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Lecture 5 Compression Members

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Determine the factored load Pu = 890 kip 2) Use the capacity tables to select trial sections based on the weak-axis capacity for a KL/r of 20 3) Verify the strong-axis capacity for the selected sections 4) Choose the lightest section that satisfies both weak and strong-axis capacity requirements Let me know if you need help with any of the individual calculation steps. The goal is to select the most economical W-shape column based on the given load and bracing conditions.

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23 views38 pages

Lecture 5 Compression Members

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Determine the factored load Pu = 890 kip 2) Use the capacity tables to select trial sections based on the weak-axis capacity for a KL/r of 20 3) Verify the strong-axis capacity for the selected sections 4) Choose the lightest section that satisfies both weak and strong-axis capacity requirements Let me know if you need help with any of the individual calculation steps. The goal is to select the most economical W-shape column based on the given load and bracing conditions.

Uploaded by

samiullah034050
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Steel Structures CE418

(Compression
Members)
By: Engr. Muhammad Noman
DCE, IIU Islamabad
Email: [email protected]
Introduction
• Structural elements that are subjected to axial compressive
forces only are called columns.
• Columns are subjected to axial loads through the centroid.
• Column strength is directly related to its length. More
specifically to its slenderness.
• Only columns that are “short” can be loaded to the yield
stress.
• Longer columns will usually buckle before they yield.
• Medium length columns have inelastic buckling capacity.
• Slender columns buckle elastically.
Elastic Buckling
• A compression member that is so slender compared to its
length that under gradually increasing loads fails by buckling
at loads considerably less than those required for crushing.

• Buckling is a sudden loss of stiffness due to compressive


loads.
• This can lead to sudden failures of structures.

• Critical buckling loads were first derived by Leonard Euler in


1749.
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• The buckled shapes (Buckling Modes) at various “P” levels:
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• Let’s consider a simply supported
column subjected to an axial load
“P”.
• EI is constant
• The goal is to determine the load
“P” and its associated stress that
causes buckling.
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• Therefore, the buckling load for a simply supported column is
as follows:

• We can compute an equivalent buckling stress

• I/A is another section property


Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• The Radius of Gyration

• The equation can be rewritten as:

• L/r is slenderness ratio


Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
Keep in mind, when we derived this
formula, we kept this column’s
boundary conditions as pinned-
pinned.

What if the boundary conditions


were changed?
Fixed-Fixed?
Fixed-Free?
Etc.
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• Consider a fixed-free
column:
• It stands to a reason that
it’s buckled shape would
be shown as:
• We can relate this
buckled shape to that of a
pinned-pinned column.
• This is done through the
use of an effective length
factor, “K”.
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• Therefore we can
redefine our equation
as:

• For a fixed-free column,


K = 2.0. That is the
effective length is the
same as twice the
actual length.
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
Elastic Buckling (Cont’d)
• There are two major reasons why real column behavior is
different from ideal column behavior:
1. Presence of residual stresses
2. Presence of geometric imperfections
Geometric Imperfections
• P-Δ curve for an actual column (considering inelasticity /
residual stresses)
AISC Column Curves
Taking all this into account, AISC adopts the following curve for
column capacity:
AISC Column Curves (Cont’d)
• Capacity of columns is governed by the following equation:

Fcr = critical buckling stress for columns (ksi)


Ag = gross area of the column (in2)
AISC Column Curves (Cont’d)
• The column critical buckling stress are governed by the
following equations:

• KL/r = effective column slenderness


• E Steel modulus of elasticity = 29000 ksi
• Fy = yield stress (ksi)
• Fe elastic /Euler buckling stress (ksi)
AISC Column Curves (Cont’d)
• The elastic buckling stress is calculated as follows:

• K = effective length factor


• L = column length in inches
• R = radius of gyration (in)
• E = steel modulus of elasticity = 29000 ksi
Local Buckling
• Column strength
based on overall
slenderness can be
achieved if the
individual plates
don’t buckle first.
• This means that
global buckling
should occur before
local buckling
Local Buckling (Cont’d)
• If the column section is made of thin (slender) plate elements,
then failure can occur due to local buckling of the flanges or
the webs in compression well before the calculated buckling
strength of the whole member is reached.
• When thin plates are used to carry compressive stresses they
are particularly susceptible to buckling about their weak axis
due small moment of Inertia.
• Local buckling depends on the slenderness (width-to-
thickness b/t ratio) of the plate element and the yield stress
(Fy) of the material.
• Each plate element must be stocky enough, i.e., have a b/t
ratio that prevents local buckling from governing the column
strength.
Local Buckling (Cont’d)
• The AISC specification provides the slenderness (b/t) limits
that the individual plate elements must satisfy so that local
buckling does not control.
Local Buckling (Cont’d)
• The AISC specification provides the slenderness (b/t) limits
that the individual plate elements must satisfy so that local
buckling does not control.
Local Buckling (Cont’d)
• If a W-section meets these limits, it’s said to be a compact
section, or a section with compact elements.
• If a W-section fails these limits, it is said to have slender
elements.

• If these limits are violated, it wouldn’t mean that the column


is unusable. We’d just have to use a different section of the
specification
Procedure for Column Analysis
• Once We’ve verified the section is compact is applicable, we
have three options for determining the column capacity.

• Method 1: AISC column Curve Equations


• Method 2: Tab. 4-1 (Design Aid)
• Method 3: Tab. 4-33 (Design Aid)
Method 1: AISC Column Curves
• The First Method simply involves directly computing column
capacity:
Method 1: AISC Column Curves
(Cont’d)
• As shown, the capacity of a column is a
function of the radius of gyration.
• For W-sections, there are two radii of
gyration:
rx = Radius of gyration about the strong axis
ry = radius of gyration about the weak axis

• This doesn’t mean that (KL/r)x > (KL/r)y

Remember, the larger the KL/r the weaker the


column
Method 2: Column Capacity
Table
• This aid lists column capacity based on “weak-axis buckling
capacity”.
• In other words, it always assumed that weak-axis buckling
governs

• To check strong-axis buckling capacity, we need to do a


conversion
Method 2: Column Capacity
Table (Cont’d)
Method 2: Column Capacity
Table (Cont’d)
• Therefore, we can check each axis by going into the table with
the appropriate value:

• Weak Axis:

• Strong Axis:

• Also, if you refer to the bottom of the table, rx/ry ratios are
listed.
Method 3: Critical Stress Table
This aid lists
the critical
stress as a
function of the
column’s
effective length
Problem 1:
• Analyze the following column
using Method 1.
• W14x90 (Fy = 50 ksi)
• The strong –axis bracing is shown
on the left.
• The weak-axis bracing is shown on
the right.
Problem 2:
• Analyze the following column
using Method 2.
• W14x90 (Fy = 50 ksi)
• The strong –axis bracing is shown
on the left.
• The weak-axis bracing is shown on
the right.
Problem 2: (Design Aids)
Problem 3:
• Analyze the following column
using Method 3.
• W14x90 (Fy = 50 ksi)
• The strong –axis bracing is shown
on the left.
• The weak-axis bracing is shown on
the right.
Problem 3: Design Aids
Design of Column
• To design a column, we’ll want to pick up a column (the
lightest available) that can resist the load.
• We’ll make use of the capacity table for the purpose of design.
• This method will work for both single columns and columns in
frames.
Procedure for Column Design
• Determine the design load, Pu
• Use capacity tables to select trial sections
• Selected based on weak-axis capacity
• Verify strong-axis buckling capacity
• Of all valid sections, choose the lightest.
• When selecting sections, be sure and cycle through each
family to find the lightest section. In other words, select at
least one W14, W12, W10 and W8
• Also, once a column is selected, its capacity and compactness
should be verified
Problem 4:
• Select the most economical W-shape column to resist a
service dead load of 150 kip and a service live load of 350 kip.
• Take Fy = 50 ksi
• The column is 15 feet long and pinned on each end in both
directions.
Problem 5:
• Select the most economical W-
shape column to resist a factored
load of 890 kip
• Take Fy = 50 ksi
• The column is 20 feet long and
bracing conditions about each axis
are as shown.

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