Principles of Structural Analysis & Design

Engr. Ricardo V. Abitong Jr.

Lecturer I – CE Dept. | AY 2023 – 2024, 2nd Semester
Batangas State University - TNEU
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Chapter I: Introduction to Structural Analysis

o Introduction
o Role of Structural Analysis
o Classification of Structures
o Analytical Models
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Learning Objectives
o To understand the importance of structural analysis in civil engineering projects
o To identify the different types of structures based on their behavior under major loads
o To determine the necessary analytical models in simplifying structural analysis
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Structural Analysis
o It is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads
and/or other external effects.
o Usually involves determination of stresses, deflections, and support reactions as
caused by a given loading condition.

Stability The ability to resist loads and avoid collapse

Safety and Durability The ability to resist damage and deterioration for a sufficiently long period of time

Serviceability The state at which the structure functions as intended, without excessive deformations

Economy Maximizing the capacity while minimizing the cost

CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Role of Structural Analysis

1) Planning Phase
o establishment of the functional requirements of the proposed structure, the
general layout and dimensions of the structure, consideration of feasible
structures, and the types of materials to be used.

2) Preliminary Structural Design

o the sizes of the various members of the system selected in the previous phase are
estimated on approximate analysis, past experience, and code requirements.

3) Estimation of Loads
o determination of all loads that can be expected to act on the structure
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Role of Structural Analysis

4) Structural Analysis
o the values of the loads are used to carry out an analysis of the structure in order to
determine the stresses or stress resultants in the members

5) Safety and Serviceability Checks

o the results of the analysis are used to determine whether or not the structure
satisfy the design code requirements.

6) Revised Structural Design

o if the code requirements are not satisfied, then the member sizes are revised, and
is repeated until all the safety and serviceability requirements are satisfied.
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Role of Structural Analysis

Yes
Planning
Phase

Are the
safety and
Estimation Structural Construction
serviceability
of Loads Analysis requirements Phase
satisfied?

Preliminary
Structural
Design Revised
Structural No
Design
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Classification of Structures
Common used structures can be classified into five basic categories, depending on the
type of primary stresses that may develop under major design loads. These are as follows:

o Tension Structures
o Compression Structures
o Trusses
o Shear Structures
o Bending Structures
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Tension Structures
o Members are subjected to pure tension
under action of external loads.
o Usually composed of flexible steel
cables, which possesses negligible
bending stiffness.
o For structures that utilize pure tension
members, bracing or stiffening systems
are provided to reduce vibrations and
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, USA. (Photo by CNN)
oscillations.
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Compression Structures
o Members develop mainly compressive
stresses under action of external loads.
o Columns and arches are rigid and can
produce secondary bending or shear
stresses.
o For structures that utilize compression
members, adequate bracing are
provided to avoid failures due to
Sydney Harbor Bridge, Australia. (Photo by Sydney Build Expo)
buckling and instability.
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Trusses
o Composed of straight members
connected at their ends by hinged
connections.
o Members are idealized either in uniform
tension or in uniform compression.
o In reality, members are joined together
by gusset plates in either bolted or
welded connection.
Tokyo Gate Bridge, Japan. (Photo by Flickr)
o They are lightweight and high strength.
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Shear Structures
o They develop mainly in-plane shear, with relatively small bending stress under action
of external loads.
o In horizontal structures, particularly bridges, shear keys are used to prevent
superstructures from moving transversely.

An illustration of energy-dissipating shear key for precast concrete girder bridges.

(Photo from Science Direct)
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Bending Structures
o Members develop mainly bending
stresses under the action of external
loads.
o When members are loaded
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis,
they experience both tensile and
compressive stresses simultaneously.
o Beams, rigid frames, slabs, and plates
can be classified as bending structures. A typical girder bridge. (Photo from Google)
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Analytical Models
o It is a simplified or an idealized representation of a real structure for the purpose of
analysis.
o An analytical model aims to accurately represent the behavioral characteristics of the
structure while discarding much of the detail about the members and connections.

Factors considered in developing Analytical Models

Plane and Space Structure Loads and arrangement of members presented in a single plane or 3D model

Line Diagram Structures represented by lines coinciding with their centroidal axes.

Connections Rigid connections or flexible connections

Supports Fixed supports or hinged supports

CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Plane vs Space Structures

CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Line Diagram

Rigid or Fixed Connections Flexible or Hinged Connections

CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Connections

Rigid or Fixed Connections

o Prevents relative translations and rotations of the member ends connected to it.
o The original angles between the members are maintained after the structure has
deformed under the actions of loads
o They are usually represented by points of intersections in a line diagram.

Flexible or Hinged Connections

o Prevents only relative translations of the member ends connected to it.,
o They are capable of transmitting forces but not moments between connected members.
o They are usually represented by small circles at the intersections in a line diagram.
CE 427 - PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGR. R. V. ABITONG JR.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AY 2023 – 2024, 2ND SEM

Connections

Rigid or Fixed Connections Flexible or Hinged Connections

Thank You!
Engr. Ricardo V. Abitong Jr.
Lecturer I – CE Dept. | AY 2023 – 2024, 2nd Semester
Batangas State University - TNEU