J. K.

Rowling

“JKR” redirects here. For other uses, see JKR (disam- 1 Name
biguation).
Although she writes under the pen name “J. K. Rowl-
Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE FRSL[1] (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/; born 31 ing” (pronounced rolling),[15] her name, before her re-
July 1965), pen names J. K. Rowling[2] and Robert Gal- marriage, was simply “Joanne Rowling”. Anticipating
braith, is a British novelist best known as the author of that the target audience of young boys might not want
the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained to read a book written by a woman, her publishers asked
worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold more that she use two initials, rather than her full name. As
than 400 million copies.[3] They have become the best- she had no middle name, she chose K (for “Kathleen”)
selling book series in history[4] and been the basis for as the second initial of her pen name, from her pater-
a series of films which became the highest-grossing film nal grandmother.[16] She calls herself “Jo”.[17] Following
series in history.[5] Rowling had overall approval on the her marriage, she has sometimes used the name Joanne
scripts[6] and maintained creative control by serving as a Murray when conducting personal business.[18][19] Dur-
producer on the final instalment.[7] ing the Leveson Inquiry she gave evidence under the name
of Joanne Kathleen Rowling.[20]
Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as
a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty Inter-
national when she conceived the idea for the Harry Pot-
ter series on a delayed train from Manchester to London 2 Biography
in 1990.[8] The seven-year period that followed saw the
death of her mother, divorce from her first husband and
relative poverty until Rowling finished the first novel in
2.1 Birth and family
the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone in
Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce
1997. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and
aircraft engineer,[21] and Anne Rowling (née Volant), a
the Deathly Hallows in 2007. Since then, Rowling has
science technician,[22] on 31 July 1965[23][24] in Yate,
written three books for adult readers, The Casual Vacancy
Gloucestershire, England, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of
(2012) and—under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith—
Bristol.[25][26] Her parents first met on a train departing
the crime fiction novels The Cuckoo’s Calling (2013) and
from King’s Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964.[27]
The Silkworm (2014).[9]
They married on 14 March 1965.[27] One of her mater-
Rowling has led a "rags to riches" life story, in which nal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish,
she progressed from living on state benefits to multi- born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran.[28][29] Her mother’s
millionaire status within five years. She is the United paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was
Kingdom’s best-selling living author, with sales in ex- awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in
cess of £238m.[10] The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List es- defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the
timated Rowling’s fortune at £560 million, ranking her First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won
as the twelfth richest woman in the United Kingdom.[11] the Légion d'honneur during the war, as she said when she
Forbes ranked Rowling as the forty-eighth most power- received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth
ful celebrity of 2007,[12] and Time magazine named her when featuring in an episode of the UK genealogy series
as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting Who Do You Think You Are?[30]
the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given
her fans.[13] In October 2010, Rowling was named the
“Most Influential Woman in Britain” by leading magazine 2.2 Childhood and education
editors.[14] She has supported charities including Comic
Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society Rowling’s sister Dianne[8] was born at their home when
of Great Britain and Lumos (formerly the Children’s High Rowling was 23 months old.[26] The family moved to the
Level Group), and in politics supports the Labour Party nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four.[31]
and Better Together. She attended St Michael’s Primary School, a school
founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and educa-
tion reformer Hannah More.[32][33] Her headmaster at St
Michael’s, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspi-

1
2 2 BIOGRAPHY

of Jessica Mitford's autobiography, Hons and Rebels.[35]

Mitford became Rowling’s heroine, and Rowling read all
of her books.[36]
Rowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy.[21]
Her home life was complicated by her mother’s illness
and a strained relationship with her father who she is still
not on speaking terms with.[21] Rowling later said that
she based the character of Hermione Granger on herself
when she was eleven.[37] Steve Eddy, who taught Rowling
English when she first arrived, remembers her as “not ex-
ceptional” but “one of a group of girls who were bright,
and quite good at English”.[21] Sean Harris, her best friend
in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia which
she says inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.[38] At this time, she
listened to the Smiths and the Clash.[39] Rowling took A-
levels in English, French and German, achieving two As
and a B[27] and was Head Girl.[21]
In 1982, Rowling took the entrance exams for Oxford
University but was not accepted[21] and read for a BA in
French and Classics at the University of Exeter.[40] Mar-
tin Sorrell, a French professor at Exeter, remembers “a
quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark
hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of do-
ing what was necessary”.[21] Rowling recalls doing little
work, preferring to listen to the Smiths and read Dickens
and Tolkien.[21] After a year of study in Paris, Rowling
Rowling’s parents met on a train from King’s Cross Station. Af-
graduated from Exeter in 1986[21] and moved to Lon-
ter Rowling used King’s Cross as a gateway into the Wizarding
World, it has since become a popular tourist spot.
don to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for
Amnesty International.[41] In 1988, Rowling wrote a short
essay about her time studying Classics entitled “What was
ration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumble- the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman
dore.[34] Studies Recalled"; it was published by the University of
Exeter’s journal Pegasus.[42]

2.3 Inspiration and mother’s death

After working at Amnesty International in London,

Rowling and her then boyfriend decided to move to
Manchester[26] where she worked at the Chamber of
Commerce.[43] In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-
delayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea
for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry
Rowling’s childhood home, Church Cottage, Tutshill. “came fully formed” into her mind.[26][44][44]
When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she
As a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy stories which began to write immediately.[26][45] In December, Rowl-
she frequently read to her sister.[15] Aged nine, Rowling ing’s mother Anne died after ten years suffering from
moved to Church Cottage in the Gloucestershire village multiple sclerosis.[26] Rowling was writing Harry Potter at
of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales.[26] She attended the time and had never told her mother about it.[19] Her
secondary school at Wyedean School and College, where death heavily affected Rowling’s writing[19] and she in-
her mother worked in the science department.[22] When troduced much more detail about Harry’s loss in the first
she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave her a copy book, because she knew how it felt.[46]
2.5 Harry Potter 3

Edinburgh University,[52] after completing her first novel

while living on state benefits.[53] She wrote in many cafés,
especially Nicolson’s Café (owned by her brother-in-law,
Roger Moore),[54][55] and The Elephant House;[56] wher-
ever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.[26][57] In a 2001
BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she
wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat,
pointing out that it had heating. One of the reasons she
wrote in cafés was that taking her baby out for a walk was
the best way to make her fall asleep.[57]

2.5 Harry Potter

Rowling moved to Porto to teach. In 1993, she returned to the Main article: Harry Potter
UK accompanied by her daughter and three completed chapters In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry
of Harry Potter after her marriage had deteriorated.

2.4 Marriage, divorce and single parent-

hood

An advert in The Guardian[27] led Rowling to move

to Porto in Portugal to teach English as a foreign
language.[8][36] She taught at night, and began writing
in the day while listening to Tchaikovsky's Violin Con-
certo.[21] After eighteen months in Porto, she met Por-
tuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar, and
found they shared an interest in Jane Austen.[27] They
married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica
Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford),
was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[27] Rowling had
previously suffered a miscarriage.[27] The couple sepa-
rated on 17 November 1993.[27][27][47] Biographers have
suggested that Rowling suffered domestic abuse during
her marriage, although the full extent is unknown.[27][48]
In December 1993, Rowling and her then-infant daugh-
ter moved to be near Rowling’s sister in Edinburgh, “The Elephant House” – one of the cafés in[58] Edinburgh in which
Scotland, [26]
with three chapters of what would become Rowling wrote the first Harry Potter novel.
Harry Potter in her suitcase.[21]
Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone on an old manual
Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling typewriter.[59] Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony
saw herself as a failure.[49] Her marriage had failed, and Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book’s
she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little
her failure as liberating and allowing her to focus on Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest
writing.[49] During this period Rowling was diagnosed for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve pub-
with clinical depression and contemplated suicide.[50] Her lishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.[27]
illness inspired the characters known as Dementors, soul- A year later she was finally given the green light (and
sucking creatures introduced in the third book.[51] Rowl- a £1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from
ing signed up for welfare benefits, describing her eco- Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London.[27][60] The
nomic status as being “poor as it is possible to be in mod- decision to publish Rowling’s book owes much to Al-
ern Britain, without being homeless”.[21][49] ice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury’s
Rowling was left in despair after her estranged husband chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her
arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter.[27] father and immediately demanded the next.[61] Although
She obtained an order of restraint and Arantes returned Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham
to Portugal, with Rowling filing for divorce in August says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she
1994.[27] She began a teacher training course in Au- had little chance of making money in children’s books.[62]
gust 1995 at the Moray House School of Education, at Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8000 grant
4 2 BIOGRAPHY

from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue of the Year prize at the British Book Awards.[67]
writing.[63] The title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher’s Stone announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the
with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which Deathly Hallows.[76] In February 2007 it was reported that
were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are val- Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral
ued between £16,000 and £25,000.[64] Five months later, Hotel in Edinburgh that she had finished the seventh book
the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book in that room on 11 January 2007.[77] Harry Potter and
Prize. In February, the novel won the British Book Award the Deathly Hallows was released on 21 July 2007 (0:01
for Children’s Book of the Year, and later, the Children’s BST)[78] and broke its predecessor’s record as the fastest-
Book Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the selling book of all time.[79] It sold 11 million copies in
United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United
won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000. Rowling said States.[79] The book’s last chapter was one of the earliest
that she “nearly died” when she heard the news.[65] In Oc- things she wrote in the entire series.[80]
tober 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher’s Stone in Harry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated
the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s US$15 billion,[81] and the last four Harry Potter books
Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books
have fought if she had been in a better position at the in history.[79][82] The series, totalling 4,195 pages,[83] has
time.[66] Rowling moved from her flat with the money been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.[84]
from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in
Edinburgh. Her neighbours were initially unaware that The Harry Potter books have also gained recognition for
she was the author of the Harry Potter series, but treated sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time
her with respect.[54] when children were thought to be abandoning books for
computers and television,[85] although it is reported that
Its sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading
published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smar-
has continued to decline.[86]
ties Prize.[67] In December 1999, the third novel, Harry
Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties
Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award
three times running.[68] She later withdrew the fourth 2.6 Harry Potter films
Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books
a fair chance. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban Main article: Harry Potter (film series)
won the inaugural Whitbread Children’s Book of the Year
award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights
Heaney's translation of Beowulf.[69] to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.[87] A film
The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and
2000 and broke sales records in both countries. 372,775 the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002.[88] Both
copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, al- films were directed by Chris Columbus. The film version
most equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold dur- of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released
ing its first year.[70] In the US, the book sold three million on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth
copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records.[70] Rowl- film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by
ing said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The
and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a prob- film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was
lem with the plot.[71] Rowling was named Author of the released on 11 July 2007.[88] David Yates directed, and
Year in the 2000 British Book Awards.[72] Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay, having taken
over the position from Steve Kloves. Harry Potter and
A wait of three years occurred between the release of
the Half-Blood Prince was released on 15 July 2009.[89]
Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Pot-
David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write
ter and the Order of the Phoenix. This gap led to press
the script.[90] Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of
speculation that Rowling had developed writer’s block,
the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in two
speculations she denied.[73] Rowling later said that writ-
segments, with part one being released on 19 November
ing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter,
2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011. Yates
and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to
directed both films.[91][92]
finish it.[74]
Warner Bros took considerable notice of Rowling’s de-
The sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince,
sires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of
was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales
her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain
records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of
with an all-British cast,[93] which has been generally ad-
release.[75] In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book
hered to. Rowling also demanded that Coca-Cola, the
2.8 Remarriage and family 5

victor in the race to tie in their products to the film series, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay,
donate US$18 million to the American charity Reading near Aberfeldy, in Perth and Kinross.[110] Rowling also
is Fundamental, as well as several community charity owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington, West
programs.[94] London,[111] on a street with 24-hour security.[112]
The first four, sixth and seventh films were scripted by
Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process,
ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books 2.8 Remarriage and family
in the series.[95] She told Alan Rickman (Severus Snape)
and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) certain secrets about their On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Michael
characters before they were revealed in the books.[96] Murray (born 30 June 1971), an anaesthetist, in a pri-
Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) asked her if Harry died vate ceremony at her home, Killiechassie House, near
at any point in the series; Rowling answered him by Aberfeldy.[113] Their son, David Gordon Rowling Mur-
saying, “You have a death scene”, thereby not explic- ray, was born on 24 March 2003.[114] Shortly after Rowl-
itly answering the question.[97] Director Steven Spielberg ing began writing Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince,
was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. she ceased working on the novel to care for David in his
The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a early infancy.[115]
role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she had no Rowling is a friend of Sarah Brown, wife of former prime
say in who directed the films and would not have ve- minister Gordon Brown, whom she met when they collab-
toed Spielberg.[98] Rowling’s first choice for the direc- orated on a charitable project. When Sarah Brown’s son
tor had been Monty Python member Terry Gilliam, but Fraser was born in 2003, Rowling was one of the first to
Warner Bros. wanted a family-friendly film and chose visit her in hospital.[116] Rowling’s youngest child, daugh-
Columbus.[99] ter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she ded-
Rowling had gained some creative control on the films, icated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born
[117]
reviewing all the scripts[100] as well as acting as a producer on 23 January 2005.
[101]
on the final two-part instalment, Deathly Hallows. In October 2012, a New Yorker magazine article stated
Rowling, producers David Heyman and David Barron, that the Rowling family lived in a seventeenth-century
along with directors David Yates, Mike Newell and Edinburgh house, concealed at the front by tall conifer
Alfonso Cuarón collected the Michael Balcon Award for hedges. Prior to October 2012, Rowling lived near the
Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 author Ian Rankin, who later said she was quiet and in-
British Academy Film Awards in honour of the Harry trospective, and that she seemed in her element with
Potter film franchise.[102] children.[118][119] As of June 2014, the family reside in
Scotland.[120]
In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an “ex-
panded creative partnership” with Rowling, based on a
planned series of films about Newt Scamander, author of
2.9 The Casual Vacancy
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. The first film
will be scripted by Rowling, and be set roughly 70 years
In July 2011, Rowling parted company with her agent,
before the events of the main series.[103] In 2014, it was
Christopher Little, moving to a new agency founded by
announced that the series would consist of three films.[104]
one of his staff, Neil Blair.[21][121] On 23 February 2012,
Rowling’s new agency, the Blair Partnership, announced
on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new
2.7 Success book targeted at adults. In a press release, Rowling
said that her new book would be quite different from
In 2004, Forbes named Rowling as the first person to be- Harry Potter. In April 2012, Little, Brown and Company
come a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books,[105] the announced that the book was entitled The Casual Va-
second-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd rich- cancy and would be released on 27 September 2012.[122]
est person in the world.[106] Rowling disputed the cal- Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances
culations and said she had plenty of money, but was to promote The Casual Vacancy, including at the London
not a billionaire.[107] The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List Southbank Centre,[123] the Cheltenham Literature Festi-
named Rowling the 144th richest person in Britain.[11] In val,[124] The Charlie Rose Show[125] and the Lennoxlove
2012, Forbes removed Rowling from their rich list, claim- Book Festival.[126] In its first three weeks of release, The
ing that her US$160 million in charitable donations and Casual Vacancy sold over 1 million copies worldwide.[127]
the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a On 3 December 2012, it was announced that The Casual
billionaire.[108] In February 2013 she was assessed as the Vacancy will become a BBC television drama series ex-
13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by pected to air in 2014 on BBC One. The series will be pro-
Woman’s Hour on BBC Radio 4.[109] duced by Rowling’s agent, Neil Blair, through his inde-
In 2001, Rowling purchased a 19th-century estate house, pendent production company and with Rick Senat serving
6 3 FUTURE WRITING

as executive producer. Rowling is collaborating on the name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith.[143]
adaptation. The number and length of episodes will be Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude
decided once the adaptation process has begun.[128][129] Callegari could have been Rowling as part of wider spec-
ulation that the entire affair had been a publicity stunt.
Some also noted that many of the writers who had ini-
2.10 Cormoran Strike tially praised the book, such as Alex Bray or Val Mc-
Dermid, were within Rowling’s circle of acquaintances;
Over the years, Rowling often spoke of writing a crime both vociferously denied any foreknowledge of Rowl-
novel. In 2007, during the Edinburgh Book Festi- ing’s authorship.[139] Judith “Jude” Callegari was the best
val, author Ian Rankin claimed that his wife spotted friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner within Rus-
Rowling “scribbling away” at a detective novel in a sells Solicitors, Rowling’s legal representatives.[144][145]
café.[130] Rankin later retracted the story, claiming it was Rowling released a statement saying she was disappointed
a joke,[131] but the rumour persisted, with a report in 2012 and angry;[144] Russells apologised for the leak, confirm-
in The Guardian speculating that Rowling’s next book ing it was not part of a marketing stunt and that “the dis-
would be a crime novel.[132] In an interview with Stephen closure was made in confidence to someone he [Gossage]
Fry in 2005, Rowling claimed that she would much pre- trusted implicitly”.[141] Russells made a donation to the
fer to write any subsequent books under a pseudonym, Soldiers’ Charity on Rowling’s behalf and reimbursed her
but she conceded to Jeremy Paxman in 2003 that if she for her legal fees.[146] On 26 November 2013 the Solici-
did, the press would probably “find out in seconds”.[133] tors Regulation Authority (SRA) issued Gossage a writ-
[147]
In April 2013, Little Brown published The Cuckoo’s Call- ten rebuke and £1000 fine for breaching privacy rules.
ing, the purported début novel of author Robert Gal- On 17 February 2014, Rowling announced that the sec-
braith, who the publisher described as “a former plain- ond Cormoran Strike novel, named The Silkworm, would
clothes Royal Military Police investigator who had left be released in June 2014. It sees Strike investigating the
in 2003 to work in the civilian security industry”.[134] disappearance of a writer hated by many of his old friends
The novel, a detective story in which private investiga- for insulting them in his new novel.[148]
tor Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a
supermodel, sold 1500 copies in hardback (although the
matter was not resolved as of 21 July 2013, later re- 3 Future writing
ports stated that this number is the number of copies that
were printed for the first run, while the sales total was
closer to 500),[135] and received acclaim from other crime In 2006, Rowling announced that she had finished writing
writers[134] and critics[136] —a Publisher’s Weekly review a few short stories and another children’s book (a “politi-
called the book a “stellar debut”,[137] while the Library cal fairy story”) about a monster, aimed at a younger audi-
Journal's mystery section pronounced the novel “the de- ence than Harry Potter readers.[149] In July 2007, Rowling
but of the month”.[138] said that she wanted to dedicate more time to her fam-
ily, but is currently writing two works, one for children
India Knight, a novelist and columnist for the Sunday and the other for adults.[150] She did not give any details
Times, tweeted on 9 July 2013 that she had been read- about the two projects but did state that she was excited
ing The Cuckoo’s Calling and thought it was good for a because the two book situation reminded her of writing
début novel. In response, a tweeter called Jude Calle- the Philosopher’s Stone, explaining how she was then writ-
gari said that the author was “Rowling”. Knight queried ing two books until Harry took over.[151]
this but got no further reply.[139] Knight notified Richard
Brooks, arts editor of the Sunday Times, who began his In November 2007, Rowling said that she was working
on another book, a “half-finished book for children that I
own investigation.[139][140] After discovering that Rowl-
ing and Galbraith had the same agent and editor, he sent think will probably be the next thing I publish”.[152]
the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities, In March 2008, Rowling said in an interview that she had
and subsequently contacted Rowling’s agent who con- returned to writing in Edinburgh cafés, intent on com-
firmed it was Rowling’s pseudonym.[140] Within days of posing a new novel for children.[153] Rowling also con-
Rowling being revealed as the author, sales of the book firmed that her political fairy tale for children was nearing
rose by 4000 percent,[139] and Little Brown printed an- completion.[154]
other 140,000 copies to meet the increase in demand.[141] In September 2012, Rowling stated that she was cur-
As of 18 June 2013, a signed copy of the first edition rently working on two books for readership younger than
sold for US$4,453 (£2,950), while an unsold signed first- Harry Potter.[21] She maintained in an interview with The
edition copy was being offered for $6,188 (£3,950).[135] Guardian that one of those two books is the “political
Rowling said that she had enjoyed working under a fairy tale” she spoke of previously, although she expects
pseudonym.[142] On her Robert Galbraith website, Rowl- to release the other book as her next project.[155] At the
ing explained that she took the name from one of her per- Cheltenham Literature Festival on 6 October 2012 she
sonal heroes, Robert Kennedy, and a childhood fantasy said that she had a couple of things on her laptop aimed
4.2 Multiple sclerosis 7

at a slightly younger age group than Harry Potter which in Crisis.[171] In 2002 Rowling contributed a foreword to
are “nearly done”.[156] Magic, an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury
Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Coun-
cil for One Parent Families.[172]
3.1 Future of Harry Potter
In 2005, Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded
the Children’s High Level Group (now Lumos).[173] In
Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more
January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the
books in the Harry Potter series.[157] In October 2007 she
use of caged beds in mental institutions for children.[174]
stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fan-
To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of
tasy genre.[158] On 1 October 2010, in an interview with
seven handwritten and illustrated copies of The Tales of
Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga
Beedle the Bard, a series of fairy tales referred to in Harry
might happen.[159]
Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The book was purchased
In 2007, Rowling stated that she plans to write an ency- for £1.95 million by on-line bookseller Amazon.com on
clopaedia of Harry Potter's wizarding world consisting of 13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive mod-
various unpublished material and notes.[160] Any profits ern book ever sold at auction.[175][175][176] Rowling gave
from such a book would be given to charity.[161] During a away the remaining six copies to those who have a close
news conference at Hollywood’s Kodak Theatre in 2007, connection with the Harry Potter books.[175] In 2008,
Rowling, when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds
along, said, “It’s not coming along, and I haven't started going to Lumos.[119] On 1 June 2010 (International Chil-
writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do.”[162] dren’s Day), Lumos launched an annual initiative – Light
At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia a Birthday Candle for Lumos.[177] In November 2013,
could take up to ten years to complete.[163] Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of The
In June 2011, Rowling announced that future Harry Pot- Tales of Beedle the Bard, totalling nearly £19 million.[178]
ter projects, and all electronic downloads, would be con- In July 2012, Rowling was featured at the 2012 Summer
centrated in a new website, called Pottermore.[164] The Olympics opening ceremony in London where she read a
site includes 18,000 words of information on characters, few lines from J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan as part of a trib-
places and objects in the Harry Potter universe.[165] ute to Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital. An in-
flatable representation of Lord Voldemort and other chil-
dren’s literary characters accompanied her reading.[179]
4 Philanthropy
4.2 Multiple sclerosis
In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust,
which uses its annual budget of £5.1 million to com-
Rowling has contributed money and support for research
bat poverty and social inequality. The fund also gives to
and treatment of multiple sclerosis, from which her
organisations that aid children, one parent families, and
[150][166] mother suffered before her death in 1990. In 2006, Rowl-
multiple sclerosis research.
ing contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of
a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh
University, later named the Anne Rowling Regenerative
4.1 Anti-poverty and children’s welfare
Neurology Clinic.[180] In 2010 she donated a further £10
million to the centre.[181] For reasons unknown, Scotland,
Rowling, once a single parent, is now president of the
Rowling’s country of adoption, has the highest rate of
charity Gingerbread (originally One Parent Families),
[167][168] multiple sclerosis in the world. In 2003, Rowling took
having become their first Ambassador in 2000.
part in a campaign to establish a national standard of care
Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book
[169] for MS sufferers.[182] In April 2009, she announced that
of children’s stories to aid One Parent Families.
she was withdrawing her support for Multiple Sclerosis
In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser Comic Relief Society Scotland, citing her inability to resolve an ongo-
asked three best-selling British authors – cookery writer ing feud between the organisation’s northern and south-
and TV presenter Delia Smith, Bridget Jones creator ern branches that had sapped morale and led to several
Helen Fielding, and Rowling – to submit booklets related resignations.[182]
to their most famous works for publication.[170] Rowling’s
two booklets, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
and Quidditch Through the Ages, are ostensibly facsim- 4.3 Other philanthropic work
iles of books found in the Hogwarts library. Since go-
ing on sale in March 2001, the books have raised £15.7 In May 2008, bookseller Waterstones asked Rowling and
million for the fund. The £10.8 million they have raised 12 other writers (Sebastian Faulks, Doris Lessing, Lisa
outside the UK have been channelled into a newly cre- Appignanesi, Margaret Atwood, Lauren Child, Richard
ated International Fund for Children and Young People Ford, Neil Gaiman, Nick Hornby, Michael Rosen, Axel
8 6 VIEWS

Scheffler, Tom Stoppard and Irvine Welsh) to compose 6 Views

a short piece of their own choosing on a single A5 card,
which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities
6.1 Politics
Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling’s contribu-
tion was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel that concerns
See also: Politics of Harry Potter
Harry’s father, James Potter, and godfather, Sirius Black,
and takes place three years before Harry was born. The
cards were collated and sold for charity in book form in In September 2008, on the eve of the Labour Party
August 2008.[183] Conference, Rowling announced that she had donated
£1 million to the Labour Party, and publicly endorsed
On 1 and 2 August 2006, she read alongside Stephen King
Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown over Tory chal-
and John Irving at Radio City Music Hall in New York
lenger David Cameron, praising Labour’s policies on
City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven
child poverty.[193] Rowling is a close friend of Sarah
Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left
Brown, wife of Gordon Brown, whom she met when they
uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO
collaborated on a charitable project (see above).[116]
Médecins Sans Frontières.[184] In May 2007, Rowling
pledged a donation reported as over £250,000 to a reward Rowling discussed the 2008 United States presidential
fund started by the tabloid News of the World for the safe election with the Spanish-language newspaper El País in
return of a young British girl, Madeleine McCann, who February 2008, stating that the election would have a pro-
disappeared in Portugal.[185] Rowling, along with Nelson found effect on the rest of the world. She also said that
Mandela, Al Gore, and Alan Greenspan, wrote an intro- Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton would be “extraordi-
duction to a collection of Gordon Brown’s speeches, the nary” in the White House. In the same interview, Rowl-
proceeds of which were donated to the Jennifer Brown ing identified Robert F. Kennedy as her hero.[194]
Research Laboratory.[186] After her exposure as the true In April 2010, Rowling published an article in The Times,
author of The Cuckoo’s Calling led a massive increase in in which she criticised Cameron’s plan to encourage mar-
sales, Rowling announced she would donate all her roy- ried couples to stay together by offering them a £150 an-
alties to the Army Benevolent Fund, claiming she had al- nual tax credit: “Nobody who has ever experienced the
ways intended to, but never expected the book to be a reality of poverty could say 'it’s not the money, it’s the
bestseller.[187] message'. When your flat has been broken into, and you
Rowling is a supporter of The Shannon Trust, which runs cannot afford a locksmith, it is the money. When you are
the Toe by Toe Reading Plan and the Shannon Reading two pence short of a tin of baked beans, and your child is
Plan in prisons across Britain, helping and giving tutoring hungry, it is the money. When you find yourself contem-
to prisoners who cannot read.[188] plating shoplifting to get nappies, it is the money.”[195]
As a resident of Scotland, Rowling was eligible to vote
in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence, and
campaigned for the “No” vote.[155] She donated £1 mil-
lion to the Better Together anti-independence campaign
5 Influences (run by her former neighbour Alistair Darling),[120] the
largest donation it had received at the time. In a blog
post, Rowling explained that an open letter from Scot-
See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues tish medical professionals raised problems with First
Minister Alex Salmond's plans for a common research
[120]
Rowling has named communist and civil rights activist funding. Rowling compared some Scottish National-
Jessica Mitford as "[her] most influential writer” saying, ists with the Death Eaters, characters from Harry Potter
“Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 who are scornful of those without pure blood.[196]
years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt
discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19
to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and
6.2 Religion
claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was
“incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventur- Main article: Religious debates over the Harry Potter
ous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than series
a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypo-
critical target”.[189] Rowling has described Jane Austen Over the years, some religious people, particularly Chris-
as her favourite author,[190] calling Emma her favourite tians, have decried Rowling’s books for supposedly pro-
book in O magazine.[191] As a child, Rowling has said moting witchcraft. Rowling identifies as a Christian,[197]
her early influences included The Lion, The Witch and and attended a Church of Scotland congregation while
The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis, The Little White Horse by writing Harry Potter. Her eldest daughter, Jessica, was
Elizabeth Goudge, and Manxmouse by Paul Gallico.[192] baptised there.[197][198] She once said, “I believe in God,
 9

not magic.”[199] Early on she felt that if readers knew of the inquiry; although she was not suspected to have been
her Christian beliefs they would be able to predict her plot the victim of phone hacking,[215] her testimony included
line.[200] accounts of photographers camping on her doorstep, her
In 2007, Rowling described having been brought up in fiancé being duped into giving his home[215] address to a jour-
the Church of England. She said she was the only one nalist masquerading as a tax official, her chasing a
[208]
in her family who regularly went to church. As a student journalist a week after giving birth, a journalist leav-
she became annoyed at the “smugness of religious people” ing a note inside her then-five-year-old daughter’s school-
and worshipped less often. Later, she started to attend bag, and an attempt by the Sun to “blackmail” her into a
photo opportunity in exchange for the return of a stolen
again at a church in Edinburgh.[201]
manuscript.[216] Rowling claimed she had to leave her for-
In a 2006 interview with Tatler magazine, Rowling noted mer home in Merchiston because of press intrusion.[216]
that, “like Graham Greene, my faith is sometimes about In November 2012, Rowling wrote an article for The
if my faith will return. It’s important to me.”[19] She Guardian in reaction to David Cameron's decision not to
has said that she has struggled with doubt, that she be- implement the full recommendations of the Leveson in-
lieves in an afterlife,[202] and that her faith plays a part in quiry, saying she felt “duped and angry”.[217]
her books.[203][204][205] In a 2012 radio interview she said
she was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church, a In 2014, Rowling reaffirmed her support for "Hacked
province of the Anglican Communion.[206] Off" and its campaign towards press self-regulation by
co-signing with other British celebrities a declaration to
"[safeguard] the press from political interference while
also giving vital protection to the vulnerable.”[218]
6.3 On the press

Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press.

She admits to being “thin-skinned” and dislikes the fickle 7 Legal disputes
nature of reporting. Rowling disputes her reputation as a
recluse who hates to be interviewed.[207] Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series
By 2011, Rowling had taken more than 50 actions against
the press.[208] In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission Rowling, her publishers, and Time Warner, the owner of
upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unautho- the rights to the Harry Potter films, have taken numer-
rised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach ous legal actions to protect their copyright. The world-
in Mauritius published in OK! Magazine.[209] In 2007, wide popularity of the Harry Potter series has led to the
Rowling’s young son, David, assisted by Rowling and her appearance of a number of locally produced, unautho-
husband, lost a court fight to ban publication of a pho- rised sequels and other derivative works, sparking efforts
tograph of him. The photo, taken by a photographer to ban or contain them.[219]
using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in
a Sunday Express article featuring Rowling’s family life Another area of legal dispute involves a series of injunc-
and motherhood.[18] The judgement was overturned in tions obtained by Rowling and her publishers to prohibit
David’s favour in May 2008.[210] anyone from reading her books before their official re-
lease date.[220] The injunction drew fire from civil lib-
Rowling particularly dislikes the British tabloid the Daily erties and free speech campaigners and sparked debates
Mail, which has conducted interviews with her estranged over the “right to read”.[221][222]
ex-husband. As one journalist noted, “Harry’s Uncle
Vernon is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies
and remarkably little brain. It is not difficult to guess
which newspaper Rowling gives him to read [in Goblet 8 Awards and honours
of Fire].”[211] As of January 2014, she was seeking dam-
ages from the Mail for libel over an article about her time Rowling has received honorary degrees from St Andrews
as a single mother.[212] Some have speculated that Rowl- University, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
ing’s fraught relationship with the press was the inspira- Napier University, the University of Exeter,[223] the
tion behind the character Rita Skeeter, a gossipy celebrity University of Aberdeen[224][225] and Harvard Univer-
journalist who first appears in Goblet of Fire, but Rowl- sity, for whom she spoke at the 2008 commencement
ing noted in 2000 that the character predates her rise to ceremony.[226] In 2009 Rowling was awarded the Légion
fame.[213] d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[30]
In September 2011, Rowling was named a “core partic- Other awards include:[67]
ipant” in the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practices
and ethics of the British press, as one of dozens of celebri-
ties who may have been the victim of phone hacking.[214] • 1997: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for
On 24 November 2011, Rowling gave evidence before Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
10 9 PUBLICATIONS

• 2006: British Book of the Year, winner for Harry

Potter and the Half Blood Prince

• 2007: Blue Peter Badge, Gold

• 2008: British Book Awards, Outstanding Achieve-

ment

• 2010: Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award,

inaugural award winner

• 2011: British Academy Film Awards, Outstanding

British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Pot-
ter film series, shared with David Heyman, cast and
crew

• 2012: Freedom of the City of London

9 Publications

9.1 Harry Potter series

1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (26 June

1997)

2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2 July

Rowling, after receiving an honorary degree from the University
1998)
of Aberdeen.
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July
• 1998: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for 1999)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (8 July 2000)
• 1998: British Children’s Book of the Year, winner
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone 5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (21 June
• 1999: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for 2003)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (16 July
• 1999: National Book Awards Children’s Book of 2005)
the Year, winner Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets 7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)

• 1999: Whitbread Children’s Book of the Year, win-

ner Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 9.2 Other children’s books
• 2000: British Book Awards, Author of the Year[72]
• Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supple-
• 2000: Order of the British Empire, Officer (for ser- ment to the Harry Potter series) (1 March 2001)
vices to Children’s literature)
• 2000: Locus Award, winner Harry Potter and the • Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the
Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter series) (1 March 2001)

• 2001: Hugo Award for Best Novel, winner Harry • The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the
Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter series) (4 December 2008)
• 2003: Premio Príncipe de Asturias, Concord
• 2003: Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young 9.3 Adult books
Readers, winner Harry Potter and the Order of the
Phoenix • The Casual Vacancy (27 September 2012)
 11

9.4 Cormoran Strike series [3] Flood, Alison (17 June 2008). “Potter tops 400 million
sales”. theBookseller.com. The Bookseller. Retrieved 12
• The Cuckoo’s Calling (as Robert Galbraith) (18 September 2008.
April 2013)
[4] “Record for best-selling book series”. Guinness World
• The Silkworm (as Robert Galbraith) (19 June 2014) Records. Retrieved 18 April 2012.

[5] “Movie Franchises and Brands Index”. Box Office Mojo.

Retrieved 19 December 2012.
9.5 Short story
[6] “Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer
• Harry Potter prequel (July 2008) David Heyman”. firstshowing.net. 2010. Retrieved 29
December 2010.
• Daily Prophet reports about the Quidditch World Cup
[7] “Warner Bros. Pictures Worldwide Satellite Trailer De-
(July 2014)[227]
but: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1”. Busi-
nesswire. 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
9.6 Articles [8] Shapiro, Marc (2000). J.K. Rowling: The Wizard Behind
Harry Potter. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-
• McNeil, Gil and Brown, Sarah, editors (2002). 312-32586-X.
Foreword to the anthology Magic. Bloomsbury.
[9] Flood, Alison (17 February 2014). “JK Rowling to pub-
• Brown, Gordon (2006). Introduction to “Ending lish second novel as Robert Galbraith”. The Guardian.
Child Poverty” in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Speeches 1997–2006. Bloomsbury. [10] Farr, Emma-Victoria (3 October 2012). “JK Rowling:
Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts”. London: The Tele-
• Sussman, Peter Y., editor (26 July 2006). “The First graph. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by
Jessica Mitford". The Daily Telegraph. [11] Sunday Times Rich List – Joanne Rowling; Women’s Rich
List – Joanne Rowling. The Sunday Times. 27 April 2008.
• Anelli, Melissa (2008). Foreword to Harry, A His- Retrieved 20 May 2008.
tory. Pocket Books.
[12] No.48 J.K. Rowling. Forbes Magazine. 14 June 2007.
• Rowling, J.K. (5 June 2008). “The Fringe Bene- Retrieved 20 October 2007.
fits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination”. [13] Person of the Year 2007 Runners-Up: J.K. Rowling. Time
Harvard Magazine. Magazine. 23 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December
2007.
• Rowling, J.K. (30 April 2009). “Gordon Brown –
The 2009 Time 100”. TIME Magazine. [14] Pearse, Damien (11 October 2010). “Harry Potter creator
JK Rowling named Most Influential Woman in the UK”.
• Rowling, J.K. (14 April 2010). “The Single Guardian (UK). Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Mother’s Manifesto”. The Times.
[15] “The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J. K.
• Rowling, J.K. (30 November 2012). “I feel duped Rowling” J. K. Rowling. From accio-quote.org. Re-
and angry at David Cameron’s reaction to Leveson”. trieved 28 April 2008.
The Guardian. [16] “Jo Rowling Interview on Oprah”. The Oprah
Winfrey Show. 2010-10-01. Event occurs
at 1:50. http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/
9.7 Other media Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling. Retrieved 28
January 2012.
• Rowling, J.K. (guest editor) (28 April 2014).
“Woman’s Hour Takeover”. Woman’s Hour, BBC [17] Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. “J.K. Rowling:
Radio 4.[228] CBC Interview #1”. Accio-Quote. 26 October 2000. Re-
trieved 24 December 2013.

[18] Judge rules against JK Rowling in privacy case. Guardian

10 References Unlimited. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.

[19] Greig, Geordie, “There would be so much to tell her...”

[1] Caine heads birthday honours list. BBC News. 17 June Daily Telegraph. 10 January 2006. Retrieved 8 August
2000. Retrieved 25 October 2000. 2010.

[2] “BBC’s secret guide to avoid tripping over your tongue”. [20] “Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling”. The
Daily Telegraph (London). 19 October 2006. Retrieved Leveson Inquiry. November 2011. Retrieved 25 Novem-
17 November 2011. ber 2011.
12 10 REFERENCES

[21] Ian Parker (2012). “Mugglemarch”. The New Yorker. [41] Norman-Culp, Sheila. British author rides up the charts
Retrieved 23 September 2012. on a wizard’s tale. Associated Press. 1998. Retrieved 6
December 2007.
[22] Sean Smith, J.K. Rowling: A Biography (Michael O'Mara,
London, 2003), p. 55. [42] Rowling, Joanne (1988). What was the Name of that
Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled. Ex-
[23] JK Rowling Biography. Scholastic.com. Retrieved 20 eter: University of Exeter Department of Classics and An-
October 2007. cient History.

[24] “Rowling, J.K”. World Book 2006. [43] McGinty, Stephen The JK Rowling Story 16 June 2003.
Accessed 9 April 2006.
[25] Hutchinson, Lynne (6 September 2012). “Concerns
raised about future of former Chipping Sodbury cottage [44] Loer, Stephanie. All about Harry Potter from quidditch
hospital site”. Gazette Series (Gloucestershire, UK). Re- to the future of the Sorting Hat. The Boston Globe. 18
trieved 1 October 2012. October 1999. Retrieved 10 October 2007.

[26] “J. K. Rowling’s biography”. J.K. Rowling’s official web- [45] “Harry Potter and Me”. BBC Christmas Special. 13
site. Retrieved 17 March 2006. November 2002. Retrieved 25 February 2007.

[27] McGinty, Stephen. The JK Rowling Story. The Scotsman. [46] Transcript of Richard and Judy. Richard & Judy, Channel
16 June 2003. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Four Corporation (UK). 26 June 2006. Retrieved 4 July
2006.
[28] “J.K. Rowling’s ancestors on ScotlandsPeople”. Scot-
landsPeople. Retrieved 27 September 2011. [47] Weeks, Linton. “Charmed, I'm Sure”. The Washington
Post. 20 October 1999. Retrieved 21 March 2006.
[29] Kimberly Powell. “Ancestry of J.K. Rowling - Family
Tree of Harry Potter Author, JK Rowling”. About. Re- [48] Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography.
trieved 1 November 2014. United States: Greenwood Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-313-
32205-8. “Soon, by many eyewitness accounts and even
[30] Keaten, Jamey (3 February 2009). “France honors Harry some versions of Jorge’s own story, domestic violence be-
Potter author Rowling”. USA Today. Associated Press. came a painful reality in Jo’s life.”
Retrieved 7 November 2010.
[49] JK Rowling (June 2008). “JK Rowling: The fringe ben-
[31] Colleen A. Sexton (2008). J. K. Rowling. Brookfield, efits of failure”. TED. Retrieved 5 March 2011. “Failure
Conn: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 0- & imagination”
8225-7949-9.
[50] “Harry Potter author: I considered suicide”. CNN. 23
[32] Winterbourne Family History Online, St Michael’s School March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
Admission Register 1966–1970 – Rowling listed as ad-
mission No.305. Retrieved 14 August 2006. [51] Harry Potter’s magician. BBC News. 18 February 2003.
Retrieved 30 December 2007.
[33] “Happy birthday J.K. Rowling – here are 10 magical facts
about the 'Harry Potter' author”. Los Angeles Times. 31 [52] “JK Rowling awarded honorary degree”. Daily Telegraph
July 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010. (London). 8 July 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2012.

[34] Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J. K. Rowling: a biography. [53] Melissa Anelli (2008). Harry, A History: The True Story
Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-313- of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life Inside the Harry Potter
32205-8. Phenomenon. New York: Pocket. p. 44. ISBN 1-4165-
5495-5.
[35] Rowling, JK. The first It Girl. The Daily Telegraph. 26
November 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007. [54] Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography.
United States: Greenwood Press.
[36] Fraser, Lindsey. Harry and me. The Scotsman. 2 Novem-
ber 2002: interview with Rowling, edited excerpt from [55] Dunn, Elisabeth (30 June 2007). “From the dole to Hol-
Conversations with J.K. Rowling. Mirror site lywood”. Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 8 August
2010.
[37] Feldman, Roxanne. The Truth about Harry, School Li-
brary Journal, September 1999. [56] “JK Rowling – Biography on Bio.”. Biographies.co.uk.
Retrieved 26 December 2012.
[38] Fraser, Lindsey. Conversations with J.K. Rowling, pg 19–
20, Scholastic. [57] “Harry Potter and Me”. BBC Christmas Special. 28 De-
cember 2001. Transcribed by “Marvelous Marvolo” and
[39] Fraser, Lindsey. Conversations with J.K. Rowling, pg 29 Jimmi Thøgersen. Quick Quotes Quill.org. Retrieved 17
Scholastic. March 2006.

[40] Fraser, Lindsey. Conversations with J.K. Rowling, pg 34 [58] Damien Henderson (2007). “How JK Rowling has us
Scholastic. spellbound”. The Herald. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
 13

[59] Riccio, Heather. Interview with JK Rowling, Author of [79] Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m. BBC News. 23 July
Harry Potter. Hilary Magazine. Retrieved 26 October 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
2007.
[80] “Rowling to kill two in final book”. London: BBC News.
[60] “Meet the Writers: J. K. Rowling”. Barnes & Noble. Re- 27 June 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2010.27 June 2006.
trieved 25 March 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2007.

[61] Lawless, John (3 July 2005). “Revealed: The eight-year- [81] Harry Potter, the $15 billion man. Advertising Age. Re-
old girl who saved Harry Potter”. The New Zealand Her- trieved 7 November 2007.
ald. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
[82] Pauli, Michelle. "June date for Harry Potter 5". The
[62] Blais, Jacqueline. “Harry Potter has been very good to Guardian; "Potter 'is fastest-selling book ever". BBC
JK Rowling. USA Today 9 July 2005. Retrieved 26 May News. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
2009.
[83] Sawyer, Jenny. Missing from 'Harry Potter' – a real moral
[63] Scottish Arts Council Wants Payback. hpna.com. 30 struggle. The Christian Science Monitor. 25 July 2007.
November 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
[64] Kleffel, Rick. Rare Harry Potter books. metroactive.com. [84] Associated, By (29 June 2007). “Final Harry Potter is
22 July 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2006. expected to set record”. The Boston Globe. 29 June 2007.
Retrieved 29 June 2007.
[65] Reynolds, Nigel. "$100,000 Success Story for Penniless
Mother”. The Daily Telegraph. 7 July 1997. Retrieved 25 [85] New Study Finds That the Harry Potter Series Has a Pos-
October 2007. itive Impact on Kids’ Reading and Their School Work.
Scholastic. 25 July 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
[66] “Red Nose Day” Online Chat Transcript, BBC Online,
12 March 2001, The Burrow. Retrieved 16 April 2008. [86] Mehegan, David. Mehegan, David (9 July 2007). “In end,
Archived at Wayback Engine. Potter magic extends only so far”. The Boston Globe. 9
July 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
[67] “Harry Potter awards”. Bloomsbury Publishing House.
Retrieved 30 July 2013. [87] Walker, Andrew. “Harry Potter is off to Hollywood –
[68] Potter’s award hat-trick. BBC News. 1 December 1999. writer a Millionairess”. The Scotsman. 9 October 1998.
Retrieved 25 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.

[69] Gibbons, Fiachra. “Beowulf slays the wizard”. Guardian [88] Harry Potter release dates. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved
Unlimited. 26 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2006. 25 October 2007.

[70] “Potter sales record”. Reuters/PRNewswire. 11 July [89] “Half-Blood Prince Filming News: Threat of Strike to Af-
2000. Retrieved 25 October 2007. fect Harry Potter Six?". The Leaky Cauldron.19 Septem-
ber 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
[71] Johnstone, Anne. The hype surrounding the fourth Harry
Potter book belies the fact that Joanne Rowling had some [90] Spelling, Ian. Yates Confirmed For Potter VI. Sci Fi Wire.
of her blackest moments writing it – and that the pressure 3 May 2007. Archived 5 May 2007 at the Wayback Ma-
was self-imposed; a kind of magic. The Herald. 8 July chine
2000. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
[91] Jeff Boucher (13 March 2008). “Final 'Harry Potter' book
[72] “JK Rowling Biography”. Biography Channel. Retrieved will be split into two movies”. Los Angeles Times. Re-
26 August 2013. “Rowling was named Author of The trieved 13 March 2008.
Year at the British Book Awards in 2000”
[92] “WB Sets Lots of New Release Dates!". Comingsoon.net.
[73] Rowling denies writer’s block. BBC News. 8 August 24 February 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
[93] Treneman, Ann. J.K. Rowling, the interview. The Times.
[74] Grossman, Lev. “J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All”. Time 30 June 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
magazine. 17 July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
[94] Coke backs Harry Potter literacy drive. BBC News. 9
[75] New Potter book topples U.S. sales records. MSNBC. 18 October 2001. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
[95] Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. “Interview with Steve Kloves
[76] Press Release. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. and J.K. Rowling”. BBC Newsround. February 2003.
Bloomsbury. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2006.

[77] Cornwell, Tim.Finish or bust – JK Rowling’s unlikely [96] “J.K. Rowling: 'Fans will be happy'". CBBC Newsround.
message in an Edinburgh hotel room. The Scotsman. 3 2 November 2001. Retrieved 21 March 2006.
February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
[97] J.K. Rowling on 'Today' part 2: what Daniel Radcliffe
[78] Rowling, J. K. “J.K.Rowling Official Site”. Archived from knew, the final line (with video). Times Herald-Record.
the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
 14 10 REFERENCES

[98] Rowling denies vetoing Spielberg. J. K. Rowling’s offi- [117] J.K. Rowling’s Official Site, “JKR gives Birth to Baby
cial site (now archived at Wayback Machine). Retrieved Girl”. Retrieved 25 January 2005. Archived at Wayback
3 April 2006. Machine.

[99] Wizard News: Terry Gilliam Bitter About “Potter”. Wiz- [118] Ian Parker (1 October 2012). “MUGGLEMARCH”. New
ard News. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2007. Yorker Magazine. Condé Nast. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
[100] Billington, Alex; Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Pot- [119] “Biography”. J.K. Rowling.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
ter' Producer David Heyman. firstshowing.net. 9 Decem-
ber 2010. Retrieved on 29 September 2011. [120] Carrell, Severin (11 June 2014). “JK Rowling donates
£1m to Scotland’s anti-independence campaign”. the-
[101] Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J. K. Rowling as pro- guardian.com (Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 11
ducer. Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Retrieved on June 2014.
29 September 2011.
[121] Charlotte Williams (2011). “Rowling leaves Christopher
[102] “Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 – Little Agency”. thebookseller.com. Retrieved 4 July
The Harry Potter Films”. British Academy of Film and 2011.
Television Arts. 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
[122] Little, Brown & Company (2012). “The Casual Vacancy”.
[103] “Warner Bros. Announces Expanded Creative Partner- Retrieved 13 April 2012.
ship with J.K. Rowling”. Business Wire. Retrieved 12
September 2013. [123] “JK Rowling launches new novel at Southbank Centre”.
The Londonist. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
[104] Brooks Barnes (29 March 2014). “Warner’s C.E.O. Is
Bullish on the Big Screen”. The New York Times. Re- [124] “JK Rowling to appear at Cheltenham Literature Festival”.
trieved 1 April 2014. BBC News. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

[105] Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. “J.K. Rowling And [125] “An hour with J. K. Rowling”. Charlie Rose LLC. 19 Oc-
The Billion-Dollar Empire”. Forbes.com. 26 February tober 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
2004. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
[126] “J.K. Rowling | Lennoxlove Book Festival”. Lennoxlove
[106] #1062 Joanne (JK) Rowling. Forbes.com. Retrieved 16 Book Festival. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
March 2008; Oprah is Richest Female Entertainer. Con-
[127] “After Strong Start, J.K. Rowling’s 'The Casual Vacancy'
tact Music. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
Falls on Charts”. The Wall Street Journal. 2012. Re-
[107] J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch. MSN. Re- trieved 8 November 2012.
trieved 9 August 2007.
[128] “Rowling’s Casual Vacancy to become BBC TV drama
[108] “J.K Rowling: Billionaire to millionaire”. The New series”. BBC. 3 December 2012.
Zealand Herald. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 16 January
[129] Singh, Anita (3 December 2012). “JK Rowling’s The Ca-
2013.
sual Vacancy to be BBC drama”. The Daily Telegraph
[109] “BBC Radio 4, Woman’s Hour Power list”. BBC. Re- (London). Retrieved 3 December 2012.
trieved 1 November 2014.
[130] “J.K. Rowling writing crime novel, says report”. CBC
[110] Nichols, Michelle. Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author. News. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
The Scotsman. 22 November 2001. Retrieved 25 October
[131] Lea, Richard (20 August 2007). “Rowling’s 'crime novel'
2007.
is a red herring”. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 13
[111] Boshoff, Alison. What does JK Rowling do with her July 2013.
money. Daily Mail. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 20 Octo-
[132] Flood, Alison (24 February 2012). “JK Rowling’s new
ber 2007.
book: clues suggest a turn to crime fiction”. London: The
[112] Collinson, Patrick. “Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
or Tony for £7,250”. Guardian Unlimited. 26 April 2005.
Retrieved 29 October 2007. [133] “JK’s OOTP interview”. Newsnight. 2003. Retrieved 20
May 2008. * “Living with Harry Potter”. BBC Radio 4.
[113] Christmas wedding for Rowling. BBC News. 30 Decem- 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
ber 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
[134] Richard Brooks (14 July 2013). “Whodunnit? J. K. Rowl-
[114] “Baby joy for JK Rowling”. BBC News (London). 24 ing’s Secret Life As A Wizard Crime Writer Revealed”.
March 2003. Retrieved 24 March 2010. The Sunday Times. p. 1.

[115] J.K. Rowling’s Official Site, “Progress on Book Six”. 15 [135] Beth Carswell (18 July 2013). “More on The Cuckoo’s
March 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2006. Archived at Calling – Signed First Sells for $4,453”. AbeBooks.com.
Wayback Machine. AbeBooks, Inc. Retrieved 20 July 2013.

[116] Morrison, Jenny (23 April 2004). “Chancellor’s daughter [136] Osley, Richard (14 July 2013). “The Cuckoo’s Calling, by
remembered at christening service”. The Scotsman (Ed- 'Robert Galbraith': JK Rowling’s secret bestseller”. The
inburgh). Retrieved 16 April 2010. Independent (London). Retrieved 14 July 2013.
 15

[137] “The Cuckoo’s Calling”. Publisher’s Weekly. Retrieved [156] Nikkhah, Roya (6 October 2012). “JK Rowling: I will
13 July 2013. return to writing children’s books”. The Daily Telegraph
(London). Retrieved 6 October 2012.
[138] “Mystery Reviews”. Library Journal. Retrieved 13 July
2013. [157] Transcript of J. K. Rowling interview on Friday Night with
Jonathan Ross. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
[139] Maxine Frith (16 July 2013). “Harry Plotter?". The
Evening Standard. pp. 20–21. [158] Topel, Fred. “Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling Enchants
Readers on Her U.S. Book Tour”. New York Post. 2007.
[140] Lyall, Sarah (14 July 2013). “This Detective Novel’s Story
Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Re-
Doesn't Add Up”. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 July
trieved 30 October 2007.
2013.
[159] “Oprah and Harry Potter phenom JK Rowling interview”.
[141] James Meikle (18 July 2013). “JK Rowling directs anger
at lawyers after secret identity revealed”. The Guardian [160] Brown, Jen. Stop your sobbing! More Potter to come.
(London). Retrieved 19 July 2013. MSNBC. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
[142] Watts, Robert (13 July 2013). “JK Rowling unmasked as [161] Harry Potter Encyclopedia in Progress. The Guardian. 16
author of detective novel writing under nom de-plume”. April 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
[162] David L. Ulin. “J.K. Rowling brings magic touch to U.S.”.
[143] Liz Bury (25 July 2013). “JK Rowling tells story of alter Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 Oc-
ego Robert Galbraith”. Chennai, India: Guardian News tober 2007. 16 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October
Service. Retrieved 25 July 2013. 2007.
[144] Goldsmith, Belinda. “Real-life mystery of JK Rowling’s
[163] Hastings, Chris. Tears as JK Rowling returns to where it
'secret' novel uncovered”. Reuters. trust.org. Retrieved 18
began. The Daily Telegraph. 24 December 2007. Re-
July 2013.
trieved 24 December 2007.
[145] Meikle, James (18 July 2013). “JK Rowling directs anger
[164] Singh, Anita (16 June 2011). “JK Rowling launches Pot-
at lawyers after secret identity revealed”. The Guardian
termore Website”. The Daily Telegraph (London). Re-
(London). Retrieved 18 July 2013.
trieved 4 July 2011.
[146] “Rowling accepts compensation for identity revelation”.
The Hindu (Chennai, India). 31 July 2013. Retrieved 31 [165] Flood, Alison (23 June 2011). “Pottermore website
July 2013. launched by JK Rowling as 'give-back' to fans”. The
Guardian (London). Retrieved 4 July 2011.
[147] “JK Rowling lawyer fined over Robert Galbraith leak”.
BBC News. 2 January 2014. [166] “The Volant Charitable Trust (UK and overseas)".
Merseyside Funding. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
[148] Charles Poladian (17 February 2014). “J.K. Rowl-
ing Returns As Robert Galbraith For New Cormoran [167] “One Parent Families Gingerbread”. OneParentFamilies.
Strike Novel, 'The Silkworm,' Plot Summary And Release Archived from the original on 7 July 2007.. Retrieved 11
Date”. Retrieved 19 March 2014. July 2007.

[149] “J.K. Rowling on Finishing Harry Potter”. in.rediff.com. [168] J K Rowling becomes President of One Parent Fami-
11 January 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2006. lies. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
Archived 6 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
[150] Memmott, Carol. A fond look back at Harry. USA Today.
25 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007. [169] Gordon’s Women. Guardian Unlimited. 13 May 2007.
Retrieved 20 October 2007.
[151] JK’s writing two books but she won't be rushing. The
Scotsman. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007. [170] Goodson, Rory and Chittenden, Maurice. “Rowling casts
a spell that will give charities millions”. The Sunday
[152] “Rowling completes post-Harry Potter book”. Associated Times. 7 January 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
Press. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
[171] Comic Relief, The Money, Archived 29 October 2007 at
[153] Richard Eden. “New adventure is child’s play for Jo”. The the Wayback Machine
Daily Telegraph (UK). 2 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March
2008. [172] Magic (foreward by JK Rowling). Bloomsbury Publishing,
2002 (ISBN 0747557462).
[154] “JK Rowling in court over photo of son”. The Scotsman
(Edinburgh). 10 March 2008. 10 March 2008. Retrieved [173] “About”. Lumos. Accessed 7 November 2010.
18 March 2008.
[174] Philanthropy Impact, Sophie Radice. JK Rowling OBE.
[155] Aitkenhead, Decca (22 September 2012). “JK Rowling: “Women and Philanthropy”.
'The worst that can happen is that everyone says, That’s
shockingly bad'". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 22 [175] Rare JK Rowling book fetches £2m. BBC News. 13 De-
September 2012. cember 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
 16 10 REFERENCES

[176] Majendie, Paul. Rowling says goodbye to Potter with fairy [196] “JK Rowling donates £1m to Scottish independence 'No'
tales campaign and calls some nationalists 'Death Eaters’". The
Independent (London). 12 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June
[177] Lumos (10 May 2010). “Light a Birthday Candle”. 2014.
Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved
17 August 2013. Archived at Wayback Engine. [197] Shawn Adler (2007). “Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling
Opens Up About Books’ Christian Imagery”. mtv. Re-
[178] “The Season of Giving – The Millionaire Donations that trieved 18 October 2007.
Defined 2013”. Spear’s. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
[198] Linton Weeks (1999). “Charmed, I'm Sure”. The Wash-
[179] “Rupert Grint Runs in Olympic Torch Relay, JK Rowling ington Post. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
in Opening Ceremony”. The Leaky Cauldron. Retrieved
28 July 2012. [199] Nelson, Michael. Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S.
Lewis. The American Prospect. 25 February 2002. Re-
[180] “J K Rowling marks start for clinic”. University of Edin- trieved 20 October 2007.
burgh. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
[200] Wyman, Max. “You can lead a fool to a book but you can't
[181] “J.K. Rowling donates £10m to multiple sclerosis clinic”. make them think”. Vancouver Sun. 26 October 2000. Re-
AFP. 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010. trieved 29 October 2007.
[182] Andy McSmith (10 April 2009). “Rowling quits multiple [201] “New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch
sclerosis charity over Anglo-Scottish feud”. The Indepen- Edition of “Deathly Hallows"". The Leaky Cauldron.
dent (UK). Retrieved 20 April 2009. 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
[183] Williams, Rachel (29 May 2008). “Rowling pens Potter [202] Hale, Mike (16 July 2009). “The Woman Behind the Boy
prequel for charities”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved Wizard”. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 November
5 May 2010. 2010.
[184] Harry, Carrie, Garp. Scholastic. 2006. Retrieved 25 Oc- [203] “Rowling’s Christian critics miss the mark”. Retrieved 16
tober 2007. November 2010.
[185] 'Potter' Author Adds to UK Reward Fund. USA Today.
[204] “JK Rowling wants to see a Democrat in the White
13 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012; Harry Potter
House”. Earthtimes.org. 2008. Retrieved 9 February
Author Adds To Reward. Sky News. 13 May 2007. Re-
2008. (original article -in Spanish-)
trieved 19 March 2012.
[205] Vieira, Meredith.“Harry Potter: The final chapter”.
[186] Brown publishes greatest speeches. BBC News. 5 April
MSNBC. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
[206] Presenter: Mark Lawson (27 September 2012). “J. K.
[187] Madeleine Davies (2013). “J.K. Rowling to Donate
Rowling”. Front Row. Event occurs at 17:45. BBC Radio
All Royalties From Her Secret Novel to Charity”.
4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g. Re-
jezebel.com. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
trieved 27 September 2012.
[188] “toe-by-toe.co.uk”. toe-by-toe.co.uk. Retrieved 17
[207] Treneman, Ann. “I'm not writing for the money: It’s for
November 2011.
me and out of loyalty to fans.”. The Times. 20 June 2003.
[189] J. K. Rowling (26 November 2006). “The first It Girl”. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
The Telegraph (London).
[208] Lisa O'Carroll and Josh Halliday (24 November 2011).
[190] “Online chat transcript, Scholastic.com, 3 February “Leveson inquiry: JK Rowling and Sienna Miller give ev-
2000”. Accio Quote!. Retrieved 26 December 2012. idence”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 22 Septem-
ber 2012.
[191] “J.K. Rowling’s bookshelf”. O magazine. Retrieved 26
December 2012. [209] Press Complaints Commission: JK Rowling. pcc.org.uk.
2001. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
[192] “Early influences”. J.K. Rowling’s official website. Re-
trieved 26 December 2012. [210] David Murray (by his litigation friends Neil Murray and
Joanne Murray) v Big Pictures (UK) Limited [2008]
[193] Ben Leach (20 September 2008). “Harry Potter author JK EWCA Civ 446 (7 May 2008).
Rowling gives £1 million to Labour”. The Daily Telegraph
(London). Retrieved 20 September 2008. [211] Lockerbie, Catherine. “All aboard the Hogwarts Ex-
press”. The Scotsman. UK. 11 July 2000. Retrieved 30
[194] Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). “Ser invisible... eso sería October 2007.
lo más”. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2008.
[212] Roy Greenslade (31 January 2014). The Guardian “JK
[195] J. K. Rowling (14 April 2010). “The single mother’s man- Rowling sues Daily Mail for libel over 'single mother' ar-
ifesto”. The Times (UK). Retrieved 15 April 2010. ticle”. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
 17

[213] “About the Books: transcript of J.K. Rowling’s live in- • “The first It Girl”, Rowling’s article on Jessica Mit-
terview on Scholastic.com”. Archived from the original ford for The Telegraph
on 16 December 2007. 16 October 2000. Retrieved 30
October 2007. • Video, audio and transcript of Rowling’s speech at
Harvard University's 2008 commencement
[214] O'Carroll, Lisa (14 September 2011). “Leveson phone-
hacking inquiry: JK Rowling among 'core participants’". • J. K. Rowling at the Internet Speculative Fiction
The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 September 2011. Database
[215] “JK Rowling tells Leveson inquiry of press intrusion”. • J.K. Rowling at the Internet Movie Database
BBC. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
• Works by J. K. Rowling at Open Library
[216] Richard Allen Greene (2011). “J.K. Rowling chased from
home by press, she says”. cnn.com. Retrieved 25 Novem- • J.K. Rowling at the Internet Book List
ber 2011.
• Works by or about J. K. Rowling in libraries
[217] Rowling, JK (30 November 2012). “I feel duped and (WorldCat catalog)
angry at David Cameron’s reaction to Leveson”. The
Guardian (London). Retrieved 3 December 2012. • The Blair Partnership
[218] Szalai, Georg (18 March 2014). “Benedict Cumberbatch,
Alfonso Cuaron, Maggie Smith Back U.K. Press Regu-
lation”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 19 March
2014.

[219] “Rowling seeks 'Grotter' ban”. BBC News, 13 March

2003. Retrieved 21 March 2006.”

[220] Jack Malvern; Richard Cleroux (13 July 2005). “Reading

ban on leaked Harry Potter”. The Times (London). Re-
trieved 13 March 2009.

[221] Michael Geist (18 July 2005). “Harry Potter and the Right
to Read”. Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 October 2007.

[222] Kirkpatrick, David D. (21 June 2003). “Publisher’s Ef-

forts to Keep Story’s Secrets Collide With Free Speech
Concerns”. New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

[223] Sally Pook (15 July 2000). “J K Rowling given honorary

degree at her alma mater”. Daily Telegraph (London).
Retrieved 5 May 2010.

[224] David Cribb (2006). “JK Rowling receives honorary de-

gree”. digital spy. Accessed 6 June 2008.

[225] "'Harry Potter' author JK Rowling receives Honorary De-

gree”. University of Aberdeen. 2006. Accessed 6 June
2008.

[226] Claire M. Guehenno and Laurence H. M. Holland (2008).

“J. K. Rowling To Speak at Commencement”. The Har-
vard Crimson. Accessed 6 June 2008.

[227] http://www.tor.com/blogs/2014/07/
jk-rowling-new-harry-potter-story-harry-ron-hermione-adults

[228] Alison Flood (10 April 2014). “JK Rowling to become

Woman’s Hour first guest editor for 60 years”. The
Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

11 External links
• Official website

• J. K. Rowling at British Council: Literature

18 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
• J. K. Rowling Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling?oldid=632024594 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Paul Drye, General Wesc,
Jimbo Wales, Derek Ross, Joakim Ziegler, Eloquence, Mav, Uriyan, Timo Honkasalo, Tarquin, Malcolm Farmer, Sjc, Mark Ryan, Rjstott,
Ed Poor, JeLuF, Yooden, Christian List, Toby Bartels, Phil Bordelon, Karen Johnson, Ortolan88, Edemaine, Zadcat, Imran, Mintguy,
Someone else, Leandrod, Stevertigo, Nevilley, Edward, Bdesham, Kchishol1970, Oliver Pereira, Fuzzie, Liftarn, Taras, Ixfd64, Gaurav,
Cyde, BrentLongborough, Shoaler, Arpingstone, Paul A, FionaE, Ahoerstemeier, Haakon, Arwel Parry, Vjosullivan, William M. Con-
nolley, Jdforrester, Bueller 007, Darkwind, Lupinoid, Sugarfish, Jeandré du Toit, Mxn, Genie, Hashar, Adam Bishop, Timwi, RickK,
Jwrosenzweig, Melpomene, WhisperToMe, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Manika, Furrykef, Grendelkhan, Morwen, K1Bond007, Ed g2s,
Samsara, Bevo, Shizhao, Topbanana, Lord Emsworth, Fvw, AnonMoos, Proteus, Steffen Löwe Gera, Just another user 2, Finlay McWalter,
Mjmcb1, Owen, Lumos3, Dimadick, Phil Boswell, Bearcat, Robbot, DavidA, Ke4roh, Dale Arnett, Sander123, Chrism, Tlogmer, Schutz,
Donreed, Chocolateboy, Moncrief, Seglea, Lowellian, Buncic, Academic Challenger, Hemanshu, Blainster, Timrollpickering, Caknuck,
Sunray, Rebrane, Mervyn, Hadal, UtherSRG, JackofOz, Wereon, MikeCapone, GreatWhiteNortherner, Solver, David Gerard, Exploding
Boy, DocWatson42, Jacoplane, Bob Palin, Andromeda, Inter, Nunh-huh, Angmering, Dissident, Marcika, Everyking, No Guru, Wguynes,
Michael Devore, Gamaliel, Ssd, Malyctenar, Peterak, Slyguy, Dawidl, Kpalion, Avala, Wmahan, Neilc, Woggly, Utcursch, Andycjp,
SarekOfVulcan, Quadell, Antandrus, Beland, Margana, ClockworkLunch, Tal642, Hi, Jeff. Hi!, Jossi, MacGyverMagic, Thincat, Kbrooks,
SimonLyall, Elroch, Rosemaryamey, Necrothesp, Icairns, Zfr, Gscshoyru, Creidieki, Neutrality, Urhixidur, Jcw69, Dcandeto, Klemen
Kocjancic, Jake11, Adashiel, Lappy512, Lacrimosus, Esperant, RevRagnarok, Jonathanriddell, Jo-Rowling-rocks, Danielk, D6, Frankchn,
Freakofnurture, Venu62, DanielCD, Echnin, A-giau, Rich Farmbrough, Pjacobi, YUL89YYZ, Dave souza, Francis Schonken, Murtasa,
Erolos, Ckelsh, Arthur Holland, Mani1, Martpol, Horsten, ESkog, Flapdragon, Kaisershatner, OuroborosSlayer, Neatnate, CanisRufus,
Aecis, Purplefeltangel, Kwamikagami, Kyz, Shanes, RoyBoy, EurekaLott, Bookofjude, Nrbelex, Chuayw2000, Warpozio, Yono, Causa
sui, PatrikR, Bobo192, Hurricane111, Smalljim, FoekeNoppert, John Vandenberg, Rleeden, LeonardoGregianin, Brim, AKGhetto, Eri-
tain, Twobells, Pperos, Maebmij, MPerel, Polylerus, Martin S Taylor, Nickfraser, Espoo, Matt Yohe, Gargaj, Richard Harvey, Chris16447,
Smatthewman, Philip Cross, Andrewpmk, Craigy144, Andrew Gray, Riana, Bobosse, Garfield226, Spangineer, Malo, Lee S. Svoboda,
Rwendland, Bart133, Malber, Benson85, Mad Hatter, Fourthords, ProhibitOnions, ReyBrujo, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Cburnett, Omphalo-
scope, Runtime, Ilse@, Tony Sidaway, Dave.Dunford, Zoohouse, Wadems, Deadworm222, Skyring, Deathphoenix, Cmprince, Ianblair23,
Someoneinmyheadbutit’snotme, Sleigh, Alai, Redvers, LukeSurl, Dan100, Adrian.benko, Dismas, Dtobias, Pcpcpc, Brycen, Angr, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), Kelly Martin, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, OwenX, Woohookitty, Luckybeargod, JarlaxleArtemis, TigerShark, LOL,
PatGallacher, Miaow Miaow, John Cardinal, Admrboltz, Commander Keane, Kam Solusar, ^demon, Fbv65edel, Kmg90, Nooby god,
Hbdragon88, Bbatsell, Terence, Pufferfish101, Scm83x, Male1979, Wayward, Dromedary, Palica, Stevey7788, Dysepsion, Mandarax,
SqueakBox, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, Cuchullain, Gladmax, BD2412, Kbdank71, MatthewDBA, RxS, Canderson7, Crzrus-
sian, Tabercil, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Coemgenus, Bremen, Nightscream, CyberGhostface, PHenry, Josiah Rowe, JHMM13,
Sdornan, Bruce1ee, Tawker, SpNeo, Alvonruff, XLerate, Crazynas, HappyCamper, ElKevbo, Bushido Hacks, Bensin, Afterwriting, TheIn-
credibleEdibleOompaLoompa, MarnetteD, Hermione1980, Jamdav86, GregAsche, Sango123, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, Berserk798,
FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Latka, Vclaw, Frob, Nivix, Mattnik, Kevin Judson, Webgeek, RexNL, Gurch, Wars, RMS
Oceanic, RobyWayne, Brendan Moody, Phatcat68, Jockmonkey, Damsleth, Thefourdotelipsis, Alphachimp, ACT1, Newsjunkie, Gareth E
Kegg, Snailwalker, Phoenix2, Valentinian, Coolhawks88, WhyBeNormal, AHinMaine, Chobot, Cdman882, Sherool, Michaelritchie200,
Jaraalbe, Evilphoenix, Sharkface217, Scr0llwheel, Metropolitan90, Actown, Design, Hall Monitor, Mysekurity, Gwernol, Tba, SujinYH,
ColdFeet, Daduzi, The Rambling Man, Mercury McKinnon, YurikBot, Eirik, TexasAndroid, M0tbaillie, Retaggio, Lennon fan, Sceptre,
Wink wink, Daverocks, RussBot, Fabartus, Severa, Anonymous editor, Zafiroblue05, Tree&Leaf, Akamad, Manop, Gaius Cornelius, Jen-
blower, Sandpiper, Alex Bakharev, Midster, Wimt, NawlinWiki, EWS23, DragonHawk, SEWilcoBot, Wiki alf, Benja, Ian42, Bruxism,
Aeusoes1, Grafen, Izkata, Chunky Rice, Srinivasasha, Dogcow, Lexicon, Irishguy, Nick, Retired username, Tobelia, TimDuncan, Banes,
Jpbowen, PhilipO, Ramses II, Raven4x4x, Ngetzpah, Yano, Tony1, Zwobot, Mlblanchard, Aaron Schulz, Linkofazeroth, Roche-Kerr, Kyle
Barbour, CDA, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, Tahirjon, Everyguy, Trainra, Haemo, Nlu, David Underdown, Bob247, Fallout boy, Tetracube,
Mütze, BazookaJoe, FF2010, Jeremyzone, Sandstein, Jcrook1987, Paul Magnussen, 21655, Lutherjw, Homagetocatalonia, Imperial avis,
Ageekgal, Nikkimaria, Rhynchosaur, Theda, Spondoolicks, Ketsuekigata, Mike Selinker, Merishi, Jogers, Modify, GraemeL, JoanneB,
Iwalters, Natgoo, Belard, Dool325, JLaTondre, Mais oui!, Jason Hughes, Skittle, Shimonnyman, Tom Duff, PaxEquilibrium, JeffBurdges,
Kungfuadam, Ief, Hayfordoleary, Jakewaage, NeilN, Maxamegalon2000, John Broughton, Paul Erik, GrinBot, Rehevkor, Serendipodous,
Nick-D, Daveman 84, Sbyrnes321, DVD R W, Tphi, Nicholas Jackson, Teo64x, Luk, Chris Chittleborough, Drippingmintleaves, Au-
thortrek, Aexapo, SmackBot, Arogyaswamy, Moeron, Bobet, Estoy Aquí, Pa7, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, Mdiamante, Kiwifaramir,
Alex1011, Shoy, CRKingston, Pgk, C.Fred, Gary Kirk, Blue520, KocjoBot, Sillygostly, ScaldingHotSoup, WookieInHeat, Delldot, Es-
kimbot, Rachel Pearce, Lowzeewee, HalfShadow, Typhoonchaser, Macintosh User, Gilliam, Benjaminevans82, Hmains, Betacommand,
Carl.bunderson, Ucscottb4u, Vontafeijos, Nize, Master Jay, Bluebot, Geneb1955, Persian Poet Gal, Arielbackenroth, Jnelson09, Andrew
Parodi, Skygawker, Dhanish007, Abandon all arr now, Smileagent, Prashant4, Sadads, Jonolumb, Ikiroid, Quackslikeaduck, Jackhagrit,
Clydeman, DHN-bot, Colonies Chris, Rocafort, Oatmeal batman, Gracenotes, Verrai, Chubbybat, John Reaves, Eddyy, James P Sulli-
van, TheNewMinistry, NYKevin, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Emrrans, Nick Levine, AussieLegend, AP1787, Cripipper, Blackfire
aqua93, The Placebo Effect, Zone46, OrphanBot, Onorem, Twp, Jennica, Masterking, OOODDD, Matthew, Jkmcnl, Wes!, GRuban,
Xyzzyplugh, Computerman45, Gmcole, GrahameS, Mr.Z-man, SundarBot, Divna Jaksic, AgentFade2Black, Mistico, Masalai, Rammso
22, NorseOdin, Makemi, Nakon, T-borg, TedE, Jared, Boolol, W33nie, Me.play, Mikokat, Glasser, Warren, TheST, Vanished user lkl-
jasklji45idfj, Pats1, Joshtam, B5Fan2258, Ck lostsword, Wikipedical, Kukini, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Ringo 2000, Esrever, Oneangryd-
warf, Nishkid64, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Harryboyles, T-dot, Kuru, John, Ishuta, Quadratus, JennyDenton, Profbleak, Heimstern, Danlina,
JohnI, Soumyasch, Robofish, LordFenix, Guat6, Heirauqs, Dumelow, Highpriority, Tlesher, Unterdenlinden, ParisArkw, CredoFromStart,
Aleenf1, Listasoesp, Mr. Lefty, SMasters, Bucs, PseudoSudo, Anand Karia, Beard0, The Man in Question, Ian Dalziel, TheDapperDan,
JHunterJ, MarkSutton, Hvn0413, Brockoali, Luvtheheaven, SandyGeorgia, Ka34, Genisock2, Doczilla, Bhaveer, Dcflyer, Tuspm, Mid-
nightblueowl, E-Kartoffel, Anonymous anonymous, TPIRFanSteve, Manuelcorrea, Hogyn Lleol, SmokeyJoe, LaMenta3, RHB, Pilipala9,
Akademy, Asyndeton, KJS77, Hu12, Possum, Joey-Merl, BananaFiend, Iridescent, Laddiebuck, BrainMagMo, André Koehne, Vanished
user 90345uifj983j4toi234k, Polymerbringer, Paul venter, Dogthehellrider, Julien Foster, Llydawr, King kong92, Evildoctorbluetooth, Hip-
poroo, GDallimore, Fsotrain09, CapitalR, Happy-melon, Mikay, Az1568, Flooch, Anger22, Scarlet Lioness, Tawkerbot2, Nmadhubala,
Filelakeshoe, Konnetikut, Chris55, Lahiru k, Ioannes Pragensis, OS2Warp, Fvasconcellos, INkubusse, JForget, Thedemonhog, Hpfan1,
Wikipedian06, Wafulz, Soapy Sunshine, Dycedarg, Picaroon, Enosfam, Xanthoxyl, Jgmccue, Basawala, Stevo1000, Yarnalgo, 345Kai,
Ballista, WeggeBot, Some P. Erson, Anil1956, Ken Gallager, Pro bug catcher, Flammingo, Alexignatiou, Ignorance.is.evil, Cydebot,
12.1 Text 19

Wikien2009, Ntsimp, Jienum, Reywas92, Slp1, Dumpkin the kiu, Treybien, Steel, Pinoy Pride, Rifleman 82, FlipDarius, ForestH2, Gogo
Dodo, Red Director, Anthonyhcole, JFreeman, YechezkelZilber, MJBoa, Extate, ST47, Olz06, Bornofdust, Carligula, Free-encyclopedia,
DumbBOT, Mooseofshadows, Robinepowell, Akcarver, Con muffin, Pilcrow, Brad101, Ebyabe, Emmett5, CJ King, Omicronpersei8,
Xxxfy123xxx, Nol888, Krowe, Oshea41, Satori Son, JohnInDC, Mamalujo, EvocativeIntrigue, FrancoGG, BetacommandBot, Seicer,
Mpidge, Jon C., Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Biruitorul, SchutteGod, Akuru, Rhys11, Tepidpond, Azthetik, Cmhdave73, Ri st, Daniel,
Leemorrison, 12grange, Kablammo, Andyjsmith, Tmdean, Lanky, Minutiaman, Mojo Hand, Esowteric, Roonilwazlib, John254, Frank,
James086, Pmrobert49, Zé da Silva, Alientraveller, JustAGal, Chandler, [email protected], CharlotteWebb, Therequiembel-
lishere, Starcross, Alphius, Haha169, Natalie Erin, J.K Rowling, Zenwarrior, CTZMSC3, Escarbot, Sue finnie69, LachlanA, Lividore,
John Smythe, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Cmg402, Ollsbols, Manuel de Sousa, Yonatan, Luna Santin, Jared Hunt, Uvaphdman, Edit Centric,
Opelio, Just Chilling, Quintote, Dr. Blofeld, Kbthompson, 17Drew, Delajoker, Jj137, Herrahoo, Erfa, PhJ, LibLord, Jhg812, Tillman, Pip-
pylala, Gdo01, DShamen, Blytonfan, AulaTPN, Jimyc26, Qwerty Binary, SNS08, Daggoth, Ghmyrtle, CPitt76, Ming Hua, Klow, PresN,
Kitia, Dreaded Walrus, V-train, JAnDbot, Donaldhenderson, Mazito, Dan D. Ric, Deflective, Husond, Quijote3000, Kaobear, Aloha
princess, Petecarney, Bhamv, MER-C, Amunimanghi, Ericoides, Matthew Fennell, P L Logan, Midnightdreary, Roccondil, Andonic,
Ccrashh, Hut 8.5, Novaguy1968, PhilKnight, Rothorpe, Varun280287, Y2kcrazyjoker4, LittleOldMe, .anacondabot, Acroterion, Propa-
niac, Jmuollo, Magioladitis, Connormah, Mtjaws, Deposuit, Canjth, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, P64, No substitute for you, AuburnPilot,
Sibbsy, Mclay1, Mbc362, Ravs62687, Bravedog, Eggsaladbob, Rivertorch, SwedishConqueror, Jim Douglas, Baileyrand, Enacre, Froid,
Cartoon Boy, TinaSparkle, JobSmee, SparrowsWing, Nick Cooper, Isaiahcambron, Nileena joseph, Lošmi, Fallschirmjäger, DMXIN2466,
Animum, -Bobby, Genevak, Rodents210, Winterus, ArthurWeasley, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Mike Payne, Dck7777, Draeya, Doctorjpd,
Exiledone, Tha prez, Benjamintchip, Thedarklordz, DerHexer, Lovegenealogy, Cillas001, Textorus, Salopian, Patstuart, Jancarhart, Piko-
las, El Zoof, Khaosjr, Wassupwestcoast, Stephenchou0722, Pauly04, Cliff smith, MartinBot, Schmloof, Kevinphoenix, BackStagePass,
Twigletmac, Sagabot, Artemis-Arethusa, Smilingsuzy, Rettetast, Juansidious, Ravichandar84, Dorvaq, TechnoFaye, DavyJonesLocker,
R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Mustang06, Johnpacklambert, Lost Number, Tulkolahten, Wolfie90899, Smokizzy, Lilac Soul,
Randfan, Manticore, Peterheis, L06ChBea, Abhishek.rshetty, J.delanoy, Buttons to Push Buttons, DrKiernan, Borovan1, Megosoles, Anas
Salloum, Richiekim, Sjhill, Karanacs, Kjfletcher, Eliz81, Uniformation, Jerry, Jencon117, SU Linguist, Didgeman, Eagle Owl, Acmi-
lan10italia, Minderbinder, Acalamari, Alihaq717, Inquam, Ajmint, TheChrisD, Funguy06, Katalaveno, Thatotherperson, Dr. F. Roy Dean
Schlipp, Cameron2159, Abhijitsathe, DarkFalls, LordAnubisBOT, Ryan Postlethwaite, Uranium grenade, Loz chick, Sebcastle, Chriswiki,
Lizzie Harrison, AntiSpamBot, Pip pop, Berserkerz Crit, 97198, Soraku, Wendox34, Pavin The Goose, Dcvernet, Anton1234, A18919,
NewEnglandYankee, Sd31415, Courtneyso, SmilesALot, BostonRed, Sk 566, TwilightDragon, Einstein90, BillieMTre, Madhava 1947,
Kaleau, Toonmaassen, Rhysus2006, Shshshsh, Juliancolton, STBotD, Eriqa, Extermino, Darkcook, Mike V, Paris75000, Commonsen-
sei, DMCer, Gtg204y, Jarry1250, Newboy123, Sportsobsessor, Squids and Chips, Clem cowsie, A heavenly Body, Mence Master, Gra-
hamHardy, Angusyu, ThePointblank, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Aidoflight, Chedz, Twump, Jord68, Egghead06, Lights, X!, James 512,
Nikthestunned, PeaceNT, Chinneeb, Mfh wuz here the third, W2ch00, VolkovBot, Cireshoe, Johan1298, D1256, Dogsgomoo, Hersfold,
Hobbesy3, Al.locke, Ixixixi, Chienlit, Dominics Fire, Pastbury, Barneca, Hardnfast, Philip Trueman, Renowned linguist, Tinkstar1985,
TXiKiBoT, Assassinoc714, Caster23, Anbellofe, Miranda, Anonymous Dissident, Goldfritter, Pandacomics, Arthur7171, Arolión Yolenda,
Qxz, Joe a lewis, Mixed5000, Andreas Kaganov, Lee Maurier Entessimo, Seraphim, Dendodge, Victoria2007, Seb26, Leafyplant, Sirkad,
Broadbot, Dlae, Flamangos, MarkMarek, Wwwwzzzz, Seb az86556, Rjm at sleepers, Snowbot, Vgranucci, Guest9999, Bobiscoolerthanyou,
Izzie05, Isis4563, Themat21III, ACEOREVIVED, Mzlatinnnagurl, Mwilso24, Jamws, Zain Ebrahim111, Blytonite, Staka, Bcmonkla,
Litosolo1, Synthebot, Tcbently, Scorpions are cool, Softlavender, Redwallrules, RaseaC, Alanjrobertson, John Daye, WatermelonPotion,
Sealman, Chenzw, Aiman619, AlleborgoBot, Clydey, Shaidar cuebiyar, Bogalla, Sportduder, Brandon97, Booboobear7, SylviaStanley,
Matthew’s test, Wraithdart, Asapkid10, Megaritz, YLSS, Cosprings, Tritix, Darkieboy236, MatthewTStone, Menegus123, Cawamel,
Marashie, SieBot, Biographyfan, Princesss julia, YonaBot, Fourpoints, Suklaa, TheNullo, Mrfandango, Sparrowman980, Oldag07, Kir-
tay, Pspnerdnick25, Thecommonpeoples, Legend, Alex Middleton, Caltas, SE7, Triwbe, Atpb789654, Yintan, Dave12435, Libertycook-
ies, Stratman07, Psychless, Tritri789tu, Billy12354, PurpleSunflower, Zeph90, Peachandpig, Cincydude55, Acet0ne, Mackiki, A-big-
joke, DaBen2, CombatCraig, Meatytebah, Calandrella, Angelikfire, Twinmokey, Skipper21, Monegasque, Garethlewis11, Allmightyduck,
Hylianknight901, E.M., Arthur Smart, Mr. panadol, Oxymoron83, Jack1956, Antonio Lopez, Ptolemy Caesarion, Robertcurrey, Light-
mouse, Kai9d9, The-G-Unit-Boss, OKBot, Rosiestep, Angielaj, Svick, Reginmund, Jmj713, Vojvodaen, Aumnamahashiva, MadmanBot,
Infemous, Spartan-James, Thedeadmanandphenom, Fuddle, Kagome 85, Sjbmansjb, Headdymann, SociableLiberal, Seaaron, None ex-
isted person 211, Володимир Ф, NamelessMoron, 312one, Shihudani, Dabomb87, Kane Killed Kenny, Raypogi, Hellboy1010, Jordo72,
Wikiman ultimate, Lord Opeth, KHazel, Barrabhoy, Iamwisesun, Efe, Richard David Ramsey, Into The Fray, Novas0x2a, Nothing444,
Littleone77, Bondman911, Friedcthulhu, Bluebaby66, Shootingstars6, Gillwill, Filtyting, Angel caboodle, Swartzturfle, Jpacarter, Mr.
Granger, Faithlessthewonderboy, Toncas, Loren.wilton, Tanvir Ahmmed, Iluvliz, Apuldram, ClueBot, JACK5555, Fragesteller, Avenged
Eightfold, Binksternet, Pharrar, Jackollie, Drwstr44, Fyyer, Niohoggr, All Hallow’s Wraith, Icarusgeek, ExpressingYourself, TinyMark,
Strikers5, Grainne626, Celestethepirate, Nnemo, MelissaMcC, Taily-chan, Gregcaletta, Deuscapturus, AusTerrapin, Jaylea, Mild Bill Hic-
cup, Edenc1, HarryPotter8932, Winger84, GeorgiKobilarov, Ckorbas, Whalessuck32, Mezigue, Aislinn04, Mpd1989, Tuffa, Niceguyedc,
Blanchardb, Rotational, Maxtitan, Bob bobato, Starelda, Neverquick, Ciaron92, Cirt, Viviannevilar, Paulcmnt, GorillaGuy2323, Drag-
onBot, Jeanenawhitney, Naerii, Alexbot, Jammy0002, Abrech, Gwguffey, Hariki, Vivio Testarossa, CCPetrie, Df ms rox, Mohsin12345,
Ravenna1961, NuclearWarfare, Subdolous, Millionsandbillions, CPetrie, Honeydukes 92, Jotterbot, Ngebendi, PeaWiiHerMan, Salty1984,
Jonjames1986, JamieS93, Dekisugi, 6afraidof7, SchreiberBike, JasonAQuest, Polly, Abarzani, Thehelpfulone, El bot de la dieta, Kako-
fonous, Sparrowgoose, Ishmo72, Jfioeawfjdls453, Thingg, Johaneklof123, Aitias, Hari 89, Rcguzowski, Ejlghh, Chloe2kaii7, Blow of
Light, Rfederer, 3193th, NERIC-Security, JDalgores, FetteK, My Boxing Ring, Jackiestewart, AnotherSolipsist, Mabelina, Gwandoya,
Beowulf922, Weisinger, Rreagan007, Toldasidw, Sweetgrrl1, Blast Ulna, Jasynnash2, JK Cromwell, WikiDao, Dnasmallwood, Al tally,
Chengpanz, Bridgetfox, Jinga janga, Kbdankbot, Cunard, Drlight11, Addbot, Bestdelay, JBsupreme, Hyperman585, Claytnb, Aikclaes,
Jamesmajury, 555GeminiDreams555, Fakeman22, AnnaJGrant, Kkxfer, Rhinostampede, Crago25, Heyho101, Leegull10, Brandizzo,
Heather-Grace, Iaintnobody, Elishabet, JKRowlingsabigbadslut, Fatherteddy, Darwin-rover, Older and ... well older, Zoedawonder-
dog, Jhvbhjvjhvjhv, Cait111, Misterx2000, Ashton1983, CanadianLinuxUser, BiNdY 12345, Gwegcd03gcc, Edward Haggard, Vib100,
Kusenov, Keepgrob`, Readingbooksisfun, Down Time 2008, Kjrhnt4, Sukalolhaden, Planetneeds54, Efjohy4, Moosledoosle, Hurontario,
Oktumblechamp, David4674, NeilJ653, 85thday, NjardarBot, Tingting123456, Write123567, Cking784, ChenzwBot, Scott MacDon-
ald, LinkFA-Bot, Harvardstudent, Kasjanek21, OlEnglish, GenericUser372661, Totorotroll, Zorrobot, AussieLegend2, Fernando, J.J.
Boone, Bear300, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Granpuff, Ptbotgourou, Legobot II, Donfbreed, Notacupcakebaker, TheBigNerd314159, Evaders99,
Wiki.de, AnomieBOT, Jkrfan, ForcedDisappearance, 1exec1, TJD2, Hypnoticstate, Califate123!, Sz-iwbot, Citation bot, Eaglecary, An
M G, FreeRangeFrog, Xqbot, TomB123, TechBot, Live Light, Tomwsulcer, Heslopian, Tiller54, Srich32977, Alessandro De Angelis,
Eric Blatant, HPS345, Call me Bubba, Ute in DC, Omnipaedista, Mikeman4510, RibotBOT, Headhitter, Luxdepicard, Gordonrox24,
Chaheel Riens, Petergriffin9901, Mtp1960, JennKR, Green Cardamom, The Twelfth Doctor, FrescoBot, PRProgRock, Prisonermonkeys,
20 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

D'ohBot, Frank6, Xhaoz, Elamad999, Citation bot 1, Pshent, I dream of horses, Peroxwhy2gen, HRoestBot, Adlerbot, Rameshngbot, Be-
ganlocal, Pulpopaz, Charlesbell515, RedBot, TobeBot, Keys767, Jherbertz, Stelmaris, Fama Clamosa, Lotje, Tdstom, Begoon, Mr. Nile,
Lucius Winslow, Zpconn, Diannaa, Jhenderson777, Athene cheval, Tbhotch, Stroppolo, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Sunshineisles2, Aniten21,
RjwilmsiBot, VernoWhitney, The cows want their milk back, BertSeghers, Grondemar, Letterwing, DASHBot, EmausBot, And we drown,
Archie Mitchell, WikitanvirBot, Surlyduff50, Beardy5632, NinjaTazzyDevil, BillyPreset, Optiguy54, Htanna, Starcheerspeaksnewslost-
wars, GoingBatty, J.A.R. Huygebaert, Bupbin, Jim Michael, Princess Lirin, Guy546, Arindamn, Mz7, Evanh2008, Lizard93, ZéroBot,
Cupidvogel, NathanielTheBold, Jenks24, Thargor Orlando, AvicAWB, Unused000705, Braswiki, H3llBot, 1Veertje, Dennis714, Jack-
Heslop91, Cymru.lass, Τασουλα, Coasterlover1994, Blue Marble, L Kensington, John rousey, XRiamux, Uthican, Grashazk, XXWilly-
boy13Xx, Мурад 97, Les Moufette, JohnnyLurg, Hallows Horcruxes, Yoshi0333, JetBlast, LogX, Joefromrandb, Movses-bot, Shylocksboy,
Mikejamesshaw, Frietjes, Hazhk, Costesseyboy, Karl 334, Gavin.perch, Sleeper057, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Popcornduff, Agen-
takki, Mr. Stradivarius on tour, BG19bot, English4543, Ellisowe, Parousie, HIDECCHI001, AxelWN, Gabriel Yuji, ObiterDictum.nz,
BizarreLoveTriangle, Laurelrusswurm, Thatemooverthere, Iamthecheese44, Jk escobar, Mottengott, ErikaJJ, Jacob van Maerlant, Liam
Braithwaite, Intelspy, Zisumor, Chip123456, RickMorais, Neverneverstop, BattyBot, AmyMacLarenCG, Scorpnorx, Angela MacLean,
Khazar2, Selene Scott, Soulparadox, Marosc9, Tx rnel, Dobie80, Hogwartsfanzone, Ibicdlcod, Dexbot, Mogism, Fireflyfanboy, Itlnstln921,
Periglio, TwoTwoHello, Factchecker25, Cupco, Zziccardi, RotlinkBot, JustAMuggle, Kiran.Ajay07, Metheglyn, NemesisFY, Twonicorn,
Beingsshepherd, Melonkelon, Blythwood, Lemaroto, BenStein69, Commons sibi, Pietro13, LiamRobsonKnowledge, Theveravee, SNUG-
GUMS, Asmym xix, Kind Tennis Fan, Notthebestusername, Shields111, David-King, VeryCrocker, Donghwan Seong, Whiteout17, Lord-
Fixit, Vicky Coren, Danyc0, Farradane, Miss.Indecisive, JamKaftan, Sta13ths17, AngGandaNiVice and Anonymous: 1253

12.2 Images
• File:Church_Cottage,_Tutshill.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Church_Cottage%2C_Tutshill.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ghmyrtle
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Cscr-featured.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: ? Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Jk-rowling-crop.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Sjhill
• File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image file was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded
from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.
• File:Platform934-2014.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Platform934-2014.JPG License: CC0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Bert Seghers
• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist:
?
• File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC-
BY-SA-2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil
• File:The_elephant_house.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/The_elephant_house.jpg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nize Nicolai Schäfer
• File:VistadoPorto.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/VistadoPorto.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Lacobrigo
• File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0