LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: MAPPINGS AND FUNCTIONS
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: MAPPINGS AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON TOPIC: TYPES OF MAPPINGS (FUNCTIONS)
Specific objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
I. Define mapping;
II. Define function;
III. Distinguish between mappings and functions;
IV. State types of mappings;
V. Solve problems which involve function and its inverse
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Charts showing examples TYPES OF MAPPINGS (FUNCTIONS)
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, mention state and capital in Nigeria Etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them
questions based on previous lesson for example; Mention ten surnames and names of your class mate
Etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
MAPPINGS
Definition: Given two non-empty sets A and B, if there is a rule, which assigns an element 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 a
unique element 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, then, the rule is called MAPPING
Example
If
𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} And 𝐵 = {1,4,9,16,25}
It can be represented by arrow diagram as;
A B
1
1
2
22
4
3
9
4
16
5
25
The above representation is called an arrow diagram of mapping
From above representation, the set A is called domain (Pre-image) of the mapping, while the set B is
called co- domain (Image) of mapping
The mapping between the sets can be represented by any of the following notation
f
A B
Or
f:A B
Or
f(x) = y ∀x ∈ A ∃ y ∈ B
Where y is the unique element in B which corresponding to the element x in A
Examples of mappings are;
1. f
X Y
a
b
22
f
c
e
Co-domain is {f} while Domain is {a, b, c, d, e} and Range is {f}
X Y
2.
Nigeria
Nairobi
Cameroon
Accra
Ghana
Abujato
Abuja
Yaoundé
Pre-image is {Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana}, image is {Nairobi, Accra, Abujato, Abuja, Yaoundé} while
Range is {Accra, Abuja, Yaoundé}
3.
P Q
2
25
5
22
16
3
9
4
4
Co-domain is {2, 3, 4, 5}, Domain is {4, 9, 16, 25} and Range is {4, 9, 16, 25}
CONDITIONS FOR MAPPING
Two important conditions that must be satisfied if a relation is to be a mapping are;
i. Every element of the domain has an image in the co-domain
ii. The image of every element of the domain is unique
The following are not mapping;
1.
X Y
2
3
22
9
4
16
5
25
2. f
A B
1
1
2
22
4
3
9
4
16
5
25
3.
f
A B
Tola Femi
22
Tosin Folu
Tolu Fola
Tobi Falola
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
Consider the relation in diagram below and say whether they are mapping or not, hence, find the
domain (pre-image), co-domain (image) and the range of the mapping
a. f
A B
1
2
22
3
0
4
b.
A B
Tola Femi
22
Tosin Folu
Tolu Fola
Tobi
c.
X Y
Tola Femi
22
Tosin Folu
Tolu Fola
Tobi
d.
A B
Tola Femi
22
Tosin Folu
Tolu Fola
STEP II
Exploration; facts find about the lesson objectives, using the resources around
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
FUNCTION
Definition: A function is a mapping whose co-domain is the set of numbers
Example
1. f
P Q
2
25
5
22
16
3
9
4
4
Co-domain is {2, 3, 4, 5}, Domain is {4, 9, 16, 25} and Range is {4, 9, 16, 25}
2. g
X Y
f
25
g
22
16
h
9
i
4
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
Which of the following represent functions?
1. N M
0
2 2
3
A N
2. a
1
b
2
c
3
N A
3. 1
a
2
b
3
c
N N
4. 1
1
2
2
3
3
A A
5. a
a
b
b
c
c
STEP III
Discussion of types of mappings
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
TYPES OF MAPPINGS
ONE TO ONE MAPPING
Definition: Let 𝑓: 𝑋 𝑌 be the mapping that establishes the correspondence between the sets X
and Y. The mapping f is called a one to one mapping if different elements in the domain X have different
images in the co-domain Y. Thus, 𝑓: 𝑋 𝑌 is one to one mapping if 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) implies 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
or 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 implies 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
1. The mapping which assigh each Secondary School in F.C.T in Nigeria with its principal is on – one
mapping
2. The mapping which assign eac form masters/mistress in Gssbwari with its classes is a one – one
mapping
3. The mapping which associate each state in Nigeria with its governior is one – one mapping
4. Let X be the set of real numbers and 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a mapping defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, then f is a one
– one mapping since every element in X has a distinct image in Y
ONTO MAPPING
Definition: Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a mapping from set X to the set Y. The mapping f is called an onto mapping if
every element of the codomain is an image of at least one element in the domain. Hence 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is
onto mapping if range of the mapping is equal to the codomain
Example 1
Let the mapping g: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be defined by
X g Y
a
e
b
f
c
g
d
The range of the mapping is equal to the co-domain, hence the mapping is onto
Example 2
Let the mapping f: 𝑋 → 𝑌be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3. Determine wheather mapping is onto
Solution
Let 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 ∈ 𝑋
𝑓 (0) = 3, 𝑓 (1) = 5, 𝑓 (−1) = 1, 𝑓(2) = 7, 𝑓(−2) = −1, 𝑓 (3) = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (−3) = −3
The range of the mapping is equal to the co- domain. Hence the mapping is one – one and onto mapping
X Y
0 3
-1 1
1 5
-2 -1
2 7
-3 -3
3 9
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
Verify if the mapping below is an onto mapping
P h Q
a
e
b
f
c
g
d
N S
Taiwo 1
Maruf 2
hamuzat 3
STEP IV
Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is ONTO mapping? Etc.
ASSIGNMENT
The mapping is defined by the arrow diagram as show below
X Y
16
-3
4
2
7
5
8
Determine
(a). The domain (b) The co- domain (c) The range of the function (d) Is the mapping 1-1 or onto?
REFRENCES
Further Mathematics for SSS by Longman
New further mathematics project 1 page 99
Hidden facts in further mathematics by M.A Otumudia
LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: MAPPINGS AND FUNCTIONS
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: MAPPINGS AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON TOPIC: SPECIAL MAPPINGS/FUNCTIONS
Specific objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
I. Identify special mappings;
II. Distinguish the type of mappings and functions;
III. Solve problems which involves functions;
IV. Solve problems involves functions and its inverse
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Charts of special mappings and functions
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, what is mapping/function? Etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them
questions based on previous lesson for example; what is onto mapping? Etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
IDENTITY MAPPINGS
Definition: Let 𝑓𝑖 : 𝑋 → 𝑋 be a mapping define by 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥) = 𝑥 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 then 𝑓𝑖 is called an identity mapping
if it take an element onto itself
Examples of identity mapping are;
𝑓𝑖
(a) X X
1
1
2
22
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
(b) f
N N
Tola Tola
22
Tosin Tosin
Tolu Tolu
Tobi Tobi
The above mappings are identity mappings, they are one – one and onto mappings, identity mappings
has a unique property that the domain, co- domain and range are all equal
CONSTANT MAPPINGS
Definition: Let 𝑓𝑐 : 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a mapping which assigns every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 the same image K, 𝑓𝑐 is called a
constant mapping if for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑓𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝐾 where K is a constant
Example
𝑓𝑐
X Y
An essential feature of a
constant Tola TiTi
Tosin22 mapping is that the range
consists
Tolu
Only one element
Tobi
𝑓𝑐
X X
1
11
2
22 𝑓𝑐 (𝑥) = 0𝑥 2
-2
3
0
4
14
5
55
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
Give five examples of identity and constant mappings each
STEP II
Exploration; facts find about the lesson objectives, using the resources around
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Definition: A function f(x) has an inverse if it is both one- one and onto. The inverse function is written
as 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). The inverse function does the opposite operation of the function
𝑓(𝑥)
x y
𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
Example 1 A N
1. a 𝑓(𝑥)
1
b
2
c
3
N A
1 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
a
2
b
3
c
The relation 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is a mapping and it is called the inverse of the function f
Example 2
Find the inverse of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
Solution
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
2𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥) − 3
𝑓 (𝑥) − 3
𝑥=
2
𝑥−3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
2
Example 3
Find the inverse of 𝑔−1 (𝑥) if g(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
Solution
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
3
𝑥 = √𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
= 3√𝑥
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
For the following functions find their inverse
x+5 x2−2x x+1
(i) h(x) = x − 11 (ii)f(x) = 5x (iii) g(x) = (iv)f(x) = (v)f(x) =
7 7 x−3
5+x
(vi) d(x) = (2x + 6)3 (vii) IF g(x) = , find g(0) + g −1 (1)
2x−6
STEP III
Discussion of domain and range of mappings
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF MAPPINGS
Example 1: Determine the domain 𝔇 of the mapping 𝑓: 𝑋 → 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑖𝑓 ℛ = {−3, −1, 5} is the range and
f is defined on 𝔇
Solution
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 (𝑥) + 3 = 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) + 3
𝑥=
2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = −1, 𝑥 = 1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 5, 𝑥 = 4
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = −3, 𝑥 = 0
Therefore, domain is {0, 1, 4}
Example 2
Determine the domain of the mapping 𝑔: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 2 − 1, if range of the mapping is {1, 7, 17} and g is
defined on domain
Solution
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) + 1 = 2𝑥 2
𝑔(𝑥) + 1
𝑥=√
2
When
𝑔(𝑥) = 1
1+1
𝑥=√ = ±1
2
When
𝑔(𝑥) = 7
7+1
𝑥=√ = ±2
2
When
𝑔(𝑥) = 17
17 + 1
𝑥=√ = ±3
2
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = {±1, ±2, ±3}
Example 3: 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 + 2 is a mapping defined on the set R of real number. Determine the pre-image of
{-1, 1, 7, -5}. [Ans. {-1, -2, 2, -4}]
Example 4: Given that ℎ: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 is a mapping defined on the set 𝐴 = {−1, 0, 1, 2}. Find the
range of h
Solution
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
When
𝑥 = −1
ℎ(−1) = 1 − 2 − 3 = −4
When
𝑥=0
ℎ(0) = 02 + 2(0) − 3 = −3
When
𝑥=1
ℎ(1) = 12 + 2 − 3 = 0
When
𝑥=2
ℎ(2) = 22 + 2(2) − 3 = 5
Therefore, Range = {−4, −3, 0, 5}
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
2x−1 2
f(x) = 3x+2 ; (x ≠ − 3). Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and hence the largest domain of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
STEP IV
Discussion of composite mappings
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
COMPOSITE MAPPING
Definition: let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔: 𝑍 → 𝑌 be two mappings such that the co- domain of f is the domain of g
X Z Y
𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑝) = 𝑔(𝑎) = 𝑥
P a 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑞) = 𝑔(𝑐) = 𝑥
x
q b 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑔(𝑏) = 𝑧
y
r c 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑠) = 𝑔(𝑑) = 𝑦
z
s d
The mapping 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is called a composite mapping. It is sometimes written as 𝑔𝑓. The composite mapping
can also be represented vector ally as
𝑔𝑜𝑓
Example 1: Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 and 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑍 be mappings on the set of real numbers R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
1 and 𝑔(𝑦) = (𝑦 + 1)2 Find (i) 𝑔𝑜𝑓 (ii) 𝑓𝑜𝑔
Solution
(i)
𝑔𝑜𝑓
= 𝑔𝑓 (𝑥)
= 𝑔(𝑥 + 1)
= [(𝑥 + 1) + 1]2
= (𝑥 + 2)2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
(ii)
𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑓𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑦 + 1)2 + 1 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 2
Example 2: Let the mapping f and g be mappings on the set of real number R be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 2 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, find (i) 𝑔𝑜𝑓 (ii) 𝑓𝑜𝑔
(i)
𝑔𝑜𝑓
= 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑔(2𝑥 2 − 3)
= 2𝑥 2 − 2
(ii)
𝑓𝑜𝑔
= 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑓 (𝑥 + 1)
= 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 3
= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1
Example 3: Let 𝑓𝑖 be the identity mapping and f be the mapping on the set of real number defined by
𝑓𝑖 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 respectivelly, show that 𝑓𝑖 𝑜𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑖
Solution
𝑓𝑖 𝑜𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑖 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
Therefore,
𝑓𝑖 𝑜𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑖
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
If f, 𝑔 and h are mappings defined on the set of real numbers by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 −
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . Find; (𝐼)𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝐼𝐼)𝑔𝑜𝑓 (𝐼𝐼𝐼 )ℎ𝑜𝑓 (𝐼𝑉)𝑓𝑜𝑔𝑜ℎ (𝑉)𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑔−1 𝑜ℎ −1 (VI) 𝑓𝑜𝑔𝑜ℎ(𝑥)
STEP V
Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is composite mapping? Etc.
ASSIGNMENT
2𝑥
1. The function f and g are defined over R as follows 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑔: 𝑥 → 1−𝑥 (𝑥 ≠ 1) Find
(𝑖 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑖𝑖 )𝑓𝑜𝑔(4) (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑔𝑜𝑓(1)
2. If 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) [𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1]
3. Two functions f and g are defined on the set of real numbers R by; 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 and : 𝑥 → 𝑥 −
1 . Find the value of x for which 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) − 2
4. Let the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by
4𝑥 − 7 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −2
Find 𝑓 −1 (5) (𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑓 −1 (−5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(0)
𝑥+1
5. If 𝑔(𝑥) = is a mapping defined on the set of real number, excluding -2; find;
𝑥+2
1 1 1
(𝑎) 𝑔−1 ( ) (𝑏)𝑔−1 ( ) × 𝑔(0) (𝑐)𝑔−1 ( ) + 𝑔(1)
2 2 2
6. Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 is a mapping on the set of real numbers, given that 𝑓 (1) =
5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (−1) = −1. Determine the value of a and b
REFRENCES
Further Mathematics for SSS by Longman
New further mathematics project 1 page 105
Hidden facts in further mathematics by M.A Otumudia
