POWER ELECTRONICS AND

DRIVES LABORATORY
(UEE2611)
Lab Manual

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SSN College of Engineering
January 2024 - May 2024

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

REGISTER NUMBER :

SEMESTER :

SECTION :

1
 CONTENTS

DATE
EXPT.
OF TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGNATURE
NO.
EXPT.

2
 CONTENTS

DATE
EXPT.
OF TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGNATURE
NO.
EXPT.

3
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Characteristics of SCR and IGBT

2. Characteristics of GTO & IGCT
3. Single-phase AC to DC semi-converter and fully controlled converter
4. Step down and step up MOSFET based choppers
5. IGBT based single phase PWM inverter
6. IGBT based three phase PWM inverter
7. Single -phase AC Voltage controller
8. Switched mode power converter
9. Arduino based Gate Pulse Generation for DC-DC converter & single-phase
inverter
10. Design of gate circuit for power electronic converters
11. Chopper based DC drive
12. Simulation of Power Electronic circuits (1Φ & 3Φ semi converters, 1Φ & 3Φ full
converters, DC DC converters, 1Φ & 3Φ Inverters & AC voltage regulators)

ADDITIONAL DESIGN THINKING EXPERIMENTS

1. Design and simulation of closed loop buck / boost Converter

2. Design and simulation of DC-DC bidirectional converter

3. Simulation and analysis of 5 Level multi level inverter

4
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

General Precautions
• Keep the table clean.
• No loose wires or metal pieces should be lying on table or near the circuit as they cause
short circuits and sparking.
• Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or changing
leads.
• Keep the conducting parts and connections out of the way from accidental touching and
from any contacts to test equipment or any parts, connected to other voltage levels.
• When working with inductive circuits, reduce voltages or currents to near zero before
switching open the circuits.
• Be careful about dangling objects like bracelets, rings, and metal watch bands. They
conduct electricity and can cause burns. Do not wear them during laboratory sessions.
• When working with energized circuits, use only one hand while keeping the rest of your
body away from conducting surfaces.

Before Powering the Circuit

• Check for all the connections of the circuit and scope connection. This avoids shorting or
any ground looping that may lead to electrical shocks or damage of equipment.
• Check any connections for shorting two different voltage levels.
• Check if you have connected load at the output.

While Powering Up the Circuit

• First apply low voltages to check proper functionality of circuits.
• Once functionality is ok, increase voltages to the required levels.

While Powering Down the Circuit

• Reduce the voltage or power slowly till it comes to zero.
• Switch of all the power supplies.
• Let the load be connected at the output for some time, so that it helps to discharge
capacitor or inductor if any, completely.

While Modifying the Circuit

• Switch off the circuit.
• Modify the connections based on the requirement.
• Recheck the circuit and power up.

5
EXPT NO:
DATE:
Characteristics of SCR and IGBT

AIM:

To study the characteristics of SCR and IGBT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Device Module
2 Ammeters
3 Voltmeters
4 Patch chords

SCR
THEORY:

SCR is a four-layer semiconductor device with three pn junctions. The three terminals are
anode, cathode and gate. When anode voltage is made positive with respect to cathode,
junctions J1 & J2 are forward biased and J3 is reverse biased. Hence only the leakage
current flows through the circuit and the SCR is in the OFF state. When anode to cathode
voltage is increased to a larger value, J1 and J2 break down. There will be free movement of
carriers across the three junctions and the device is in the conduction state. In the ON state
anode an external resistance R limits the current. The anode current must be more than a
value known as latching current in order to maintain required amount of current flow
across the junction. However, an SCR is turned off when current is below holding current.
There are three modes of operation for an SCR depending upon the biasing given to it:
Forward blocking mode (off state)
Forward conduction mode (on state)
Reverse blocking mode (off state)

PROCEDURE:

• Connect SCR’s anode, cathode and gate terminals to SCR characteristic circuit.
• Connect Ammeter in gate terminal as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Connect Ammeter in anode terminal as indicated in the circuit diagram.
• Connect Voltmeter across anode and cathode terminal to measured VAK.

6
 • Switch on the 230V AC supply through two-pin power chord.
• Keep the gate current (IG) at certain value (for example 5mA).
• Now slowly increase the anode-cathode voltage (VAK) using POT till the SCR gets
turned on, note down ammeter (IA) and Voltmeter (VAK) readings.

• Now find out the break over voltage (VBR) and note the anode current (IA).
• Further increase the anode-cathode voltage (VAK) till the SCR turns off and measure the
holding current (IH).

• For various gate current take the reading and tabulate.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

I‐V CHARACTERISTICS:

7
TABULATION:

S. IG = mA IG= mA
No.

VAK (V) IA (mA) VAK (V) IA (mA)

8
 IGBT
THEORY:
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a new development in the area of power
MOSFET technology. This device combines the advantage of both MOSFET and BJT. So an
IGBT has high input impedance like a MOSFET and a low on-state power loss as a BJT.
Further IGBT is free from second breakdown problem present in BJT.IGBT is also known as
metal oxide insulated gate transistor conductively modulated field effect transistor
(COMFET) or gain modulated FET (GEMFET). It was also initially called insulated gate
transistor (IGT).

Static V-I or output characteristics of an IGBT (n-channel type) shows the plot of collector
current IC versus collector emitter voltage VCE for various values of gate-emitter
voltages. These characteristics are shown in figure. In the forward direction, the shape of
the output characteristics is similar to that of BJT. But here the controlling parameter is
gate-emitter voltage VCE because IGBT is a voltage controlled device. The transfer
characteristics of an IGBT is a plot of collector current IC versus gate-emitter voltage VCE.
This characteristic is identical to the power MOSFET. When VGE is less than the threshold
voltage VGET is in the off- state.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect IGBT collector, emitter, and Gate terminal to IGBT characteristic circuit.
• Connect Voltmeter across gate-emitter terminal as shown in the front panel.
• Connect Ammeter in collector terminal as indicated in the front panel.
• Connect Voltmeter across the collector and emitter terminal to measured VCE.

To find output characteristics:

• Switch on the 230V AC supply through the two-pin power chord.
• Keep the gate-emitter (VGE) voltage at particular voltage by varying pot.
• Smoothly vary the collector-emitter (VCE) voltage till the IGBT get turn on and note
down voltmeter (VCE) and ammeter (IC) and tabulate.
• Further increase the Collector-Emitter (VCE) voltage and note the current IC.
• For different values of Gate-Emitter (VGE) voltage and note the current IC.
• From the readings calculate GM and RDS.

To find transfer characteristics

• Switch on the 230V AC supply through the two-pin power chord.
• Keep the collector-emitter (VCE) voltage at particular voltage by varying pot.
• Smoothly vary the gate-emitter (VGE) voltage till the IGBT get turn on and note down
9
 voltmeter (VGE) and ammeter (IC) and tabulate.
• Further increase the Gate-Emitter (VGE) voltage and note the current IC.
• For different values of collector-emitter (VCE) voltage and note the current IC.
• From the readings plot the graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

10
TABULAR COLUMN:

IGBT – TRASFER CHARACTERISTICS

S. VCE = V VCE = V
No.
VGE (V) IC (mA) VGE (V) IC (mA)

11
IGBT – OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

S. VGE = V VGE = V
No.
VCE (V) IC (mA) VCE (V) IC (mA)

RESULT:

The characteristics of SCR and IGBT have been studied.

12
 EXPT NO:
DATE:
Characteristics of GTO and IGCT

AIM:

To study the characteristics of GTO and IGCT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Device Module
2 Ammeters
3 Voltmeters
4 Patch chords

GTO
THEORY:

A gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) is a special type of thyristor, a high-power semiconductor device.
GTOs, as opposed to normal thyristors, are fully controllable switches which can be turned on
and off by their GATE lead. The GTO can be turned on by a gate signal, and can also be turned off
by a gate signal of negative polarity. Turn on is accomplished by a "positive current" pulse
between the gate and cathode terminals. As the gate-cathode behaves like PN junction, there
will be some relatively small voltage between the terminals. The turn on phenomenon in GTO is
however, not as reliable as an SCR (thyristor) and small positive gate current must be
maintained even after turn on to improve reliability. Turn off is accomplished by a "negative
voltage" pulse between the gate and cathode terminals. GTOs suffer from long switch off times,
whereby after the forward current falls, there is a long tail time where residual current
continues to flow until all remaining charge from the device is taken away. This restricts the
maximum switching frequency to approx 1 kHz. It may be noted however, that the turn off time
of a GTO is approximately ten times faster than that of a comparable SCR. During the turn ON,
GTO is similar to thyristor in its operates. So the first quadrant characteristics are similar to the
thyristor. When the anode is made positive with respect to cathode, the device operates in
forward blocking mode. By the application of positive gate signal triggers the GTO into
conduction state.

PROCEDURE:

• Connections are made as shown in the diagram.

• Set the voltage between anode and cathode as anode is made positive with respect to
cathode (18V).
• Set the voltage between gate and cathode as gate is made positive with respect to
cathode for turn on the GTO (3.3V).
• Vary the gate current by varying the potentiometer.
13
 • Note the different values for Vak , & Ia and keep gate current constant (at threshold).
• Draw the graph between Vak and Ia.
• Make the gate voltage zero and gate current pot to minimum. Still the device will be in
on state.
• Set the voltage between gate and cathode (-3.3V) as gate is made negative with respect
to cathode for turn off the GTO.
• Vary the gate current (negative). Now the device will come to the off state.
• Note the different values for Vak and Ia and keep negative gate current constant (at
threshold).
• Draw the graph between Vak and Ia.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

14
Tabulation:

Turn ON Turn OFF

Positive gate Ig = mA Negative gate −Ig = mA

Vak Ia −Vak −Ia

(V) (mA) (V) (mA)

15
 IGCT

THEORY:

An IGCT (integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor) is a special type of thyristor. It is made of the
integration of the gate unit with the Gate Commutated Thyristor (GCT) wafer device. The close
integration of the gate unit with the wafer device ensures fast commutation of the conduction
current from the cathode to the gate. The wafer device is similar to a gate turn-off thyristor
(GTO). They can be turned on and off by a gate signal, and withstand higher rates of voltage rise
(dv/dt), such that no snubber is required for most applications.

The structure of an IGCT is very similar to a GTO thyristor. In an IGCT, the gate turn-off current
is greater than the anode current. This results in a complete elimination of minority carrier
injection from the lower PN junction and faster turn-off times. The main differences are a
reduction in cell size, and a much more substantial gate connection with much lower inductance
in the gate drive circuit and drive circuit connection. The very high gate currents and fast dI/dt
rise of the gate current mean that regular wires cannot be used to connect the gate drive to the
IGCT. The drive circuit PCB is integrated into the package of the device. The drive circuit
surrounds the device and a large circular conductor attaching to the edge of the IGCT is used.
The large contact area and short distance reduce both the inductance and resistance of the
connection.

The IGCT's much faster turn-off times compared to the GTO's allows it to operate at higher
frequencies—up to several kHz for very short periods of time. However, because of high
switching losses, typical operating frequency is up to 500 Hz.

IGCT are available with or without reverse blocking capability. Reverse blocking capability adds
to the forward voltage drop because of the need to have a long, low-doped P1 region. IGCTs
capable of blocking reverse voltage are known as symmetrical IGCT, abbreviated S-IGCT.
Usually, the reverse blocking voltage rating and forward blocking voltage rating are the same.
The typical application for symmetrical IGCTs is in current source inverters.

IGCTs incapable of blocking reverse voltage are known as asymmetrical IGCT, abbreviated
A-IGCT. They typically have a reverse breakdown rating in the tens of volts. A-IGCTs are used
where either a reverse conducting diode is applied in parallel (for example, in voltage source
inverters) or where reverse voltage would never occur (for example, in switching power supplies
or DC traction choppers). Asymmetrical IGCTs can be fabricated with a reverse conducting diode
in the same package. These are known as RC-IGCT, for reverse conducting IGCT.

PROCEDURE:

• Connections are made as shown in the diagram.

• Set the voltage between anode and cathode as anode is made positive with respect to
cathode (28V).
• Voltage between gate and cathode as gate is made positive with respect to cathode for
turn on the IGCT connect gate to +5V with respective to ground.
• Vary the gate current by varying the potentiometer.
• Note the different values for Vak and Ia and keep gate current constant (at
threshold).
• Draw the graph between Vak and Ia.
• Disconnect +5V from gate. Still the device will be in on state. Bring the pot to
minimumposition.
• Voltage between gate and cathode as gate is made negative with respect to cathode for
turn off the IGCT connect gate to -5V with respective to ground.
• Vary the gate current using potentiometer.
16
 • Now the device will come to the off state.
• Note the different values for Vak and Ia and keep negative gate current constant (at
threshold).
• Draw the graph between Vak and -Ia.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Turn ON Turn OFF

Positive gate Ig = mA Negative gate −Ig = mA

Vak Ia −Vak −Ia

(V) (mA) (V) (mA)

RESULT:

The characteristic of GTO and IGCT have been studied.

17
EXPT NO:
DATE:

AC to DC Half Controlled Converter

AIM:

To study the operation and observe the output voltage waveform of a single phase half
controlled converter with R and RL loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Power circuit module
2 Firing module
3 Load rheostat
4 Load Inductor
5 Digital multi-meter
6 CRO
7 Patch chords

THEORY:

Controlled rectifiers are those whose output voltage can be controlled by varying the firing
angle of the SCR. During the positive half-cycle, T1 and D2 are forward biased and start
conducting when trigger pulses are given simultaneously. During negative half-cycle T2
and D1 are forward biased and it starts conducting. In the trigger circuit, synchronization
must be obtained from the supply voltage and trigger pulse must be continuous during the
conduction period.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect the power circuit. Connect the gating signals to the SCRs.
• Connect the 24V AC input to the bridge circuit.
• Connect the required load across the output terminals of the bridge converter.
• Switch ON power supply to CRO and the input power module.
• Connect the CRO probes to observe the waveforms of the input ac voltage, output
voltage and voltage across any one of the SCR.
• Observe the waveforms at different firing angle.
• Measure the input AC voltage and average DC output voltage using multi- meter.
• Switch off power supply to the circuit.
• Compare with the theoretical values.
• Plot the graph between firing angle and output voltage.

18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH (for RL load):

Single Phase

19
DERIVATION: (Derivation will be done by the student)
Average output voltage
R‐Load RL ‐Load

TABULAR COLUMN:

Input Voltage Peak Vm =__________ V Input frequency f =_________ Hz

Average Output Voltage
Firing
S. Type Vdc (V)
of Load Angle
No. (Deg) Theoretical Practical

R Load
2

RL Load
2

RESULT:

The operation of half controlled converter with R and RL load has been studied.

20
EXPT NO:
DATE:

AC to DC Fully Controlled Converter

AIM:

To study the operation and observe the output voltage waveform of a single phase fully
controlled converter with R and RL loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Power circuit module
2 Firing module
3 Load rheostat
4 Load Inductor
5 Digital multi-meter
6 CRO
7 Patch chords

THEORY:

The single phase fully controlled rectifier consists of 4 SCRs and load R. During the positive
half-cycle T1 and T2 are forward biased. Both SCRs are fired at same instant. Now the load
is connected to the input supply through T1 and T2. During the negative half-cycle the SCRs
T3 and T4 are forward biased and T1 and T2 are turned off due to line or natural
commutation.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect the power circuit diagram as shown in the circuit diagram.

• Connect the gating signals to the SCRs.
• Connect the 24V AC input to the bridge circuit.
• Connect the required load across the output terminals of the bridge converter.
• Switch ON power supply to CRO and the input power module.
• Connect the CRO probes to observe the waveforms of the input ac voltage, output
voltage and voltage across any one of the SCR.
• Observe the waveforms at different firing angle.
• Measure the input AC voltage and average DC output voltage using multi- meter.
• Switch off power supply to the circuit.
• Compare with the theoretical values.
• Plot the graph between firing angle and output voltage.

21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH (for RL load):

Single Phase

22
 DERIVATION: (Derivation will be done by the student)
Average output voltage

R‐LOAD RL‐LOAD

TABULAR COLUMN:
Input Voltage Peak Vm =__________ V Input frequency f =_________ Hz
Average Output Voltage
S. Firing
Type Angle Vdc (V)
No.
of Load (Deg) Theoretical Practical

R‐ Load
2

RL Load
2

RESULT:
The operation of fully controlled converter with R and RL load has been studied.

23
 EXPT NO:
DATE:

Step down and Step up MOSFET Based Choppers

AIM:

To study the operation of step down chopper (buck converter) and step up chopper (boost
converter).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Power circuit module
2 Firing module
3 Load rheostat
4 Digital multi-meter
5 CRO
6 Patch chords

THEORY:

The three basic dc-dc converters use a pair of switches, usually one controlled (e.g.
MOSFET) and one uncontrolled (i.e. diode), to achieve unidirectional power flow from
input to output. The converters also use one capacitor and one inductor to store and
transfer energy from input to output. They also filter or smooth voltage and current. The
dc-dc converters can have two distinct modes of operation: Continuous conduction mode
(CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In practice, a converter may operate in
both modes, which have significantly different characteristics. Therefore, a converter and
its control should be designed based on both modes of operation. However, for this course
we only consider the dc-dc converters operated in CCM.

Step down Chopper ‐ When the switch is on for a time duration DT, the switch conducts
the inductor current and the diode becomes reverse biased. This results in a positive
voltage vL = Vg – Vo across the inductor. This voltage causes a linear increase in the inductor
current iL. When the switch is turned off, because of the inductive energy storage, iL
continues to flow. This current now flows through the diode, and vL = -Vo for a time
duration (1-D)T until the switch is turned on again. The output voltage is expressed as,
Vo = k Vs
where k = Ton/T , duty cycle.

24
 Step up Chopper ‐ When the switch is on for a time duration DT, the switch conducts the
inductor current and the diode becomes reverse biased. This results in a positive voltage vL
= Vg across the inductor. This voltage causes a linear increase in the inductor current iL.
When the switch is turned off, because of the inductive energy storage, iL continues to flow.
This current now flows through the diode, and vL = Vg-Vo for a time duration (1-D)T until
the switch is turned on again. The output voltage is expressed as,
Vs
Vo =
1− k

where k = Ton/T , duty cycle.

PROCEDURE:

• Initially keep all the switches in the OFF position

• Initially keep duty cycle POT in minimum position
• Connect 24V DC source as input to the circuit.
• Connect the driver pulse output to MOSFET input. (G to G, S to S).
• Switch ON the main supply.
• Vary the duty cycle and tabulate the TON , TOFF &output voltage.
• Trace the required waveforms for various duty cycle.
• Draw the graph for Vo Vs Duty cycle, k

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

Step‐down Chopper:

25
Step‐up Chopper:

26
 DERIVATION: (Derivation will be done by the student)
Step‐down Chopper: Step‐up Chopper:
Average output voltage Average output voltage

TABULAR COLUMN:

Step‐down Chopper:
Input Voltage Vs = V

Average output voltage

S. Duty Vo (V)
TON TOFF T
No. cycle, k
Theoretical Practical

5
Step‐up Chopper
Input Voltage Vs = V

Average output voltage

S. Duty Vo (V)
TON TOFF T
No. cycle, k
Theoretical Practical

RESULT:
The operations of step down and step up dc converters have been studied.

27
EXPT NO:
DATE:

IGBT Based Single Phase PWM Inverter

AIM:

To study the operation of the single phase bridge inverter using IGBT, with sinusoidal pulse
width modulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Power circuit module
2 Firing module
3 Load
4 Digital multi-meter
5 CRO
6 Patch chords

THEORY:

DC to AC converter is known as inverter. The function of an inverter is to change the DC

input voltage to a symmetrical output voltage of desired magnitude & frequency. The
output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency. Varying the input
DC voltage and maintaining the gain of the inverter constant can obtain a variable output
voltage. On the other hand if the DC input voltage is fixed and it is not controllable a
variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the inverter, which is
normally accomplished by pulse width modulation (PWM) controlled within the inverter.
The inverter gain may be defined as the ratio of Ac output voltage to DC input voltage.

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure that the circuit breaker and pulse release ON / OFF toggle switch are in OFF
position
2. Connect the R-L load across the output terminals Lo and No provided in the front panel.
Include an ammeter to measure the current and a voltmeter to measure the voltage.
3. Connect the ac input at the input terminals L and N provided in the front panel.
4. With the pulse release ON / OFF switch and circuit breaker in OFF condition give the
power to the inverter module. This will ensure the control power supply to all control
circuitry.

28
5. Set the amplitude of the reference sine wave to minimum value.
6. Keeping the pulse release ON / OFF switch in OFF position, switch ON the power supply
to the bridge rectifier.
7. Release the gating signals to the inverter switches by turning ON the pulse release ON I
OFFswitch.
8. Observe the triangular carrier and the reference sine waveforms on the CRO. Measure
the amplitude and frequency of the triangular carrier through CRO and note it down.
Adjust the sine wave frequency to 50 Hz.
9. Connect the CRO probes to observe the load voltage and current waveforms.
10. Observe the load voltage and load current waveforms. Sketch the waveforms on a graph
sheet to scale for one cycle period of the inverter output frequency. Measure the
amplitude of the voltage pulses.
11. Measure the output voltage either by using an analog meter or a digital multi-
meter.Calculate the modulation index ma and the rms output voltage.
12. Ma defined as,
Amplitudeof referencewave
ma =
Amplitudeof carrierwave
13. Increase the amplitude of the reference sine wave and note down its value.
14. Repeat steps 8 to 13 for various amplitude of reference sine wave and tabulate the
readings.
15. Plot the characteristics of modulation index versus output voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

29
TABULAR COLUMN: Input voltage Vs =
S. Vtrianular Vsine ma RMS output voltage (V)
No. (V) (V) Theoretical Practical

RESULT:
The operation of the single-phase bridge inverter using IGBT, with sinusoidal pulse
width modulation has been studied.

30
EXPT NO:
DATE:

IGBT Based Three Phase PWM Inverter

AIM:

To control the speed of a 3-phase induction motor using three phase voltage source PWM
inverter by (a) varying the stator voltage at a constant frequency and (b)keeping the
Volts/Hz ratio constant.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Power circuit module
2 Firing module
3 1 HP three phase IM
4 Tachometer
5 Digital multi-meter
6 CRO
7 Patch chords

THEORY:

Inverters produce a sinusoidal ac output whose magnitude and frequency can be

controlled. The dc voltage is obtained by rectifying and filtering the line voltage most often
by the diode rectifier circuits. In an ac motor load, the voltage at its terminals is desired to
be sinusoidal and adjustable in its magnitude and frequency. This is accomplished by
means of the inverters, which accepts a dc voltage as the input and produces the desired ac
voltage input. In PWM inverters, the input dc voltage is essentially constant in magnitude.
DC voltage is obtained by a diode rectifier, which is used to rectify the line voltage. The
inverter must control the magnitude and the frequency of the ac output voltages. This is
achieved by PWM of the inverter switches and hence such inverters are called PWM
inverters.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect 24V ( or 48V) input supply to P ,N, terminals in IGBT power module through 1 phase
Step down transformer (as per diagram)

31
• Connect 1 Phase input supply to IGBT power module (back side ) using 3 pin power card
• Connect Rheostat -1 one terminal to RO terminals in IGBT power module
• Connect Rheostat -2 one terminal to YO terminals in IGBT power module
• Connect Rheostat -3 one terminal to BO terminals in IGBT power module
• Connect All 3 Rheostat Other terminal and it act as neutral.
• Connect 34 pin flat cable to microcontroller and IGBT Power module (pulse input connector).
• Switch “ON” the power using power ON/OFF switch in IGBT Power module.
• Switch “ON” the power using power ON/OFF switch in Microcontroller unit.
• Press SW4 for THREE PHASE SELECTION
• Press SW3 for frequency increment & SW4 for frequency decrement – (Note the frequency varied
from -10 to 50Hz)
• Switch “ON” MCB in IGBT Power Module
• Check the pulse output Test point connectors in IGBT power Module front Panel using CRO.
• Ensure the availability of all 6 pulses using CRO
• Press SW3 switch to increase the FREQUENCY
• For every frequency note down output voltage across load & tabulate
• To reset the function, Press SW5 reset switch

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

With Star connected R‐Load

32
With Delta connected R‐Load

33
TABULAR COLUMN:

for Star connected R‐Load:

Input voltage Vs =
S.No Modulation Output Phase Output Line Set Measured
Index (ma) voltage (V) voltage (V) Frequency Frequency
(Hz) (Hz)

for Delta connected R‐Load:

Input voltage Vs =
S.No Modulation Output Phase Output Line Set Measured
Index (ma) voltage (V) voltage (V) Frequency Frequency
(Hz) (Hz)

RESULT:

The operation of the three-phase bridge inverter using IGBT, with sinusoidal pulsewidth
modulation has been studied.

34
EXPT NO:
DATE:

AC Voltage Regulator

AIM:

To study the operation of single-phase ac voltage regulator with R load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Power circuit module
2 Firing module
3 Load
4 Digital multi-meter
5 CRO
6 Patch chords

THEORY:

The AC regulators are used to obtain a variable AC output voltage from a fixed AC source.
A single phase AC regulator is shown in the figure. It consists of two SCRs connected in
anti-parallel. Instead of two SCRs connected in anti- parallel, a TRIAC may also be used.
The operation of the circuit is explained with reference to RL load. During positive half-
cycle SCR-1 is triggered into conduction at a firing angle ó. The current raises
slowly due to the load inductance. The current continues to flow even after the supply
voltage reverses polarity because of the store energy in the inductor. As long as SCR-1
conducts, conduction drop across it will reverse bias SCR-2.Hence SCR-2 will not turn
on even if gating signal is applied. SCR-2 can be triggered into conduction during
negative half cycle after SCR-1 turns off.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect the two SCRs in antiparallel as shown in the figure. Connect the anode of
SCR- .to the cathode of SCR-2.Connect the cathode of SCR-1 to the anode of SCR-2.
• Connect the load as shown in the figure.
• Connect 24V AC to the circuit using patch cords.
• Connect the gating signals (G1, K1) from the UJT trigger circuit to SCR-1 and (G2, K2)
to SCR-2.

35
• Switch on 24V AC supply.
• Connect the CRO probes to observe the input AC voltage and the load voltage
waveforms.
• Switch on power to CRO and on 24V ac to the circuit.
• Select suitable voltage sensitivity and time base setting on the CRO. Use line trigger
mode.
• Observe the waveforms. Vary the firing angle delay and study the waveforms. For a
particular firing angle, plot the waveforms on a graph sheet to scale. Also plot the
load current waveforms in synchronization with the loadvoltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL WAVEFORMS (R‐LOAD):

Single Phase

36
DERIVATION: (Derivation will be done by the student)
RMS output voltage

TABULAR COLUMN:

Input Voltage Peak Vm =____________V

Input frequency f =____________Hz

FIRING RMS output voltage Vo (V)

S.
ANGLE
NO Theoretical Practical
(Deg)

RESULT:
The operation of single-phase ac voltage regulator with R, R-L load has been studied.

37
EXPT NO:
DATE:

Switch Mode Power Converters

AIM:

To study the operation of switch mode power converter (using flyback converter
topology).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Flyback converter module
2 Firing module
3 Load
4 Digital multi-meter
5 CRO
6 Patch chords

THEORY:

Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are the current state of art in the high efficiency
power supplies. The simple block diagram of SMPS is shown below.

SMPS uses high frequency switch and filters. It accepts dc input and provide regulated
single or multiple dc outputs. They are of many types. Fly-back converter is the most
commonly used SMPS circuit for low output power applications where the output
voltage needs to be isolated from the input main supply. The output power of fly-back
type SMPS circuits may vary from few watts to less than 100 W. The overall circuit
topology of this converter is considerably simpler than other SMPS circuits. Input to the
circuit is generally unregulated dc voltage obtained by rectifying the utility ac voltage
followed by a simple capacitor filter. The circuit can offer single or multiple isolated
output voltages and can operate over wide range of input voltage variation. In respect of

38
energy-efficiency, fly-back power supplies are inferior to many other SMPS circuits but
its simple topology and low cost makes it popular in low output power range. The
commonly used fly-back converter requires a single controllable switch like, MOSFET and the
usual switching frequency is in the range of 100 kHz. A two-switch topology exists that offers
better energy efficiency and less voltage stress across the switches but costs more and the circuit
complexity also increases slightly. This experiment is limited to the study of fly-back circuit of
single switch topology.

When the switch is closed , the primary of the transformer is directly connected to the input
voltage source. The primary current and magnetic flux in the transformer increases, storing
energy in the transformer. The voltage induced in the secondary winding is negative, so the
diode is reverse-biased (i.e., blocked). The output capacitor supplies energy to the output
load. When the switch is opened, the primary current and magnetic flux drops. The secondary
voltage is positive, forward-biasing the diode, allowing current to flow from the transformer.
The energy from the transformer core recharges the capacitor and supplies the load.

PRECAUTIONS

Open loop operation

• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position.

• Keep the SW1 switch is in OPEN LOOP MODE
• Keep the SW2 switch is in ON position. (It is ON –Means Pulse is OFF)

Closed loop operation

• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position.

• Keep the SW1 switch is in CLOSED LOOPMODE
• Keep the SW2 switch is in ON position. (It is ON –Means Pulse is OFF)

PROCEDURE

Open loop operation

• Connect EXTERNAL RPS + terminal to P4 Connector by using connecting wires

• Connect EXTERNAL RPS - terminal to P8 Connector by using connecting wires
• Connect TP15 terminal toTP11
• Connect TP16 terminal to TP12
• Switch ON EXTERNAL RPS power supply & set voltage @ 10V
• Connect CRO /MULTIMETER Across P5 Terminal & P7 Terminal
• Switch “ON” the power using power ON/OFF switch in MOSFET unit.
• Switch “OFF” the SW2 switch in MOSFET unit.
• Adjust the potentiometer at 5v output (by viewing CRO /MULTIMETER)

39
• Ensure the availability of PWM using CRO
• Adjust RPS dc power supply from 10V -20v and tabulate corresponding input & output
voltage in table.

Closed loop operation

• Connect EXTERNAL RPS + terminal to P4 Connector by using connecting wires

• Connect EXTERNAL RPS - terminal to P8 Connector by using connecting wires
• Connect TP15 terminal toTP11
• Connect TP16 terminal to TP12
• Connect TP13 terminal toTP9
• Connect TP14 terminal to TP10
• Switch ON EXTERNAL RPS power supply & set voltage @ 10V
• Connect CRO /MULTIMETER Across P5 Terminal & P7 Terminal
• Switch “ON” the power using power ON/OFF switch in MOSFET unit.
• Switch “OFF” the SW2 switch in MOSFET unit.
• Adjust the potentiometer at 5v output (by viewing CRO /MULTIMETER)
• Ensure the availability of PWM using CRO
• Adjust RPS dc power supply from 10V -20v and tabulate corresponding input & output
voltage intable
• Repeat the above procedure with different output voltage

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH:

40
TABULAR COLUMN:

DC Input –RPS FLY BACK CONVERTER

S.No DC
Voltage (V) Mode of
Output voltage (V) Operation

2
Open loop
3

2
Closed loop
3

RESULT:

The operation of SMPS (flyback step down type converter) has been studied.

41
 EXPT NO:
DATE:
Chopper Based DC Drive

AIM:
To study the operation of speed control of dc motor fed from four quadrant chopper using
dsPIC Microcontroller

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 DSPic Microcontroller circuit

2 Chopper Module

3 DC Shunt Motor
Rated Power: 0.5 H.P
Rated Voltage: 180 V
Rated Current: 5.1A
Rated Speed: 1500 rpm

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

42
 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

1. Connect single phase AC supply to the points P and N on the chopper module.
2. Connect PMDC motor terminals to the points R and Y on front panel of chopper
module.
3. Speed sensor output from motor is connected to 9-pin D connector (Speed
feedback) on front panel.
OPEN LOOP:
1. Switch on the power supply to the chopper module
2. LCD displays forward/reverse option. Using movement key select forward option.
3. Now it displays closed loop or open loop option. In that select open loop option.
4. Set the input voltage to 200V.
5. Now vary the duty cycle using Increment/Decrement keys and note down the
readings of actual speed and armature voltage of dc motor.
CLOSED LOOP:
1. Switch on the power supply to the chopper module.
2. LCD displays forward/reverse option. Using enter key select forward option.
3. Now it displays closed loop or open loop option. In that select closed loop option
using movement keys.
4. Now vary the set speed using Increment/Decrement keys and note down the
readings of actual speed and armature voltage of dc motor.

43
TABULATION:
OPEN LOOP

Actual Speed Armature Voltage

S.No Duty Cycle
(rpm) (V)

b) CLOSED LOOP
Armature
Armature Current Set Speed Actual Speed Error
Voltage (V)
(A) (rpm) (rpm) (rpm)

RESULT:

Thus the speed control of dc motor fed from four quadrant chopper is studied and readings
are tabulated.

44
 EXPT NO:
DATE:
Arduino Based Gate Pulse Generation

AIM:
To generate pulses for DC-DC converter using Arduino controller

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Arduino PWM controller

2 DC-DC Converter

3 Regulated Power Supply

4 Patch chords

Procedure
1. Program the arduino to generate the pulses
2. Check the PWM pulses
3. Connect the output pulse from arduino to the gate of the device
4. Connect the Regulated power supply
5. Observe the converter output waveform with the help of CRO

Block diagram for Arduino interface

RESULT:

Thus the generation of pulses from the arduino controller is studied and the output of the
converter is verified.

45
 EXPT NO:
DATE:

Design
esign of Driver Circuit for Power Electronic Circuits

Aim:
To study the driver circuits for three phase three phase Inverter.

Apparatus required :

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Driver circuit for MOSFET based three phase
inverter module.

2 dsPIC trainer kit.

3 CRO

4 Patch chords

Block diagram :

Block diagram showing controller, opto isolator, amplifier, driver circuit and three phase
inverter

46
Circuit Diagram :

Circuit diagram of driver circuit and three phase inverter

Procedure :
1. Connect the AC input supply to the module.
2. 5V and Ground points are connected to dsPIC trainer kit P, N terminals.
3. Check the PWM pulses.
4. The generated PWM signals from dsPIC are given to the three phase inverter.
5. The PWM outputs of dsPIC are connected to the PWM test points of the three phase
inverter module.
6. Switch on the power supply.
7. Check the PWM pulses using CRO.
8. Vary the duty cycles using increment and decrement
decre switches.
9. The output phase voltages and line voltages are observed in CRO.

Result :
Thus the operation of driver circuit for 3 phase inverter (MOSFET) using dSPIC
PIC trainer kit was
studied and the waveforms are observed.

47
EXPT NO:
DATE:

Simulation of Power Electronic circuits

AIM:

To simulate and analyze the power electronic circuits (1ϕ & 3ϕ emi-converter,
1 ϕ & 3ϕ full-converter, dc-dc converters, ac voltage controllers) using Matlab
software

REQUIREMENTS:

Matlab software with SIMULINK and power system tool boxes

SIMULATION CIRCUITS:

1. 1ϕ semi-converter with R, RL (CCM& DCM) Loads

2. 3ϕ semi-converter with R, RL (CCM& DCM) Loads
3. 1 ϕ full-converter with R, RL (CCM& DCM) Loads
4. 3 ϕ full-converter with R, RL (CCM& DCM) Loads
5. DC-DC Buck Converter
6. DC-DC Boost Converter
7. DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter
8. 1ϕ AC voltage controller with R, RL Loads

9. (Paste simulation circuits and the corresponding results)

RESULTS:

48