Ap lab

Non Inverting

Name: Kenzie WALIPI

ID No.: 20600257
C/Code : BSAP-4
Lab Instructor: Mr Matthew Waimbo

OCTOBER 21, 2023

applied physics final year labs
Applied Physics Department
NON-INVERTING
Aim: Design and realize Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier using 741 Op-amp.

INTRODUCTION

Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device

designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors
between its output and input terminals. It is a three-terminal device, which consist of two high
impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting input, marked with a negative
sign, (-) and the other input is called the Non-inverting input, marked with positive sign (+).

The third terminal represents the operational amplifier output port. In a linear operational
amplifier, the output signal is the amplification factor, known as the amplification gain (A)
multiplied by the value of the input signal and depending on the nature of these input and
output signals, there can be four different classifications of operational amplifier gain.

Voltage – Voltage “in” and voltage “out”

Current – Current “in” and Current “out”

Trans-conductance – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”

Trans-resistance – Current “in” and Current “out”

Since most of the circuits dealing with operational amplifiers are voltage amplifiers, we limit
the discussion to voltage amplifiers only, (Vin and Vout). The output voltage signal from an
Operational Amplifier is the difference between the signals being applied to its two individual
inputs. In other words, an op-amps output signal is the difference between the two input
signals (inverting and non-inverting) therefore, it is in fact a differential amplifier.

The circuit shows a generalized form of a differential amplifier with two inputs marked V1
and V2. The two identical transistors TR1 and TR2 are both biased at the same operating
point with their emitters connected together and returned to the common rail, - VEE by
way of resistor RE.
The circuit operates from a dual supply VCC and –VEE,
which ensures a constant supply. The voltage that appears at
the output, Vout of the amplifier is the difference between
the two input signals as the two base inputs are in anti-phase
with each other. So as the forward bias of transistor, TR1 is
increased, the forward bias of transistor TR2 is reduced and
vice versa. Then the two transistors are matched perfectly,
the current flowing through the common emitter resistor, RE
will remain constant.

Like the input signal, the output signal is also balanced and since the collector voltages either
swing in opposite directions (anti-phase) or in the same direction (in-phase) the output
voltage signal, taken from between the two collectors is, assuming a perfectly balanced
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circuit the zero difference between the two collector voltages. This is known as Common
Mode of Operation with the common mode gain of the amplifier being the output gain when
the input is zero.

Theory:
An inverting amplifier using opamp is a type of amplifier using opamp where the output
waveform will be phase opposite to the input waveform. The input waveform will be
amplifier by the factor Av (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase will be
inverted. In the inverting amplifier circuit, the signal to be amplified is applied to the
inverting input of the opamp through the input resistance R1. Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf
and Rin together determine the gain of the amplifier. Inverting operational amplifier gain can
be expressed using the equation Av = – Rf/R1. Negative sign implies that the output signal is
negated. The circuit diagram of a basic inverting amplifier using opamp is shown below.

The input and output waveforms of an inverting amplifier using opamp is shown below. The
graph is drawn assuming that the gain (Av) of the amplifier is 2 and the input signal is a sine
wave. It is clear from the graph that the output is twice in magnitude when compared to the
input (Vout = Av x Vin) and phase opposite to the input. Practical inverting amplifier using
741. A simple practical inverting amplifier using 741 IC is shown below. uA 741 is a high
performance and of course the most popular operational amplifier. It can be used in a verity
of applications like integrator, Differentiator, voltage follower, amplifier etc.

APPARATUS & SET UP

1Function Generator
2. CRO
3. IC Regulator Power Supply
4. Resistors
5. 741 IC
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6. Connecting Wires
7. Breadboard
8. Digital Multimeter

Lab Component specifications

The Inverting Amplifier circuit design was implemented on the Virtual breadboard using the
following:

➢ Power supply: +12v and -12

➢ Function Generator: I selected the Sine Wave with the following specification;
Frequency = 1.05 KHz Amplitude: Varied to see the output.
➢ Resistor R1: 1K
➢ Resistor R2: 10K
➢ Resistor R3: 10K

PROCEDURE
1) Firstly, the required instrument and components were brought in.

2) Then the circuit as show in the circuit diagram above was connected.

3) The input signal as specified were given

4) After that, the output from the CRO was noted

5) We then measured the output voltage with a digital multimeter and the readings were recorded.

6) Finally, we carried out Necessary Voltage gain Calculation to observe the relation between the
inputs and the output voltages.

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Results
The lab was conducted with the help of our instructor as instructed. We carefully follow the
lab Manuel when doing the experiment. The oscillator below shows the result for
NONInverting graph which was in phase as shown.

The second closed-loop configuration of an operational amplifier that is Non-inverting

Operational Amplifier and is shown above. In this configuration, the input signal v1 is
applied right into the positive terminal (or non-inverting terminal) of the operational
amplifier and at the negative terminal (or inverting terminal), a resistor R1 is connected to
ground. This means that the output gain of the operational amplifier is changed to
"positive" in value; on the other hand, in the inverting amplifier, we saw that the output
gain is negative in value. From this, we see that this will result in the output signal being in
phase with the input signal. inverting input terminal, the voltage will be equivalent to the
voltage value that is currently at the non-inverting input terminal, known as the applied
voltage v1. A current that flows through R1 can thus be described as v1/R1. Due to the fact
that the (ideal) operational amplifier has an infinite input impedance, the current through
R1 will flow through R2 as well. We can now calculate for the output voltage.

Voltage Gain of Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier

GAIN(Av)= 1+ Rf/R1
= 1+10K/4.7K
=3.13K

A non-inverting amplifier uses a voltage-divider-bias negative feedback connection. The

voltage gain is always greater than one. The voltage gain is positive, indicating that for AC
input, the output is in-phase with the input signal and for DC input, the output polarity is the
same as the input polarity. The voltage gain of the non-inverting op-amp depends only on the
resistor values and is independent of the open-loop gain of the op-amp. The desired voltage
gain can be obtained by choosing the appropriate values of the resistors.

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The above gain equation is positive, indicating that the output will be in-phase with the
applied input signal. The closed-loop voltage gain of a non-inverting amplifier is determined
by the ratio of the resistors R1 and R2 used in the circuit.

Practically, non-inverting amplifiers will have a resistor in series with the input voltage source,
to keep the input current the same at both input terminals.

Error Analysis
The obvious errors associated with this experiment are calibration.

➢ Human error: errors that students commit in taking readings and calculations

➢ Systematic error: errors associated with the instrument due to ageing and incorrect
calibration.

However, this experiment was conducted carefully thus minimizing these errors as much as
possible.

Conclusion
In this kind of amplifier, the output is exactly in phase to input. When a +Ve voltage is
applied to the circuit, then the o/p will be positive. The o/p is non-inverted in terms of phase.
Once the op-am is assumed as an ideal then we used the virtual short concept. So the voltage
at the two terminals is equivalent to each other.

References
• Physics Lab Book Manuel