AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet

5.1 Reaction rate

1.

Which of the following will most likely increase the rate of the reaction represented above?
(A) Decreasing the temperature of the reaction system
(B) Adding a heterogeneous catalyst to the reaction system
(C) Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel using a piston
(D) Removing some H2(g) from the reaction system

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An experiment is performed to measure the mass percent of in eggshells. Five different samples of
of known mass react with an excess of in identical sealed, rigid reaction vessels. The
pressure of the gas produced is measured with a pressure gauge attached to the reaction vessel. Since the reaction is
exothermic, the reaction system is cooled to its original temperature before the pressure is recorded. The experimental
data are used to create the calibration line below.

The experiment is repeated with an eggshell sample, and the experimental data are recorded in the table below.

Mass of eggshell sample

Pressure prior to reaction
Pressure at completion of reaction

2. Which of the following modifications will increase the rate of the reaction the most?

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(A) Using instead of

(B) Cooling the to a lower temperature than it was in the original experiment
(C) Reducing the volume of the reaction vessel
(D) Using eggshells that are more finely powdered than those used in the original experiment

3. Two solid reactants of varying particle size are combined in a vessel. Assuming that the same mass of each reactant
is used in each case, which of the following represents the conditions that will result in the fastest reaction rate?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

Each student in a class placed a 2.00 g sample of a mixture of Cu and Al in a beaker and placed the beaker in a fume
hood. The students slowly poured 15.0 mL of 15.8 M HNO3(aq) into their beakers. The reaction between the copper in the
mixture and the HNO3(aq) is represented by the equation above. The students observed that a brown gas was released
from the beakers and that the solutions turned blue, indicating the formation of Cu2+(aq). The solutions were then diluted
with distilled water to known volumes.

4. In one student’s experiment the reaction proceeded at a much slower rate than it did in the other students’
experiments. Which of the following could explain the slower reaction rate?
(A) In the student’s sample the metal pieces were much smaller than those in the other students’ samples.
(B) The student heated the reaction mixture as the HNO3(aq) was added.
(C) The student used a 1.5 M solution of HNO3(aq) instead of a 15.8 M solution of HNO3(aq).
The student used a 3.00 g sample of the mixture instead of the 2.00 g sample that was used by the other
(D)
students.

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5.1 Reaction rate

5. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

An unknown gas, , reacts with fluorine gas to form the compound , as represented by the following
equation.

A series of experimental trials were performed at to determine the rate law expression for the reaction.
Data from the trials are shown below.

Initial Initial Initial Rate of Appearance of

( ) ( ) ( )

Trial 1 1500 1500

Trial 2 3000 1500
Trial 3 1500 3000

(a) A student claims that the reaction is first order with respect to . Do you agree or disagree? Justify your
answer using the data above.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) What is the initial rate of disappearance of in trial 3? Justify your answer.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(c) A student claims that if element is in group 18, then the molecular geometry of is square planar.
Do you agree or disagree with the student? Justify your answer in terms of theory.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The particulate model shown below represents the moles of particles present in the container after and

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5.1 Reaction rate

have reacted in a different experiment. Assume that each particle in the diagram represents one mole of the
respective substance. (Note: The box corresponding to “Before Reaction” is intentionally left blank.)

(d) If the total pressure at the end of the reaction is , what is the partial pressure of ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(e) Assuming that only and are present in the container before the reaction, determine the number of moles
of and that were present in the initial reaction mixture.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The equation and enthalpy change for the reaction between and are given below.

(f) If of is produced when equimolar amounts of and react, how much heat is
released?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Fluorine can also react with another gas, , according to the following equation.

(g) The student claims that the bond energy is greater than the bond energy. Do you agree or
disagree? Justify your answer.

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5.1 Reaction rate

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

While investigating the properties of other diatomic molecules, the student finds the diagram below, which shows
the potential energy of two iodine atoms versus the distance between their nuclei. The student also finds that the
bond energy is slightly less than the bond energy. The student incorrectly sketches the potential
energy curve for two fluorine atoms, shown by the dotted line in the diagram.

(h) Explain the error with the student’s sketch for .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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5.1 Reaction rate

6. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

An unknown gas, , reacts with fluorine gas to form the compound , as represented by the following
equation.

A series of experimental trials were performed at to determine the rate law expression for the reaction.
Data from the trials are shown below.

Initial Initial Initial Rate of Appearance of

( ) ( ) ( )

Trial 1 3000 3000

Trial 2 6000 3000
Trial 3 3000 6000

(a) A student claims that the reaction is first order with respect to . Do you agree or disagree? Justify your
answer using the data above.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) What is the initial rate of disappearance of in trial 1? Justify your answer.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(c) A student claims that if element is in group 18, then the molecular geometry of is tetrahedral. Do
you agree or disagree with the student? Justify your answer in terms of theory.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The particulate model shown below represents the moles of particles present in the container after and

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5.1 Reaction rate

have reacted in a different experiment. Assume that each particle in the diagram represents one mole of the
respective substance. (Note: The box corresponding to “Before Reaction” is intentionally left blank.)

(d) If the total pressure at the end of the reaction is , what is the partial pressure of ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(e) Assuming that only and are present in the container before the reaction, determine the number of moles
of and that were present in the initial reaction mixture.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The equation and enthalpy change for the reaction between and are given below.

(f) How much heat is released when of reacts with excess ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Fluorine can also react with another gas, , according to the following equation.

(g) The student claims that the bond energy is greater than the bond energy. Do you agree or
disagree? Justify your answer.

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5.1 Reaction rate

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

While investigating the properties of other diatomic molecules, the student finds the diagram below, which shows
the potential energy of two nitrogen atoms versus the distance between their nuclei. The student incorrectly
sketches the potential energy curve for two fluorine atoms, shown by the dotted line in the diagram.

(h) Explain the error with the student’s sketch for .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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5.1 Reaction rate

7. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

An unknown gas, , reacts with fluorine gas to form the compound , as represented by the following
equation.

A series of experimental trials were performed at to determine the rate law expression for the reaction.
Data from the trials are shown below.

Initial Initial Initial Rate of Appearance of

( ) ( ) ( )

Trial 1 3000 3000

Trial 2 6000 3000
Trial 3 3000 6000

(a) A student claims that the reaction is second order with respect to . Do you agree or disagree? Justify
your answer using the data above.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) What is the initial rate of disappearance of in trial 3? Justify your answer.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(c) A student claims that if element is in group 16, then the molecular geometry of is see-saw. Do you
agree or disagree with the student? Justify your answer in terms of theory.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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5.1 Reaction rate

The particulate model shown below represents the moles of particles present in the container after and
have reacted in a different experiment. Assume that each particle in the diagram represents one mole of the
respective substance. (Note: The box corresponding to “Before Reaction” is intentionally left blank.)

(d) If the total pressure at the end of the reaction is , what is the partial pressure of ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(e) Assuming that only and are present in the container before the reaction, determine the number of moles
of and that were present in the initial reaction mixture.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The equation and enthalpy change for the reaction between and are given below.

(f) How much heat is released when of reacts with excess ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Fluorine can also react with another gas, , according to the following equation.

(g) The student claims that the bond energy is less than the bond energy. Do you agree or
disagree? Justify your answer.

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5.1 Reaction rate

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

While investigating the properties of other diatomic molecules, the student finds the following diagram, which
shows the potential energy of two iodine atoms versus the distance between their nuclei. The student also finds
that the bond energy is slightly less than the bond energy. The student incorrectly sketches the
potential energy curve for two fluorine atoms, shown by the dotted line in the diagram.

(h) Explain the error with the student’s sketch for .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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5.1 Reaction rate

8. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

An unknown gas, , reacts with fluorine gas to form the compound , as represented by the following
equation.

A series of experimental trials were performed at to determine the rate law expression for the reaction.
Data from the trials are shown below.

Initial Initial Initial Rate of Appearance of

( ) ( ) ( )

Trial 1 3000 3000

Trial 2 6000 3000
Trial 3 3000 6000

(a) A student claims that the reaction is second order with respect to . Do you agree or disagree? Justify your
answer using the data above.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) What is the initial rate of disappearance of in trial 2? Justify your answer.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(c) A student claims that if element is in group 16, then the molecular geometry of is tetrahedral. Do
you agree or disagree with the student? Justify your answer in terms of theory.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The particulate model shown below represents the moles of particles present in the container after and

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5.1 Reaction rate

have reacted in a different experiment. Assume that each particle in the diagram represents one mole of the
respective substance. (Note: The box corresponding to “Before Reaction” is intentionally left blank.)

(d) If the total pressure at the end of the reaction is , what is the partial pressure of ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(e) Assuming that only and are present in the container before the reaction, determine the number of moles
of and that were present in the initial reaction mixture.

Math output error

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The equation and enthalpy change for the reaction between and are given below.

(f) How much heat is released when of reacts with excess ?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Fluorine can also react with another gas, , according to the following equation.

(g) The student claims that the bond energy is less than the bond energy. Do you agree or
disagree? Justify your answer.

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5.1 Reaction rate

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

While investigating the properties of other diatomic molecules, the student finds the diagram below, which shows
the potential energy of two nitrogen atoms versus the distance between their nuclei. The student incorrectly
sketches the potential energy curve for two fluorine atoms, shown by the dotted line in the diagram.

(h) Explain the error with the student’s sketch for .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

A sample of was placed in a solution of , where it reacted completely.

9. In a third experiment, samples of are placed in excess of various concentrations:

, , , and . The reactions are run in successive order from to
, and the time required for each reaction to go to completion is recorded. As the concentration of
increases from to , which of the following is the expected result?
(A) The reaction time increases, and the rate of the reaction decreases.
(B) The reaction time decreases, and the rate of the reaction increases.
(C) Both the reaction time and the rate of the reaction increase.
(D) Both the reaction time and the rate of the reaction decrease.

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10.
H3AsO4 + 3 I– + 2 H3O+ → H3AsO3 + I3– + H2O

The oxidation of iodide ions by arsenic acid in acidic aqueous solution occurs according to the stoichiometry shown
above. The experimental rate law of the reaction is:

Rate = k[H3AsO4] [I–] [H3O+]

According to the rate law for the reaction, an increase in the concentration of hydronium ion has what effect on this
reaction?
(A) The rate of reaction increases.
(B) The rate of reaction decreases.
(C) The value of the equilibrium constant increases.
(D) The value of the equilibrium constant decreases.
(E) Neither the rate nor the value of the equilibrium constant is changed.

11. Step 1: Cl(g) + O3(g) → ClO(g) + O2(g)

Step 2: ClO(g) + O(g) → Cl(g) + O2(g)

A proposed mechanism for destruction of ozone gas in the stratosphere is represented above. Which of the
following is evidence that the mechanism is occurring?
(A) The presence of Cl(g) increases the rate of the overall reaction.
(B) The presence of Cl(g) decreases the rate of the overall reaction.
(C) The presence of Cl(g) increases the equilibrium constant of the overall reaction.
(D) The presence of Cl(g) decreases the equilibrium constant of the overall reaction.

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12.
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)

C2H4(g) is reduced by H2(g) in the presence of a solid platinum catalyst, as represented by the equation above.
Factors that could affect the rate of the reaction include which of the following?

I. Changes in the partial pressure of H2(g)

II. Changes in the particle size of the platinum catalyst

III. Changes in the temperature of the reaction system

(A) III only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

13.
5 H2O2(aq) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) → 2 Mn2+(aq) + 8 H2O(l) + 5 O2(g)

In a titration experiment, H2O2(aq) reacts with aqueous MnO4-(aq) as represented by the equation above. The dark
purple KMnO4 solution is added from a buret to a colorless, acidified solution of H2O2(aq) in an Erlenmeyer flask.
(Note: At the end point of the titration, the solution is a pale pink color.)

At a certain time during the titration, the rate of appearance of O2(g) was 1.0 x 10-3 mol/(L⋅s). What was the rate of
disappearance of MnO4- at the same time?
(A) 6.0 x 10-3 mol/(L⋅s)
(B) 4.0 x 10-3 mol/(L⋅s)
(C) 6.0 x 10-4 mol/(L⋅s)
(D) 4.0 x 10-4 mol/(L⋅s)

14. A kinetics experiment is set up to collect the gas that is generated when a sample of chalk, consisting primarily of
solid CaCO3, is added to a solution of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. The rate of reaction between CaCO3 and
CH3COOH is determined by measuring the volume of gas generated at 22oC and 1 atm as a function of time. Which
of the following experimental conditions is most likely to increase the rate of gas production?
(A) Decreasing the volume of ethanoic acid solution used in the experiment
(B) Decreasing the concentration of the ethanoic acid solution used in the experiment
(C) Decreasing the temperature at which the experiment is performed
(D) Decreasing the particle size of the CaCO3 by grinding it into a fine powder

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15.

A student performed an experiment to study the factors that affect the rate of the first-order catalytic decomposition
of , represented above.

The student monitored the volume of produced over time as the reaction proceeded. The data from two trials
are plotted in the graph above. Which of the following best explains the results of trial compared with those of
trial ?
(A) The reaction temperature in trial was higher than it was in trial .
(B) The volume of the reaction vessel was larger in trial than it was in trial .
(C) The student used a smaller amount of in trial compared with that used in trial .
(D) The concentration of was lower in trial than it was in trial .

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A 0.35 g sample of Li(s) is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of water at 25°C. A balloon is placed over
the mouth of the flask to collect the hydrogen gas that is generated.

After all of the Li(s) has reacted with H2O(l), the solution in the flask is added to a clean, dry buret and used to titrate an
aqueous solution of a monoprotic acid. The pH curve for this titration is shown in the diagram below

16. Which of the following changes will most likely increase the rate of reaction between Li(s) and water?
(A) Using 125 mL of water instead of 100 mL
(B) Using a 0.25 g sample of Li(s) instead of a 0.35 g sample
(C) Using a 0.35 g sample of Li(s) cut into small pieces
(D) Decreasing the water temperature before adding the Li(s)

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5.1 Reaction rate

17.

Reactant Initial Concentration

The oxidation of producing is represented by the chemical equation shown above. The initial
concentrations of and are given in the table above. The changes in the concentration of as a
function of time are shown in the following graph.

Under the same conditions, one of the following graphs represents the changes in the concentration of over
the same period of time.

Which graph best represents the changes in concentration of , and why?

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Graph 1, because the rate of consumption is half the rate at which is consumed; two molecules of
(A)
react for each molecule of that reacts.
Graph 1, because molecules are consumed at a slower rate at the beginning of the reaction when there are
(B)
not as many molecules of produced.
Graph 2, because there is a large excess of molecules and its concentration will not change drastically
(C)
over time.
Graph 2, because a collision between three molecules to form a product has a low probability and the
(D)
concentration of will remain relatively constant.

18.

Two samples of Mg(s) of equal mass were placed in equal amounts of HCI(aq) contained in two separate reaction
vessels. Particle representations of the mixing of Mg(s) and HCI(aq) in the two reaction vessels are shown in Figure
1 and Figure 2 above. Water molecules are not included in the particle representations. Which of the reactions will
initially proceed faster, and why?
(A) The reaction in Figure 1, because the atoms of Mg are more concentrated than those in Figure 2
(B) The reaction in Figure 1, because the Mg(s) in Figure 1 has a larger mass than the Mg(s) in Figure 2
(C) The reaction in Figure 2, because more Mg atoms are exposed to HCI(aq) in Figure 2 than in Figure 1
(D) The reaction in Figure 2, because the Mg(s) in Figure 2 has less surface area than the Mg(s) in Figure 1

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5.1 Reaction rate

19.

Initial Mass Initial Concentration Initial Temperature

Experiment
of of of Reactants
1 5.00 1.0 25.0
2 5.00 2.0 25.0

The initial rate of formation of from the chemical reaction represented by the equation above was studied
in two separate experiments. The table above provides the experimental conditions used. If both experiments are
carried out with finely powdered samples of the solid and of , which experiment, if any, will
have the faster initial rate of formation of and why?
The rate of formation of will be the same because the mass of and the volume of
(A)
used will be the same in both experiments.
The rate of formation of will be the same because the surface area of the solid and the average
(B)
kinetic energy of the particles will be the same in both experiments.
(C) will be formed at a faster rate in experiment 2 because more particles can react per unit time.
will be formed at a faster rate in experiment 1 because the proportion of particles to
(D)
particles will be greater.

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20.

The reaction between and is represented by the equation above. Two separate trials were
carried out using samples of the same mass, but one sample was a single piece of , and one
sample was composed of small pieces of . The loss of mass of as a function of time for
both trials is shown in the graph below.

Which of the curves, or , represents the reaction with small pieces of , and why?
(A) Curve , because it shows that the reaction proceeded at a uniform rate.
Curve , because it takes a shorter time for the reaction to go to completion due to the larger surface area of
(B)
.
(C) Curve , because it shows that the reaction proceeded at a nonuniform rate.
Curve , because it takes a shorter time for the reaction to go to completion due to the larger surface area of
(D)
.

21. When the chemical reaction is carried out under certain conditions, the rate of
disappearance of is . What is the rate of disappearance of under the same
conditions?

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Because two molecules of are consumed per molecule of , the rate of disappearance of is
(A)
.
Because two molecules of are consumed per molecule of , the rate of disappearance of is
(B)
.
(C) Because the rate depends on and , the rate of disappearance of is .
Because the is under the same experimental conditions as , it is consumed at the same rate of
(D)
.

22.
X(g) + 2 Y(g) → XY2(g)

In order to determine the order of the reaction represented above, the initial rate of formation of XY2 is measured
using different initial values of [X] and [Y]. The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.

In trial 2 which of the reactants would be consumed more rapidly, and why?
(A) X, because it has a higher molar concentration.
(B) X, because the reaction is second order with respect to X.
(C) Y, because the reaction is second order with respect to Y.
(D) Y, because the rate of disappearance will be double that of X.

23. Relatively slow rates of chemical reaction are associated with which of the following?
(A) The presence of a catalyst
(B) High temperature
(C) High concentration of reactants
(D) Strong bonds in reactant molecules
(E) Low activation energy

24. A kinetics experiment is set up to collect the gas that is generated when a sample of chalk, consisting primarily of
solid CaCO3, is added to a solution of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. The rate of reaction between CaCO3 and
CH3COOH is determined by measuring the volume of gas generated at 25oC and 1 atm as a function of time. Which
of the following experimental conditions is most likely to increase the rate of gas production?

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(A) Decreasing the volume of ethanoic acid solution used in the experiment
(B) Decreasing the concentration of the ethanoic acid solution used in the experiment
(C) Decreasing the temperature at which the experiment is performed
(D) Decreasing the particle size of the CaCO3 by grinding it into a fine powder

25.
X+2Y→Z+3Q

For the reaction represented above, the initial rate of decrease in [X] was 2.8 × 10-3 mol L-1 s-1. What was the initial
rate of decrease in [Y] ?
(A) 7.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 s-1
(B) 1.4 × 10-3 mol L-1 s-1
(C) 2.8 × 10-3 mol L-1 s-1
(D) 5.6 × 10-3 mol L-1 s-1
(E) 1.1 × 10-2 mol L-1 s-1

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