ENERGY UTILIZATION

INTRODUCTION
Man arrived on this earth and started exploiting different sources of
energy for rising his standard of living. Energy has been an important
component to meet the day to day need of human being. The degree
of civilization is measured by the energy utilization for human
advancement or needs. The human societies have continued to
increase the amount and form of energy flowing through each
individual life in search of more and more comfort.
Before the industrial revolution of 18th century, most energy used
relied on two sources: human and animal muscles, and the energy of
the wing and water available in nature. The chemical energy in
firewood was the main source of heat and light. The main
disadvantages of these natural energy flows of the earth were their
intermittency, lack of dependability, and their usually extreme low
energy density. However, these traditional energy resources were
renewable, inexhaustible and free for the taking.
The earth’s population grew and nature alone could no longer support
life on earth. Man discovered solutions when they were needed. The
solutions came in the form of fossil fuels that were concentrated in
certain pockets of earth. Fossil fuels had much higher energy densities.
This brought on the industrial revolution and thus the modern way of
life as we know it today.
(A fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed
naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted
and burned as a fuel. Fossil fuels may be burned to provide heat for use directly (such as for
cooking or heating), to power engines (such as internal combustion engines in motor vehicles),
or to generate electricity. Some fossil fuels are refined into derivatives such
as kerosene, gasoline and propane before burning. The origin of fossil fuels is the anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing organic molecules created
by photosynthesis. The conversion from these materials to high-carbon fossil fuels typically
require a geological process of millions of years.)
DIFFERENYT FORMS OF ENERGY
Broadly speaking there are two main types of energy: heat and work.
However, there are many forms of energy
1. Electrical energy
2. Mechanical energy
3. Chemical energy
4. Heat energy (Solar, Geothermal etc.)
5. Nuclear energy

WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION

The energy consumption from Christ birth to 1750 AD has been
estimated as 2.34 x 1015 kWh, from 1800 AD to1900 AD 1.17 x 1015
kWh. During the period 2000 AD it may be anything from 29.3 x 10 15
kWh to 117 x 1015 kWh due to increase in world population and man’s
standard of living. This may fall short of total world resources of fossil
fuels.
Fuel Consumption
Coal 527 x 1015 kWh
Natural Gas 0.618 x 1015 kWh
Oil 0.996 x 1015 kWh
Uranium 23.4 x 1015 kWh
Thorium 14 x 1015 kWh
Total 44.28 x 1015 kWh

The rate of production of fossil fuels increases with time, reaches a

maximum and then decays. The peaking indicates that the end of its
availability is in sight and alternative sources of energy must become
increasingly available to meet the growing energy requirements.
According to present estimates about 88% of the world’s fossil fuels is
coal. There is a reasonable agreement among various investigators
that the peaking time of coal falls somewhere about the year 2040.It
takes somewhere between 20 to 40 years for a new technology to
come to fruition and it is therefore prudent to plan for shifting a major
share of the total world energy production from fossil fuels to some
other plentiful sources as easily as possible.

The following possible New and Renewable Forms of Energy have

been recommended by U.N.O (United Nations Organisation,)
1. Tidal Energy
2. Solar Thermal Energy
3. Wing energy
4. Biomass (Wastes)
5. Coal Tar
6. Oil shales
7. Geothermal energy
8. Draught animals
9. Ocean waves
10. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
11. Agricultural residues
12. Solar photovoltaic
13. Tar sand
14. Peat (Raw coal)

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ENERGY

Work : can be defined as transfer of energy ( In physics we can say
that work is done on an object when you transfer energy to that
object)
Power : the rate of energy use, such as watts , horsepower etc.
Energy : power X time ; a quantity of energy , such as a watt -second ,
kilowatt-hour, calorie (cal) Joule (J)etc.
Energy density : Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a
given system or region of space per unit volume . Unit is Joule per
cubic meter.

TYPES OF ENERGY
Potential (Stored) : Potential energy is stored energy and the energy
of position.
▪ Chemical energy
➢ Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules
➢ Examples: Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas and
coal. Fossil fuels store electromagnetic energy from sun,
When combusted the original energy in the bonds of the
reactance = the heat energy released plus the chemical
energy of the newly formed compounds.

▪ Mechanical energy
➢ Energy stored in objects by tension
➢ Examples : Compressed springs and stretched rubber
bands

▪ Nuclear energy
➢ Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom- the energy that
holds the nucleus together.
➢ Large amount of energy can be released when the nuclei
are combined or split apart.
➢ Examples: Fusion powers the stars,

▪ Gravitational energy
➢ Energy stored in an object’s height
 ➢ The higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational
energy stored.
➢ Examples : Gravity forces water down through a
hydroelectric turbine to produce electricity.

Kinetic (motion ) : Kinetic energy is the motion of waves, electrons,

atoms, molecules, substances and objects.
▪ Thermal energy
➢ Comes from the movements of atoms and molecules in a
substance
➢ It increases when atoms and molecules move faster and
collide with each other.
➢ Example : Geo thermal energy

▪ Radiant
➢ Electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse wave.
➢ It includes visible light, x- rays, gamma rays and radio
waves. Example : an illuminating object or source such as
the sun or a lamp.

NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
• It cannot be used again and again but one day it will be
exhausted.
• Likely to deplete with time.
• It has high carbon emission and hence not environment
friendly.
• It is present in limited quantity.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
➢ Can be harnessed without the release of harmful
pollutants.
➢ Essentially inexhaustible.
➢ It can be used again and again throughout the life.
➢ These are the energy sources which cannot be
exhausted.
➢ It has low carbon emission and hence environment
friendly.
QUALITY AND SOURCE OF ENERGY
Primary energy resources: (Mined or otherwise obtained from the
environment). The energy source which provide a net supply of
energy is called primary energy source.
➢ Non renewable energy resources: coal, natural gas, petroleum,
uranium
➢ Renewable energy sources: biomass, hydro-power , geothermal
power, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy.
Secondary energy resources: Not occur in nature but are derived from
primary energy sources
➢ Electric energy from coal burning, hydrogen obtained from
hydrolysis of water

ENERGY ALTERNATIVES
Fossil fuels
➢ Oil provides 30% of worlds need for energy from commercial
sources (2015).Fuel for transportation system.
➢ No threat as of now for natural gas(2025)
➢ Little later for coal (2050)
Water power
➢ Environmental concerns in storing large amount of water
Nuclear power
➢ Fission reactions in pressurized water / heavy water reactors
using U235 isotop.
➢ U235 – availability(0.7%),
➢ U234 – availability( 0.3%),
➢ U238 – availability( 99%)
 ALTERNATIVES
➢ Solar
➢ Nuclear
➢ Tar sands and oil shale
➢ Other sources
✓ Tidal
✓ Geo-thermal
✓ Hydrogen

Oil shale
Oil shale is a type of sedimentary rock that is rich
in kerogen. Kerogen is a part of rock that breaks down and
releases hydrocarbons when heated. Hydrocarbons are substances
made entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Petroleum and natural gas are
probably the most familiar hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in oil
shale can be used as an alternative to petroleum or natural gas.
Tar sands
Tar sands (also called oil sands) are a mixture of sand, clay, water, and
bitumen. Bitumen is a thick, sticky, black oil that can form naturally in
a variety of ways, usually when lighter oil is degraded by bacteria.
Most of the bitumen produced from tar sands is refined and mixed
with lighter oils to produce synthetic crude oil that can be further
refined and used in much the same way as typical crude oil

RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

➢ As of July 2023, Renewable energy sources, including large
hydropower, have a combined installed capacity of 176.49 GW.
The following is the installed capacity for Renewables:
➢ Wind power: 43.7 GW
➢ Solar Power: 70.1 GW
➢ Biomass/Co-generation: 10.2 GW
➢ Small Hydro Power: 4.94 GW
➢ Waste To Energy: 0.55 GW
➢ Large Hydro: 46.85 GW
➢ India has set a target to reduce the carbon intensity of the
nation’s economy by less than 45% by the end of the decade,
➢ Achieve 50 percent cumulative electric power installed by 2030
from renewables,
➢ Achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
➢ India aims for 500 GW of renewable energy installed capacity by
2030.
➢ India aims to produce five million tonnes of green hydrogen by
2030. This will be supported by 125 GW of renewable energy
capacity.
➢ 57 solar parks with an aggregate capacity of 39.28 GW have been
approved in India.
➢ Wind Energy has an off-shore target of 30 GW by 2030, with
potential sites identified.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES
Energy conservation is the decision and practice of using less energy.
Turning off the light when you leave the room, unplugging appliances
when they’re not in use and walking instead of driving are all examples
of energy conservation. The two main reasons people conserve energy
are to gain more control over their energy bill and reduce the demand
on the earth’s natural resources
10 ideas for energy conservation
1. Turn your refrigerator down. Refrigerators account for as much
as 13.7% of the total household energy use. To increase energy
savings, set your fridge to 37 degrees Fahrenheit and your
freezer to 3 degrees Fahrenheit.
2. Use energy-efficient light bulbs. Install energy-saving CFL or
LED bulbs in your lighting fixtures to use 25-35 percent less
energy, compared to regular incandescent bulbs.
3. Clean or replace air filters as recommended. The air conditioner
and heater are the biggest energy users in most homes, and
these appliances have to work even harder with dirty air filters.
Write the date of installation on the filter to help you remember
when it needs to be replaced.
4. Do full loads. Make sure your dishwasher and washing
machine are full before running them to get the most energy-
saving use from each run cycle.
5. Use smart power strips. Even when not in use, household
electronics still draw power from outlets. This phenomenon is
called “phantom load”. Energy-saving smart power strips, which
shut down appliances that have gone into standby mode, help
you cut down on phantom-load costs, potentially resulting in
money and energy savings.
6. Air-dry dishes and clothes. Instead of using your dishwasher’s
drying feature, consider letting the dishes air-dry. And instead of
using the dryer on a nice day, hang your clothes outside to dry.
 7. Bake with glass or ceramic pans. You can set the oven’s
temperature 25 degrees lower than indicated in the recipe when
you do this.
8. Cook using the right-sized burner. Conserve energy by using your
stove’s small burners for small pots and large burners for large
pots.
9. Cut down on air leaks in your home. You’re paying for warm air
in the winter and cool air in the summer — don’t let that money
escape! Check your windows and doors for cracks and gaps, and
seal them up with new weather stripping or caulk.
10. Keep your house a little hotter in the summer and a little
cooler in the winter. Opt for wearing lighter clothes in the
summer and wearing a few extra layers in the winter in exchange
for those few degrees’ change in temperature. A good rule of
thumb is to set the thermostat to 68 degrees Fahrenheit in the
winter and to 78 in the summer.

Principles of energy conservation.

The principle of energy conservation states that energy is neither
created nor destroyed. It may transform from one type to another.
Like the mass conservation principle, the validity of the conservation
of energy relies on experimental observations; thus, it is an empirical
law.
Energy audit
An Energy Audit is a survey conducted by an Energy Auditor to
determine how much energy a building uses and identify ways to
reduce energy consumption.

These are used to improve the energy efficiency of homes, businesses,

and other buildings.
An energy audit has three parts: evaluation, testing, and efficiency
recommendations.

Evaluation

The first step is an evaluation of your building. This includes looking at

past energy bills, your building's physical characteristics, and how it
functions.

The energy auditor will ask questions about the building, such as when
it was built, how it is used, and what kind of heating and cooling
system it has.

Testing

Once the Energy Auditor understands your building, they will conduct
tests to see how much energy it uses. This may include a blower door
test and a duct leakage test.

Efficiency Recommendations

After the audit is complete, the Energy Auditor will provide you with
recommendations on how to improve your building's energy
efficiency. These may include changes to your heating and cooling
system, insulation, windows, and doors.

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

There are several types of energy audits: walk-through energy audits,

target energy audits, and detailed energy audits.

Walk-through Energy Audits

The simplest and fastest type of energy audit is a walk-through energy

audit. The Energy Auditor will come to your house and search for
places where energy is being wasted. They will also inquire about your
energy consumption.
Target Energy Audits

A target energy audit is more comprehensive than a walk-through

energy audit. In addition to looking for areas where your home is
losing energy, the Energy Auditor will also conduct tests to determine
how much energy your home uses.

Detailed Energy Audits

A detailed energy audit is the most comprehensive type of energy

audit. In addition to looking for areas where your home is losing
energy and conducting tests to assess how much electricity your home
consumes, the Energy Auditor will also offer suggestions for
enhancing your home's energy efficiency.

COGENERATION

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is defined as the

sequential generation of two different forms of useful energy from a
single primary energy source, typically mechanical energy and thermal
energy. Mechanical energy may be used either to drive an alternator
for producing electricity or rotating equipment such as motor,
compressor, pump or fan for delivering various services. Thermal
energy can be used either for direct process applications or for
indirectly producing steam, hot water, hot air for dryer or chilled
water for process cooling.

There are three main classes of cogeneration systems:

• Topping cycles.
• Bottoming cycles.
• Combined cycles.
Topping cycle

Topping cycle CHP is the process of using fuel to generate mechanical

energy which is used to create electricity using a generator. The
resulting waste heat is captured from this process to heat water for
use as hot water or steam throughout the facility.

Bottoming Cycle

Bottoming Cycle CHP, sometimes called Waste Heat to Power (WHP),

is where fuel is combusted to produce useful heat to carry out an
industrial process of some sort. Some of the waste heat from this
process is recovered via a heat exchanger, producing thermal energy
which is used to power a turbine generator to produce electricity.
Combined cycle

Combined-cycle power generation is a two-cycle electricity

generation process that uses the heat from the first cycle to run a
second cycle.