Topic 3-2 - Solution
Topic 3-2 - Solution
1
Topic 3: Shallow Foundations
Key points of a foundation design:
(a) shall be safe against overall shear failure (Ultimate Limit State);
(b) cannot undergo excessive displacement (Serviceability Limit State).
I. Ultimate Bearing Capacity (ULS) II. Settlement (SLS)
❖ General Concept ❖ Types of Settlement
❖ Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory ❖ Elastic Settlement
❖ Effect of Groundwater Table ❖ Consolidation Settlement
❖ Factor of Safety
❖ General Bearing Capacity Equation
❖ Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
❖ Special Cases
2
Ma On Shan, HK 2002
Civil Engineering 2022/2023
Subject: Geotechnical Design (CSE40403)
Sc(p)
Clayey soils?
Sandy soils?
Sc(s)
sz=gh s h = K 0s z -
efective stress
sh=? (s h = K 0s z ? ) (x)
(s h = s h + u ) (√)
6n = k 06之 tu
Example 1:
Please plot the distribution of vertical stress (total/effective) and horizontal
stress (total/effective) along the depth for four cases.
Cas-1 Cas-2 Cas-3 Cas-4
H g, c,
Cas-2
H gsat, c,
6
II.1 Stresses in ground
Example 1:
Please plot the distribution of vertical stress (total/effective) and horizontal stress
(total/effective) along the depth for four cases.
Cas-1
H g, c,
s'z=sz=gH s'h=sh=K0gH
Cas-2
Attention: s h = K 0s z (No)
H gsat, c, s h = s h + u = K 0s z + u K 0s z (Yes )
sz=gsatH sh=s'h+u=K0(gsat-gw)H+gwH
s'z=(gsat-gw)H s'h=K0s’z=K0(gsat-gw)H
7
II.1 Stresses in ground
Example 1:
Please plot the distribution of vertical stress (total/effective) and horizontal stress
(total/effective) along the depth for four cases.
Cas-3
g, c,
H
hw
(assuming g ≈ gsat)
Cas-4
g1, c1, 1
H
hw
h2 g2, c2, 2
(assuming g1 ≈ g1sat)
8
II.1 Stresses in ground
Example 1:
Please plot the distribution of vertical stress (total/effective) and horizontal stress
(total/effective) along the depth for four cases.
Cas-3 (assuming g ≈ gsat)
g, c, s'z=sz=g(H-hw) s'h=sh=K0g(H-hw)
H
hw
sz=gsatH sh=s'h+u=s'h+gwhw
s'z=g(H-hw)+(gsat-gw) hw s'h=K0g(H-hw)+K0(gsat-gw) hw
10
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
(Google map:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Phase+8+(Block+Z),+The+Hong+Kong+Polytechnic+University/@22
.3066481,114.1783823,18z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x340400e80cc5a513:0xf260aecd5ec53016!8m
2!3d22.3066456!4d114.1794793?hl=en&authuser=0)
11
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
Recall
❑ Stress due to a Concentrated Load P
Stresses at any point inside homogeneous, x
elastic, and isotropic mediums due to a r
concentrated point load located at the surface:
3Pz 3 3P y R
s =
z 2 R 5 = z
2 52
2 z 1+ ( r z )
2
A (x,y,z)
3P zx 2 1 − 2 R 2 − Rz − z 2 x ( 2 R + z )
2
s x =
z
5 + 3 − 3 sz
2 R 3 R ( R + z ) R ( R + z )2
3P zy 2 1 − 2 R 2 − Rz − z 2 x ( 2 R + z )
2
s y = 5 + 3 − 3 2
2 R 3 R ( R + z ) R ( R + z )
3P xyz (1 − 2 ) xy ( 2 R + z )
xy = = 5 − 2
( )
yx
2 R 3 R 3
R + z
2
= = − 3Pyz
yz zy
2 R 5
2
= = − 3Pxz J. V. Boussinesq
xz 12
2 R 5
zx
(1842-1929, France)
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
Recall
❑ Stress due to a uniform circular load
3P 3 ( q0 rd dr )
s z = 52
ds z = 52
2 z 2 1+ ( r z ) 2 z 2 1+ ( r z )
2 2
clc 2 B 2
2 −3 2
close all s =
ds z = q0 1 − 1 + ( B 2 z )
clear
z
=0 r =0
%%
Matlab code and plot? (only under the center point)
☆
p=1;
nu=0.3;
x=0.1:0.1:10;
z=(0.1:0.1:10)';
% [x,z]=meshgrid(X,Z);
r=x; sz
% R=sqrt(r.^2+z.^2);
%%
for i=1:length(x)
for j=1:length(z)
Much simplified from
r=x(i); this program!
R=sqrt(r^2+z(i)^2);
r_z(j,i)=r/z(j);
I1(j,i)=3/(2*pi)/((1+(r/z(j))^2)^2.5); %r/z(j)
sigz(j,i)=p/z(j)^2*I1(j,i);
end
end 14
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
Recall
❑ Stress due to a uniform circular load
3P 3 ( q0 rd dr )
s z = 52
ds z = 52
2 z 2 1+ ( r z ) 2 z 2 1+ ( r z )
2 2
2 B 2 −3 2
ds z = q0 1 − 1 + ( B 2 z )
2
s z =
=0 r =0
with an
eccentricaly from the
cirde center
15
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
Recall
❑ Stress due to a uniform rectangular load
3P 3 ( q0 dxdy )
s z = 52
ds z = 52
2 z 2 1+ ( r z ) 2 z 2 1+ ( r z )
2 2
L B
s z = ds z = q0 I
OGz = q I ( at thecornery
y =0 x =0
.
1 2mn(m 2 + n 2 + 2) −1 2mn m + n + 1
2 2
90 Ic Co is the center
I= + tan o 6zz )
4 (1 + n 2 )(1 + m 2 ) m 2 + n 2 + 1 m 2 + n 2 + 1 − m 2 n 2
with m = B z , n = L z sz
General case
General case
s z = q0 ( I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 )
17
z m=B z
n=L z
18
s z = q0 I c (A special case: O in the center) m1 = L B , n1 = 2 z B
19
❑ Stress due to a uniform rectangular load dQ p
Example 2: applying the principle of superposition to calculate the stress at M y
A D
Case-1 x l
M b
z
B C
M
A D
Case-2
z
B C
M
A F
Case-3
M
B E
20
C D
❑ Stress due to a uniform rectangular load dQ p
Example 2: applying the principle of superposition to calculate the stress at M y
A G D
Case-1 x l
M
E F b
AEMG+EBHM+MHCF+GMFD z
B H C
M
A G D
Case-2 z
AEMG-BEMH+GMFD-HMFC
B H C
E F
M
A F
Case-3
M
B E ABCM+MDFE
D 21
C
❑ Stress due to a uniform rectangular load dQ p
Example 2: applying the principle of superposition to calculate the stress at M y
A E
x l
Case-4 b
M D z
M
B C z
K J
Case-5
A M I H
B C F G
D E
22
❑ Stress due to a uniform rectangular load dQ p
Example 2: applying the principle of superposition to calculate the stress at M y
A E
AFME+FBGM+MGCD x l
Case-4 b
F
M D z
M
B G C z
K J
Case-5
A M I H
B C F G
ABCM+KMIJ+MDEI+MCGH-MCIF
D E
23
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
q0 BL
s z =
( B + z )( L + z )
z/2 z/2
24
B L
Example 3 A flexible rectangular area measures 2.5 m×5 m in plan. It supports
a load of 150 kN/m2. q 150 KNlm
0
=
25
Example 3 A flexible rectangular area measures 2.5 m×5 m in plan. It supports
a load of 150 kN/m2.
Determine the vertical stress increase due to the load at a depth of
6.25 m below the center of the rectangular area.
Solution 2: s = q I m = L B , n = 2 z B
z 0 c 1 1
Solution 1: s z = q0 I m = B z; n = L z
s z = q0 I with m = B z , n = L z
1 H
s av = ( q0 I ) dz = q0 I a
H 0
I a = f ( m2 , n2 )
m2 = B H
n2 = L H At the comer
27
II.1 Stresses in ground (induced by surface loading of different geometries)
❑ Average vertical stress increase (within a thickness of soil)
s z = q0 I
1 H2 H 2 I a(H2 ) − H1 I a(H1 )
s av = ( q0 I ) dz = q0
H H1 H 2 − H1
I a = f ( m2 , n2 )
m2 = B H
H2-H1=H n2 = L H corner
At the
28
Example 4
Refer to the Figure below. Determine the average stress
increase below the center of the loaded area between z
= 3 m to z = 5 m (that is, between points A and A’).
B1 + B2
1 = tan −1 − 2
z
sz
(1 & 2 in radians) = tan −1 B1
2
z
|
Example 5
An embankment is shown in the figure.
Determine the stress increase under the
m
embankment at points A1 and A2.
31
Example 5
An embankment is shown in the figure.
Determine the stress increase under the
embankment at points A1 and A2.
1 I =
1 B1 + B2
( +
B2 1 2 B2 2
) −
B1
B2 (B1=0)
32
In summary
33
II.2 Settlement based on the theory of elasticity
Settlement can be estimated from the strain (perfectly flexible) by Bowles (1987):
1 H
( s z − s y − s x ) dz
H
Se = z dz =
0 E 0
Es = pa’N60
pa = 100 kN/m2
’= 10
Given: μs = 0.3 and qo = 167.7 kN/m2. Estimate the elastic settlement
( = s ) below the center of the foundation. Use Eqation
1− 2
Se = qo ( B)
At "center": = 4, B =
B
2
L
, m = , n =
B
H
( B / 2) 的 ≈ 2叫 9
E
Is I f
10 98 =
—
.
L H
At "corner": = 1, B = B , m = , n =
B B
n = 1 22
.
Depth factor If
I s = shape factor (Steinbrenner, 1934)
1 − 2
= F1 + F2
1−
1 n
with F1 = ( Ao + A1 ) and F2 = tan −1 ( A2 )
2
(1 + m2 + 1) m2 + n2
Ao = m ln
m(1 + m2 + n2 + 1)
(m + m2 + 1) 1 + n2
A1 = ln
m + m2 + n2 + 1
m
A2 = 38
n m2 + n2 + 1
Example 6
Es = pa’N60
pa = 100 kN/m2
’= 10
( = s )
Solution: B = L = 2.44 m
H = 10.98 m < 5B
39
Example 7 B L
A rigid shallow foundation 1 m × 2 m is shown in
Figure below. Calculate the elastic settlement at
the center of the foundation.
( = s )
Es =
Es( i ) z
z
=
(10 ,000 )( 2 ) + ( 8,000 )(1) + (12 ,000 )( 2 )
= 10 ,400 kN m 2
5
For the center of the foundation,
=4
L 2
m = = =2
B 1
and
H 5
n = = = 10
B 1
2 2
41
From Table, F1=0.641 and F2=0.031. then
1 − 2s
I s = F1 + F2
1 − s
1 − 2 0.3
= 0.641 + 0.031 = 0.659
1 − 0.3
Again, Df/B = 1/1 = 1, L/B = 2, and μs = 0.3. From the table, If = 0.709.
Hence,
1 − s2
Se( flexible ) = qo ( B ) Is I f
Es
1 1 − 0.3
2
= (150 ) 4 ( 0.659 )( 0.709 ) = 0.0122 m = 12.2 mm
2 10 ,400
42
II.2 Settlement based on the theory of elasticity
I F = + 4.6 + 10 f
4
E0 + k Be 2 Be
−0.8 −1
1 + 0.6 ( 0 ( e ) ) flexible
E kB
IG = −1
1.27 + 0.75 ( E ( kB ) )−0.8 rigid
0 e
Alternatively for IG
−1
Ef 2t
3
I F = + 4.6 + 10
4 E0 + k Be 2 Be
44
For a shallow foundation supported by a silty
Example 8 clay,
Length: L = 3.05 m
Width: B = 1.52 m
Depth of foundation: Df = 1.52 m
Thickness of foundation: t =0.305 m
Load per unit area: qo = 239.6 kN/m2
Ef = 15.87 × 106 kN/m2 (to choose rigid formula)
The silty clay soil has the following properties:
H = 3.66 m
μs = 0.3
Solution: Eo = 9660 kN/m2
k = 565.6 kN/m2/m
Estimate the elastic settlement of the
foundation below center.
I G = 0.69
I F = 0.785
I E = 0.908
45
II.2 Settlement based on the theory of elasticity
1− 2 1 − 2
Se = qo ( B) Is I f Se = qo Be I G I F I E
E E0 (Key parameters of soil for design)
✓ Suggestion of E
E = N 60 pa
by Kulhawy and
Mayne (1990)
46
II.2 Settlement based on the theory of elasticity
For a special case for saturated clay (=0.5)
1− 2 qo B
Se = qo ( B) Is I f Se = A1 A2
E E
E = cu
Correction factor of
foundation shape
Correction factor of
foundation embedment
47
In summary
48
e
II.3 Consolidation settlement Vertical strain z =
1 + e0
For homogenuous field:
❑ Recall of one-dimensional consolidation settlement Hc
Sc = z dz = z H c
0
e
Solid
Solid
Not constant!
49
II.3 Consolidation settlement (Explain in detail)
s c = s z0 log (s z )
(Compression index)
e
z =
1 + e0 s z
Cs (1 + e0 ) (ii)
(iii) From overconsolidated to normally consolidated
with s z0 s c & s z0 + s z s c : Cc (1 + e0 )
C s C s + s z
Sc ( p ) = s log c + c log z 0 H0 e
1 + e0 s
z0 1 + e0 s
c z =
1 + e0 51
II.3 Consolidation settlement
60 v Hz
(middle)
(iii) From overconsolidated to normally consolidated
with s 0 s c & s 0 + s av
s c : V
points
middde (bottom)
C s C s + s av stress
Sc ( p ) = s log c + c log 0 Hc iditial =
s av
1
( s t + 4s m + s b )
1 + e0 s 0 1 + e0 s c 6
H 2 I a(H2 ) − H1 I a(H1 )
or s av = q0 52
H 2 − H1
II.3 Consolidation settlement
Cc = 0.1576e0 wL + 0.193
53
❑ Settlement during consolidation
Terzaghi’s theory of 1-D consolidation
Time factor:
M= (2m + 1)
2 ct
m =
Tv = v2 (unitless)
2 d
U =1−
m=0 M 2
exp( − M 2
Tv )
ue S
(Average degree of consolidation U = 1 − = c (t) )
ui Sc (max)
❖ Approximate solutions:
2
U U 0.6 Sc (t ) = USc ( p )
Tv = 4
−0.933log(1 − U ) − 0.085 U 0.6
55
II.3 Consolidation settlement
❑ Secondary consolidation settlement
At the end of primary consolidation (i.e., after the complete dissipation of excess
pore water pressure) some settlement is observed that is due to the plastic
adjustment of soil fabrics. This stage of consolidation is called secondary
consolidation.
e (1 + e0 ) Attention to definitions: C = e log t
C = = z
log t log ( t2 t1 )
C e = e ln t
C
z = log ( t2 t1 ) C = log t
1 + e0 z
Sc (s) = z H c
C t2
Sc (s) = H c log
1 + ep t1
∠
e2
Zhao (2017)
57
II.3 Consolidation settlement
Under
effective
stress
Creep movement !
58
II.3 Consolidation settlement Creep always exists under the effective
❖
stresses (loading), independent of the
excess pore water pressure.
❑ Secondary consolidation settlement
❖ Therefore, creep has nothing to do with
the “primary” consolidation.
❖ Creep exists during and after “primary”
consolidation.
❖ Creep rate depends on stress states:
▪ Creep rate is large in a normally
consolidated state.
▪ Creep rate is small in a over-
consolidated state.
❑ For C/Cc
❖ Inorganic clays and silts = 0.04±0.01
Mersri and Godlewski (1977)
❖ Organic clays and silts = 0.05±0.01
❖ Peats = 0.075±0.01 59
II.3 Consolidation settlement
C C
(g) l=0.05 and 0.1 (h) l=0.05 and 0.1
R2=0.895
Training Testing R2=0.857
(120 measurements) 61
Example 9
A plan of a foundation 1 m × 2 m. is shown in Figure below. Estimate the
consolidation settlement of the foundation (using the 2:1 method for s)
16.5
eo
Cc
s l =
(150 )(1)( 2 ) = 25kN m 2
(1 + 2 )( 2 + 2 )
63
Similarly
s m =
(150 )(1)( 2 )
= 13.45kN m2
(1 + 3.25)( 2 + 3.25 )
and s b =
(150 )(1)( 2 ) = 8.39 kN m2
(1 + 4.5)( 2 + 4.5 )
1
Thus, = 25 + 4 (13.45 ) + 8.39 = 14.53kN m 2
s av
6
Sc =
( 0.32 )( 2.5 ) log 52.84 + 14.53 = 0.0469 m = 46.90 mm
So
1 + 0.8 52.84
❖ “Elastic settlement” is required for both sand and clay layers. For clay, it refers to
immediate settlement without sense of time.
❖ “Primary settlement” and “Secondary settlement” are only required for saturated
clay layer.
65
II.4 Field load test
Plate load test
in the field
66
II.4 Field load test
67
II.4 Field load test
Definition of parameters
for differential settlement
(tilt)
Polshin and Tokar (1957) suggested the following allowable deflection ratios
for buildings as a function of the ratio of the length to the height of a building:
70
II.5 Settlement restriction
71
Laurits Bjerrum (1918-1973)
II.5 Settlement restriction
72
In summary
BF
Field load test SF = SP
qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) BP (size effect)
❖ For tests in clayey soils
❖ For tests in sandy soils BF 2
qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) 2B F
BP SF = SP
B
F + B P
(tilt)