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Lab 1

This lab document outlines the setup and objectives for a networking lab, which includes exploring basic networking devices like network interface cards, hubs, switches, routers, and cables. It describes the functions of these components and how they operate at different layers of the OSI model. Instructions are provided for tasks to identify differences between switches and hubs, determine which networking devices operate at each OSI layer, and define transmission media while distinguishing between straight and crossover cables.

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umar
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19 views

Lab 1

This lab document outlines the setup and objectives for a networking lab, which includes exploring basic networking devices like network interface cards, hubs, switches, routers, and cables. It describes the functions of these components and how they operate at different layers of the OSI model. Instructions are provided for tasks to identify differences between switches and hubs, determine which networking devices operate at each OSI layer, and define transmission media while distinguishing between straight and crossover cables.

Uploaded by

umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bahria University, Lahore Campus

Department of Computer Sciences


Lab Journal 01
(Spring 2024)

Digital Communication
Course: Network Lab Date: 14-02-2024
Course Code: CSL-320 Max Marks: 20
Lab Engineer: Muhammad Umar
Faculty’s Name: Dawood Akram
Nasir

Name: _____________________________ Enroll No: _______________________

Objective(s):

To explore some basic concepts related to networking devices and cables. Construction of
Ethernet cable RJ45.

Tool(s) used:

Network Interface Cards


Hubs
Switches
Routers
Ethernet Cable
Straight Cable
Crossover Cable
RJ45 Cable
Crimping Tool
Connectors

NETWORK DEVICES

All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as
Network Interface Cards (NICs), Hubs, Switches, and Routers etc. These devices also need cables to
connect them. In this Lab we will understand these devices.

NIC (Network Interface Card)

A network interface controller is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a


computer network. The controller may also be referred to as a network adapter, or a LAN adapter.
Also known as a network interface card, network card or LAN card.
It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device, as it provides physical
access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC
addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.

Hub

An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub or hub is a device for connecting multiple
twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment.
Hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater.
Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a
collision.
A network hub is a fairly unsophisticated broadcast device. Hubs do not manage any of the traffic that
comes through them, and any packet entering any port is regenerated and broadcast out on all other
ports.

Switch (LAN Switch)

Switches are devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked
to the switch. It acts just like hub but has advanced features for network optimization &better security.
Switch works at the Data Link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. The work a switch does is called
switching.
Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to
as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches. The main purpose of both Switch & Hub is to extend the
size of network.
A switch uses an internal address table to route incoming data frames via the port associated with their
destination MAC address. Some switches are capable of routing based on IP addresses.
Router

A router is a device in computer networking that forwards data packets to their destinations, based on
their addresses. The work a router does is called routing, which is somewhat like switching, but a
router is different from a switch. The latter is simply a device to connect machines to form a LAN.
Routers work at the Network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. Their main purpose is to allow
communication between different network.
A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's
network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect, and are the
critical device that keeps data flowing between networks and keeps the networks connected to the
Internet. When data is sent between locations on one network or from one network to a second
network the data is always seen and directed to the correct location by the router. The router
accomplishes this by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding
the data packets, and they also use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and
configure the best route between any two hosts. The Internet itself is a global network connecting
millions of computers and smaller networks. The

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

In order for the communication to take place, cables play important role. Cable is the medium through
which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are several types of
cable which are commonly used with LANs. The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the
network's topology, protocol, and size.
There are various types of cables used in networks as follows:
Ethernet Cable
An Ethernet cable, also called a category 5 (Cat 5) cable, carries the broadband signals between your
modem, router, computer, and other wired Internet-capable devices. Ethernet cable has eight wires. Its
shown along with its color combination.
Straight Cable

You usually use straight cable to connect different type of devices. This type of cable will be used
most of the time and can be used to:

1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.


2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port (normally used for
expanding network).
5) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the other
one using normal port.

Crossover Cable
Sometimes you will use crossover cable, it's usually used to connect same type of devices. A
crossover cable can be used to:

1) Connect 2 computers directly.


2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port. (normally used for
expanding network)
3) Connect 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs.
Task 01 Write the procedure to make a LAN Cable using RJ45.

Task 02 Identify differences between Switches and Hubs.

Task 03 Which OSI layer is the following?


Router, Hub, Switch

Task 04 What is a Transmission media? List the difference between Straight and Crossover Cables.

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