UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

UNIVERSITY OF PORTHARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL RIVERS STATE.

PRESENTED BY:

Emetezi Ebube Cynthia

U2018/4730080

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

(B.TECH)

COURSE TITLE: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

COURSE CODE: SLT 402.2

COURSE COORDINATOR: ……………….. Dr. ASUZU SAMUEL HENRIETTA O. FISLT FMLSCN

COMPANY SUPERVISOR: …………………Engr. A.D OBIANIME

FEBRUARY 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

Chapter One

1.1. Introduction of SIWES

1.2 History of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital

1.3. Organisation chart 1

1.4. Departments

Chapter Two

2:1. Activities carried out during My SIWES.

2:2 Introduction To Oxygen Concentrator2:3. Introduction To Soldering

2:4. Introduction And Building Of A DC Power Supply Circuit (practical)

2;5.Water Bath

2:.6 Introduction to Phototherapy Lamp

2:7 Introduction To Sphygmomanometer

2:8. Introduction To Microscope

2:9 Introduction To Nebulization Therapy

2:10. Introduction To Infant Incubator

2:11. autoclave
2.12. Surgical Theatre Lamp

2.13. Suction Machine

Chapter Three

3.1 Problems Encountered

3.2. Relevance of the Siwes program

Chapter 4

4.1. Conclusion And Appraisal Of The Program

REFERENCES
Dedication

This is to God, for keeping and giving me strength to carry out my 6months SIWES Program successfully.
 Acknowledgement

I thank Almighty God for His blessings and favour especially for the success of my 6months SIWES
Program in University Of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.

I also appreciate the Head of department of Works and Services Engr. A.D. OBianime for his maximum
effort ensuring that we are properly taught and exposed to the deep crucials of biomedical equipments.

Nonetheless, I thank all the staff of the department of Works and Services in University Of Port Harcourt
Teaching Hospital for the knowledge they have imparted to me in the period of the Siwes program.
 CHAPTER ONE

1:1. Introduction of SIWES Program

SIWES, which stands for Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, was established in Nigeria in 1973
by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).In 1974, It was officially presented and approved by the Federal
government. The main aim of SIWES is to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge acquired in the
classroom and practical skills required in the workplace. It provides students in various tertiary
institutions the opportunity to gain hands-on work experience in industries related to their field of
study.

SIWES typically lasts for a period of 3 to 6 months, during which students are expected to acquire
practical knowledge and skills that will complement their academic learning. By immersing themselves in
real work environments, students are able to understand how theoretical concepts are applied in
practice and gain valuable insights into their chosen profession.

Over the years, SIWES has played a crucial role in preparing Nigerian students for the demands of the
labor market by providing them with practical work experience, improving their employability, and
fostering industry-academia collaboration. It has become an integral part of the educational system in
Nigeria, helping to produce well-rounded graduates who are better equipped to meet the challenges of
the workforce.

The responsibilities of students during the SIWES program are mainly of these stages;

Pre-SIWES stage; which involves the registration for SIWES, undergoing the institutions SIWES
orientation, obtaining the logbook, applying for placement as a student and returning the letter of
development to the institutional coordinator.

SIWES stage; which involves punctuality at the place of attachment, obedience to constituted
authorities, diligence, honest and taking pride in protecting the employer’s property.

Post SIWES stage; involves the return of log book, submission of technical report and defense of
technical report.

OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1. Provide an avenue for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet after graduation.
2. Provide an avenue for students in higher institutions of learning to acquire industrial skills and
experiences during their course of study.
3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that
may not be available in their institutions.
4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students contact for
later job placements.
5. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work
situations thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
6. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process and prepare
students for employment in Industry and Commerce.
1:2. HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL

The University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) is a prominent tertiary healthcare institution
located in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The history of the hospital dates back to 1975 when the
Federal Government of Nigeria in collaboration with the University of Port Harcourt established it as a
teaching hospital to provide clinical training and medical services to students and the public.

Over the years, UPTH has evolved to become a leading center for medical education, research, and
healthcare delivery in the region. The hospital is affiliated with the University of Port Harcourt, which
provides medical students with practical training and exposure to various specialties and fields of
medicine.
Since its establishment, UPTH has undergone significant developments and expansions to meet the
growing healthcare needs of the community. The hospital has continued to upgrade its facilities, acquire
modern medical equipment, and attract skilled healthcare professionals to provide high-quality care to
patients.

UPTH plays a vital role in the healthcare system of Rivers State and its surrounding areas by offering a
wide range of medical services, including primary care, specialized treatments, surgical procedures, and
emergency care. The hospital serves as a referral center for complex medical cases and provides training
for healthcare professionals in various specialties.

In conclusion, the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital has a rich history of service, education,
and innovation in the field of healthcare. It continues to uphold its commitment to excellence in medical
care, education, and research while contributing to the overall well-being of the community it serves.

1:3. Organisation chart 1

1:4. Departments And Their Functions
 Accident & Emergency Department

The Department of Accident & Emergency renders services on a 24-hour basis. It is the first port
of call for all surgical, medical and gynecological emergencies arriving in the hospital. It is
therefore important to the image of the hospital. It is a center where split-second decisions and
actions must be taken to avoid unnecessary loss of lives.

Anatomical Pathology

The Anatomical Pathology laboratory is the laboratory for the biological, cytological,
pathological, genetic or other examination of materials derived from the human body for the
purpose of providing information for diagnosis, management, prevention and treatment of
disease in, or assessment of the health of human beings, and which may provide a consultant
advisory service covering relevant aspects of laboratory investigation including the interpretation
of results and advise on further appropriate investigation

CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS/UNITS

Accident & Emergency department, Anesthesiology, Anatomical pathology, Burns & plastic,
Chemical pathology, Community medicine, Dentistry, Family medicine, Hematology and Blood
transfusion, Hemodialysis, Intensive care unit, Internal medicine, Medical Microbiology and
parasitology, Neuropsychiatry, Mental health, Nuclear medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Ophthalmology, Oral pathology & Biology, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy,
Radiology, Radiotherapy & Clinical oncology, Surgery, Urology.

Chemical Pathology

They offers routine laboratory, research, and clinical services. The laboratory services involve the
processing and running of samples for various Chemical Pathology investigations. Clinical services
involve the care of patients with diverse metabolic conditions as outpatients.

Hematology & Blood Transfusion Department

This department offers laboratory, blood banking, and clinical services. The laboratory services

involve the processing and running of samples for various hematological investigations while the

blood bank is involved in safe blood donation, blood banking and dispatch of blood for

transfusion. The blood bank also provides all the blood components used both in the hospital and
other health facilities in some parts of south-south and south-eastern Nigeria. The blood banking

services run for 24 hours.

Clinical services, on the other hand, involve the diagnoses and care of patients with diverse

hematological conditions both as outpatients and in the wards.

NON- CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS/UNITS

Board of Management, Office of the Chief Medical Director, Office of the Director of
Administration, Office of the Chairman, Medical Advisory Committee/Director Clinical services
& Training, Accounts & Finance Department, Administration department, Catering, Central
Sterilizing Services Department, Crèche, Communication, Diabetics and nutrition, Information
& Communications Technology unit, Laundry department, Lodging, Media & Publicity unit,
Medical Illustration, Medical Social Services, Pension unit, Security, Service unit, Stores
department, Tailoring department, Transportation, Works & Services.

CHAPTER TWO
 2:1 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT DURING MY SIWES:

1. Visiting And Familiarizating of the various Department's in the hospital.

2. Trobleshooting and repair of medical equipments such as; Oxygen Concentrator , Autoclaves,
Suction machines, ,Surgical theatre lamp,spgymomanometer, Water bath,Phototherapy lamp,
e.t.c.
3. Biomedical Measurememt and Instrumentation Soldering and Desoldering of Electrical
components including Wire to wire, Component to board
4. Building Linear Unregulated Power supply.
5. Assembling and Fixing of hospital beds and other
6. Study of medical devices as outlined below;

2:2 Introduction To Oxygen Concentrator

Oxygen Concentrator is a medical device used to deliver and supply oxygen to patients.

Principle Of Operation
Oxygen concentrators filter surrounding air, compressing it to the required density and then delivers
purified medical grade oxygen into a pulse-dose delivery system or continuous stream system to the
patient.

Procedure Details

1. Your oxygen tank should come with a type of sleeve or carrier. Make sure the tank is in the
carrier and in a secure position.
2. Your oxygen tank should have a small wrench that hangs off the top. Use the wrench to open
and close the valve and adjust the regulator. Turn it to the left to open and to the right to
tighten it. There’s an outlet on the side of the regulator. Listen or feel for oxygen flow on the
outlet nub. Adjust the valve and regulator with the wrench if you don’t hear or feel oxygen.
3. Attach your nasal cannula or oxygen mask to the outlet.
4. Adjust the tubes for the nasal cannula or oxygen mask. Secure them behind your ears (like
eyeglasses). You can place the rest of the tubes under your chin or behind your head.
5. Turn off the airflow when you’re not using your oxygen tank.
6. It’s a good idea to keep your oxygen tank equipment clean to help prevent illness or infection:
7. Wash your plastic tubing at least once a week with soap and water.
8. Replace your nasal cannula or mask at least once a month.
9. Replace your nasal cannula or mask after you’re sick.

Below Is A Patient Using An Oxygen Concentrator

 Components Of Oxygen Concentrator

1. Inlet air filter

2. Compressor
3. Humidifier
4. Sieve beds
5. Cooling fan
6. Product tank
7. Motor mount
8. Switching valve
9. Circuit board

Types of oxygen concentrator

Stationary oxygen concentrator: This type of oxygen concentrator is fixed and Connor be moved.

Portable Oxygen Concentrator: This type of oxygen concentrator is small and can be moved from one
place or the other.
 Uses Of An Oxygen Concentrator

To treat the following diseases conditions;

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (cold)

2. Asthma
3. Bronchitis
4. Other respiratory diseases

Maintenance Of Oxygen Concentrator

1. Avoid using your equipment in a dusty environment.

2. Make use of voltage stabilizers.
3. Do not let the concentrator drop in water.
4. Clean your equipment parts often as directed by the manufacturer's guidelines or when you feel
the dust building up.

2:3. Introduction To Soldering

Soldering is a process of using fusible alloy to join a less fusible metal. It could be regarded as cement in
joining and holding metals together.

Below Are Photos Of A Soldering Iron

Principle Of Operation
 Solder is used to make electrical connections. A soldering iron is used to heat the metal (base material)
of the part to be soldered. The solder is then melted onto the metal (due to wetting and capillary action)
to create an alloy of the metal and solder at the connection surface.

Below Is A Photo Of Soldering Iron In Use

Parts Of A Soldering Iron

1. Insulated handle
2. Heating Element
3. Plug

Types Of Soldering

There are two types of soldering and they are;

1. Hard soldering: this is simply joining of metal having high melting point.
2. Soft Soldering: This is the joining of metal having low melting points.
Uses of A soldering Iron
1. Use to make electrical connections
2. Use to health metal

Maintenance Of A Soldering Iron

1. Tinning your tips

2. Use the correct temperature
3. Use flux to clean the tip of the soldering iron
2:4. Introduction And Building Of A DC Power Supply Circuit (practical)

A DC Power Supply is a power supply that uses DC voltage as input instead of Ac voltage. It's main
purpose is to supply or produce a regulated voltage output for electronic and electric Devices.

A DC Power Supply is built on a veroboard. A veroboard is a brand of strip board , a preformed circuit
board material of copper strips on An insulating bonded paper board used to make electrical
connections.

A DC Power Supply includes; diode, capacity, resistor, transformer, led

2;5.Water Bath

It is an equipment used to maintain temperature of a sample. It is used to incubate sample in water at a

constant temperature over a long period of time.

Principle Of Operation Of A Water Bath

The sensor transfer water temperature to resistance value, amplified and compared by integrated
amplifier, then output the control signal, efficiently control the average heating power of electric
heating tube and maintain water in constant temperature.

procedure To Water Bath

1. Ensure the equipment is clean and the temperature indicator is calibrated by the due date.
2. Plug in the power source.
3. Make sure the water in the bath has enough depth for the heating element to be poured in.
4. Turn “ON” the instrument’s main power source.
5. In order to set the desired temperature, press the SET key. The temperature can be changed by
pressing any or both of these buttons.
6. Use a calibrated thermometer to confirm the temperature.
7. The temperature sensor will retain the set temperature whenever a water bath is used.
8. After use, turn “OFF” the main power source and the instrument’s mains.
9. After usage, completely dry the instrument and then replace the lid

Parts Of A Water Bath

1. Heating element
2. Control interface
3. Stainless vessel/container

Types Of A Water Bath

1. Circulating Water Bath: are ideal for applications when temperature uniformity and consistency
are critical, such as enzymatic and serologic experiments. Water is thoroughly circulated
throughout the bath resulting in a more uniform temperature.

2. Shaking Water Bath:This type of water bath has extra control for shaking, which moves liquids
around.
 Maintenance Of A Water Bath

1. The water bath should be kept clean and dry.

2. Follow manufacturer's guide on the use of the equipment.

2:.6 Introduction to Phototherapy Lamp

Phototherapy Lamp is a medical equipment used in administering a therapeutic dose of light energy to
an infant for the treatment of jaundice and other disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, itchy skin etc.

Principle Of Operation of Phototherapy Lamp

Phototherapy involves the exposure of the skin of the jaundiced baby to blue light of wavelength 400-
520 nm. The light interacts with bilirubin in the neonate's skin to produce isomers of bilirubin that the
neonate can excrete through the intestine and in the urine and thus prevents bilirubin toxicity.
 Parts Of A Phototherapy Lamp

1. Led
2. Electric Circuit board
3. Control panel

Types Of Phototherapy Lamp

1. Halogen Phototherapy Lamp

2. Fluorescent Phototherapy Lamp

3. Fiberoptic Phototherapy Lamp

Maintenance Of A Phototherapy Lamp

1. if the incubator is not being used they should be kept covered with clean cloth.
 2. It should be cleaned every day with a damp cloth and a dry tissue

2:7 Introduction To Sphygmomanometer

Sphygmomanometer is a medical device used to check resting blood pressure of a person.

Principle Of Operation

All sphygmomanometers rely on the principle that when a cuff containing a hollow rubber air bladder is
wrapped around a limb and the cuff is inflated, the pressure in the bladder is equal to the pressure on
the artery under the cuff.

Sphygmomanometer Is a medical equipment used to measure blood pressure.

Types of sphygmomanometer

1. Mercury manometer: are considered the gold standard. They indicate pressure with a column of
mercury, which does not require recalibration.
2. Aneroid sphygmomanometer: are in common use; they may require calibration checks, unlike
mercury manometers.

3. Electronic Sphygmomanometer: employ oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations

rather than auscultation.

Maintenance Of sphygmomanometer
 1. Clean manometer with a soft cloth
2. Replace broken tubings
3. Ensure to follow manufacturer's guide on the use of the device

2:8. Introduction To Microscope

Microscope is an instrument used to view very tiny things that cannot be seen when the eyes. The
principle of microscope is based on the ability to magnify objects.

Principle Of Operation Of A microscope

The working principle of a simple microscope is that when a sample is placed within the focus of the
microscope, a virtual, erect and magnified image is obtained at the least distance of distinct vision from
the eye that is held at the lens.

Procedures To Use A Microscope

1. Plug the microscope to light source

2. Mount your slide to be viewed on the stage
3. Adjust with your adjustments knob for a clearer view
4. Take observation

Types Of Microscope

1. Optical Microscope: uses light produce image, examples are; simple, compound microscope etc.

2. Electron Microscopes:uses beam of electron to produce image.examples; scanning electron

Microscopes, transmission electron microscopes
2:9 Introduction To Nebulization Therapy

Nebulization Therapy is the process of administering therapeutic dose of liquid medication in the form
of aerosol/most.

Principle Of Operation Of A Nebulizer

It's principle of operation is based on the conversion of liquid to aerosol. It is used to relief disease
conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive disease and other respiratory disease.
 Parts Of A Nebulizer

1. medicine cup
2. cap
3. mask or mouthpiece

Types of a nebulizer

1. Jet nebulizer

2. Metered dose inhaler

 3. Ultrasonic nebulizer

2:10. Introduction To Infant Incubator

Infant Incubator are medical equipments used in the hospital for preserving neonates Borns
prematurely with underlying clinical condition.
 Principle Of Operation Of Infant Incubator

All infant incubators typically have a fan that blows filtered ambient air over a heating element and a
water container. Through a control valve, additional oxygen can be supplied to the air inside the cabinet.
The moistened, heated, and oxygen enriched air flows into the cabinet in which the baby is placed.

Procedures

1. Plug the incubator to a light source.

2. Cover the baby's eye.
3. Place the baby in the incubator.
4. Set the temperature at the required level.
5. Supervise.

Parts Of An Infant Incubator

1. Heater
2. Fan
3. Container for water to add humidity
4. Control valve

Types of incubator

1. Open infant Incubator: This is also sometimes called a radiant warmer. In an open incubator, a
baby is placed on a flat surface with a radiant heat element either positioned above or offering
heat from below.
2. Close infant Incubator: A closed incubator allows warm air to be blown through a canopy that
surrounds the baby.
 3. Transport infant Incubator: is intended to circulate warm air at an operator selected and
controlled temperature while transporting preterm with critical condition to hospitals by
ambulance, prepared for neonatal intensive care by trained personnel.

Maintenance for the incubator

1. Wipe down daily using minimal soap/water. Do not use alcohol.

2. Wash humidifier
3. Check fans if it is working properly
4. Follow manufacturer's guide on the care of the equipment.

2:11. autoclave

This is an equipment used in carrying out sterilization. Sterilization is the killing/removal of

microorganisms including bacteria spurs which are highly resistance. Sterilization is an absolute term,
example; the material must be sterile meaning the absence of all microbes.

The Principles Of f Autoclaves

Autoclaves use high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi,
through the process of steam sterilization. The temperature, pressure, and sterilization time are
carefully controlled to ensure that materials are properly sterilized.

Parts Of An Autoclave

1. Chamber
2. Control system
3. Thermostatic trap
4. Safety valves
5. Cooling system
6. Vacuum system
7. Steam Generator

Types Of An Autoclave

Horizontal autoclave: In a horizontal autoclave, the door or lid opens outward towards the handler. This
type of autoclave is usually available in larger sizes and is commonly used in industrial and healthcare
settings.

Vertical autoclave: In a vertical autoclave, the autoclavable material is loaded from the top side of the
autoclave. Vertical autoclaves are typically available in smaller sizes and are commonly used in
laboratories and research facilities.
 Maintenance Of An Autoclave

1. Completely drain the water from the reservoir and replenish with fresh distilled water.
2. Remove autoclave filters and clean with water jets.
3. Run a sterilization cycle while the chamber is empty.

2.12. Surgical Theatre Lamp

This is a medical equipment used to illuminate an area of focus when carrying out surgical procedures.

Parts of A surgical Lamp

1. Transformer
2. Led
3. Switch
4. Capacitor

Types Of f A Surgical Lamp

Movable Type: It can be moved from one point to another

Stationary type: This is fixed at a point and cannot be moved.

Maintenance

1. Ensure to wipe the lamp with a clean lint before use.

2. Ensure to follow manufacturer's guide on the use and care of the lamp

2.13. Suction Machine

This is medical device that is used in clearing an airway , it can also be used to remove/extract unwanted
fluid such as blood , saliva, Etc.

Principle Of Operation

It's principle of operation is based on the principle of negative pressure

Parts Of A Suction Machine

1. Pressure guage
2. Switch
3. Bacteria filter
4. Evacuation bottle
5. Patient tubing

Types of a Suction Machine

Electrical Suction Machine: This is Electrically operated.

Manual suction machine: it is manually operated

 Maintenance Of A Suction Machine

1. Ensure follow manufacturer's guide on the use and care of the machine.
2. Ensure to replace broken tubing's and bottles

CHAPTER THREE

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED/ RELEVANCE OF THE PROGRAM

3.1 PROBLEM S ENCOUNTERED

Some of the problem encountered during the industrial training are;

 Noise pollution, due to the other departments of Works and services use their noisy Generators
and Equipments in the main building causing Air and Noise pollution
 Lack of Access to some Equipments and Departments

3:2 RELEVANCE OF THE PROGRAM

Firstly, it provides students with practical, hands-on experience in working with the latest biomedical
equipment and technologies. This exposure is crucial for students to bridge the gap between theoretical
knowledge gained in the classroom and real-world applications in the field.

Secondly, It allows students to interact with professionals providing them with valuable networking
opportunities and mentorship. This exposure can help students gain insights into industry best practices,
develop essential skills, and even secure potential employment opportunities in the future.

Furthermore, the program encourages students to apply their knowledge and skills in solving real-world
problems related to biomedical equipment. This practical experience not only enhances their
understanding of the subject matter but also cultivates critical thinking, problem-solving, and innovation
skills that are essential for success in the field.

CHAPTER FOUR

4:1. CONCLUSION AND APPRAISAL OF THE PROGRAM

1. Ways of Improving The Program:

1. Updated Curriculum: Regularly review and update the SIWES curriculum to incorporate the latest
advancements in biomedical equipment technology and industry requirements.

2. Mentorship Programs: Implement structured mentorship programs to provide students with guidance
and support throughout their work experience, enhancing their learning and professional development.

Advice for Future Participants

Future students should:

1. Proactively seek learning opportunities during the SIWES program to gain practical experience and
exposure to different aspects of biomedical equipment.

2. Engage with industry professionals, ask questions, and seek mentorship to broaden their knowledge
and understanding of the field.

3. Develop a strong work ethic, pay attention to detail, and demonstrate professionalism in all
interactions to leave a positive impression on potential employers.

Advice for SIWES Program Manager:

The SIWES Program Manager should:

1. Regularly assess and update the program curriculum to ensure its relevance to industry demands and
technological advancements.

2. Foster strong partnerships with industry stakeholders and academic institutions to expand
opportunities for student placements and enhance the quality of work experience.
3. Provide adequate training and resources for supervising professionals to mentor and guide students
effectively during their work experience.

In conclusion, I appreciate the University for implementing a special program as SIWES program for it
plays a vital role in preparing students for a career by providing them with practical experience, industry
exposure, and opportunities for skill development and networking. It serves as a bridge between
academia and industry, equipping students with the necessary tools to excel in the dynamic and rapidly
evolving field of biomedical equipment.

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