DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A

SMOKE
DETECTOR SYSTEM

BY

ISHAYA STEPHEN GYANI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,

JULY 2023

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 DECLARATION

I, Stephen Ishaya with the matric no 2018/1/74751EE hereby declare that the contents

of this term paper are works of research carried out by me and have never been

presented elsewhere for the award of a degree. All information gotten from published

or unpublished work of authors name have been duly acknowledged through

references.

I hereby relinquish the copyright of the project work to the Federal University of

Technology, Minna.

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project titled was carried out by STEPHEN ISHAYA with matric

number 2018/1/74751EE to meet the requirements and regulations governing the award of

the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical and Electronics Engineering department,

Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

PROF. M.N NWOHU

DR LANRE OLATOMIWA
Head of Department
Signature

External Examiner
Signature

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this research project to the God Almighty for the grace and opportunity given to

me to carry out this research and also for giving me knowledge, wisdom, understanding and

strength throughout the period of my research work. I also want to dedicate this project to my

loving and supporting family.

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 ACKNOWLEGMENTS

All praises, appreciation goes to the almighty God who gave me life and strength to

take on this research work. I want to also appreciate my parents for their support

throughout the time of this research.

I also want to appreciate my lecturer and supervisor in person of PROF. M.N

NWOHU for is guidance and support throughout the time of this project research.

I also want to appreciate the effort of my friends in giving me encouragement and

motivation throughout the time of this research.

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 ABSTRACT

This term paper is about the Design OF A Smoke Detector System which can perform an

alarm by a voice signal. Based on this design, smoke is being detected using Light

Dependent Resistor & Light Emitting Diode. Normally the alarm is silent but when smoke is

detected, then alarm becomes activated. The project is based upon a major approach to

control and secure homes, offices, shops, markets and Universities etc. The fire alarm main

circuit design to uses (ISIS) software

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 Table of Contents

Title page…………………………………………………..…...(i)

Declaration………………………………………………….…..(ii)

Certification……………………………………………….…….(iii)

Dedication………………………………………………………..(iv)

Acknowledgments………………………………………….....….(v)

Abstract.………………..………………………………………...(vi)

Table of Contents……………………………………….……….(vii)

List of Figures……………………………………............…….(viii)

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………….…… 1

1.1 Background of Study……………………………………..1

1.2 Aims and Objectives….……...…………………..……….2

1.3 Motivation …………..................................................…....2

1.4 Justification of Study ……………………………..………2

1.5 Scope of work …………………………………………….3

1.6 Project Outline…………………………………………...3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………4

2.1 How Optical Smoke Detectors Work…………………….4

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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY…………………….…...7

3.1 Materials used …………………………………………..7

3.2 Light Dependent Resistor…………………………..........7

3.3 Positive Voltage Regulator...8

3.4 Block Diagram…………………………….………….…….9

3.5 Transistor BC547……………………….………….……….10

3.6 How To Measure Resistance With An Analogue Multimeter12

3.7 Light Emitting Diodes…………………………….……….. 13

3.8 Speakers ……………………………...…...………….…….14

3.9 Capacitors …… …... …………..……………………..……16

CHAPTER FOUR: CALCULATION AND RESULTS ………..….18

4.1 Power supply for the circuit….……………….………….....18

4.2 Fire alarm circuit ……………...……………………………19

4.3FigureofCapacitor.01µf,Transformer23012V,TransistorBC547.
35

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..21

5.1 Conclusion…..…………………………………..………...21

5.2 Recommendation ………………….…..………………….21

References…………………..………………………………………22

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 List of Figures

Figure Optical smoke detector work………………………………4

Figure Light Dependent Resistor ………………………………….7

Figure LM7809 Voltage Regulator………………………………..8

Figure Transistor BC547……………………….………………….10

Figure LED…………………………………………………………13

Figure Speakers……………………………………………………..14

Figure 9v Power Supply…………………………………………….18

Figure Fire Alarm Circuit……………………………………………19

Figure Capacitor .01µf, Transformer 230-12V, TransistorBC547.....20

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

detection strategy of modern commercial and residential building. In the 1970’s, industries

recorded increased use of smoke detectors and these growth was Pramana Research Journal

Volume 10, Issue 4, 2020 ISSN NO: 2249-2976 152 https://pramanaresearch.org/

accompanied by several significant research projects that reinforced the life safety protection

provided by smoke detectors, thereby providing significant evidence that supported increase

in use of smoke detectors. Also in order to understand the response, working principle of

these detectors in the environment, several researches were embarked. Accurate prediction of

smoke detector is a very significant way of assessing detector system performance because

occupants and fire service notification can be dependent upon smoke detector response.

Fire Dynamic Simulator software, can be used to predict the response of smoke detector.

Reference stated that “fire loss data reveals that in buildings with automatic sprinklers, 96%

were controlled and extinguished by these systems”. Once there is a fire, the fire detection

system activates the alert thereby triggering the automatic sprinkler system.

It’s very important for fire protection system to be installed in all commercial building.

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There are concerns areas associated with automatic smoke detection system arising from

inappropriate techniques for quick notification ,false noise tolerant and different sensor

combinations. Researchers have been studying fire taking place in various places such as

residential area and commercial buildings. A smoke alarm is a device that senses

smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. It may issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as

part of fire alarm system, especially in commercial security devices or may issue a local

audible or visual alarm in the household. Smoke can be detected either optically

(photoelectric) or by physical process(ionization). Detectors may use either or both methods.

Smoke detectors have prior detection when compared with heat detectors, hence are

preferred for fire detection. They also find application in detecting, and thus deter smoking

in premises where it is banned.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The overall aim of this project research is to successfully design and implement optical

based smoke alarm system that will continuously monitor the presence of significant

amount of smoke and activate an alarm to prompt a safety measure to contain the

situation.

1.3 Motivation

Safety is a crucial consideration in design of residential and commercial buildings in order

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 to safeguard against loss of life and damage to property. Fire is a key element in safety

considerations.

When it comes to Fire safety, it's best to have a smoke detector in every bedroom and hall

way, as well as on very floor in our home. With so many smoke detector, we can be rest

assured that our home is protected from the unthinkable. This design is low in cost and is

the easiest inoperation

1.4 Justification of Study

A smoke detector's purpose is a simple one, to give you ample notification in case of a fire

in your house.

Without a smoke detector, by the time you realize that there is a fire, your house could
be so badly engulfed that you cannot find a safe exit or the smoke can be so
overwhelming that you suffocate trying to get out.

The National Fire Protection Association reports that while 75 percent of homes have at least

one workingsmoke alarm, between 2003 and 2006, 66 percent of fire deaths happened in homes

with no working smoke alarm.

1.5 Scope of Work

Photoelectric sensors generate a beam of light focused on a light-sensitive cell, enclosed

in the alarm. If the light beam is interrupted from smoke entering the detector, the alarm goes off.

Ionization sensors work by having a small piece of radioactive material create an electric current

between two plates. If smoke or hot air enters. Photoelectric smoke detectors work best with slow,
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 smoky fires and ionization detectors work best with quick, hot fires.

1.6 Project Outline

work under the Background of Study. Aims and Objectives, Motivation, Justification of Study,

Limitations and the Scope of Study.

Chapter two addresses the review of literature as related to this project. This includes any past

workrelated to this project all properly cited

Chapter three addresses the design and implementation methodology of this project work

Detailed explanations of the projects methodology are stated here.

Chapter four discusses the results gotten during the course of this project work.

Chapter five presents the conclusion of the project work. It recommends future improvements

On the work to increase performance. It contains the appendix and components used in this

project

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERETURE REVIEW

2.1 HOW OPTICAL SMOKE DETECTORS WORK

electronic eye and the other's a sort of electronic nose. The eye type detector is more properly

called an optical smoke detector or photocell smoke detector(The Art of Electronics,1920) and

it works a bit like Tom Cruise in Mission Impossible. Remember the scene where Tom dangles

from the ceiling trying to avoid all those light-detecting burglar beams? An optical smoke

detector is just like that (Mission Impossible 2010). Let's take a look.

. The detector must be screwed to your ceiling because that's where smoke heads for when

something starts to burn. Fire generates hot gases and because these are less dense (thinner—or

weigh less per unit of volume) than ordinary air they rise upward, swirling tiny smoke particles

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up too.

The detector is designed with a large opening in the bottom (1), shown upper right in our top

photo, that leads to the detection chamber up above.

An invisible, infrared light beam, similar to the ones that Tom Cruise dodged, shoots across the

chamber from a light-emitting diode or LED (2) to a photocell (3). The photocell is an electronic

light detector that generates electricity for as long as light falls on it.

Normally, when there is no smoke about, the light beam shoots constantly between the LED and

the detector (Journal of Physics: Conference Series ,Volume 1402,Issue 4). An electronic circuit

(4) detects that all is well and nothing happens .The alarm (5) remains silent.

But if a fire breaks out, smoke enters the chamber (6) and interrupts the beam (7). Because light

is not falling on the photocell , and it does not generate an electric current anymore(Electrical

and Electronic Principle, John Bird 1955). The circuit spots this straight away (8), realizes

something's amiss, and triggers the shrill and nasty alarm (9) that wakes you up and saves your

life.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 MATERIALS USED

(COMPONENT OF AN OPTICAL BASED SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM)

3.2 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.

Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but

when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

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The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR

falls, allowing current to pass through it. Circuit Wizard software has been used to display, the

range of values of a ORP12, LDR .

When a light level of 1000 lux (bright light) is directed towards it, the resistance is 400(ohms).

When a light level of 10 lux (very low light level) is directed towards it, the resistance has risen

dramatically to 10.43M (10430000 ohms)

3.3 1A POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS

package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of

applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area

protection, making it essentially indestructible.

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If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can Deliver over 1A output current. Although designed

primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to

obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.5 TRANSISTOR BC547

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance,is commonly

use to amlify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter

terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum

current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its

characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor

is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions.

The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter

configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For

switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its

base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

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3.6 HOW TO MEASURE RESISTANCE WITH AN ANALOGUE

MUTIMETER

Analogue multimeters are good at measuring resistance, although they are a few points to note

about the way in which it is done. The first point to note is that as the meter itself responds to

current flowing through the component under test, a high resistance which corresponds to a low

current appears on the left hand side of the dial, and a low resistance which corresponds to a

higher current appears on the right hand side of the dial as shown below. It will also be noticed

that the calibrations become much closer together as the resistance becomes higher, i.e. on the

left hand side of the dial.

The calibrations on an analogue meter face

Another aspect of using an analogue multimeter for measuring resistance is that the meter needs to be

"zero'ed" before making a measurement. This is done by connecting the two probes together so that

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there is a short circuit, and then using the "zero" control to give full scale deflection on the meter

, i.e. zero ohms. Each time the range is changed, the meter needs to be zero'ed as the position may change

from one range to the next

The meter needs to be zero'ed because the full scale deflection will change according to aspects

such as the state of the battery. There are a few simple steps required to make a resistance

measurement with an analogue multimeter:

1. Select the item to be measured: This may be anything where the resistance needs to be

measured and estimate what the resistance may be.

2. Insert the probes into the required sockets Often a multimeter will have several sockets

for the test probes. Insert these or check they are already in the correct sockets. Typically

these might be labeled COM for common and the other where the ohms sign is visible.

This is normally combined with the voltage measurement socket.

3. Select the required range The analogue multimeter needs on and the required range

selected. The range selected should be such that the best reading can be obtained.

Normally the multimeter function switch will be labeled with the maximum resistance

reading. Choose the one where the estimated value of resistance will be under but close to

the maximum of the range. In this way the most accurate resistance measurement can be

made.

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3.7 Light Emitting Diodes

Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs, are real unsung heroes in the electronics
world.

They do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things,

they form numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up

watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form

images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light.

Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But unlike

ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get

especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor

material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor The lifespan of an LED surpasses the

short life of an incandescent bulb by thousands of hours. Tiny LEDs are already replacing the

tubes that light up LCD HDTVs to make dramatically thinner televisions.

In this article, we'll examine the technology behind these ubiquitous blinkers, illuminating some

cool principles of electricity and light in the process.

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3.8 SPEAKERS

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 In any sound system, ultimate quality depends on the speakers. The best recording, encoded on

the most advanced storage device and played by a top-of-the-line deck and amplifier, will sound awful if

the system is hooked up to poor speakers.

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A system's speaker is the component that takes the electronic signal stored on things like CDs,

tapes and DVDs and turns it back into actual sound that we can hear. In this article, we'll find out

exactly how speakers do this.

We'll also look at how speaker designs differ, and see how these differences affect sound quality.

Speakers are amazing pieces of technology that have had a profound impact on our culture. But

at their heart, they are remarkably simple devices.

3.9 CAPACITORS

In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways,

capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries Work, then

you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce

electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. A capacitor is much simpler

than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it only stores them.

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In this article, we'll learn exactly what a capacitor is, what it does and how it's used in electronics.

We'll also look at the history of the capacitor and how several people helped shape its progress.

Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a non-conducting

substance, or dielectric. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a

piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will

work.

In theory, the dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for practical

applications, specific materials are used that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica, ceramic,

cellulose, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and even air are some of the non-conductive materials used.

The dielectric dictates what kind of capacitor it is and for what it is best suited.

Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors are better for high frequency uses,

while some are better for high voltage applications. Capacitors can be manufactured to serve any

purpose, from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra capacitor that can

power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle's circuitry

and help deploy space probes. Here are some of the various types of capacitors and how they are

used.

• Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits

• Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks, alarms and counters

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• Glass - Good for high voltage applications

• Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas, X-ray and MRI machine

Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 POWER SUPPLY FOR THE CIRCUIT

A well regulated power supply is essential for this circuit because even slight variations in the

supply voltage could alter the biasing of the transistor used in the fire sensing section and this

could seriously affect the circuit’s performance. A regulated 9V/500mA power supply that can

be used for powering the basic fire alarm circuit and its modified versions is shown above.

Transformer T1 is a 230V primary, 12V secondary, 500mA step down transformer. D1 is a 1A

bridge which performs the job of rectification.

Capacitor C1 filters the rectifier output and C2 is the AC by-pass capacitor. IC1 (7809) is a 9V

fixed positive voltage regulator. The output of the rectifier+filter section is connected to the input

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 of 7805 and a regulated steady 9V is obtained at its output. S1 is the ON/OFF switch. F1 is a

500mA safety fuse.

4.2 SMOKE DETECTOR CIRCUIT

Normally, led are high lighting & then LDR resistance are very low. Then the transistor Q1 is off

& collector current of Q1 flows to the base of transistor Q2 & ons it. Then collector current of

Q1 flows to the emitter. Then transistor Q3 is off. The collector current of Q3 passes to the base

of Q4 transistor & ons it. The current are passing from collector to emitter. Then transistor Q5 is

off & Speaker makes no alarm.

But when fire breaks out, LDR resistance increases & transistor Q1 on, current are flows from

collector to emitter. Then transistor Q2 off. The collector current of Q2 flowing to the base of

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the Q3 transistor. This current on transistor Q3 & current flowing collector to emitter. Then

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transistor Q4 off. The collector current of Q4 flowing to the base of transistor Q5 & it on. Then

current flowing collector to emitter & speaker alarming

4.3 Figure of Capacitor 01µf,Transformer23012V,TransistorBC547

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION
Smoke detectors are devices created and designed to ring an alarm by voice signals when

Lighting energy reduce safe levels. They are intended to alert people if there is a danger of fire,

and they are required in public places, especially ones, where fire accidents are more likely to

happen, such as kitchens, workshops

5.2 RECCOMENDATION/FUTURE PLANS

1.To make the circuit complex free and less expensive.

2.To implement the circuit by applying latest version of the renown software.

3.Minimising the transistor.

4.To protect our home, office, University, industry etc. automatically without any person when
fire occurred.

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REFERENCES:

Pramana Research Journal Volume 10, Issue 4, 2020 ISSN NO: 2249-2976 152

https://pramanaresearch.org/

The Art of Electronics, Paul Berth,1920

Journal of Physics: Conference Series ,Volume 1402,Issue 4

Electrical and Electronic Principle, John Bird 1955

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