Calculus

of variation

of calculus variation is explore methods

The aim
of to

for finding the maximum

class
of minimum value
of a

functional defined over

of functions
Functional

Consider A
function - f(x
=
, y ,
y') where
the
independent a
variable zu varies between L
given x
,
and
22
with x
4
Then the
integral
·

I=
Joe f(x y y') dx > Q
-

, ,

se
,

is called
the
functional
interval
associated with the
function f(x , y, y')
over In
,
21

Variational
problem
The problem of finding y(x) for which the inte
geal I
-

and
extremum)
subj ect
·

is a maximum or minimum (i e. -

called variational
to boundary conditions is problem ·

variational problems subject of

The study
Calculus
of variations
constitutes the

of
.

Enter-Lagrange eq
. or Euler's equation
A necessary condition for the
integral I= flu , 3 , ya
where and to
y(x) =

y, y() :

I,
have a maximum or

-(5)
minimum is = 0 =

Enke's
other
forms of eq.

=
14
-(t-8 + ) = 0
 I et -

of -

y'c -

y of - -
= O >
-

by Jady' ayzy
I
by
extended Euler's
is form of eq
Particular cases :

1) If f is
solely a
function of y'
The Euli's
eq yields

-t
= c a constant
a
,

ins
may
be
integrated to detumine
y =
y(u)
Euler's
2) # f is
independent of y
.
Then the
eq
④ becomes
n(bt)
Tyl
= 0 which yields

If = c
>,
-
where is an
arbitrary
I
by
constant .
& can be solved
for y and
by integration
.
obtained
y =
y(x) can be

3) # is
independent of y . Then Eula's
eq * becomes

which when
integrated gives y y a
f
=
0 =

Eule's
# # f is
independent of x
and y . Then the

eq O of
"
becomes
* **
y -

2
= O

by
of solution
# FO ,
this
yields a
of the form
oy2
where and constants
y : ax + b a b are .
Accordingly
extremals lines
the
of I now are
straight .
56 # f does not contain is
explicitly
. Then the

Eule's Yields
eq
↓
-Yet, +, where is
c
arbitrary
=
an

solved
constant
and
.
③
subsequently
can be

y
=

y (x)
fory' in
terms is of

is solve the variational problem ! '(y'thy')du = 0

, y() =
0
,
y(n) = 1
Soli
f =
y my +

=
= by ,

by
Euler's
eg for the problem is
on It
=>
28- /x o

=> 2y-2x =
0

... -
x = 0
-
0

end
④ satisfies the
given conditions y(0) = 0
y(1) = /

extremal problem
Hence
y
= x is the
of ·

2) Find the extremal

of
the
functional
I :

<72(y -y -Sysinc)da unde the end

conditions Y(o) =
y (T12) = 0

2
Soli
f =
y -y -gysinc
If =

dy-2sinc ,
Et =

-zy'
by by
: Euler's
eq of problem is
dy-esinc - (-2y') = 0
 "
since
nd y +
y
=

This is 2

A E
.
: m
order
2
1 = 0
linear
differential eg
.

m = 1 i
C F corn + since
C
c
.

... =

Sinc sinc
:
P I
-Acorn
.

: =

2D

P I
Y C F C corn
sinc -
+

Acorn
: =
: .

+ - = -

Given : Y(0) = 0
y(+k) = 0

D = O =
0
C 0
=
=

is extremal
: DE Y = coss the
of the
given
.
functional
3) Solve the variational problem
I In(y)" + ay <ny]du + = 0

under conditions
the y(1) =

y(z) = 0 .

Sol : 2
↓ =

(y') +
2y2 +
Cay

& =
44 + 24
, It =
24y'
,
by cy
Eula's
eq
is 4y + 2x - A (222y)
-

24 2y" -

4xy' +
44 + 2x =
0

- -
2 -
my" +
axy'-ey -
x = 0

zay 2y
my" of Q
.. + = x >
-

nd
Thi is
canchy's 2 order
zey" = D
,
/D
,
-

Dy
① = D (D
, -Dy + 2D
, y -

2y = x

my' ,
,
D
2

(D ,
-
D
,
+ 2D
,
-

2) y
= x

=> (D, +D
,
-

2)y = x + ②
 A E:. m + m -2 = 0
2 m2
(n + 2)(m 1)
-

0
-

.. =

X
.. m = 1
,
-
L 2m - m

F2m-m-2
ce22 2
m = 0

C F
.
.
=
c + c x +
m(m + 2) 1(m +2)
=
, , -
= 0

Z Z

PRID,
P F .

= Y e

1 +1 -
2

Z Z
.. P I ze ze ↓
logu
-
= I I

2D + 1 3
,

y
C F +P I c 2 + +
logn >
. -

:
.

= =

, 2

conditions
using the
given Boundary ,

y (1) 0 - 0 c +
22
= =

y() 0 = 0 24 +

12
+
zhog
= =

Solving
Get
these we
egus ,

=gene
Y =

t [0 / +2 2)
-

log2 + <
logn]
solution variational problem
is
of ·

4) Find the extremal

of functional ! My d

under end conditions y (1) = 0 and

y(2) = 1 :

independent of
12
Sol : Here
f =
#y
x
is
y

of I
=
= + X
27
-
by u2r
/ 1 +y
2 ,

-
y' E

Engiity
y / -

[x = -
y = <

1 - c x2
 Integrating ,
we
get
Let 1-ic = t

2 cxdx dt
Side
- =

:
e e

cxdx =
-
↑ 22

...
Y =A = 2u
- +=
C -+
22

(1 3)
>
-
- nt) = x
=

: x +
(y -

c)2 t -> Q

using the given end conditions

,
y(1) = 0
= It =
1 +
c2

y(z) = 1
,
0 = 4 +
(
-

G) =

1
= 4+
It 24
-

- -22 =
=> 4 +

= 2
-
=

② = 1 + 5= 1 - c = 1
C2 ↳

2+ extremal
:
/y 2) - =

I
is the
of given
.
functional

I: ) 2 y
b) PT extremal (I + y 12) da
is
of
.

an

a
parabola -

contain
Dol : Here
f =
y(ity'2) does not i

f-y'Et
Echi's eg is =

of : + xyy'
/ylity i
by
-

12
0 =
Xty14) -

yy = C

y() y 2)
+ ,

y (ity'2) -

yy" cy)) =

y ( y(z)2 yy1
+ +
Sy (i +y'2) by'd
-

cy ( + y(2) =

y/ 2y2y'- cy(l + y/2)

14
y + y/ / 2yC
12 4 E 14 2

y
+
-
2y2y +
- -
y y
-

-
=
 c) 12)
=y
y =

I
y12
#
- =

y 5t
-
2

simplifying =

+ y c
-
X
-
=
,

-
=

d
-T =

4 +

4(y -
c) =

( +
c)
which is a
parabola

66