, STATUS describes the position
to situations and circumstances a person occupies in a certain situation. We all engage
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CHANGE ARE: in various statues and play the ROLES that may relate to
a. Environment them
b. Context
c. Expectations ROLE CONFLICT
From societies, groups or other identities that it - Stems out from the challenging and opposing
interacts with pressures of two or more roles that struggle for
IDENTITY FORMATION: THREE MAJOR PERSPECTIVES our time and attention
1. Identity Theory – roles assigned to individuals Eg. A student’s role is different if the individual
2. Social Identity Theory – group membership and is a full-time student or a working student
acceptance by the group ASCRIBED + ACHIEVED = Basic Types of Status
3. Personal Identity theory – personal
characteristics of an individual ASCRIBED STATUS
- Fixed for an individual at birth
SENSE OF SELF
 - Include those based upon sex, age, race ethnic - Is necessary to ensure that a society functions
group and family background smoothly
ACHIEVED STATUS Primary means – self control
- Those which the individual acquires during his Other agents – (police, family, religious figure, peer
or her lifetime because of the exercise of group, public opinion)
knowledge, ability, skill and/or perseverance
GENDER IDENTITY AGENTS OF IDEOLOGICAL SOCIAL CONTROL
- A personal understanding of oneself as male or - Family
female - Education
GENDER ROLE - Religion
- A set of norms imposing the types of behaviors - Sport
which are usually considered acceptable, - Media
appropriate or desirable for people grounded - Government
based on one’s real or supposed sex or sexuality Purpose of sanctions
- To encourage people to follow social norm
L2: CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE Importance of social control to society:
a. Social control (gossip, social ostracism, laws and
punishment) SOCIAL STABILITY
b. Forms of deviance (ritualism, retreatism, - For society to function smoothly
rebellion, and innovation)
L3: HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS AND THE COMMON
CONFORMITY GOOD
- Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to
correspond with a group criterion Dignity of human person
- The “chameleon effect” – (A social psychology - Children and Elderly
phenomenon wherein people tend to make - Male or Female
themselves blend into the environment) - Christianity, Buddhism or others
Why do people Conform - White or Black
- The need for acceptance and approval of - Rich and Poor
others; Concepts concerning Human Dignity
- Fear of embarrassment, ridicule, or rejection by - Individual’s possessions of basic rights
group - Basic respect of persons
- Human being had a personal worth

Dignity and Human Rights

- Human rights may be explained as those
essential rights of man necessary for the
exercise of human dignity
TWO KINDS OF RIGHTS
Natural rights
DEVIANCE - Rights that human nature bestow to the person
- The opposite of conformity Legal Rights
- A behavior, trait, belief or other attributes that - Rights spelled out by positive national and
defies or violets a norm and triggers an international laws
undesirable outcome
FORMS OF DEVIANCE HUMAN RIGHTS AND FACETS OF THE HUMAN PERSON
1. Innovation – acceptance of goals but not as 1. Physical
means of reaching them 2. Spiritual
2. Ritualism- abandon of goals but maintain 3. Moral
expected behaviors 4. Personal
3. Retreatism- reject both goals and means of 5. Social
reaching them 6. Intellectual
4. Rebellion- seek to substitute new goals and 7. Political
means for existing goals and means 8. Social
9. Economic
SOCIAL CONTROL 10. Cultural
11. Artistic
Common Good DECOLLAGE
- Refers to the social condition that stimulates - Is the opposite of collage instead of an image is being
and upholds the dignity of people, permitting built up all or parts of an existing images is created by
them to attain maximum potential and obtain cutting, treating away or otherwise removing pieces of
the rights and privileges essential for a an original image.
favorable living
GRAFFITI
- are writings or drawings that have been scribed,
scratched, or painted illicitly on a wall or other surface,
often in public space.

LAND ART
- earth works, or earth art is a are movement in which
land scape and the work of art are inextricably linked. It
is also an art for that is created in nature, using natural
materials such as soil, rock, organic media, and water.

DIGITAL ART
- Digital art refers to any artistic work or practice that
uses digital technology as part of the creative or
presentation process. It can also refer to computational
art that uses and engages with digital media.

PRINT MAKING
- Printmaking is an artistic process based on the
principle of transferring images from a matrix onto
another surface, most often paper or fabric. Traditional
printmaking techniques include woodcut, etching,
engraving, and lithography, while modern artists have
expanded available techniques to include screen
printing.

Artistic skills and medium use by the artist FROTTAGE

- is the technique with rubbing with crayon on a
ARTISTIC SKILLS piece of paper which has been placed over an
- Abilities that are possessed by artist who object or an image.
cooperate within a fine art capacity.
- Each artist uses different mediums to develop DECALCOMANIA
their artistic skills. - is the process of applying gouache to paper of
The medium also defines the nature of the art form as glass then transferring a reversal of the image
follows: onto canvas or other flat materials.
- Sculptor
- Architect DECOUPAGE
- Painter - Decoupage or découpage is the art of
- Printmaker decorating an object by gluing colored paper
- Musician cutouts onto it in combination with special
Dancer paint effects, gold leaf, and other decorative
- Theater artist elements. Commonly, an object like a small box
- Photographer and Filmmaker or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts
from magazines or from purpose-manufactured
Art technique used by the artists:
COLLAGE EGGSHELL MOSAIC-
- Is a technique of an art production used in the visual - is an artistic technique that uses tiny parts of
arts where the artwork is made from on assemblage of egg shell to create a whole image or object.
different forms, thus creating a new whole
TRAPUNTO PAINTING people used TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE in creating a
- is the technique used by Pacita Abad where her particular art that makes them famous
canvases are padded sewn and often filled with
Traditional techniques used by the Filipinos even from
sequins, beads, shell buttons tiny mirrors, bits
the past years are depicted in our painting, sculpture,
of glass, bits of glass rickrack swatches of
dance, architecture, music, and even textile. It only
precious textile and other things that she pick
proves that Filipinos like any other people in the world
up form her travels.
can be very proud of our Philippine Arts

TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES USED IN PHILIPPINE ARTS

WOOD CARVING
- A technique encompassing any form of workiing
wood with a tool into some sort of aesthetic
object

MOLDING
- Shaping liquid or pliable material such as clay.
Traditional pottery making in the Philippines
involves the method of molding. Pottery Making
in the Philippines is one of the Longest
traditions in Philippine art
- Incised designs also appears in the posts of
Masbate. Among the finest of early Philippine
pottery designs are footed dishes that were
decorated with geometric out-outs molding,
conding or finger impressions, most of these
were made in Batangas
Traditional techniques applied to contemporary Arts - Pottery traditions continued to develop in
certain locals, such as Burnay, unglazed clay
Techniques and Performance Practices applied to pottery of Vigan
Contemporary Art.
FABRIC WEAVING
TECHNIQUE - Weaving Is a method of textile production in
- is the manner in which artist use and which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are
manipulate materials to achieve the desired interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or
formal effect and communicate the desired cloth
concept or meaning, according to his or her
personal style TEXTILE HAND WEAVING
The distinctive character or nature of the medium - Is one of the most attractive and interesting
determines the technique. traditional crafts of the Philippines, imbued with
romanticism and laden with cultural significance
- Stone is chiseled
- Wood is carved The Ilocano still practice hand-weaving using the pedal
- Clay is modeled and shaped loom. Their materials are cotton and natural dyes,
- Metal is cast although now they use store- bought threads and
- Thread is woven synthetic dyes. They know several weaving techniques
and designs, passed down to many generations
There are some places in the Philippines that became
famous because of the unusual or extraordinary
Abel or inabel is a fabric customarily made of cotton
products that they make. These products become their
fiber turned into spools of beeswax- brushed yarn and
way for the people to know about their places. These
woven in a handloom
Textiles in Mindanao are Predominantly handwoven
from Abaca (Musa Textilis). Among the Moslems of
Mindanao, Magindanaon, Maranaw and Yakan continue
the tradition of cotton and silk weaving

T’nalak
- Is a sacred cloth woven by the T’boli people in
communities around Lake Sebu, Mindanao
island.
BASKETRY TECHNIQUE
Basketry methods
- Coiling
- Plaiting
- Wickering
- Twining
Terms in basket weaving
- Loops
- Twining
- Ribs
- Spokes
Common raw materials Concept of integrated arts production
- Rattan
- Abaca
- Nito Integrated Arts Production
- Tikog - In an integrated arts production, there are
- Buri many aspects to consider. Production
- Bamboo comes with different resources to make it
- Pandan possible. Proper handling of these resources
- Coconut Leaves and Sticks will result in a successful production.
- Palm Leaves
- Beeswax There are many different things to consider in putting
up an art production. This may vary according to the
resources, type, and other things.

In general, here are the Four Methods (4Ms) to

consider: Methods, Materials, Machine, Manpower

METHOD
- Methods will determine the standard procedure
of a production. This is the step-by-step
procedure of the production. This provides the
structure or framework which will be its
foundation. We also call it the production plan.
The method shall contain the following
●Objectives or goals - the end-result or the outcomes of
the production
● Materials - the main concept and/or storyline
● Procedures - the activities that need to be done
● Manpower assignment - the person assigned for a
particular activity
● Target date of finish - the activity’s date of finish

MATERIALS
- This refers to the artwork to be produced and
presented to the audience such as the script,
playwright, music, and choreography. A
material must have a concept. A concept is the
 main idea, message, context, or story that - Pre- production
needs to be conveyed. - Production
MACHINE - Post production
- These are the materials, machines, or DEVELOPMENT
equipment to be used in the production. These - Finding Finance
may refer to the physical materials in a - Script development
production design such as the stage, lighting, - Stars (getting actors)
sound systems, or any technological medium. - Director
- Other key Crew
MANPOWER - Role of the Producer
- Manpower refers to the production team. Each The Package
will be assigned to specific activities in the plan. - A script treatment – ten or more pages
●Concept writers - create and write the concerning storylines, characters and locations
storyline and/or script - Generic profile of film- help investors to ‘place
● Researchers - research to ensure a properly film in marketplace (potential audience)
contextualized and well-informed - Proposed budget – rough guide to price
production - Visual representation of key narrative moments
● Director - the head of the production; the one - Key Personnel – stars, director, DOP, etc
whose vision manifests the most in the - Potential spin-offs, merchandising and tie-ins –
production all its money making potential
●Producers - produce machineries and manages Securing Finance
the manpower - Can be complex and very lengthy
● Choreographers - produce the act and the - Must attract potential investors
motions in the storyline to be executed by - Generate confidence in film’s ability to create
the artists revenue
● Performing artists - lead the roles in the - Returns can be enormous
storyline - But very risky and can flop
● Crew - the associates in the production - The higher the film’s profile, the more likely to
attract investors
- Blockbusters attract more than low budget
Finance
- 100% financing – a studio or other backer gives
100% of the film’s budget in return for full
ownership of the film
- Multi-party financing – the independent
producer typically raises finance from a host of
sources

PRE- PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION PLAN - Finalising Script
- Is the portion of your intermediate- range - Scheduling
business plan that your manufacturing - Budgeting
operations department is responsible for - Casting
developing - Crew contract
- Storyboarding
- Location scouting
- Equipment hire
PRODUCTION
- Camera crew and equipment
- Sound crew and sound equipment/
microphones
- Lighting crew and lighting equipment
- Production design- Art direction and dressers
- Actors – method and typical day
- Costumes/props, Make- up and hair
- Special FX – green screens and blood
FILM PRODUCTION POST PRODUCTION
- Editing
The key stages of productions - Re-shoots
- Development
 - Sound Mixing infringement, bullying, identity theft, profile
- Foley manipulation, and all others are some of the harmful
- Music acts that can affect a peaceful living.

POWER OF MEDIA TO AFFECT CHANGE

March 2016, TCC Group published an article by Charles
Gaspar, entitled “How media Affects Social Change”
which reports the following: “Media and more
importantly its ability to reach the public and provide
commentary has been present ever since the existence
of a town crier. The tradition of oration has evolved to
broadsheet, books, radio, television, and now to the
digital age.” In April 2016, the World Economic Forum
published an article titled 6 ways social media is
changing the world that discussed six observations and
predictions for the way social media is changing the
world from experts from the Global Agenda Council.

1. Across industries, social media is going from a “nice

to have” to an essential component of any business
strategy.
2. Social media platforms may be the banks of the
future.
3. Social media is shaking up healthcare and public
health.
4. Social media is changing how we govern and are
governed.
5. Social media is helping us better respond to disaster.
6. Social media is helping us tackle some of the world’s
biggest challenges, from human rights violations to
climate change.

Another article from TECH MAISH.com by Bilal Ahmad

updated in March 2016 published an article titled “10
Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media for
Society” enumerated the following:

Challenges ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

- Is something new and difficult which requires - Connectivity - Hacking
great effort and determination. - Educate - Addiction
Cybercrime - Help - Fraud and Scams
- Criminal activity or a crime that involves the - Information and - Security Issues
internet, a computer system, or computer updates - Ruin Reputation
technology. - Promotion - Cheating and
- Noble cause Relationship
Illegal Content
- Awareness Issues
- Any type of content that could be damaging to
- Helps Gov’t and - Health Issues
young people. agencies fight - Social Media
Opportunity crime causes death
- Is a set of situations that makes possible to do - Improves - Glamorizes Drugs
something business and Alcohol
Power reputation
- Media power means the concentration of - Helps in building
symbolic power in media institutions, communities
particularly those of television, radio, and the Crimes
press. Incitement of harm Infringement of human
Media provide us with a variety of information rights/defamation. Money theft/phishing. Commercial
however, harmful online effects are also rampant. fraud, Bullying, Copyright Infringement and identity
Activities such as pornography, defamation, theft
Privacy 2. Education
It seems as though privacy is something that is very - In Sites Using Video
easily broken into when referring to the media and its - As we know from the recent ubiquity of online
audiences. It is very difficult for individuals to keep their digital video, the video has become a
information private, which is why this is such compelling tool for educational representation.
a important ethical issues. students use it in their projects: teachers and
pre-service teachers use it to study pedagogy;
Lack of Verification and researchers use it for capturing and
Because of the new media, information spreads faster examining how learning happens, as they unfold
than ever, so fast that “fact checker” can’t keep up. 3. Social
Also because anyone can access the internet, some - In today's world, media becomes as essential as
information are not reliable our daily needs. Media of today is playing an
outstanding role in creating and shaping of
Age Inappropriate Content public opinion and strengthening of society.
It’s hard to verify the age on the internet and since Media is the sword arm of democracy. Media
anyone can access the internet including underage. acts as watchdog to protect public interest
Thus they are easily exposed to inappropriate contents against malpractice and create public
for underage like sexual implicit and violent contents. awareness.
4. Political
Illegal Content - The political landscape has changed quite a bit
Some media are used to distribute illegal contents: in the last couple of decades. The internet has
Illegal images of child sexual abuse, content promoting played a large role in this transformation. Social
hate based on race, religion or sexual preference, media, in particular, is now a serious factor in
content instructing or promoting crime, violence, political campaigns and in the way people think
content that advocates unsafe behavior like extreme about issues.
dieting or drug taking - Candidates and their supporters constantly post
their views on Facebook and Twitter. Each party
has its own pages, from which it broadcasts
propaganda and requests for donations. Let’s
look at some of the leading ways that social
media influences politics today

OPPORTUNITY 5. News Around the Clock

1. Economy - One of the ways that social media has
- Economic actors need accurate and timely transformed politics is the sheer speed at which
information to allocate resources efficiently, news, poll results and rumors are shared.
investors and other groups increasing value and Whereas in the pre-internet days, people had to
demand a governance monitoring role from the wait for the next newspaper or TV news show
media. A free and independent press can to get the latest information, online news is a
provide information and monitoring to the 24/7 phenomenon
economic policy development process leading - Social media has taken this a step further. While
to more effective economic policies. It can also you can access news on many websites at any
reduce political risk and increase good hour, most people spend more time on sites
governance conditions that are important for such as Facebook and Twitter than they do on
robust economic development. serious news or political websites. This means
- Media improves the efficiency of the economy that you get all of the latest trending news
by providing actors more and better stories and opinions shared by your friends
information with which make decisions and whenever you log on.
improving stability. 6. The Impact of Polls
- Media enhances political coordination in the - Political polls are an important part of every
development of sound economic policy campaign. They are often confusing, because
- - Media sector development can reduce political you can often find multiple polls with
risk, increasing stability for higher risk countries
 contradictory results posted on the very same - Social media is transforming banking
day. relationships in very significant ways, from
7. Direct Interaction With Politicians improving customer service to allowing users to
- One of the positive effects that social media has send money to others via online platforms. New
on politics is the opportunity for voters to financial technology companies are using social
interact more easily with candidates and media to help people simply open a bank
elected officials. Traditionally, if you wanted to account. Social media can even impact your
meet a politician or candidate, you’d have to ability to get a loan.
attend a live event. Not everyone is able to do 3. Health Care & Public Health
this. With modern technology, it’s now possible - Social media has been responsible for relevant
to attend virtual events where you can changes in both personal and community
participate in live streaming events and interact health, especially by making it easier for large
with politicians and candidates. numbers of people to rapidly share information.
1. Demographics and Targeting
- Targeting is used throughout the advertising TERMINOLOGIES
industry to make sure that ads and messages EDUCATION
reach the right audience. Politicians do this as Learners, teachers and researchers make meaning
well. In the age of social media, politicians and of events from both individual and multiple points
people running for office are able to target their of viewing.
campaigns
SOCIAL
CHALLENGES Media of today is playing an outstanding role in
1. Illegal Content creating and shaping of public opinion and
- It’s any type of content that could be damaging strengthening of society.
to young people, including: real or simulated
violence sexually explicit content illegal images IDENTITY THEFT
of child sexual abuse content promoting hate The deliberate use of someone else's identity,
based on race, religion or sexual preference usually as a method to gain a financial advantage or
content instructing or promoting crime or obtain credit and other benefits.
violence content promoting violent extremism
content that advocates unsafe behavior like BANKS OF THE FUTURE
extreme dieting or drug taking the use of a Transforming banking relationships in very
computer as an instrument to further illegal significant ways, from improving customer service
ends. to allowing users to send money to others via online
2. Cybercrime platforms.
- Criminal activity or a crime that involves the
Internet, a computer system or a computer
technology.

3. Copyright Infringement HEALTH CARE

- It is the use of works protected by copyright law Social media has been responsible for relevant
without permission, infringing certain exclusive changes in both personal and community health.
rights granted to the copyright holder, such as
the right to reproduce, distribute, display or ILLEGAL CONTENT
perform the protected work, or to make It’s any type of content that could be damaging to
derivative works. young People.
4. Identity Theft
- It is the deliberate use of someone else's ECONOMIC
identity, usually as a method to gain a financial Providing and monitoring information to the
advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in economic policy development process leading to
the other person's name, and perhaps to the more effective economic policies.
other person's disadvantage or loss.
POWER CYBER CRIME
1. Business Strategy Criminal activity or a crime that involves the
- It’s a trend that is already spreading to Internet, a computer system or a computer
businesses beyond the newsroom, whether it technology
be because of digital marketing or new
customer service communication channels. BUSINESS STRATEGY
2. Banks of the Future
It’s a trend that is already spreading to businesses Learning at any time at any place.
beyond the newsroom.
Massive Open Online Course
MEDIA POWER - Media as one of the fastest means in educating
Means here the concentration of symbolic power in people continue to flourish and innovate. A
media institutions, particularly those of television, known example is the Massive Open Online
radio and the press. Course, or MOOC. An online course that offers
open access via the Internet for free or at a low
cost. With the continuous growth of media,
modernization is anywhere, learning becomes
more accessible. In her work,

The term Massive Open Online Course was used for

the first time by George Siemens” Connectivism and
Connective knowledge”(CCKO8)course. MOOC
respects certain technical specifications and four
characteristics:
- Using web formats
- Collaborative learning
- Assessing knowledge
- Time limits

BENEFITS
- Most MOOC’s are free unless a form of
accreditation is involved and open to anyone
who is interested
- Learning occurs in an informal manner at the
participants own pace
- All that’s required is a computer and an internet
connection
- Participants do not need to be enrolled in the
MOOC’s host institution which may have a
costly tuition
- Work can be shared viewed and critiqued by all
participants
- Outstanding professors and industry leaders can
reach more students all over the world

Current and Future Trends in Media and ISSUES

Information - MOOC providers can currently offer courses for
free, but not indefinitely
BLENDED LEARNING - Students aren’t able to engage in real world
A style of education in which students learn via socializing or experiences
electronic and online media as well as traditional - Technical difficulties with a participants
face-to-face teaching. computer or internet connection can impede
learning
ON LINE COURSE - Students may be used to or prefer the structure
A course conducted over the internet. a traditional college course offers
- Academic dishonesty may become an issue due
MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE (MOOC) to lack of supervision
Is an online course that offers open access via the - Students need to become responsible for their
Internet for free or at a low cost. own learning

TREND MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE CONTENT AND ITS

Something that is currently popular or fashionable. IMPLICATIONS
Massive Open Online Content (MOOC) is defined by
UBIQUITOUS LEARNING Educause as a model for delivering learning content
online to any person who wants to take a course, with
no limit on attendance. It can be characterized by the Ubiquitous learning
following: - is common in the age of information. Since the
a. A revolutionary approach to education that veers information in the digital age can be accessed
away from the physical to the virtual. by anyone, at any given time and place,
b. A kind of learning that happens online, breaking the ubiquitous or an ever-present type learning of
norm of traditional schools or universities for higher learning is possible.
education.
c. Utilizes information technologies like analytics to help 1.MOOC suggests modern system of education.
instructors gauge their student’s learning. 2. MOOC always lead to not formal qualifications.
d. Emphasis on connectedness. 3. You cannot access to MOOC even without a
computer.
Wearable technology 4. Films are among the most common media offerings
- is seen to be the up and coming technology of that incorporates 3D.
the future. 5. MOOC can cater to a unlimited number of students.
- are smart watches. These watches are worn as a 6. MOOC’ s are modeled after existing college or
typical wristwatch but do more than just tell university courses.
time. Modern smart watches perform the same 7. Online assessments such as quizzes and exams are
functions as smart phones. included in the MOOC.
Smart watches 8. In MOOC, attendance is no longer a determining
- as a wearable are developed for convenience, factor in one’s education.
but its inability to function as an independent 9. MOOC offers open enrolment.
gadget puts it at a distinct disadvantage. 10. MOOC is ideal for independent study.
Virtual Reality (VR) 11. The concept of 3D environment is explored to mimic
- wearable technology is gradually growing in the physical world in media.
popularity among enthusiasts. Oculus, a high- 12. The paperless society is a society where
end VR headset intended for entertainment has communication is done electronically, and all forms of
been released to the public on March 28, 2016. printed communication have become obsolete.
This wearable technology takes users to 13. Ubiquitous learning is common in the Information
computer generated worlds and let them age.
experience it as if they were there. Oculus have 14. MOOC allows education to take place on a global
so far received positive reviews among users. scale.
The Concept of 3D Environment 15. Managing MOOC is relatively cheaper than running
- 3D or three dimensional in its literal sense educational institutions.
refers to anything that has width, height, and
depth. The physical world is an example of a 3D
environment. The concept of 3D environment is
explored to mimic the physical world in media.

Films- are among the most common media offerings Text Media and Information
that incorporates 3D. 3D films make objects in their Formal text-based materials
material appear solid to the audience through the - Are created and distributed by established
illusion of perception. institutions (such as publishing companies,
3D printing news agencies, etc.) and go through a rigorous
- This technology brings digital data and design to process of editing or evaluation and are usually
the physical world literally. The concept of 3D governed by censorship of the state.
bio-printing or 2D printing, using human Informal text-based materials
materials like tissue ad bones to create organs - Information that comes from personal opinions
or body parts that can be theoretically Text
translated to an actual human body aims to - A simple and flexible format of presenting
solve that. information or conveying ideas whether hand-
The paperless society written, printed, or displayed on-screen.
- is a society where communication is done Text media
electronically, and all forms of printed - Are publications that disseminate information
communication have become obsolete. It is through media products.
characterized by the shift from letters to e- Typography
mails, newspapers to news web pages, books to - The style, arrangement, or appearance of
e-books, and so on printed letters on a page
A media literate individual means being able to decode,
analyze, and evaluate information. In addition, a media
literate is able to analyze the benefits and challenges of
media to himself/herself and to the different local
sectors.

These design principles and elements

Emphasis
- refers to the importance or value given to a part
of the text-based content.
Appropriateness
- refers to how fitting or suitable the text is used
for a specific audience, purpose, or event.
Proximity
- refers to how near or how far are the text
elements from each other.
Alignment
- refers to how the text is positioned on the page.
This can be left, right, center or justified.
Organization
- refers to a conscious effort to organize the
different text elements on a page.
Repetition
- concerns consistency of elements and the unity
of the entire design.
Contrast
- creates visual interest to text elements.
Contrast is achieved when two elements are
different from each other.
As a consumer
• Who or what institution is sending this message?
• What techniques are used to attract and hold
attention?
- Text is very powerful in disseminating
• What is the language used by the writer?
information. TRUE
• What views are represented? Are they balanced?
- Text is effective if they are lengthy. FALSE
• How might the message be interpreted in different
- Typeface only refers to the use of letters. FALSE
ways?
- Use of variety of typeface conveys same
• What is omitted, slurred, or added in the message?
emotions. FALSE
- Typeface that is usually used in books and
As a producer of text media and information, we need
magazines is serif. TRUE
to review the media and information design framework:
- Serif draws attention because of its brush-like
target audience, author, or sender, key content,
stroke. FALSE
purpose, form/style, and format.
- Enlarging the text means it is being emphasize.
TRUE
Text as visual
- Text is available in all sources whether formal or
a. Typeface (also called font, font type, or type) refers to
informal. TRUE
the representation or style of a text in the digital
- Non-media practitioners can only be a
format.
consumer of text media content. FALSE
b. A typeface is usually comprised of alphabets,
- Compartmentalizing text design is another way
numbers, punctuation marks, symbols and other special
of organizing ideas. TRUE
characters. When fonts are installed in the computer,
they usually come in file formats such as True Type Font
c. In the absence of images or drawings, the text is the
easiest way of communicating to your audience. The
use of various font types can express different emotions
or meaning

TYPES OF TYPEFACES
 Other countries, with the help of Christianized
Natives, such as what happened here in the Philippines

Commodore matthew perry forced japan to open their

shores to foreign trade and diplomacy. In 1854, he had
succeeded in making the shogun sign the treaty of
peace and amity at the convention of kanagawa.
According to ayako mie (2014),

“Silk became one of the nation’s most important

exports after the tokugawa shogunate dropped its
policy of isolationism in 1854. Demand for japanese silk
surged after european silkworm stocks were ravaged by
Disease and chinese silk exports were crimped

The story you are about to read takes place in japan

when they had just opened the country to foreigners.
The protagonist, herve joncour, is a french adventurer
with the dangerous mission to smuggle silkworm eggs
from japan. At the time, bringing silkworm eggs outside
of japan was considered a crime.

Samurai
In ancient time, arranged marriages were considered
the norm in Japanese society. According to Monica
Bincsik (2015), “The social structure of the Edo period
(1615-1868) developed under the strict control of the
Tokugawa military regime. During this period, the
families of the shogunate and provincial leaders
(daimyô) arranged marriages based on political
interests, and the consent shogunate was necessary for
a daimyo wedding. The betrothed always came from
the same social strata.”

This was done with the help of a go-between or a

matchmaker. According to the New World
Encyclopedia (2014), “Omiai or miai is a traditional
Japanese custom whereby unattached
individuals are introduced to each other to consider the
SILK possibility of marriage. Parents may enlist the aid of
Ojigi professional matchmakers, nakōdo (intermediary or go-
- Japanese word for bow between, literally ‘middle person’), who charge a fee to
- Shows that whatever your social status is, you provide pictures and resume’ of potential mates who
are lowering yourself and putting yourself in a are rich, cultured, and / or well-educated. The word
position that is vulnerable omiaiis used to describe both the entire process as well
- Simple gestures like bowing go a long way in as the first meeting between the couple, with the
terms of communication in Japan, and matchmaker and the couple’s parents present.”
sometimes are even more powerful than words
In the excerpt you are about to read, you will learn what
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE samurai women were like. This part follows the samurai
woman, Chie, and how she was able to marry her
There was a time when japan was closed off from the husband, Kan.
World. This lasted for 200 years, from the early 17th
Century to the year 1854. This policy was called sakoku A low art
(isolation). They did this because they mistrusted the BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
foreign traders they came in contact with and were
suspicious of Christian missionaries as well. This The Odyssey and The Lliad by Homer can be considered
suspicion was based on the actions of the Christian as part if Greek oral history. In Judd Burton’s (2013)
missionaries figuring out ways to colonize article “Issues of Historicity in The Lliad and The
Odyssey,” he discusses the Dark Age of Greece and its locking, popping and crumping, hiphop is mostly
bardic tradition: performed to rap, urban and not surprisingly hip hop
music
“The bards related stories and epic songs about myths
to the general populace. They recited and sang these KINDS OF HIP HOP DANCE
stories, which were subject to slight changes and - Popping
improvisations during the course of their delivery. This - Locking
device often resulted in elements being repeated in - Toprock
various places. Certainly the Homeric poems are fanciful - Funk
in many ways, as they are works of literature (Bryce, - Tutting
1998:394). However, they also contain historical - Waacking
aspects. The myths in the epics comprised all - Liquid Dance
knowledge about heroes and gods from a previous age: - Boogaloo
an age both mythical and remote (Lang, 1906:84).
Homer, in particular, is looking back to a preceding age
(Nilsson, 1968:1)
Dance Forms
Persons living at the time of the bards (and Homer as Hip-hop has deep historical and social roots in African
well) believed the myths to be true. They apportioned American culture, having emerged in Black communities
them the value of history. These stories were events living in 1970s New York.
that took place in the past.”
The History of Hip Hop
In short, one of the oldest epics in the world is
considered as both history and literature. How does this Culture
change the way you look at history?
The Bronx in the 70's was a rough, dangerous place to
The story you are about to read is part of a retelling of grow up. The youth were surrounded by drugs, crime,
The Odyssey from Penelope’s perspective, which gives poverty, gang violence, and overall struggle. Particularly
us a different take on the epic and reveals gender the African American and Latino youth (minority
stereotypes found in Homer’s The Odyssey. groups), were neglected by mainstream institutions.
Desperate for a way to escape their everyday struggles,
they invented their own art forms. These art forms,
which the youth embodied in the way they dressed,
talked, moved, and expressed themselves, soon became
a lifestyle. A way to live. This lifestyle and culture
became known as Hip Hop.

Hiphop is more than music or genre; It’s a cultural Hip – Hop

movement that incorporates different elements of art. - Described as any form of dance derived from
Four Foundational elements characterize hiphop popular music combined with street dance,
culture. The original four main pillars of hip hop include choreography, or dance movements that jive
- Djing/Turntablism with the beat.
- Mcing/Rapping - Hip-hop is very energetic as dancers move
- B-boying/Breaking freely and add their own personality into the
- Visual/ Graffiti Art dance.
HISTORY - is a movement that represents the freedom to
On August 11, 1973 Dj Kool Herc in the South Bronx of learn, grow, and evolve.
New York, A building resident, was entertaining at his - Hip = present, hop = action
sister’s back to school party, and tried something new
on the turntable: He extended an instrumental beat DJ Kool Herc (AKA the “Father of Hip Hop”)
(breaking or scratching) to let people dance longer - He played music on his turntables and the
(Break dancing) and began Mcing (rapping) during the community would come out to mingle and
extended breakdancing dance.
5 Elements of Hip-hop
Hiphop has emerged since its introduction in the early Emceeing
1970s and now includes far too many styles to list. Hip - MC stands for “Master of Ceremonies” and
hip hop is an edgy, fresh and powerful urban dance they’re basically the hype-man of the DJ!
style also known as street dance. The beginning of Breaking
 - a.k.a breakdancing is the original dance style - Characterized by jerky arm and shoulder
that came out of the Hip Hop community. movements in time to music.
Graffiti
- This is the art of expressing oneself about BENEFITS OF HIP-HOP DANCING
everyday life using spray paint on walls/outdoor - Stronger and Toned Muscles
spaces. - Alternative Weight Loss Program
Deejaying - Improves Cardiovascular, Strength, Balance,
- Also known as turntabling, this is an art form in Coordination, Agility, and other fitness
which music is made in real time using record components.
players and DJ mixers. - Develops Personal Satisfaction and Better Social
Knowledge Skills
- This element is the thread that weaves all the OTHER FITNESS DANCES
other elements together. - Hip-hop Abs
- Zumba
Hip - Hop Dance - Yoga Booty Ballet
- Hip -hop dance consists of many different styles - Breakdancing
including breaking, locking, and popping. It was Contemporary dance
made popular in the 70's by groups of dancers - is a style of expressive dance that combines
called "crews" that would perform in their elements of several dance genres including
neighborhoods and public places. modern, jazz, lyrical and classical ballet.
- In the 80's, movies like Beat Street, Breakin', Contemporary dancers strive to connect the
Wild Style and the TV show Soul Train gave hip- mind and the body through fluid dance
hop exposure to the mainstream. movements.
- There were many new dances that came out of Pioneers of contemporary dance include
hip-hop in the 80's and 90's in particular. The - Isadora Duncan
roger rabbit, the cabbage patch, the worm, the - Martha Graham
humpty dance, and the running man are just a - Merce Cunningham
few of the many. because they broke the rules of the strict forms of
- Hip-hop dance was more recognized through ballet. These dancer/choreographers all believed that
movies in the 2000's like Step Up series. dancers should have freedom of movement, allowing
- Then in the later 2000's social dances like cha their bodies to freely express their innermost feelings.
cha slide, the cat daddy, and dougie was also
created.

Basic Dance Movements in Hip-hop Dance HISTORY OF CONTEMPORARY DANCE

Pop-lock dance move - During the 19th century, theatrical dance
- Quickly contract and relax the muscle. performances were synonymous with ballet.
- When a pop and lock are used, a dancer isolates - Around the end of the 19th century, several
a muscle movement with a hard hit. dancers began to break the ballet mold.
Crip Walk Dancers focused less on formal techniques, and
- The dance is primarily an act of performing more on emotional and physical expression.
quick and intricate footwork. - Between about 1900 and 1950, a new dance
Walk it out form emerged which was dubbed "modern
- The basic move is very similar to the Twist but is dance." Developed by such innovators as
modified by lifting the heels of the feet as the Martha Graham, modern dance is built around
dancer twists back and forth in place. breathing, movement, contraction, and release
Kick ball change of muscles.
- is a dance move that consists of a kick followed - Alvin Ailey was the first to introduce African
by the ball change. Normally it uses a split-beat American aesthetics and ideas into
count: 1&2 contemporary dance.
Moon Walk - Merce Cunningham introduced the concept that
- The moonwalk or backslide is a dance move in dance movements could be random, and that
which the performer glides backwards but their each performance could be unique.
body actions suggest forward motion. Cunningham, because of his complete break
Harlem Shake
 with formal dance techniques, is often referred - Spotter
to as the father of contemporary dance. Levels: One-and-a-half high
BASIC DANCE STEPS OF CONTEMPORARY DANCE - Two-high
- Primitive Squat - Two-and-a-half high
- Hinge CHEER team consist of 15-25 person or more
- Flat back RULE
- Contraction and Release - TIME: Routine maximum time limit is two and a
OTHER DANCE CONCERNS half (2.5) minutes.
Dance warm-ups are important to avoid some physical - Timing begins on the first beat of music, voices
injuries like in the spine, arms, wrist, shoulders, ankles, in unison, or choreographed movement, after
and other parts of the body. This could also help your team is announced on the floor.
improve a dancer's balance, coordination, proper - PROPS: Signs, megaphones, and poms are the
alignment, and awareness of a centered body which only props that are allowed.
affects the dance performance. - Mini tramps are not allowed.
STRETCHING - All signs must evoke a crowd response using
- Neck Isolation words
- Hip Swings
- Heel Raises
- Leg Swings
- Lunge Stretch
CHEERDANCE
- is coined from the words, CHEER and DANCE.
- To CHEER is to shout out words or phrases that
may help motivate and boost the morale of a
playing team and perform better during a game.
- DANCE, on the other hand, is a physical activity
where one expresses emotions or gestures
while performing bodily movements usually in
time with rhythm
CHEER
- Cheer and chant is creating some cheer to do in
the routine
Cheerdancing rooted from cheerleading- performance
of a routine, usually dominated by gymnastic skills such
as jumps, tumbling skills, lifts and tosses combined with
shouting of cheers and yells to lead the crowd to cheer
for a certain team during a game or sport.

HISTORY OF CHEERLEADING
- Prior to 1898: Setting the stage for Cheerleading
- 1898: Birth of Cheerleading
- 1923-1948: Women become the majority of
Cheer athletes; new skills and techniques
added.
- 1948: Introduction of cheerleading training
camps; expansion of cheerleading begins.
- 1961: National Cheerleaders Association
(“NCA”); hundreds of thousands of cheerleaders
trained
PYRAMID
- When stunting was incorporated into sideline
chants and cheers as a new way to entertain the
fans, it also allowed cheerleaders to show a new
level of talent and be recognized in a different
and innovative way.
PYRAMID COMPOSITION
- Flyer
- Base