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E Math Notes

This document provides a summary of key topics covered in a revision guide for an end-of-year secondary school mathematics test, including: 1. Solving quadratic, fractional, and exponential equations. 2. Graphing and solving linear and quadratic inequalities. 3. Applying laws of indices and working with standard form. 4. Calculating distances, gradients, and equations of lines in coordinate geometry. 5. Drawing and interpreting graphs of functions and power curves. 6. Introducing concepts in trigonometry and its applications.

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Annette Chiang
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
174 views10 pages

E Math Notes

This document provides a summary of key topics covered in a revision guide for an end-of-year secondary school mathematics test, including: 1. Solving quadratic, fractional, and exponential equations. 2. Graphing and solving linear and quadratic inequalities. 3. Applying laws of indices and working with standard form. 4. Calculating distances, gradients, and equations of lines in coordinate geometry. 5. Drawing and interpreting graphs of functions and power curves. 6. Introducing concepts in trigonometry and its applications.

Uploaded by

Annette Chiang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision for End-of-Year Sec 3 Elementary Mathematics

Ch 1. Quadratic Equations and Fractional Equations:

- Solve quad equations by:


- factorisation; eg Solve 3x² − 5x − 2 = 0
- completing the squares : Express y = − x² + 5x + 6 in the form y = −(x +a)² + b
• x ² + 2p x = (x + p )² − p²

• x ² − 2p x = (x − p )² − p²
− b  b 2 − 4ac
- Formula: For ax2 + bx + c= 0, x=
2a
- Sketch of quadratic functions: must show
1. y-int, 2. Line of symmetry 3. Turning point 4. x-int (if any)

- Turning Point form: (Completed square form)


o Use ‘Completing the squares’ to find turning point of y = ax²+bx+c
o a > 0  minimum point
o a < 0  maximum point
o y = a (x – h)² + k  tuning point is (h, k), y-intercept is (ah² + k)
eg. y = 3 – (x + 2)² has a max. point at (-2, 3)
o Equation of line of symmetry is: x = h

- Intercept form: (Factorised form) y = (x – h) (x – k)


o The x-int is x = h and x = k,
h+k
o Use the x-intercepts to find turning point. The turning point occurs at x = , then
2
find the corresponding value of y.
−2 + 4
▪ eg. y = (x + 2) (x – 4)  turning pt at x = = 1 & y =(-9)
2
h+k
o Equation of line of symmetry is: x = ,
2

- Fractional equations
o Reduced to a quadratic equation by expressing LHS as a single fraction. Then cross-
multiply to solve the equation.
o If the root of the equation makes the denominator in the original fractional equation
zero, reject that root.

42 42 1
Eg Solve − = [Ans:x =17.4 or −14.4]
x−3 x 2

1
Ch 2. Linear Inequalities:

- Change in the direction of inequality when multiplied or divided by negative number. eg.
–x > 5  x < (-5)

- Max/Min value: (x2)min = 0

- Solving linear inequalities: Use number line to find the overlapping area.

eg. For –2 < x  4 and x> 3 or x < -1,

(working)
-2 -1 3 4
the solution is : -2 < x < -1 or 3 < x  4.

(Answer)
-2 -1 3 4

Ch3. Indices

3.1 Laws od Indices:


Examples:
• am × an = am+n 23 × 2 5 = 28
am 35
• n
= a m−n = 33
a 32
• (am)n = amn (43)2 = 46
• an × bn = (ab)n 23 × 33 = 63
m
am  a  64
• =  = 34
bm  b  2 4

• a0 = 1 50 = 1
1 1
• a−p = 3-2 =
ap 32
1

• p p
a = a 91/2 = 9

( a)
q 2
q
a = = aq 16 =
p

p
p 3 3
a2

- Solving simple exponential equation: If a x = a y, then x = y. (a ≠ 1)

Eg Solve 8x = 16

2
3.2 Standard Form
• Always express as a × 10n, where 1  a < 10, n is an integer

Powers of 10 Name SI Prefix Symbol


10−12 trillionth pico- p
10−9 billionth nano- n
10−6 millionth micro- µ
10−3 thousandth milli- m
100 one - -
103 thousand kilo- k
106 million mega- M
109 billion giga- G
1012 trillion tera- T

• Use rules of indices to simplify


• Express non-standard form to standard form:
eg. 135.68 × 104 = 1.35 × 106
0.00123 × 10-2 = 1.23× 10 5

3.3 Simple Interest


P - principal (starting amount), T - number of years, R - interest rate (in %)
PRT
Then simple interest, I =
100

Compound Interest
P - principal (starting amount),
n - number of payments of interest,
r - interest rate per period (in %)
r n
Then the total amount, A = P(1 + ) and the compound interest = A − P
100

Ch 4. Coordinates Geometry

- Distance between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is: ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y1 − y 2 ) 2

y 2 − y1
- Gradient of the line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
x 2 − x1

3
- Straight line equation: y = mx + c where m is the gradient, c = y-int
- Need to know at least one point on the line and the gradient to find its equation.
* Equation is: (y − y2) = m(x − x2) or (y − y1) = m(x − x1)

- Equation of Horizontal line: y = k where k is the y-int

- Equation of Vertical line: x = k where k is the x-int

- Parallel lines have equal gradients


eg Equation of straight line parallel to 3y + 4x – 5 = 0 is of the form
3y + 4x + k = 0 where k is a constant.

- Three points A, B and C are collinear if grad of AB = grad of BC

- Area of triangle = ½  base  height = ½ ab sin C

Ch 5 Functions and graphs

• . Points to note when drawing a curve:


- check the scale given in the question.
- plot the graph and join the points with smooth curve
- Label the graph, the x-axis and the y-axis.

• Graphs of power functions, y = a xn

a. Linear (n = 1); a. b. c.

b. Quadratic (n = 2)

c. Cubic (n = 3)

d. Reciprocal (n = −1) d. e. f.
e. Reciprocal (n = −2)

f. Exponential y = kax
.

[all the curves shown here are for a>0]

[Add in the diagrams the curves for a < 0 in each case]

4
• Gradient of curve at point P

(i) draw tangent at the point

(ii) select two points on the line.


y 2 − y1
(iii) use the formula of gradient
x 2 − x1
• Leave your answers in decimal, correct to 3 significant figures.

- Graphical solutions

- Using the graph of y = ax² + bx + c (e.g.) to solve the equation


ax² + bx + c = px + q by adding the line y = px + q onto the curve.

- Gradient of the curve at a point

o draw the tangent at the point of the curve and calculate its gradient

Ch 6 & 7 Trigonometry and its applications

- For right-angled triangle, use TOA, CAH, SOH to solve the triangles.
opposite
* sin  =
hypotenuse
adjacent
* cos  =
hypotenuse
opposite
* tan  =
adjacent

- For complementary angels:


o cos A = sin (90° − A) and sin A = cos (90° − A)

- For supplementary angels:


o cos A = − cos (180° − A) and sin A = sin (180° − A)

- For non-right-angled triangle:


sin A sin B sinC
o Two sides and two angles → Sine Rule: = = or
a b c
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sinC

▪ sin θ = 0.5  θ = 30° or 150°, check which is appropriate in the question.


Sometimes obtuse angle is wanted.

5
o Three sides → Cosine Rule:
b2 + c 2 − a2
cos A = or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
2bc
1
- Area of Triangle = ab sin C
2

- Bearings
* Always measured from N-axis
* Clockwise direction
* Written as a 3-figured number before decimal place. (e.g. 000, 045.2, 135)

- 3-dimentional problems:
* Largest  of elevation: when it is closest to base of object.
* Largest  of depression: when looking at object nearest to base.
* shortest distance from B to AC: perpendicular distance from B to AC.

Ch 8 Radian, arc length, area of sectors

- 1  radian = 180°
180
- to change radian to degree : multiplied by 


- to change degree to radian: multiplied by 180

𝜃
- acr length = r θ (θ is in radian) or = 360 × 2𝑟 (θ is in degrees)

𝜃
- area of sector = ½ r² θ (θ in radian) or = 360
× 𝑟² (θ in degrees)

- area of segment = area of sector − area of triangle

= ½ r² (θ − sin θ)

Ch 9 Congruence and Similarity tests

- Geometrical Constructions: Use compasses and ruler to construct

o Angle bisectors

o Perpendicular bisectors

o Parallel lines

6
- Tests for symmetry
a. AA test (2 pairs of s are the same)
b. SSS similarity test (All 3 corresponding sides in same ratio)
c. SAS similarity test (2 pairs of corr. sides same ratio & included s are equal)

- Tests for congruency (Triangles)


a. SSS
b. SAS
c. AAS
d. RHS

Ch 10 Area and Volumes of similar figures and solids


a
- If 2 figures are similar, with ratios of sides: , then
b
2
a
a. ratios of their areas =  
b
3
a
b. ratios of their volumes =  
b
3
a
c, Ratios of their masses =  
b

- If 2 triangles are not similar but share the same height, then
a
ratio of their areas =
b

Lower Sec Topics:

1. Number and the four operations


1.1.1 Natural numbers: denoted by N, number starting from 1
* Prime numbers: natural numbers that have exactly 2 factors: 1 and itself.
[1 is not prime]
* Perfect squares are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196 etc
* Numbers that are not prime are called composite numbers.
.
1.1.2 Integers, denoted by Z.
* even numbers (can be expressed as 2n, where n is any integer) (0 is even)
* odd numbers (can be expressed as 2n + 1, where n is any integer)
* positive numbers (> 0)
* negative numbers (< 0)

1.1.3 Rational Numbers, denoted by Q


* can be written as a fraction of 2 integers (eg 2, 3.4, 5½, −1.3 )

7
1.1.4 Irrational numbers
Examples: , e, 2
1.1.5 Real Numbers, denoted by R, all numbers except −1

1.1.6 Find HCF, LCM, square roots, cube roots by prime factorization

2. Ratios, Rate and Proportions

2.1 Scales on maps or diagrams


* eg 1: 50000 means 1cm: 500 m or 1cm : 0.5 km
* To find area, square both sides to obtain the area scale first.
eg 1cm: 0.5km  1cm² : 0.25 km²

2.2 Direct proportion and indirect Proportion


* Direct proportion: y varies with x
y  x  y = kx where k is a constant.
* Inverse Variation: y varies inversely with x
1 k
y  y = , where k is a constant
x x

3. Percentage
new value - old value
* Percentage change = 100%
old value

4. Speed
* Average speed, conversion of units (eg m/s to km/h)

5. Angles, Triangles and Polygons

5.1 Basic Angle Properties


5.1.1 Concepts of a Point, a Line, a Plane
5.1.2 adj. s on a str. line sum up to 180
5.1.3 s at a pt. sum up to 360
5.1.4 vert. opp. s have the same value
5.1.5 alt. s
5.1.6 corr. s need to have // lines
5.1.7 int. s sum up to 180
5.1.8 complementary s (2 s sum to 90) & supplementary s (2 s sum to 180)
5.1.9 Acute s (< 90), Right  (90), Obtuse  (between 90 and 180),
Reflex  (> 180)

8
5.2 Geometrical Properties of Triangles
5.2.1 a + b + c = 180° (s sum of ∆) b

a +  b = k (ext  of ∆) k
a c
5.2.1 Equilateral 
* Each  = 60, 3 equal sides ( equil. ∆ )
5.2.2 Isosceles 
* 2 equal sides, equal base s. ( base s, isos ∆ )

5.3 Angle Properties of Polygons

5.3.1 Sum of interior s of n-gon = (n − 2) ×180°


5.3.2 Sum of exterior s of n-gon = 360°
* Exterior  and Interior  are supplementary (i.e. they form a pair of s on a
str. line.)
5.3.3 Regular polygon only if (i) all the sides are of the same length, AND
(ii) all the interior s have the same value
(n − 2)  180  360 
(i.e. each int.  = , eaxh ext  = )
n n
5.3.4 Names of polygons:
4-sided : quadrilateral 5 sided: pentagon
6 sided: hexagon 7-sided: heptagon
8-sided: octagon 9-sided: nonagon
10-sided: decagon n-sided: n-gon

6. Pythagoras Theorem
* a2 + b2 = c2, where a, b, c are sides of a right- triangle, and c is the hypotenuse

7. Mensuration
7.1 Cuboids
* Vol = length × breadth × height
* Surface Area = 2 (lb × lh × bh)
7.2 Cylinders/Prisms
* Vol = base area × height
* Curved Surface Area of Cylinder: 2rh
Hence, total surface area of a closed cylinder = 2r2 + 2rh
7.3 Pyramids/Cones
1
* Vol = × base area × height
3
* Curved Surface Area of Cone = rl, where l is the slant height, r is radius of
base area.
Hence, total surface area of closed cone = r2 + rl
7.4 Spheres
4 3
* Vol = r
3
* Surface Area = 4r2 * Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2r²

9
Conversion between cm² and m², and between cm3 and m3
1 m² = 10 000 cm² ; 1 m³ = 1 000 000 cm³

8. Statistics and Probability

8.1 Presentation of data


a. Pictograms
b. Vertical / Horizonta; bar chart
c. Pie chart
d. Line Graphs
e. Histogram
f. Dot diagrams
g. Stem-and-leaf diagrams

8.2 Measures of Central Tendency


8.2.1 Mean - Calculate mean from grouped frequency distribution
- find class mid-value, x, first. [i.e. (lower limit + upper limit ) ÷ 2]
 fx
- use the formula to find mean.
f
n +1
8.2.2 Median - median lies in the class containing the th term
2
8.2.3 Modal class - the class with the highest frequency

8.2.4 Range = largest value − smallest value

8.2.5 Comparison between mean, mode and median.

Median Mode Mean

Definition The median is the The mode is the The mean is the average
middle number of a set number that occurs of all numbers in a set
of data arranged in most often within a of data.
numerical order. set of data.
Advantages Not affected by extreme Not affected by All data are included in
values. extreme values. calculation.

Disadvantages Look at 1 or 2 middle Does not consider the Includes extreme values.
values, might not be a bulk of the data. Hence, can sometimes be
true representation of misleading.
the data.

8.3 Probability
- 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
- P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
- P (at least one) = 1 – P(none)
10

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