E Math Notes
E Math Notes
• x ² − 2p x = (x − p )² − p²
− b b 2 − 4ac
- Formula: For ax2 + bx + c= 0, x=
2a
- Sketch of quadratic functions: must show
1. y-int, 2. Line of symmetry 3. Turning point 4. x-int (if any)
- Fractional equations
o Reduced to a quadratic equation by expressing LHS as a single fraction. Then cross-
multiply to solve the equation.
o If the root of the equation makes the denominator in the original fractional equation
zero, reject that root.
42 42 1
Eg Solve − = [Ans:x =17.4 or −14.4]
x−3 x 2
1
Ch 2. Linear Inequalities:
- Change in the direction of inequality when multiplied or divided by negative number. eg.
–x > 5 x < (-5)
- Solving linear inequalities: Use number line to find the overlapping area.
(working)
-2 -1 3 4
the solution is : -2 < x < -1 or 3 < x 4.
(Answer)
-2 -1 3 4
Ch3. Indices
• a0 = 1 50 = 1
1 1
• a−p = 3-2 =
ap 32
1
• p p
a = a 91/2 = 9
( a)
q 2
q
a = = aq 16 =
p
•
p
p 3 3
a2
Eg Solve 8x = 16
2
3.2 Standard Form
• Always express as a × 10n, where 1 a < 10, n is an integer
Compound Interest
P - principal (starting amount),
n - number of payments of interest,
r - interest rate per period (in %)
r n
Then the total amount, A = P(1 + ) and the compound interest = A − P
100
Ch 4. Coordinates Geometry
y 2 − y1
- Gradient of the line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
x 2 − x1
3
- Straight line equation: y = mx + c where m is the gradient, c = y-int
- Need to know at least one point on the line and the gradient to find its equation.
* Equation is: (y − y2) = m(x − x2) or (y − y1) = m(x − x1)
a. Linear (n = 1); a. b. c.
b. Quadratic (n = 2)
c. Cubic (n = 3)
d. Reciprocal (n = −1) d. e. f.
e. Reciprocal (n = −2)
f. Exponential y = kax
.
4
• Gradient of curve at point P
- Graphical solutions
o draw the tangent at the point of the curve and calculate its gradient
- For right-angled triangle, use TOA, CAH, SOH to solve the triangles.
opposite
* sin =
hypotenuse
adjacent
* cos =
hypotenuse
opposite
* tan =
adjacent
5
o Three sides → Cosine Rule:
b2 + c 2 − a2
cos A = or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
2bc
1
- Area of Triangle = ab sin C
2
- Bearings
* Always measured from N-axis
* Clockwise direction
* Written as a 3-figured number before decimal place. (e.g. 000, 045.2, 135)
- 3-dimentional problems:
* Largest of elevation: when it is closest to base of object.
* Largest of depression: when looking at object nearest to base.
* shortest distance from B to AC: perpendicular distance from B to AC.
- 1 radian = 180°
180
- to change radian to degree : multiplied by
- to change degree to radian: multiplied by 180
𝜃
- acr length = r θ (θ is in radian) or = 360 × 2𝑟 (θ is in degrees)
𝜃
- area of sector = ½ r² θ (θ in radian) or = 360
× 𝑟² (θ in degrees)
= ½ r² (θ − sin θ)
o Angle bisectors
o Perpendicular bisectors
o Parallel lines
6
- Tests for symmetry
a. AA test (2 pairs of s are the same)
b. SSS similarity test (All 3 corresponding sides in same ratio)
c. SAS similarity test (2 pairs of corr. sides same ratio & included s are equal)
- If 2 triangles are not similar but share the same height, then
a
ratio of their areas =
b
7
1.1.4 Irrational numbers
Examples: , e, 2
1.1.5 Real Numbers, denoted by R, all numbers except −1
1.1.6 Find HCF, LCM, square roots, cube roots by prime factorization
3. Percentage
new value - old value
* Percentage change = 100%
old value
4. Speed
* Average speed, conversion of units (eg m/s to km/h)
8
5.2 Geometrical Properties of Triangles
5.2.1 a + b + c = 180° (s sum of ∆) b
a + b = k (ext of ∆) k
a c
5.2.1 Equilateral
* Each = 60, 3 equal sides ( equil. ∆ )
5.2.2 Isosceles
* 2 equal sides, equal base s. ( base s, isos ∆ )
6. Pythagoras Theorem
* a2 + b2 = c2, where a, b, c are sides of a right- triangle, and c is the hypotenuse
7. Mensuration
7.1 Cuboids
* Vol = length × breadth × height
* Surface Area = 2 (lb × lh × bh)
7.2 Cylinders/Prisms
* Vol = base area × height
* Curved Surface Area of Cylinder: 2rh
Hence, total surface area of a closed cylinder = 2r2 + 2rh
7.3 Pyramids/Cones
1
* Vol = × base area × height
3
* Curved Surface Area of Cone = rl, where l is the slant height, r is radius of
base area.
Hence, total surface area of closed cone = r2 + rl
7.4 Spheres
4 3
* Vol = r
3
* Surface Area = 4r2 * Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2r²
9
Conversion between cm² and m², and between cm3 and m3
1 m² = 10 000 cm² ; 1 m³ = 1 000 000 cm³
Definition The median is the The mode is the The mean is the average
middle number of a set number that occurs of all numbers in a set
of data arranged in most often within a of data.
numerical order. set of data.
Advantages Not affected by extreme Not affected by All data are included in
values. extreme values. calculation.
Disadvantages Look at 1 or 2 middle Does not consider the Includes extreme values.
values, might not be a bulk of the data. Hence, can sometimes be
true representation of misleading.
the data.
8.3 Probability
- 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
- P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
- P (at least one) = 1 – P(none)
10