Separation Process – I
Laboratory
SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD FAIQ
(2022-CH-203)
SUBMITTED TO:
MA’AM FARAH
SECTION:
A
SUBJECT:
SEPERATION PROCESS-I LAB
Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials
Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
(New Campus)
White Board
Separation Process Lab Layout
Entrance
Chemical
Storage
Table
Gas Liquid
Absorption
Aeration Unit
Working Distillation
Table Column Unit
Solid-Liquid
Extraction
Liquid
Extraction
Ion Exchange
E Unit
Demonstration
unit
N S
Liquid-Liquid
W Extraction
Unit
Tray Drier
Exit
Wetted Wall Gas
Rotary Drier
Absorption Column
Sink
Course Learning Outcomes
Describe the operation of PLO-01 Cognitive Understand
CLO1 mass transfer equipment in
order to comprehend their
applications.
Demonstrate the operation of PL0-04 Psychomotor Manipulation
CLO2 mass transfer units according
to the guidelines of the lab
manual.
Adhere to general and PL0-06 Affective Valuing
CLO3 experiment-specific safety
guidelines.
Report experimental results PLO-08 Affective Responding
CLO4 with ethical responsibility.
Report experimental results PLO-10 Affective Responding
CLO5 with ethical responsibility.
Participate actively as an PLO-09 Affective Responding
CLO6 individual and as a group
member in the lab-related
activities
Perform new experiment on PLO-12 Psychomotor Articulation
CLO7 mass transfer equipment
after formulating the
experiment based on the
relevant literature
Laboratory Safety Precautions
• Read the entire safety label carefully.
• Never eat drink or smoke while working in laboratory.
• Never use the mobile phone in the laboratory
• Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by
instructor.
• Wear safety glasses, face shield while working with hazardous material or
equipment.
• Wear gloves while using any hazardous or toxic agents.
• Close shoes are required while working with equipment
• If you have long hair or loose clothes, make sure it is confined.
• Keep the work area clear of all the material except those needed for your
work. Extra books or purses should be kept be kept away from equipment
• Student are responsible for the proper disposal of used material
• If a piece of equipment fails while being used report immediately to your
laboratory instructor.
• If leaving laboratory unattended, turn off all ignition source
• Never pipette any think by mouth.
• Clean up your work area before leaving.
• Always keep the entry or exit of laboratory unlocked and clear while working.
• Wash hands before leaving the laboratory.
SR Table of contents
no.
1. Objective
2. Apparatus and Material Required
3. Theory
4. Applications
5. Procedure
6. Observations and Calculations
7. Results
8. Discussion
9. Conclusion
10. References
Experiment # 1
Tray Dryer
Objective:
Calculate the percentage moisture content of wet sand husk removed in a tray drier by varying the
temperature of hot air.
Apparatus & Material Required:
• Tray Drier
• Weighing Balance
• Stop watch
Theory:
Tray drying is a convective heat and mass transfer process commonly used in the industry to separate solids
from liquids. In tray drying, a stream of hot gas is passed over a damp solid to vaporize the liquid. The process
requires no agitation and allows for control over temperature and other properties
Working principle:
Hot air is constantly pumped in the tray drier. To eliminate moisture from solids placed in trays, forced
convection heating is used. Simultaneously, the wet air is partially evacuated. The trays are loaded with wet
solids
Purpose of drying:
Tray drying is a batch process used to dry materials that are liquid or wet cake. The input materials are placed
into trays and loaded into ovens for drying. Tray drying works well for material that requires more gentle
processing or cannot be atomized in an air stream due to viscosity.
Four processes of drying:
• External heat transfer
• Internal heat transfer by conduction
• Internal matter transfer by diffusion
• Matter transport from product surface to surrounding air.
Material used:
Heat-sensitive materials such granular mass, crystalline powders, paste, and granular materials are dried using
tray dryers. Only a small portion of the solid particles are exposed during the drying process, which operates at
relatively low temperatures.
Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus.
2. Before running the experiment, make sure that no material is present on the tray of drier.
3. Prepare 2-3 Kg wet feed.
4. Calculate the initial moisture content of the feed.
5. Turn on the heater and air blower and set the temperature and speed for flowing air.
6. Spread the wet feed on tray of the drier and place it on tray racks.
7. Note down the initial time or set the stopwatch to zero.
8. After 10 min, take out the tray from the rack.
9. Calculate the moisture content for product obtained from the tray after drying.
10. Calculate the moisture drop of the sand.
11. Repeat the above process by varying the temperature of hot air.
12. Compare the different results obtained
Applications:
• Chemical Industry:
Tray dryers are used in the chemical industry to dry various chemicals, including pigments, dyes, and
pesticides.
• Textile Industry:
Tray dryers are used in the textile industry to dry fabrics, yarns, and fibers.
• Pharmaceutical Industry:
Tray dryers are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for drying granules, powders, tablets,
and capsules. They ensure uniform drying, which is crucial for maintaining the quality and efficacy of
drugs.
• Food Processing Industry:
Tray dryers are employed for drying various food products such as fruits, vegetables, grains, herbs,
spices, and nuts. They help in preserving food by removing moisture, thereby extending its shelf life.
Observations & Calculations:
Data Analysis:
Moisture content = Mn = Ww−Wd /Ww × 100
NOTATION:
Mn = moisture content (%) of material n
Ww = wet weight of the sample
Wd = weight of the sample after drying.
This equipment is not working in the Lab
Conclusion:
A tray dryer is an equipment which can used to determine well the drying rate of a wet substance.
Precautions:
• Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
• Avoid overloading the machine beyond its designed capacity. Overloading can lead to mechanical
failures and accidents.
References:
https://www.aveka.com
https://www.jeva.com
Experiment # 2
Rotary Dryer
Objective:
Calculate the percentage moisture content of wet rice husk removed in a rotary drier by varying the
flowrates of hot air.
Apparatus & Material Required:
• Rotary Drier
• Weighing Balance
• Stop watch
Theory:
Rotary dryers are widely used for drying bulk solids or powders in a variety of industries, including mineral
processing, agriculture, and manufacturing. They provide a simple, effective, and low-cost technique of
eliminating moisture from materials.
Working principle:
A rotary dryer works by feeding the material into the rotating cylinder, where it comes into contact with a hot
gas. A hob typically supplies the gas, which might be hot air, combustion gases, or steam. The moisture is
gradually evaporated as the material tumbles in the rotating drum, and the dry material is ejected from the dryer
Main Parts:
• Hopper
• Rotating Cylinder
• Heater
• Air Blower
• Collecting Tray
Industrial uses:
Rotary dryers have a wide range of industrial applications, including drying ores and concentrates in the
mineral processing sector, drying crops and animal feed in agriculture, and drying chemicals and other materials
in the manufacturing business.
Advantages:
Rotary dryers have various advantages over other drying processes, such as cheap running costs, great thermal
efficiency, and the capacity to handle a wide variety of materials. They are also quite simple in design, making
them straightforward to run and maintain.
Disadvantages:
The destruction of some materials by impact and abrasion is one downside of rotary driers, which prevents their
usage for most items. Rotary driers are commonly used to dry fruits and vegetables such as cocoa beans,
almonds, pomace, and cooked cereals..
Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus.
2. Before running the experiment, make sure that no material is present in the rotary tube.
3. Prepare 2-3 Kg wet feed.
4. Calculate the initial moisture content of the feed.
5. Insert the wet feed into the hopper of rotary drier.
6. Turn on the tube rotating motor, heater and air blower and set the temperature and speed for flowing air.
7. Slowly pour down the feed into the rotating tube.
8. Calculate the moisture content for product coming out from the outlet of the tube.
9. Calculate the moisture drop of the sand.
10. Repeat the above process by varying the hot speed of air.
11.Compare the different results obtained.
Applications:
• Food processing:
Rotary dryers are used for drying a wide range of food products, including grains, fruits, vegetables, and meat
products. They are also used for drying pet food, animal feed, and other agricultural products.
• Minerals and mining:
Rotary dryers are used for drying a variety of minerals, including copper, iron ore, phosphate, nickel, and coal. They
are also used for drying mineral concentrates, tailings, and waste materials.
• Chemical processing:
Rotary dryers are used for drying a wide range of chemical products, including fertilizers, pigments, dyes, and
pharmaceuticals. They are also used for drying chemical intermediates and finished products.
• Biomass processing:
Rotary dryers are used for drying various types of biomass, including wood chips, sawdust, and agricultural waste.
They are also used for drying biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel.
Observations & Calculations:
Data Analysis:
Moisture content = Mn = Ww−Wd /Ww × 100
NOTATION:
Mn = moisture content (%) of material n
Ww = wet weight of the sample
Wd = weight of the sample after drying.
This equipment is not working in the Lab
Conclusion:
A Rotary dryer is an equipment which can used to determine well the drying rate of a wet substance.
Precautions:
• Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
• Avoid overloading the machine beyond its designed capacity. Overloading can lead to mechanical
failures and accidents.
References:
https://www.virtual.com
https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://www.scrbid.com
Experiment # 3
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Unit
Objective:
To demonstrate how a mass balance is performed on the extraction column, and to measure the mass
transfer coefficient and its variation with flowrate with the aqueous phase as the continuous medium.
Apparatus & Material Required:
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Apparatus, 250ml Conical Stoppered Flask, 250ml Measuring Cylinder,
Pipette with Rubber Bulb, Burette.
Theory:
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a separation technique that is used to extract a target compound from a
mixture of two immiscible liquids based on their different solubility in each phase. The two immiscible liquids
are usually referred to as the "extracting solvent" and the "feed phase."
Working principle:
The principle of liquid-liquid extraction is based on the target compound's differential in solubility in two
immiscible liquids. The extracting solvent is combined with the feed phase, and the two liquids are allowed to
separate into two different layers based on their densities. The target compound is extracted selectively into one
of the liquid phases based on its solubility in that phase. The target compound is then extracted from the
solvent-rich phase using evaporation or other methods once the two liquid phases have been separated.
Industrial uses:
Oil refining:
It is used to separate different hydrocarbons from crude oil.
Chemical manufacturing:
It is used to separate and purify various chemicals used in manufacturing processes. Food industry: It is used to
extract flavors and fragrances from natural sources for use in the food industry
Advantages:
High selectivity: LLE allows for selective extraction of the target compound, which reduces the need for
further purification steps.
Flexibility: The choice of solvent and conditions can be adjusted to optimize the extraction process for a
particular compound.
Low cost: LLE is a relatively low-cost method of separating and purifying compounds compared to other
techniques
Disadvantages:
Labor-intensive: The technique requires a high degree of manual intervention, which can be time-consuming
and labor-intensive.
Hazardous solvents: Some of the solvents used in liquid- liquid extraction can be hazardous to health and the
environment.
Limited throughput: LLE is typically used for small-scale extractions, and its throughput is limited.
Procedure:
1. Add 150ml of iodine solution to 50ml of tetrachloromethane in mixing tube. Mix the solution and layer
formed.
2. When layer formed then separate out the layer solution from mixing tube in a beaker.
3. 0.1 molar solution of HCl formed in a beaker.
4. Filled the pipette with HCl solution. Then, titrate it with the layer solution.
5. Note the reading.
6. After titration, 1% starch solution (1g starch in 100ml boil water) formed in beaker. Then, add in titrate
solution.
7. After titration, form 0.02 molar solution of NaOH.
8. Pipette filled with NaOH solution.
9. Again titration with NaOH, titrate the starch solution.
10. Note that reading.
11. After the titration, the precipitate are formed.
Applications:
• Pharmaceutical industry:
Liquid-liquid extraction is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to isolate and purify drugs from
natural sources or to remove impurities from synthetic compounds. For example, the extraction of
paclitaxel from the bark of the Pacific yew tree is a key step in the production of the chemotherapy drug
Taxol.
• Chemical industry:
Liquid-liquid extraction is used to separate and purify various chemicals and compounds in the chemical
industry, such as separating different components of crude oil or refining natural gas. It is also used to
recover solvents and other chemicals from waste streams.
• Environmental analysis:
Liquid-liquid extraction is used in environmental analysis to extract and concentrate contaminants from
soil, water, or air samples. For example, it can be used to extract pesticides from soil samples or PCBs
from water samples
• Food industry:
Liquid-liquid extraction is used in the food industry to extract and purify various food additives, such as
flavorings, fragrances, and colorants. It is also used to extract edible oils from plant materials.
Observations & Calculations:
iodine solution = 150ml
CCl4 solution = 50ml
0.1 Molar solution of HCI
1st titration of layer solution (iodine and CCl4) with HCl:
Initial reading = 50ml
Final reading = 10ml
1% starch solution
0.02 molar solution of NaOH
2nd titration of starch solution with NaOH:
Initial reading = 50ml
Final reading = 25ml
Results:
At the end of the experiment the precipitate are formed.
Conclusion:
Liquid-liquid extraction is a useful technique for separating substances in a mixture based on their solubility and
chemical properties. Its effectiveness depends on the selection of a suitable solvent and careful optimization of
the extraction process. The method has a wide range of applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals,
food and beverage and environmental monitoring.
Precautions:
• Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
• Avoid overloading the machine beyond its designed capacity. Overloading can lead to mechanical
failures and accidents.
References:
https://www.chemlibretext.com
https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://www.slideshare.com
