11th Grade
Introduction
to Plant
Biology
General Biology 1
Why plants are
important to us?
Leaf Terminal
bud
Node
Axillary bud
Internode
Stem Bundle scar
Lateral root
Primary root
Root hair
Root tip Root cap
1. Vegetative organs
a. leaf
b. stem
c. root
2. Reproductive organs
EXTERNAL
STRUCTURE and
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
EXTERNAL STRUCTRURE
Midrib
Leaf
Lamina
apex
Veins
and
Axil
venules
Leaf Leaf Base stem
Margin
petiole
LEAF TYPES BASED ON PHYLLOTAXY
Alternate Opposite Whorled
TYPES OF LEAF
Simple Pinnately Palmately
Compound Compound
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Apical meristem- help in the
growth of the root system as
well as the shoot system.
Intercalary meristems- help in
increasing the length of the
internode.
Lateral meristems- help in
increasing the thickness of the
plants.
Shoot apical meristem
Root apical meristem Root cap
PERMANENT TISSUE
Phloem- transport of food in
the form of sucrose
Xylem-transport of
water and minerals
Pith- transport and store
nutrients and provide support.
Cortex- provide support and
perform metabolic processes
READ THIS!
PARENCHYMA CELLS
-living protoplasm
-cell thickness is uniformly
thin
-made of cellulose,
hemicellulose and cutin-
food storage and food
manufacture
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
-living protoplasm
-cell is irregularly thick
-made of cellulose and
hemicellulose
-food storage and
strengthening
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
-dead protoplasm
-thick and rigid cell walls
-made of cellulose,
hemicellulose and
suberin or lignin
-strengthening and
support
Epidermis- protect the internal structures of the
plant, retain water, and exchange gasses
Palisade cells- for photosynthesis since it contains
a chloroplasts, prevent water getting out and
stopping unwanted substances/organisms getting
in.
Spongy mesophyll- allow for the interchange of
gases that are needed for photosynthesis and store
water.
Air spaces- These large spaces allow these layers
to help carbon dioxide move around the leaf
STOMATA AND GUARD CELLS
STOMATA AND GUARD CELL
Stomata (plural)- they have guard cell that open
and close in response to light and precipitation to
allow gas exchange.
-Take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
-During night, Plants uptake oxygen and release
carbon dioxide (respiration)
-During daytime, plants releases oxygen
(photosynthesis) and take in carbon dioxide
CROSS SECTION OF A STEM UNDER MICROSCOPE
CROSS SECTION OF A ROOT UNDER MICROSCOPE
xylem
phloem
11th Grade
Introduction
to Plant
Biology
General Biology 1
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4. ______
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11th Grade
Plant Cell
General Biology 1
What are the difference
between plant cell and
animal cell?
GYMNOSPERM VS. ANGIOSPERM
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
-Symbiosis is a relationship in which
organisms from two separate species
live in a close, dependent relationship.
Endosymbiosis (endo- = “within”) is a
specific type of symbiosis where one
organism lives inside the other.
PLANT CELL
-The basic unit of all plants.
-Plant cells, like animal cells, are
eukaryotic, meaning they have a
membrane-bound nucleus and
organelles.
GYMNOSPERM VS. ANGIOSPERM
CELL WALL
PLANT CELL WALL
-Plant cell walls are composed of
cellulose, which sets them apart
from other organisms with cell
walls, such as bacteria
(peptidoglycan) and fungi (chitin a
carbohydrate).
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
CHITIN
CHLOROPLAST
-green-colored plastids due
to green pigment called
chlorophyll
-sites of photosynthesis
PARTS OF CHLOROPLAST
Chloroplasts are disc-shaped organelles found in
the cytosol of a cell. They have outer and inner
membranes with an intermembrane space
between them. If you passed through the two
layers of membrane and reached the space in the
center, you’d find that it contained membrane discs
known as thylakoids, arranged in interconnected
stacks called grana (singular, granum)
The membrane of a thylakoid disc contains
light-harvesting complexes that
include chlorophyll, a pigment that gives
plants their green color. Thylakoid discs are
hollow, and the space inside a disc is called
the thylakoid space or lumen, while the fluid
surrounding the thylakoids is called
the stroma.
If a plant receives only
green light, how will this
affect photosynthesis?
TYPE OF PLASTIDS
Chromoplasts
-usually found in
flowering plants, ageing
leaves and fruits.
-Chloroplasts convert
into chromoplasts.
TYPE OF PLASTIDS
Gerontoplasts
-basically chloroplasts that
go with the ageing process.
TYPE OF PLASTIDS
Leucoplasts
-non-pigmented organelles
which are colorless.
-act as a storage sheds for
starches, lipids, and
proteins depending on the
need of the plants.
THREE TYPES OF LEUCOPLASTS
Amyloplasts –greatest among all three and
they store and synthesize starch.
Proteinoplasts –help in storing the proteins
that a plant needs and can be typically found in
seeds.
Elaioplasts -helps in storing fats and oils that
are needed by the plant.
Choi H, Yi T and Ha S-H (2021) Diversity of Plastid Types and Their Interconversions. Front.
Plant Sci. 12:692024. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692024
TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll a– found in algae, cyanobacteria
and in all higher plants.
Chlorophyll b– found only in green algae and
in higher plants.
Chlorophyll c– found in certain photosynthetic
Chromista and in some marine algae.
Chlorophyll d– found only in red algae.
Chlorophyll e– found only in algae.
MITOCHONDRIA
-known as the powerhouse
of the cell and sites of
cellular respiration.
-they harness energy by
breaking down food
molecules to make ATP,
which is the main carrier of
energy in cells.
MITOCHONDRIA
PARTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
The mitochondria are suspended in the jelly-like
cytosol of the cell. They are oval-shaped and have
two membranes: an outer membrane one,
surrounding the whole organelle, and an inner
membrane one, with many inward protrusions
called cristae that increase surface area.
PARTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
The space between the membranes is called
the intermembrane space, and the compartment
enclosed by the inner membrane is called
the mitochondrial matrix. The matrix contains
mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
11th Grade
Plant Cell
General Biology 1
