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· NEETU SINGH
ENGLISH
CLASS NOTES
(Bilir:} I.Ill)
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SUBSCRIBE NOW KO Live Youtube Channel K:iJ ldtl#i~pp
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\

\ NEETU SINGH
(
i ENGLISH
I CLASS NOTES
\
(Bilingual_~_
H . .. l.
l •
}'' ~Mc-""'·', l l
\ -.
- :t~,~c,
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I I

NEETU SINGH . u scr1 e ow KD CAMPUS YOUTUBE CHANNEL

I Email: [email protected] IContact : 9555l08't188 / 9555208888

II Published b :
KD Publication
1997, Outram Line, Kingsway Camp, Delhi - 110009
Phone : 95559944 77, Web : www.kdpublication.co
E-mail : support(iokdpublication.com

L
Dedicated to my beloved Mother

Mrs. Ranu Devi

_)hey call me an iron lady.

and strong do they mean.
I laugh for I know,
It's embedded in my gene.
 PREFACE
To the First Edition
-# ~·

Covid-19 came as a bolt from the blue for the whole world. Life came to
a screeching halt when lockdown was imposed across the nation on the
24th of March but for the coaching sector, it started on March 12.
Initially I felt it as a breeze of relief over my exhausted body and soul. I
enjoyed staying at home for the rust phase of lockdown of 21 days in
which we believed we would defeat Corona although I was anxious and
sceptic because of the unprecedented leisure I got in life. 21 days ended
but the lockdown didn't. Demand of salary, rent and other expenses was
tearing me apart. Everyone can relate if I say, "Income stops but
expenditure doesn't." This is the period that makes you or breaks you
especially when you are the only bread earner.

On April 11, I came on YouTube for live class for the rust time and then
with great difficulty. I managed to get a smart board in lockdown. My
typist Chandan Pandit religiously followed all my suggestions and stood
by me throughout lockdown in typing and designing one after the other
PDF. And lo! Here I am with a colourful book of more than 500 pages
after 9 months of gestation.

There is a saying, "Every cloud has a silver lining." 'KD Campus', a

means of livelihood for many, came to a standstill is lockdown but I
have always been and will always be optimistic and gung ho regarding
my work. Life f"mds its own way so did my KD Campus. In lockdown KD
Live saw an unprecedented high and acceptance not only across the
nation but also abroad. Today I get calls from UAE, Pakistan, and even
Australia. My spoken English classes have gained great acceptance and
recognition. Blessings do not see boundaries. They cross guarded
fences.
 achieved two things in lockdo~n. Successful online Platfi
1
a nd a new coloured book comprising the whole En ...u h Gra ortn "'-
-&&&B q,u l.i
for any objective exam that you
. can name. This book of lllilllrnar :neectec1
l'e

pre boo ked on www.kdpublicatlon.com and this is a great acIle. tabe1ttg

for a teacher and author. h1e-,,e-
-.ellt

Never say die. When life gives you lemons, make le111.onade E-,,
phase of your life has a hidden opportunity. Struggle , aweat, •shedery lo"'
wipe your face and smile and then struggle again. You ran , that's tearg'
problem. You get up, that's an achievement and if you do , llot a
ll t, that "
blunder. ..

This book is a coloured dream that I . have had during the night .
. d . d . IIUlfish
phase of my life. Rea 1t an give your honest review on 8860330003
(WhatsApp).
. My books Volume 1 and 2 have · gained recogni·t·ion and
prominence due to your love for me. Hope you will shower the sa111e
affection on this book too.

Neetu Singh
February, 2021
- CHAPTER NAME

C: 1• I BASI_c _ _ ______,...___~-~-~-~
2. VERB
PAGE NO.

007-058
[ 3. ]I SENTENCE TYPES
4. TENSE
ll QUESTION TAG
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 106 - 115
. . ,.______
!;;.---___..1r=:::::::--::
SUBJECT ~RB AGREEMENT -~----- 116 - 142
8. CAUSATIVE VERBS 143 - 146
[ ·9. 21 MOOD 147 - 149
10. INVERSION 150 - 157
11. : j (..I NFINITIVE & GERUND -
158 - 169
PARTICIPLE 170- 176
I '[PASSIVE VOICE
177-193
NARRATION

!"-"-- -~'
194- 209
210- 252
NOUN - ~ -

=
16.
17
PRONOUN
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
253-265
266- 291
292-303
CONFUSING ADVERBS & ADJECTIVES 304-321
20. ARTICLE 322 - 330
[ 21. = DETERMINERS 331-332
22. PREPOSITION 333- 352
,.._,
[ 23. FIXED PREPOSITION AND EXERCISE 353-406
24. PHRASAL VERB 407-440
E 2s. r
CONJUNCTION
------
.
441-460
---~-
26.
C21: - MODALS
PARALLELISM 461- 463
464-473
2s. SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSION 474-477

3 0.
SPELLINGS
PROVERB
,______ ~--.•------~-
478 - 501
502-504
ti!; ] LEGAL TERMS 505- 512
 BASIC
Pattern for All Objective Exams
• Detecting Error
• Sentence Improvement
•• Fill in the blanks
• Sentence Arrangement
• Passages Only the level and framing of
•• Cloze Test questions are different. All
objective exams have more or
• Synonyms less the similar syllabus
• Antonyms
• One Word Substitution
Idiom and Phrases
Spellings

Syllabus :. Grammar & Vocabulary

Verb Adjective
Tense Adverb
Question Tag Article
SubjectVerb Determiners
Agreement/ Syntax Parallelism
Causative Verb Preposition
Mood Conjunction
Inversion Modals
Infinitive Superfluous
Gerund Expression
Participle Spellings
Passive Voice Proverbs
Narration Legal Terms

KD I.IVE
Noun

- Class Notes : BASIC

 [~-~--= ENGLI_SH ALPHABET
- letters in English Alphabet.
+ There are 26
Vowels - (a, e, i, o, u)
+ There are 5
+ The re!DID1U1.8f1&1a~«ng
.. letten are consonant.
letters have 44 sounds out of which 20 are _
These 26 . . oweJ I011Jl
da.
CAPITAL LETTERS

C D E F G H I J K
A B L If
N 0 p Q R s T u V w X y
z
SMALL LETTERS

='1 Jr L 4 £ f 11 .i. 1 .k J :m. :tt.1i:_

f, 4' "ft, k .t .LL 11: 1f :}
A sentence starts with a Capital Letter.
(~ clTcR' tlTiffil 'Capital Letter' t M ti
•;;•~-.. Once u;on a time, there lived a king.
W 'Proper Noun' starts with a Capital Letter.
('Proper Noun' \A'3ffir 'Capital Letter' t M ti
•;;•g.- Ram, Delhi, Yamana etc.
W'I' is.always in Capital Let!er.
_ T (lt) ~rr Capital Letter 'R' t1
$, Acronyms are in 'Capital Letters'.
(Acronyms 'Capital Letters' 'R' ti
11'9 Pll,MLA
W The first.word of the sentence with double Inverted commas
start
with Capital Letters.
1iJ.(Double Inverted Comma cl;"~ cl;" cfTcRr cl;"~ tfia' cir~ 'Capital
._ tter' t~tl
....Le
He said, "He and I went to Delhi." There we met the sBO of
"Mukherjee Ragar.

liii1t4i111Uii14fii§,i§if fit44MI
English # cCt-
, Active Vol~;-
am (Doer)~ 3111l"~, cff cfliR' Active Voice cfi(iellaTt°I
i{ IJ UV!. Class Notes : B..\SIC
 -.. ,,,,._..... ...... . ,..
'!l'.... .... .. - :..·.=.-
•--« ..,(,T,n.U-'1 '11'S
..,
....._,
"'• - .... ,..,Y.,I
o.:,_ rw.w.-
q,,,-

"CR" (on )
ilml' cffiilT (Does) •
tt ffin 111' Rm' "Cf{
(ifi'M)
(Doer) J iliPl'Jl'T(~
(Recipient)
1. ~ oys play IEmll9 +
football
2. Students read 1Em119 books
3. Girls tell stories
4. I love him
5. They told 11ii1111i. the truth
. subject does Verb on Object. (cf;'ffi tR' ti)
After Verb two questions arise - 'who' and 'whom'. The answer to 'who' and
•whom' is the object. / (Object Verb t" iflG 'CRT' 3tR 1\%:ai:fi)' cf;T ti)

- . .... ......
...... .• °'""· n ..____.,-
.._,,._.. ....__
,... • .......,.. .. ....,.,.,
-~-
cler
~•~A~..::.~~~~.;l~'!
-:::.::v:" -
~

I
=='C"'-
·~"'-;.:'
t

- .;
:Rn • ](e, •
:- - : .h D Publi.rcittt,n

OBJECT on . . does SUBJECT

~ :- :. ..---....
1. The book was written byme.
2. Students were taught by him.
3. The case is being investigated by the CBI.
4. I was scolded by my mother.
s. People aie fooled by politicians.
Parts of Speech
1. Noun(~} - - Naming word. If comes in the place of
Subject & Object.
2. Pronoun ('t14itilt) - - Replaces Noun. If comes in place of
Subject & Object.
3. Verb(~} - - Action/ state word
4. Adjective (~'IOI) - - Qualifies Noun/ Pronoun
S. Conjunction (ti'1'Uiiflllcti} - - Joining word
6. Article .:, - - Precedes Noun
7
. Preposition (t!Aif.Ftt'i:lifi - - Determines position
S. Adverb (1l,:c11~ tl'101)"· - - Qualifies the nearest word
9

-
• Int erjection (~fkllfaifl~ifi) - - Expresses surprise, pain etc.
KIJ Lf\'E Class :\"otes : BASIC
 Basic Concept of All Parts of Speech
•
• Noun is a Naming word. ( ~ 'il'Pr ti)
Comes in the place of subject and object. / (Subject llcf object $ ~ t i t 3'Tnr t
• Article and other determiners should take a noun after them. / (Article I)
lfNrDeterminers (no, one, many etc) $i11GNoun clil'~ 3tf.)q1.Q ~I)
1. Ram is a good boy. 5. To err is human, to forgive di'V'bi
2. Teachers teach students. 6. I did my best. e.
3. Reading is a good habit. 7. I went for a walk.
4. We prohibit smoking. 8. I am fond of music.

PRONOUN

..
Replace Noun (tmr q"{' 3l@T t)

I Preceded by followed by \
Subject Form ._ Object Form
.... - .

il$cfil cl;' firl!" Him

Singular ii $4?1 cl;' firll" · Her
~afq iJ alcrfq.( cl;' firll" It
# Me
Plural
Pfilm
Singular cl' (he, she, it cfiT il~qi:lcrf)
3'Jtl', 3J1tl' ilm
Plural
1. He is a good boy.
2. It is a useful book.
3. Before giving the medicine to the child, shake it properly. (Shake what!)
4. I bought some books. They are useful.

VERB
Action / state word ( ~ 3ftl 3rcR=tIT i@Tot clTtiIT tfi4)
1. I run. }
2. They teach. Run, Teach & Go Action Word
3. You ~ .
4. I know you. }
5. I !!!!! a teacher. know & state word
We cannot make a sentence without a verb. (Verb ~1'ill'c:1'11R"~Wif Pclf)
l<IJ I IVL
Class Noll's : BASIC
 ADJECTIVE
Qualifies Noun or Pronoun. / (m m .tf ~..tiJf cl;' il'R' # fB' i@@T *I)
Se is a good boy.
1
· she is suffering from lung cancer.
2· It is a five-star hotel.
3
• India is a developing country.
4
·
s. This is the revised edition.

CONJUNCTION
Joining word. / ( ~ qrt;IT ~TiG)
Sentence 1

Sentence 2

Sentence 1
He is rich.

He is happy.
He is intelligent.
Sentence 1
\._'------v
• Sentence 2

Be is rich and happy.

Sentence 1 Sentence 2
\..__ _ _ _•....,y::;..,_ _ _ __ I
J

Sentence 2 He is lazy.
He is intelligent but lazy.
ARTIC
(•'-', Comes before Noun (Noun t'~3r@Tl)
- ~ .

Indefinite Definite

f Ileana 'One' <

(I Comes with Singular Countable

t :

t• , -
can come with Countable u well u
., Uncountable Noun.
(C.N. ~U.N. ~cli'~3'TaTl°I)
Roan.
. (S.C.N. cli' llN 3f@T 3"1) i
_ ~-
t•
-:. Comes with Nouns that have already
• Do not come with Plural · been introduced.
Countable Noun and (f.;r;rlfifl'cr;r~h~~t~~
Uncountable Noun. 'the' 3ffilT ti)
(P.C.N. ~U.N. cli'mtr~ 3JraTll)
I' Come with Nouns which are (I) Comes with Nouns that are defbdte,
· that can be visualised or poin~ out.

. 1.
introduced.
(Noun ili'lll'f~3". ~iR'liJJl'~ilit
~liilrifil qfh14 ~~~m- Wf f fl,act) Bflt tbn1T #~~to
llraTtl}
He is a singer.
2. They are a singers.
3. She gave an advice. . [><] •
4. Once upon a time, there lived a king.
s. H • very good dancer. th king
6. e is aupon a time, there live d a sain
. t ' nearby the place of e .

-
Once
KDUU
 Use of 'A' / 'An '

With Consonant Sound Vowels

With Vowel Sound
I Vowels Sound

Fill in the blanks with A/ An

1. orange 9. year
2. eagle 10. MP
3. umbrella 11. DCP 2. An 10.Aaa
4. European 12. -ewe 3. An 11-A
5. university 13. 4.A 12-A
6. honorary lecturers S.A
one-rupee Coin 14. honesty 13.ic
7. honest man 6.A 14.x
15. police. 7.An
8. ear 1S.x
8.An
PREPOSITION
• Determines Position ( ~ ilcl'@T t)
1. The book is on the table.
2. They insisted on going home.
3. India will take on Pakistan tomorrow.
4. This book added feather to my cap.
5. Don't pick a fight.
ADVERB .

Qualifies the nearest word (f.lcfic.d "f u~cl;~ Q1,c:fd tm=rr~I)

1. I work hard.
------,,----,.~----,,---...._
~ qualifies~
Aclv Verb
2. I work very hard. ~ ~ ualifies~
Ab. Aclv.
3. He is very smart. Very gualifies,sm,:rt,
Adj.
4. Only Rahul came to meet me. Only gualifies,Ra~ ul,
N oun
5. Eeven she knows the truth. Even qualifies she
'i»rorioW:
6. The fan is exactly over your bed. ,Exactly f!ualifies,~r 1
Ad~. P·

7. I like him simply because he is honest. , Simply,qualifies,because ,

Adv. clnj.

8. Sadly, all were dead. Sadly qualifies the whole

' • ,

-
Adv. sentence
KD LI\T Class :\ores : BASIC
 Use of 'A'/ 'An'

With Consonant Sound

With Vowel Sound

Fill in the blanks with A/ An

I Vowels

Vowels Sound
a, e, i, o, u

lllti .
1 orange 9. year
· - - eagle 10. MP Answers
2. ---
3. - - - umbrella 11. DCP l.AJi
9.4
4.
5.
-----,--
European 12. ---- ewe 2.AJi
3. An 10~
11,A
- - - university 13. _ _ _ honorary lecturers 4.A
6. _ _ _ one-rupee Coin 14. _ _ _ honesty 12-A
7. _ _ _ honest man 5.A 13.lt
15. police. 6.A
8. ---
ear 7. An
14,lt
15,lt
8.AJi
PREPOSITION
• Determines Position ( ~ t)
1. The book is on the table.
2. They insisted on going home.
3. India will take on Pakistan tomorrow.
4. This book added feather to my cap.
5. Don't pick )Ill a fight.

Qualifies the nearest word (~cfic.ctlt t" iirv \1'9,cf-d tmn ti)
1. Iworkhard. ~~-=--=--
~ - - ...
qualifies~
Aav Verb
2. I work very hard. ~ ~ ualifies~
Aa;- Aclv.
3. Be is very smart. ~ qualifies\~art,
Aclv. Adj.
4. Only Rahul came to meet me. Only ~ualifies\Ra~ul,
Noun
s. Eeven she knows the truth. Even qualifies\she ,
Prolloun
6. The fan is exactly over your bed. \Exactly jtualilies~
Ad". Pr4!p.
7. I like him simply because he is honest. , Simply,qualifies,~use 1
Adv. Conj.

8. Sadly, all were dead. Sadly qualifies the whole

-
' w ,
Adv.
KDUYE Class '.\ores : B.-\SIC
a

VERB
Doing/ _State word (ffl/ ~~ncrT~

I
Mai Linking Transitive Intransitive !
=A~xiliary
verbs Verb Verbs Verbs -- Verbs

__. el M V _ ., H·" ,us tf. 6'UJR-f> . • Denotes the main action/state •

• sps.
(Main verb .ff $1 '4 ct I ifi"{ctT
(J<l
(Jra,Q" m,
f • eomes before the M.V • Must come in a sentence
(M.V. cli' 3ffilT . ('Q'if; 'cf1cRJ # 3f1Vlll)
• May or May not be present in
the sentence.
(crfcflr # gl' 3ft t 3tlt 3ft) GS 1. I teach.
' '
' M.V
2. I ,a!!!,,tea~bing;
• . 1. He ~ sleepingr H .V .V
A.V M .V
2. He ,works, (No A.V.)
A:v

Auxiliary Verbs

Modals
Primary Auxiliary Verbs

• Work as only Helping Verb

( ~ H. V cfiT ffl ifi"{ctT
• Work as Helping Verb as • They need a Main verb after them.
well as Main Verb. ( ~ 'Q'if; Main verb c#i'r' tO
(Helping Verb cf Main verb • Modals are immediately followed by
~clifiliTJrclit) base form of verb.
· (Modals cm~~ Vb.f 3ffilT tO
- --
e•
- Do, Be, Have_.
'May', 'Might', 'Can', 'Could', 'Should',
'Must', 'Ought to', 'will', 'shall'. 'Would'
are complete modals. 'Need', 'dare',
'used to' are partial modals.

KDUVE
- C l a,<, :'\ <Jtt<, \ "ERB
 7

Dynamic Denotes Action

verbs (~ ~~frar t)

46 1.
2.
I was ill. .
I have a car.
11.-S c. n
'
r.J-t
•u~»• 1.
cfl iTI ct, 51:,;J
I have lu n c h at 1 pm.
G >,i .-11

2. I teach E n g lish.
3. I know you.
4. I love you. 3. He goes to school.
5. I am a doctor.

y Stative verbs generally do not !¥ Dynamic verbs take 'ing' form.

come in 'ing' form.
(Dynamic verbs 'in g ' fo r ms f)
(Stative verbs ,EU.-11...Qd : 'ing' form
~~31@)
f 1
They are called linking ve.rbs too.
(~ linking verbs 3ft cfi$tificl f} Transitive Intransitive
verb verb
because they link the subject and
Noun/ Adj. {cf4~f.\, Sub. l!ct Noun/
Adj . ~ift'iflink"cfi'Titim°ifi'«Ut)

Dynamic Verbs

Transitive Verbs/ Intransitive Verbs/

Verbs that need 9 oJriect for the Verbs that do not need an object for
sentence to express a complete the sentence to express a complete
thought. thought.
( ~ verb iOG object "cfiT 3'TiJT (~ verbs iOG object c'fi'I' .rtt' .Jitt
t cfi1T "cfiT ft ~'i_.Ji .ri f.l cfi tit d I) object~~ 3ft ~ ~ t i )

ea- 1. I completed the work. GS 1. Birds fly.

"-y-1
It.V
iR1T
2. He killed the man. 2. Babies cry_.
'-r-1
It. V

j_
 Finite Verbs Non-finite verbs Gerund

,I - 1.I love
watching movies.
Infinitive &
Participle

-----
2. She loves
3. She loved
watching movies.
watching movies.
Gerund

-
4.1 want
5. He wants
to help him.
to help him. Infinitive
6. I wanted to help him.
verbs that show tense, person and Verbs that do not show tense,
nUJDber. (~ verbs tense, cx1A-a c f ~ person and number. (~ verbs tense,
~mrr t l) ~cf~;nff'~frart1)
for eg- love, loves, loved want, for eg- Watching, to help.
wants, wanted etc.
Main Verbs

- Regular verbs ·

Regular verbs form past and past

participle forms by add ing 'e d '. (~
verbs cm' V2 & V3 forms 'ifif1'iit fi:lv
- Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs form their past and

past participle forms in different
ways. (~verbs~ V2 & V3 forms 3«ir1T
t
-- - -
ftrt 'ed' ~~lffift tl) ~~i(.f'ffitl)
I \
All these forms Two ofthree All three
are the same. forms are the forms are
walk walked w alked same. different. (lmt
(mft forms l!cn ti'
forms Jnir1T-
Talk talked talked t1) (cU forms ti)
Jnir1Ttl)
paint painted painted a~ put sit go V1
put sat went V2
put sat gone V3

b-__ FORMS OF VERBS, GROUP-I (IRREGULAR VERBS)

Present ri Past 3rd Form - ing Form s/es Form
11st Form) (2nd Form)
Arise 3oilT arose arisen arising arises
Awake awoke awaken awaking awakes
Be (b.ij, are, was, were been being is/was
axn v1
KD Ll\'E Class Notes · \ 'ERB
 Present Past 3rd Form - ing Form s/ es For:rn
(1st Form) (2nd Form)
: Bear bore borne bearing bears
Bear bore born bearing bears
-
Become ifil;:JT ' became become becoming becomes
Begin began begun beginning begins
Bind
'·. - .· ~ ·-
bound bound binding binds
Bite chlc,crl I bit bitten biting bites
I' -
· Blow ~ c h T ~ blew blown blowing blows :]
Break broke broken breaking breaks
. I!,ring <>ITilT brought brought - bringing brings -:)
Build · ·m ,!fa:l...nu1 built built building builds

' Bum ~ / "1<'41crtl burnt burnt burning bums ·.. ~-;;J

Buy &fl Gerti bought bought buying buys
Catch qch$crll caught caught catching catches .· -~'.]
Choose chose chosen choosing
..:, chooses
Come 3{JifT cam.e
Creep
come coming comes .ldl
crept crept creeping creeps
Dig .&)Gerti d-qg _ dug digging digs
Do did done doing does
Draw :m1ilcrtl drew drawn drawing draws
Dream dreamt dreamt dreaming dreams
Drink drank drunk/drun drinking drinks
ken
Drive ii <'4 lcrl I drove driven driving . drives
Eat ffliIT ate eaten eating . eats
Fall fmc;:rr fell fallen falling falls
Feel J.f~-t!.tt/~ felt felt feeling feels
Fight fought fought fighting fights
t Find
....,, . fo~ _d _ found finding finds
Fly flew
. ' fl.own flying flies
. Forbid J:iiIT~ forbade
-·
.:..... ... . ? . _
- -~... ·- forbidden forbidding forbids--
Forget 3i<'4"~ forgot forgotten forgetting forgets.
Freeze "1 J.f Ioi ii"1 J.f irf I froze frozen freezing freezes •
Get got got getting gets
aarr

.....
Give gave given giving . gives .• '
Grind cfl-ttcrtl ground ground grinding grinds
KDLNE
L 2 LILL
I present Past ' 3rd -ing s/es
(1st Form) (2nd Form) Form Form Form
- --
' grows
grew grown growing ·7
orow
<-I c. cf; Icri I

E -,-
aang
wrarrmrorr~
c:f;{ilT
hung
·-had '
, .. '
hung
had
hanging
having
hangs
has
.
f{ide m,q1cr1,noqcr11 hid hidden hiding hides
r held held holding holds
, Keep m'crlT kept kept keeping keeps
[!en~' -'Efc.cril~en-r~
.:, ,'J-,,v u knelt knelt kneeling kneels

~d=
Know ..-ii Icri cri I knew known knowing knows
R&lcril led led leading leads
Learn 'll14~,-tfl&crtl learnt learnt learning learns
left left leaving leaves
.•...
Lend 3UR"~ lent lent lending lends
fUe ,.-~ lay ·1ain lying lies
L Wirr~ lost lost losing loses
Lose
~i _ "' made ·; made making makes
Mean Jm c:f;<'icri I meant meant meaning means
[Mee} .- f11<-1cr11 met met meeting meets
Ride rode ridden riding rides
if"1'oTI'Jii ..-ii Icri I rang rung ringing rings
3oirff/3cJJitT rose risen rising rises
saw seen seeing sees
sent sent sending sends
. ~<-llcrii shook shaken shaking ~ shakes
- J
'ii J-1 c:f;cri I shone shone shining shines
]
.

~c:f;l<'icrll~ - shot .
'·shqt shooting , 's hoots
t
1{Rcrff
R1 c:f;$cri I shrank shrunk/ shrinking shrinks
.:,
shrunken
sang sung singing sings
irJJiIT
sank sunk sinking sinks
sat sitting sits ·
tocrlr sat --
slept sleeping sleeps
A slept
spoke ...,. spoken -_ ~pealqng spe~ s
spent spent spending spends
ri~
spat \ spat -- ~pitti~ : - sp-......-;...
it~ •

KO Ll\'E

- Class Notes : VERB

 Present Past 3rd Form - ing Form
s/es Fortl\
(1st Form) (2nd
Form)
Stand tQT~ stood stood standing stands
Steal stole stolen stealing steals .l
Stick fiNcfwli stuck stuck sticking sticks
stood stood standing
]
Stand tQT~ stands
Strike JfRil'TI struck struck striking strikes

Swear swore sworn swearing swears

Sweep swept swept sweeping sweeps
Swim swam swum swimming swims
Swing swung swung swinging swings
Take
Teach ~,
Q:la1cr11
took
taught
taken
taught
taking
teaching
takes
teaches J
'i
J
Tear tore torn tearing tears
Think ~,qcr1j thought thought thinking thinks
Understand ,t,t 1-1 $t cr1 I understood understood understanding
Wear 4(;cr1cr11 wore worn wearing wears
Weave ilitiU
.:,
wove woven weaving weaves
Weep wept wept weeping weeps
Win .5flc1cr1i won won winning wins
Wind q'Jift" c-1c111cr11 wound wound winding winds
Wring Fohrl$cr1t wrung wrung wringing wrings
Write ~&oil wrote written writing writes
FORMS OF VERBS, GROUP-II (REGULAR VERBS)
. .
-
• • • •
Abuse abused abused abusing abuses

Act qij1f ~/3-l~cr14 acted acted acting acts

Add added added adding adds

Admire qlk;~ admired admired admiring admires J

Advise ~ra.n- advised advised advising advises

Allow 3t a.n- allowed allowed allowing allows J
~a.n-
.:,
Answer answered answered answering answers

•t•
appointing appoints J
Appoint '°'1cfc1~ appointed appointed
KD LIVE C lass Notes : VERB
 present Past 3rd Form - ing Form s/es Form
(lst Fo rm) (2nd
Form)
appeared appeared appearing appears
arrived arrived arriving arrives
arrested arrested arresting arrests

asked asked asking asks

attacked a ttacked attacking a ttacks

barked barked barking barks

bathed bathed bathing bathes
begged begged begging begs
believed believed believing believes ·

behaved behaved behaving behaves

bled bled bleeding bleeds

0 Bless blessed blessed blessing blesses

3if i<"ta1! boiled boiled boiling boils

Boast boasted boasted boasting boasts
[Bo;;.? ~-- 3tm"~ borrowed borrowed borrowing borrows
rcaii f41i,(a1i called called calling calls
carried carried carrying carries
cleaned cleaned cleaning cleans
closed closed closing closes
changed changed changing changes
checked checked checking ch ecks

climbed climbed climbing climbs

~ _if"1 ia11 clapped clapped clapping cla ps
cfi,('iU copied copied copying copies
cfi,('iU collected collecteq collecting collects
RlcfiF4C1 complained complained complaining complains

~Count---= 4cfiiiil cooked cooked cooking cooks

Pla1a11 counted counted counting counts
Confuse- 3<"t$iii1 # confu sed confu~ed confusing confuses

-
MN"~
1m1.1v1-: <' la ss Not• ·~ VI · 1~11

D
 Present 3rd Form -ing

•
Form
(1st Form)

' Consult consulted consulted consulting consults

covered covered covering covers
Cover
iJTll"~ crowed crowed crowing crows
Crow
Cross q'R" q;ra:fT crossed crossed crossing crosses

Cry filriilcrii~ cried cried crying

cries
~'Uiitf
Decorate decorated decorated decorating decorates

Dance i{R(il1" danced danced dancing dances J

Deceive mm~ deceived deceived deceiving deceives

Defeat defeated defeated defeating defeats ]

Decide q;ra:fT decided decided deciding decides

Desire desired desired desiring desires ,J

Discover q;ra:fT discovered discovered discovering discovers

Dip dipped dipped dipping dips J

Die 1RiIT died died -· dying dies

Divide "'
GfJciJT divided divided dividing divides j
Dry ~M&icril dried dried drying dries

Drown sif1iJT drowned drowned drowning drowns ]

Dye tiTcriT dyed dyed dyeing dyes

earned earned earning earns
Earn qiJJJiIT

mr q;ra:fT entered entered entering enters

Enter
employed employed employing employs
Employ cfil1f 'CR'raiIT
Explain explained explained explaining explains
.ff'1$tlcrii
Face ,A11l'ifT faced faced facing faces j
Fail WIT failed failed failing fails
Fear feared feared fearing fears
Feed Rsfotiaii fed fed feeding feeds
Fell f7min- felled felled felling fells j
Flee 3ITTTa=rT fled fled fleeing flees
Finish <AAl'cl finished finished finishing finishes ]
_____,,,,..
 present Past 3rd Form -ing s/es
pst Form) (2nd Form) Form Form
Fir!e r¥.01l fined fined fining fines
F}oat ( ~ tit) floated floated floating floats
qlifT grazed grazed grazing grazes
Gather i ~Mirr gathered gathered gathering gathers
r'ifafe hated hated hating hates
q;ml-~
Hang . hanged hanged hanging hangs
Hear heard heard hearing hears
Help ttt(llfrtl helped helped helping helps
(§prove~ ,- ~i,(iril~ improved improved improving improves
· Invite ~'1:4Uj a-n- invited invited inviting invites
§ - joined joined joining joins
Jump jumped jumped jumping jumps
Kill 'JlRotl" killed killed killing kills
Knit knitted knitted knitting knits
Lay a.n-,
-~-
rarIT/(Jm) laid laid laying lays
reiloicH

-
lie
Laugh
,- -
~iffiililr
~
lied
laughed
lied
laughed
lying
laughing
lies
laughs
,Like liked liked liking likes
listened
= ljir1iff(Ollif~
looked
listened
looked
listening
looking
listens
looks

--- == .
~ '

[Live -~ lived lived living lives

Love ,. loved loved loving loves
[Many=: married married marrying marries
~ . moved
melted
moved
melted/
moving
melting
moves
Melt fcl l:foliri I, fcl tJ <'I Iii I melts
molten
:atu-(iri I mended mended mending mends
.:,
~<'iiiril, ~<'iiril mixed mixed mixing mixes
iijl1f~ named named naming names

-~ Ecn~~ needed needed needing needs

cfiil <'iiril nipped nipped nipping nips
.:,
3ITT1T 1ffifilT obeyed obeyed obeying obeys
&)<'iiril opened opened opening opens
9nier ordered ordered ordering orders
ftmu~ opposed opposed opposing opposes
~ - paid paying

-
paid E~ys
Clas, :\ ntes : \ 'ERB
 !Ill
Past
(2nd Form)
rPJay_- " thr.Jr" played playing
Pray prayed prayed praying prays
Praise praised praised praising praises
Preach preached preached preaching preaches
.reei> ctrllrci1'1Jr.rr
peeped
planted
peeped
planted
peeping peeps
Plant planting Plants
r Pluck ~(tt'fcir plucked plucked plucking plucks
t)
Prepare prepared prepared preparing prepares
Pull afirilr pulled pulled pulling pulls
Prevent prevented prevented preventing prevents
Punish punished punished punishing punishes
Prove fR~ proved proved proving proves
J
Promise a'qiJ"~ promised promised promising promises l
Push ~a.n- pushed pushed pushing pushes
Quarrel $tiil$e11 quarrelled quarrelled quarrelling quarrels j
Rain rained rained raining rains
Reply a.n- replied replied replying replies ]
Reach reached reached reaching reaches
• Receive qr.ff, ~ ~ received received receiving receives j
Refuse refused refused refusing refuses
Rest 3fRTJf rested rested resting rests J
Resign c-41a1q,i resigned resigned resigning resigns
Repair JHR-lrl repaired repaired repairing repairs J
Remember ~2'Rrff remembered remembered remembering remembers
Return ~ ,il'tz.u . returned returned returning returns j
Roar iJwfiU' roared roared roaring roars
Say s aid s aid saying says
Sell tf:r.:tT sold sold selling sells
Save il'llTifT s aved s aved saving saves
Saw 3fTft 'fftr-;r sawed sawed sawing saws
Select s elected s elected selecting selects
Stay stayed stayed staying stays
Stop s topped stopped s topping stops
Study studied studied studying studies
Slip ~ttii4"11 slipped slipped slipping slips
Talk ifln talked talked talking talks

1\1111\'I
Id Cla ss Nofr •s · VUH!
 -
present Past 3rd Form - ing Form
11st Form) (2nd Form)
Tell told told telling tells
ilitl.fr tied
Tie tied tying ties
-- ~
[r~~ch touched touched touching touches
TIY tried tried trying tries
fcmm~ trusted trusted trusting trusts
use $fiMi<'I CRi1r used used using uses
'ifiililT Walked walked waJking wa1ks ·
Wash tll-rr washed washed washing washes
~
·work
- ifiPJ~
waited waited waiting waits
worked worked working works
r.w~ ·-
Wish
f.l;,m.l) watched watched watching watches
wished wished
l!i~er- wandered wandered
wishing
wandering
wishes
wanders

fti_ :_
Wound tITT«il'~
wasted
wedded
wounded
wasted
wedded
wasting
wedding
wastes
weds
wounded wounding wounds
IW ~ p worshipped worshipped worshipping worships
Wonder 3tr.r~ wondered wondered wondering wonders
~ - wrapped wrapped wrapping wraps
Yield bR~ yielded yielded yielding yields
iITTfr' til'tllr.n~ bid bid bidding bids
[!Jet tra' til'tllr.n bet bet betting bets
I~ q;z.ff burst burst bursting bursts
Cast lRwlr/ffililr cast cast casting casts
@iSb". JJrl" til'tllr.n cost cost
"eut - cut cut
costing
cutting
costs
cuts
hurt hurt hurtin
. g hurts
Let ma.rr let let letting
IBif:¥_ lets

~·
ra-n- put put putting puts
Read read read reading reads
JR=n~ set set setting sets
,Shed
~~a.rr shed shed shedding sheds
iiG shut shut shutting shuts
SPl'ead
spread spread spreading spreads
~ t ~/tlltr.rr thrust thrust thrusting thrusts
Quit
quit quit quitting quits
~ ~ -- 8--t-----.
udy- ~ aratfl Stady iliJ ..;-
,
mt,
-
!!.ai,aDer

KfJ Lf VE
Cl ass \ otes . \"ERB

b
 [ y~!B (TASK - I)
, • _ the forlllS of ,rerbs and then take the follo . est-
-- M~t

SN ··································
rr "'"$Wing-- - wrung
····· ······· ...
. 2. .. ................................ ..
····· t
.... ········
t t • t It t I
,
t I I I

··························· ········· ····· ····· .............. ,

3. Find Founde~···••
···································· ······························ ······
4.
5. FalC
I •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Felled ......... .. ············ .... ············
6. ···································· ······· ·········· ·····
·············
11. Befall ······························ ······ ·········· ······ ·················
8.
-
Fly ················ ................... . ················ ··················
9.
........................ ............ • • • I • • • • • I • t I t I ~ . f I I • . I t I I It I I IO t o

10. Blow ············· ·············••... ,

11. Stick ··········_·························· ············ ·········::.:···"·•

12. Strike
··················· ···········""
13· Affect--: '7
······················· ............. ············ ···················.. ,,
14· Effect ...................... .............. ........... ........ ···········"·"
15.
.......rFlee
- ~~~~····························· ................................. ..
16.
17. ·- ······· ········· ................... .
18. . ...... ...... ................... .. Rented

19.
····································-·
···••i- ••·············· ············
~;............................... ································•"'
Lied
20. Lay ·························:..........
21. •I•• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • ·····························•"'"'
22 . 1-·········· :.·········..: .............. .
• f • •

········ ··········· ························· Hung

~ ······ ·············· ........
, ast
C ·························· .......... Hanged
24. Telecast •.••····· ......... .················· ································••''
25. Broadcast .... ······ ·································••'
Rise .:::::· ... :::::::::::::::::::::: :::: ·························-; ··········
····· ····· ······· ············· ··············••"" ................
·············· ••••••••• .......... ..
•u:tised
D-!
··············•·"•''············••'
······••""'"·····•"•'•'··········
. .Bound ·····••"''•"•"·••"''"··········
,,,,.

I\J > I I\ J Bounded

······················ ·······
32, ···································· ·· ·····················~·-··········
33, sear ···· ······ •·i.. ... .... ............. . ········· ······ ··········· ~······· ~-
34,
.......... ........................... ···································· Borne
······· ··········· ··················
f f :~~---·························
3;.;-7
7 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••
····································
Bid
Bidden

'~
38, •..•.. •........•. ...•...•.•..... ...•
····································
39, ···································· ...•..••.. ....... ..•..••..... ......
40. Learn ..••......•.. •..... ... ......••. .....
····································
41. l5le_e~ ···································· ········~·················~········~
42. Buy
······················~---··········
V 1 +ing
4!][~ _· ····························
44. Feed ········ ····················
~(!ie
46~ ,· Carry

4IJ~~
48. Say ...••••....••.•..•• ... ...•.•
~(!ea,i
50. , Cut ........••..... .. •..........
5L]~ t
52. Bet
·················· ··· ··· ····
···························· ..... .. .............•.......
54. Clap ............................ •...•..•••.•••...••....... .•
55. ~ e ····················~······· •....................
' .......
56- Bathe •••..•••.....•...• .•...••...
S~
__Jfi,!)ry
~- ···················· ········
.•••...•..•....••....•...... ····························
58. W~d ............................
s[JrShed .••.•......••...•.......• ... ·············· ·· ·······~·-··
· Thrust
60
...............•............ ............................
are 13S JIJanJra. \\'bat is your score?
check what Is the meaning of call the verbs. If you do not know
deduct half' mark (0.5) for each of ~em.

1, I J I I \' I . Cl ass i\otes : \'ERB

 Answers (V &;J=MTASK - I)

1.
2.
3.
SN
- S wing
Wring
Find
V2
swung
wrung
found
V3
swung
wrung
found
founded
SN
20.
21.
22.
23.
Lay
Hang
Hang
Cast
Laid
Hung
Hanged
Cast
'!11111
Hung
Hanged
Cast
4. Found founded Telecast Telecast
fallen 24. Telecast
Fall fell Broadcast
5.
felled 25. Broadcast Broadcast
6. Fell felled
befallen 26. Rise Rose Risen
7. Befall befell
flew flown 27. Arise Arose Arisen
8. Fly
Flow flowed flowed 28. Raise Raised Raised
9.
10. Blow blew blown 29. Bind Bound Bound
Stick Stuck Stuck Bound Bounded Bounded
11. 30.
12. Strike Struck Struck Ground Ground
31. Grind
Affect Affected Affected Grounded
13. 32. Ground Grounded
14. Effect Effected Effected
33. Bear Bore Born
15. Flee Fled Fled
Rent 34. Bear Bore Borne
16. Rend Rent
Rented Rented 35. Forgo forwent Forgone
17. Rent
18. Lie Lied Lied 36. Bid Bade Bidden
V 1 +ing
SN
38.
39.
Forbid
Awake
Forbade
Awoke
Learnt
Forbidden
Awoken
Learnt
Forbidding
Awaking
Learning
1
J
40. Learn
Bled Bled Bleeding
41. Bleed
Buy Bought Bought Buying
42 .
Die Died Died Dying
43.
Feed Fed Fed Feeding
44.
Vie Vied Vied Vying
45.
Carry Carried Carried Canying
46.
Many Married Married Marrying
47.
Say Said Said Saying
48.
Read Read Read Reading
49.
Cut Cut Cut Cutting
50.
51. Quit Quit Quit Quitting
52. Bet Bet Bet Betting
53. Dye Dyed Dyed Dyeing
54. Clap Clapped Clapped Clapping
55. Admire Admired Admired Admiring
56. Bathe Bathed Bathed Bathing
57. Dry Dried Dried Drying
58. Wed Wedded Wedded Wedding
59. Shed Shed Shed Shedding
60. Thrust Thrust Thrusting
1,1 JI l\' F Class Noll's VERB
 Cognate Object of the Ve rb

A verb that is regularly intransitive sometimes takes as object a noun the

111eaning of which closely resembles its own.
(l!in 3fcfi*'1i w q;Jt ~)

Sing a song.
- 1. He lived a peaceful life.
2.
3. She dreamt a horrible dream. (><)
4. I had a nightmare.

Three Primary Auxiliaries

Do a Have )

• Be V b. .f (Base
: . . form
. .of verbl
..

V1 V2 Va V1+ing
are, am is ~ were been being
with-~ She,~ ~ ~ all subjec~ th all subject
with-you, It, Name & / ~:r imaginary 'had been' comes
we, they, Singular You, we, they, position of for imaginary
plural plural present position of past

- 1. I ~

2. I ~
M.V

B.V
a doctor -· ,,,i o,) ",

~rea~ng the patients.

M.V
3. I wish, I were the PM of India.
-
o,,;v 'JIJ
I, .•, V t 1, '0
,.,...,
,,,t,.l """' .

M.V
4. Would that, he ~ in my shoes.
for Present Imaginary Position
5. I wish, Modi .had been, the PM in 1990s.
for Past Imaginary Position
6. I am to leave for the station now.
7. She is going to deliver a speech.
8. He was about to board the bus when he slipped.
6, 7, 8 for planned action of near future, we have t he following struct ures:-
6. Be + to + Vb.f.
7. Be + going to + Vb.f.
8. Be + about to + Vb.f.

KIJ l.lVE Cl~s, Nol1·s . VEHI!

• Do . : .. . . . .

V 1 ...J V1 +s/es V2 Va V1+~

Do Does Did Done Doing
'-y--' '---(--J
with- I, We, They, with- He, she, it,
You & Plural name & singular
66 1. I ~ not any work.
5. I love this house.
H.V M.V
2. I do ,u nderstand,your problems. (1) I too
H.V V1
T
(2) I also
(3) So do I
Emphasises/ ;;iR' t;rrf
(4) I love this house too
3. I , m,ke, a mistake. (5) I too love this house.
H.V V1 (6) Me too Ans. (3)
Emp~;;itr't;,,f
4. I work as hard as she ~
Replaces action verb to avoid repetition
6. The second pigeon flew as soon as - - - - - ~ - - -- - -
( 1) the first pigeon had fl.own. SSC CGL, Aug.-2015
(2) the first one had flown
(3) the first one had done. Ans. (3)
7. I do the dishes.
1

8. I did2 the laundry. 1 . to 'wash'

9 . I did3 my hair. 2 . to 'wa~h',
3. 'il'illilT (set, arrange),
10. The cake is done.
4. done with fed up (fflllif
11.1 am done with4 you. 5. up and doing active (.:,~
12.She is up and doing5 now.
4 & 5. We use pronoun to avoid repetition of Noun.
Similarly we use 'do' to avoid repetition ·of verb .

• Have /

V1 V 1 +s/es V2 Va V1+ing 1

Have Has Had Had Having

'-y-' '-y-'
with- I , We, They, with- He , she, it,
You & Plural name & singular experienced

GS 1. I ~ a car. 4. I had a strange experience last

possess or own night.
2. I ~ lunch at 1 pm.
eat 5. We~ fun on Sunday.
3. l ~ a dream last night. Most appropriate
verb with fun - have ri
dreamt

KDLIVE

- Class Notes : VERB

6. I~ them. 6. Baa
B.\r V3 Have + V3
7. I bad rather stay at home. Bad
'-v-'
Icli~mati.; modal "v;; H.V
'---"
s. I~ lunchjuat now. 7. Had ratherr
B.V M.V (V3 ) Had sooner + Vu
(1l'r-l)
Had better
9. I. bad~ ~unch before you came. \ T /
aYM.V(V3i for strong
recommendation.
(ff~
10. I am having a car.(><)
I have a car.
11. I am having
12. We are having fun.

Have

denotes state} to possess Have to eat l Denote

to own Have fun to enjoyf action
Having(><)

13. Maclhuri Dixit _ _ _ a large fan following.

(i) has (ii) is having Ans. (i)

· · ·Forced Action

'Have' as a Modal denotes Forced Done under pressure.

Action too.
(Modal i);' it 'have' * · ~GCfTififcfi{i{T~I

aft ------+-----
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
Had to + Vb.r · will have to + Vu
Have to} V
Has to + b.f

1. The government 1. She will have to go to

1. He has to come here Mumbai for checkup.
every day. had to make
tough decisions. 2. We will have to be
2. I have to see the doctor cautious in future.
every week. 2. She had to flee to
save her life.

- Cl.i" '.\nt, ·, \TRll

 l
VERB(TASK - II)

Correct the following sent enc es if necessary:-

th when someone came.
1. I will happy if you attend e • am going to write a letter,.__
27 1
party. 011 28• He was about to start his speecJ,
2.
3. II am agree witb Y ·
am ready to take the
when the bomb exploded.
responSI"bility• 29 • God, have mercy on us.
4. You will success provided that you 30 1
_ won't have this nonsense any
work hard.
more.
5. The government is trying to better
31. My cow had a calf last night.
the conditions in the prisons.
6. Conditions bettered with time. 32. We have had enough of those
problems.
7. I felt better after an hour of sound
sleep. 33. Society discriminates (HG-3mf
between the haves and haves not.
8. I am quite intelligent, amn't I? ·
34. I am done.
9. Be must sad as he has lost his wife 35. The cake is done.
recently.
10. I am having two cars and a house. 36. He is gone.
11. She is having many boy friends. 37. I did the dishes.
12. I am having lunch now. 38. I had my hair done.
13. I have had my breakfast just now. 39. Re did well in the exam.
14. She and her friends are ~ving fun. 40. After a short break, he is now up
15. He is owning a farm house. and _d oing.
16. I am not possessing any gun. 41. I love you as much as she does.
17. I do understand your problems. 42. I work as hard as you do.
18. He did sent me a letter to my 43. We will have to do away with
social evils.
address but I didn't received any.
19. I had to left my job due to some 44. Here is a list of dos and don'ts.
problems. 45. I have never and will never cheat
you.
20. We have to perform our duty.
21. He will has to come on time every 46. Nothing has or will be more tragic
day. than his demise.
22. He has bidden the highest price 47. Is the cake done or not?
for the painting. 48. He has his eyes on the most
23. He bade me good bye. coveted post.
24. She has tore the letters. 49. Your project must has to do with
real people.
25. I am to leave for Mumbai tonight.
26. He was to leave for the station 50. He is always agree with his wife as
he wants a peaceful life.
KD U\'E

Class .'•fotes : \ 'ERB

 Answers (VERB, TASK - II)

1. Change 'will' into 'will be' 26. No correction

2. change 'am agree' into 'agree' 27. No correction
3. No correction 28. No correction
4. Change'success' into'succeed' 29. No correction
5. No correction (because 'better' 30. No correction
. means, to improve something). 31. No correction
6. No correction 32. No correction
7. No correction 33. Change 'haves not' into 'have
8. Change 'amn't I' into 'aren't I' nots' )
9. Change 'must' into 'must be' 34. No correction
10. Change 'am having' into 'have' 35. No correction
11. Change 'is having' into 'has' 36. No correction
12. No correction 37. No correction
13. No correction 38. No correction
14. No correction 39. No correction
15. Change 'is owning' into 'owns' 40. No correction
.
16. Change 'am not possessing' into 41. No correction
'do not possess' 42. No correction
17. No correction 43. No correction
18. Change 'sent' into 'send' and 44. No correction
change 'received' into 'receive'
"
45. Change 'have never' into 'have
19~ Change 'left' into 'leave' never cheated'
20. No correction 46. Change 'has' into 'has been'
21. Change 'has' into 'have' 47. No correction
22. Change 'bidden' into 'bid' 48. · No correction
23. No correction 49. Change 'must has to' into 'must
24. change 'tore' into 'torn' have to'
25. No correction 50. Change 'is always agree' into
'always agrees'

k:Dl IVE Clas s Notes : VFRB

 There are certain main verbs with two V3 forms. Out of the two forms, one fa
usually a verb and the othe~ an ~dJective.
(~verbs ~~V3 forms ~,~~.fflltir<frt: ~verb ~t
Jft'{~ Adjective)

Adjective

Load tiffi(ilT Loaded Loaded Laden

Prove Proved Proved Proven
-
Shrink Rliti$iil
.:,
Shrank Shrunk Shrunken
Sheared
Shear 1l'-1' Sheared Shorn
Shave ilif1in' Shaved Shaved
Get 1llifT Got Got
Sink (f;r.;frcr cftt) Sank Sunk
Drink -cft;n' Drank Drunk
Bend Bent Bent Bended

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of verb given below:-

1. The chocolate has _ _ __ 1. melted

2. The _ _ _ _ lava is flowing down the hill. 2. molten
3. loaded
3. They have the trucks.
4. laden
4. The fruit trucks are standing at the border.
5. proved
5. I have him wrong. 6. proven
6. It is a fact that even insects communicate. 7. shrunk
7. Her dress has _ _ __ 8. sheared
8. They have _ _ _ _ the sheep. /shaved
9. They visit Tirupatf temple with _ _ _ _ head. 9. shaven

10. I have _ _ _ _ some information. 10. got

11. gotten
11. She is wearing a newly- _ _ _ _ saree.
12. drunk
12. He has _ _ _ _ a lot.
13. Dnuak811
13. _ _ _ _ driving is a punishable offence. 14. sunk
14. The ship has _ _ __ 15. sUJlkell
15. They found the _ _ _ _ ship after a decade. 16. bent
16. He has _ _ _ _ the rod. 17. bended
17. He begged for mercy on his _ _ __

l<D I l\' E C lass i':n 11•s \ T l~ll

 There are certa~ Adjectives that take 'en' and tum into verbs.
(f8' Adjective 'en' t'itllicfi,( verb ~)

Adjective

(Jmr *> Lessen Lessened

-...--
worse ir«rat Worsen Worsened
frill Loosen Loosened
Red iffiil' Redden Reddened
Black ili1iIT Blacken Blackened
White Whiten Whitened
!B
right illtcfti-11 Brighten Brightened
Dark Darken Darkened
!Quiet ~I@' Quieten Quietened
L..-

Wide Widen Widened

Broad Broaden Broadened
Hard Harden Hardened

Fast era-, if;"ffl pr Fasten (ilitr.n) Fastened

Straight Straighten Straightened

Light Lighten Lightened

Tight Tighten Tightened

Thick '1f"1' Thicken Thickened

Soft lti-11.Qlt Soften Softened

Sad Sadden Saddened

Glad fflT Gladden Gladdened

Did you note 'Red', 'glad' and 'sad' have their last consonant doubled? These
verbs end in consonant and are preceded by a single vowel. In such ·cases the
consonant is doubled and then 'en' in added.
iRIT 3fT'tr.t 1:Jt *
fcf;' 't 'Red', 'glad' MR 'sad' 3nfitfi Consonant double
~~flt Verbs consonant*~~ t Vcfi' vowel 3l@T ti ~verbs*
consonant double~ t air 'en' ~ ti
KO Ll\'E

- Class Notes : VERB

 Certain nouns take 'en' and form verbs./ (f'U' Noun 'en' <'itliicfi< verb ifimt f)

Noun

Height · Heighten Heightened

Strength nTcficl" Strengthen Strengthened

Fright R Frighten Frightened

Haste Hasten Hastened

Length Lengthen Lengthened

Threat Threaten Threatened

Fill in the blanks with the verbs formed from Adjectives/ Nouns given above.

1. The medicine will _ _ _ your pain. Answers

2. _ _ _ your seat belt. 1. lessen

3. Constant rubbing has _ _ _ his eyes. 2. Fasten/ Tighten

3. reddened
4. Such rumours can your reputation.
4. blacken/ tarnish
5. _ _ _ the circle.
5. Darken/ Blacken
6. Optimism can _ _ _ your life.
6. brighten
7. She has _ _ _ her hair. 7. straightened/
8. We need to _ _ _ our outlook. blackened/

9. Cease-f"'ire violations have _ _ _ the loosened

tension at LOC. 8. broaden
10. Your ferocious dog _ _ _ us last night. 9. heightened
11. We need to _ _ _ now else we will get late. 10. frightened
11. hasten
12. He us of dire consequences
yesterday. 12. threatened
13. This cream will _ _ _ your skin. 13. brighten/ soften/
lighten
14. Talks _ _ _ our relationship.
14. strengthen
15. Nothing can _ _ _ the chirpy birds.
15. quieten

KO LI VE
Bl C la,, No te, · V f- l<U
 In the three verbs given below either 't' or 'ed' can be used for V2 and V3 forms
but in British ~nglish 't' form is preferred./ (~ fav ml' tft;r verbs cl; 'V Vci V3 if 1

'ed' 3JtfcfT 't ' im l British English if Verb cl;~ if •t • 2

forms
v=a~cl to
Confusing verb

Adjective
...Liam
Learned
Dream · Dreamt Dreamt
- --- - 1 - .. Dream
Burn
L~- ~-
Burnt Burnt Burnt, Burning
1. I have learnt it by heart. (have is followed by V )
3
2. Learned judge. (Learned is an Adjective)
3. Burnt leaves. ('bu rnt' is used as Adj. as well as 'verb')
4. Dream house. (Dream is Vb.r. as well as Adjective)

Confusing Main Verbs

3'llqf nil
confu se
GS
~~,I}
We get confused in forms and meaning of certain verbs./ (~ iJif Verbs cli' forms

Complete Finish Answers

1. finished
1. He is _ _ _ _ and bankrupt now.
2. completed or
2 . I h ave _ __ _ the work. finished ·.
3. A woman feels _ _ after becoming a mother. 3. complete

f!f,- See them in detail in Conf~sin~ Verbs.~ (31JV~ fch-di:t '6~1)

NOW SEE MORE EXAMPLES

--
1. CONFUSING FORMS OF CERTAIN VERBS:

1. Bid Bid Bid .m,ft

Bid Bade Bidden ~rt;:rr,~~
2. Hang Hung Hung rimrr
Hang Hanged Hanged q;nfiq~
3. Lie Lied Lied ~iffiil'irr
.:,

Lie Lay Lain tmrr,

Lay Laid Laid t;:rr (3r!T)/tWct.;r tr.IT/ A,614,(
4. Rend Rent Rent m . -mqilt;:rr
.:, .:, .
~-4'~

-
Rent Rented Rented
Class Notes : VERB
KO ll\'E
- ~ Fell Pt:uo11
5· Fell Felled
EXERCISE

the highest price.

1. He ha•-
good bye to all.
2. He has
me go out immediately
3. He :· bid~
the picture. • bade
4. He has 4. h11ng
Saddam Hussain after a brief trial.
s. They 5. h.... _
--ced
6. He _ __ about his past. 6 • lied
7. Bhagat Singh _ _ _ his life for his country. 7 • laid
8. Lay, lie
s. ___ your books aside and _ _ _ down to rest.
9. rented
9. He has _ _ _ the house. 10. rent/re114
10. His cries _ _ _ the silence of the night. 11. fell
11. He _ _ _ down and sprained his ankle. 12. fell

12. Small strokes _ _ _ great oaks.

--
2. CONFUSING FORMS OF CERTAIN VERBS:

1. See Saw Seen

Saw Sawed Sawed
Sew Sewed Sewed/Sewn Rlt'iiti
Sow Sowed Sowed/Sown iITiIT
Sue Sued
2. Grind
Sued q'l' JJ,cfic.RT
Ground Ground
Ground <fh1 it I t,!Y
Grounded Grounded "9.flif q'l' 3Bj.(il'T~
3. Rise
Rose
Raise Risen 33Jofff3oc,1TI if¢
Raised
Raze Raised
Razed 3oJirlT )
4. Fly Razed (fll.CiciiT/~
Flew
Flow Flown 3So1T
Flowed
Blow Flowed (liquid &ttt)
s. Find
Blew
• Blown QifT (wind &ttt)
Found
Found qJiTT
Founded
Founded ;ftq~
C lass Notes
 EXERCISE
Answers
1. I have _ _ _ this movie.
2. He _ _ _ the wood. 1. fJeell
3, He _ _ _ the spices and sold them, 2. sawed, aawt
4. They have _ _ _ all the ftlghts due to a hoax call. 3. grotllld
s. The sun has already _ __ 4. grounded
6. I _ _ _ up late today. 5. risen
7. May you _ _ _ in your life. 6. rose
s. ___ your hand if you agree to my proposal. 7. rise
9. They _ _ _ the dilapidated building. 8. Raise
10. They _ _ _ him alive. 9. razed, raze
11, They _ _ _ the university in 1950. 10. found
12. Much water has _ _ _ under the bridge. 11. founded
13. He _ _ _ into a rage when she abused him. 12. flowed
To fly into a rage -to get angry suddenly. 13. flew

--
3. CONFUSING FORMS OF CERTAIN VERBS:

-t sStrike
t ick .. t Stuck ~qcfio1i, tir1l"
Struck Struck 1Ttfll
2. J '.Ring ·,, Rang Rung mftiraTifl,~~
Wring Wrung Wrung f.h:il$oii
. . ,.-"'I -..
.Jl!.'Y.1~{ Swung Swung <mra Jl" 3mU - swing into action)
3. Bear Bore Born
. HBear to carry/~o
- ··-'
4.
-
Wind
"r Bore
Wound
Borne
Wound 'Et1'lill ~4eo11
.L! C?~~d £Wounded1 Wounded
"
5. Forgo Forwent Forgone ~a.rr
1 '
Forego ' Forewent Foregone cli"~~
"'
6. Bind Bound Bound i11tJifT
Bound Bounded
L..,
Bounded ~ilifr.u

EXERCISE
1. _ _ _ to your lane.
2. _ _ _ the iron when it is hot.
3. _ _ _ the bell.
4. Be has _ _ _ the clothes.
5. Mangoes are _ _ _ from the branches.

KD Ll\T

- Class Notes : VERB

 6. The police _ _ _ into action when the riot broke Answers
out.
1. Stick
7-. He was _ _ _ in 1990. 2. Strike
8. I have _ __ the pain with courage. 3. Ring
9. Cholera is a water- _ _ _ disease. 4. wrung
5. swinging
10. _ __ the watch. 6. SWUng
11. The robbers _ _ _ him. 7. born
12. _ _ _ desserts if you want to lose weight. 8. borne
9. borne
13. His past _ _ _ wherever he approached for a job. 1.0. Wind
14. Roots _ _ _ the soil. 11. wounded
15. The court's decision has _ __ us to pay the 12. forgo
penalty. 13. forewent
14. bind
16. Seas _ __ India on three sides. · 15. bound
4. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES: 16. bound

II Words
• Desert(N)
1.
EXERCISE
He _ _ _ his family.
2. The Sahara is a _ __
DesertM Skip _ _ _ if you want to _ __
3.
Dessert(NI Sweet dish weight.
after a meal 4. Bad weather _ _ _ your health and
2. Affect(V1 3RR cfRilt, the _ _ _ is cold and cough.
V3rTcf sfotifl 5. They soon _ _ _ _ _ _ the ST/SC
Act as untouchability was a common
Effect(NJ qfto11'1 _ _ _ then.
Effect(V) V3JTq ilTifT 6. _ _ _ makes a man perfect.
3. Practice(NJ .3rR"m"I 7. _ _ _ these questions .
Practise(V) .3fR"m" 8. Don't _ _ _ your temper.
4. Advice(NJ 9. He is wearing a _ __ shirt.
AdviseM ~a.rr 10. Pakistan _ _ _ the match..
5. Loose(Adj.) 11. It is your _ _ _ , not mine.
12. Don't _ _ _ me.
Loss(N)
13. I need your _ __
LoseM ar.rr~
Answers

1. lost, deserted 6. Practice 11. loss

2. desert. 7. Practise 12. advise
3. dessert, lose 8. lose 13. advice
4. affects, effect 9. loose

•t•
5. effected, practice 10. lost
KO 1.1\"E Class Notes : VERB
5. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

II
1. Wear(VI
Words

tf"PF~
Put On(Phrasal ve rb)
2. Stand1v1 ut~
Stand1N1 ~~cfl'~
Stand u p (Phraaal verb) tt 't 3c5iIT
3. Wander1v1
Wonder(Vl ~/3TA~~
Wonder1N1
4. Employ(VI to give a job ( ~ ~)
Appoint1v1 to give a post (f.llicfct ~)
.:,
5. Overtake1v1 to surpass (°t 3tT1l' ~)
Take over(Phrasal verb) to take command or control of (lftr.t 3"ftil'
EXERCISE Answers
1. He is _ _ _ a sweater.
1. wearing
2. _ _ _ your sweater. It is getting cold.
3. _ _ _ in a queue. 2. Put on
4. He _ _ _ amid heavy round of applause when his 3. Stand
name was called. 4. stood up
5. I _ _ _ what to cook.
5. wondered
6. He _ _ _ here and there for water.
7. We don't _ _ _ women in this boys' college. 6. wandered
8. They _ _ _ _ _ _ him secretary to the principal. 7. employ
9. Soon Jet Airways _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all its 8. appointed
competitors and became the most prestigious
9. overtook
. airways.
10. The new CEO will soon _ _ _ _ _ the charges. 10. take over

•
6. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
Words
1. Breed1Nl
Breed1v1 to give birth ( ~ ~)
Brood1N1 a group of young birds. (il'it lll@')
Brood1VJ t o think a lot about som et hing in an u n happy way.
2. SelllVI
Sale1N1
3. Complain1v1
ComplaintN
Class Noles : VERB
I Words
Assure(Vl dtte-efl t;t"r ifmy ~ )
lnsure1v1 to protect against loss (
Ensure1v1 To confirm(~ ifRifT) . ~)
Deny(Vl to refuse to accept the truth ('{f!.I'
Refuse(Vl fcfiR'~ .
Rebut/ refute 1v1 to deny with the help of evidence ( ~ cl; lRif'
Decline1v1 ~I .11fcflct,1~ ifir.fT
Decline IN)
EXERCISE Answers
1. The dog is of good - - -
1.
2. Familiarity _ contempt.
2. breeds
3• Don't _ _ over the past.
4. See the _ __ of eaglets sitting there. 3. brood
5. Good books _ _ _ like hot cakes.
4. brood
6. The ___ of woolen clothes dips in summer. 5. sell
7. He _ _ against them. 6. sale
8. He has lodged a _ _ _ against them. 7. complained
9. I _ _ _ that all the doors were locked. 8. complaint
10. I _ _ _ you of my help. 9. ensured
11. He _· _ his car against theft and accident. 10. assure
12. He _ _ _ to have stolen my watch. 11. insured
13. He _ _ _ to help me. 12. denied
14. He _ _ _ our offer. 13. refused
15. His fame _ _ _ due to his misconduct. 14. declined
16. He _ _ _ the charges with concrete proofs. 15. declined
16. refuted/ rebutted

m
7. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
Words
1. Compliment1N1v1
Complement1N1v1 ~,~cfi'vrr
2. EnveloplVI ilcf3rJ@'
Envelope1N1 mlbtlbf
3. Comprise Consist of (ir.mfr)
Contain t-Jin~
Compose .r.mrr
4. Avoid/ Shun t~
Spurn
to ignore because he doesn't deserve your attention or
love.
5. Canvas1N1 Jfro~
CanvasslVI
~-~~JITilin
Class Notes : VERB
 EXERCISE Answers
I him on his success.
1. 1. complimented
1 extend my _ __
2. 2. compliments.
• The couple _ _ _ each other.
3 3. complement
• The atmosphere the earth.
4 envelops
s. pUt the letter in an _ __
4-
s. envelope.
• The atmosphere _ _ _ many gases.
6 6. comprises
7. The box _ _ _ ten bottles of milk.
7. contains
s. This block _ _ _ of ten chambers.
8. consists
9. Gulzal' _ _ _ many songs.
9. composed
10. He _ _ _ meeting me.
10. avoided/ avoids
11. You should _ _ _ bad company. .
11. avoid/ shun
12. She _ _ _ the advances of the stalker.
12. spumed
13. She _ _ _ for the &JP.
13. canvassed
14, Draw it on the _ __
14. canvas.
15. A cup of coffee is an excellent _ _ _ to 15. complement
smoked salmon.
16. The atmosphere is
16. Change sentence (6) into Passive Voice. comprised of many gases

8. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

DI Words
1. ~-Ce9:s~M to stop
--~eizeM confiscate ( ~ ~ )
Commandeer1v1 ctr{r1T ( ~ ~fi:I~ cl;" filv)
2.__ , Prosecute(VI to try for any offence in the court.
'---- P~rsecute(VI to treat wrongly (1fil"a' oqq(;Fl ~ )
3. _, Recover1v1 to get back to the same condition ('&en gr.IT/ iR'J1'G ~ )
L RecuperateM to get well ('&en gr.IT)
4. ,, Censor(V/NI ban
~e~sure(VI to officially and s~~ctly criticise
5. ElicitM to draw out response/ emotion.
~i_!ucit(Adj) socially not acceptable (Jrh°) .
lllegaliAdJI legally unacceptable tJl,tcfitir(.ft)
EXERCISE
1· Such customs now _ _ _ to exist.
2• _ __ the golden opportunities.
3• They have _ _ _ his car to take the injured to hospital.
4
' We - - - the trespassers.
5• The British _ _ _ the freedom fighters.
6
' He is - - - after his brief illness.

I( I > I l \' 1·

- Class No tes : VERB

I 7. The police have _ _ _ the stolen statues.
8. They have _ _ _ the vulgar song.
9. The committee _ _ _ him for his misconduct.
10. Marriage within the same gotra is _ _ _ but not _ __
11. Good teachers can _ _ _ responses from the students.
Answers

1. cease 5. persecuted 8. censored

2. Seize 6. recovering/ 9. censured
3. commandeered recuperating 10. illicit, illegal.
4. prosecute 7. recovered 11. elicit
9 . CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
ID Words
1. RetireM to be superannuated (.fl41Pri'!m ~), to rest (3f'R1Jr clililT)
ResignM to give up one's post officially, to accept something as
inevitable (i-41'14:il ~ / 'Cft"6 ar.rr)
Collapse(VI ¥ f1R ~, ~r f1mrr
2. ConsoleM cnm:rr (1,Ei("'('l1 <mt rr ~>
Comfort(V/NI 3tmJr 4$ill.:tl, 3tmJr cl;'r'
.:> .:>
Sympathise
3. lnterceptM to receive a communication or signal directed elsewhere
usually secretly
lntervenelVI to interfere ( ~ ~)
InterruptM cRi.JT,Ucfiiirr
4. BurstM lli'GifT
Bust(N/VI part from head to chest, to reveal the truth
5. Sight(N) n~,.rarm
Site1N1 Place of construction ( ~ ~ )
CitelVI to mention ( ~ ~ )
EXERCISE
1. He _ _ _ at the age of 70.
2. He _ _ _ from his post.
3. It's 11 p.m. now. Let us _ _ _ for the day.
4. In deserts, living beings _ _ _ before the merciless sun.
5. The farmers _ _ _ themselves to their fate when the monsoon failed.
6 . He _ _ _ due to excessive heat.
7. The wall _ _ _ killing three people.
8. They _ _ _ the crying woman.
9. I _ _ _ with the victim's family.
10. He _ __ the iajured bird.
11. The police _ _ _ the signals and traced the accused.

KO LIVE Class Notes : \'ERB

 12. Don't _ _ _ when I speak.
13. If you don't , the matter will aggravate.
14. The water pipe _ __
15. They _ _ _ the myth regarding dragon.
16. The _ _ _ of the gruesome murder shocked us.
17. _ _ _ an example.
18. He went to the _ _ _ and inspected the building.
Answers
1. retired 7. collapsed 13. intervene
2. resigned 8. consoled 14. burst.
3. retire 9. sympathise 15. busted
4. resign 10. comforted 16. sight
5. resigned 11. intercepted 17. Cite
6. collapsed 12. interrupt 18. site
10. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
Em Words
1. TowlVI to drag and take_away
Toe1N1 ttl~~
Tiptoe IVI to walk on toes (tnl ;.,~;ql 'a'iriJT)
2. Allude(VI to mention indirectly
, EludeM to escape (ififrJT), evade
3. Success1N) .ffQfoldl
SucceedlVI
Successful1AdJ.J
4. AssessM 3tiifitii,rf cfir.fT
Access1N/VI ~,nifi"~tnilf
in plenty
~xcess1Aclj.J
5. BestowlVI confer
ifql.jlill,
B~setM to f°lll with som~thing negative (lt amtr)
EXERCISE Answers
1. They will _ _ _ away your car.
2. He hurt his _ __ 1. tow
3. He _ _ _ into the house. 2. toe.
4. When the PM said, 'Shehjade', we understood to 3. tiptoed
whom he was - - - 4. alluding
5. The thief - - - arrest. 5. eluded
6. Nothing like _ __ 6. succeeds, success.
7. successful ·
7. He is a
8. Facebook can
---
businessman.
our personal data. 8. access
9. He has breathing problem. 9. ezcesa
10. They him with the title of 'Sir'. 10. bestowed

-
11. My life is with difficulties. 11. beset

KlJ Ll \ 'E Class '.'JotPs \ "I. HB

 11. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
11B Words
to announce (8'trvrr ifivlT)
1. DeclareM
ProposeM to give as an offer (\Ff cil~ci ~ )
2. TamperM to change something (in instrument)
Temper,NJ heat of mind or emotio n
Doctor(ll/V) a medical practitioner, to change (accounts d
TeaseM cl11" cRilT , ata, Cl) ete)
3. MitigateM to lessen so that you fee l better, alleviate
MilitateM to hinder/obstruc t
4. LeSSOllcw) qJo

LesseDty, iliJfifRill'
5. Pray(Y) V1$fT ifRilT
Prey(N/V) ~~q;r.f'f

EXERCISE
Answers
1. Indira Gandhi _ _ _ an emergency.
2. The Apex Court Section 303 of IPC null a 1. proposed
void. 2. declared
3. They _ _ _ with the EVM. 3. tampered
4. They _ _ _ the accounts. 4. doctored
5. Don't _ _ _ the dog. 5. tease
6. This medicine will _ _ _ your pain. 6. mitigate
7. Your careless attitude against your 7. militated
promotion. 8. lesson.
9.
8. I will teach him a
9. Meditation _ _ _ your tension.
--- 10.
lessens
pray
10. I will _ _ _ for you. 11. prey
11. Lions _ _ _ on deer.
12. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
1B Words .
1. Inventrv, · or e us 1m
DiscoverM to find that already existe d ( ~ qilitl)
2. Postpone(V) to put off for a later date
AdJo1UD.rv) to suspend something for a period of tim e
Canceirv,
to decide that something will not happen
3.
... Cry(N/V) ~t"'t'tl(Ce, if;'{
Weep 00 ..... rr.Tr(~Jmrr.;rct)
Plea~ fll$'71$MI/ llTir.rr
ShowfV/llJ ~&iirtl, mr.ft, tft
ExudeM
to show with confidence and c larity
EpitomiseM
to be the perfect example
 Words
OIi to :viola~~ (~!'_&i~;, iRiIT)
[!:=J Flou~
· Flaunttvl to show off (~Ui41 ililiiiT)
EXERCISE Answers
1. Graham Bell _ _ _ the telephone.
1. invented
2. Columbus _ _ _ America.
3. _ _ _ your mettle.
2. discovered
4. They _ _ _ the meeting for two days. 3. Discover
5. They _ _ _ the show and refunded our money. 4. postponed
6. The case has been _ _ _ • 5. cancelled
7. Don't _ __ 6. adjourned.
8. Babies _ __ 7. weep.
9. Don't _ _ _ over spilt milk. 8. cry.
10. Don't _ _ _ for the moon. 9. cry
11. He _ _ _ for mercy. 10. cry
12. She _ _ _ confidence when she pleads her case 11. pleaded
13. Dhirubhai Ambani _ _ _ from rags to riches 12. exudes
13. epitomised
success story.
14. Don't _ _ _ the traffic rules. 14. flout
15. flaunts
15. He _ _ _ his luxury cars.

13. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

m1. ~ndM
Words
311T{~

Bo~owtvl
Owe(V) 3tm"~
2. Except .
6i$cli<
Accept(V) 3tqi,ijitj
hope ( ~ cfRifr)
,, Expecttvl
,, s~~pec~ .mm~
- Aspect1N1 tJTtit
3. Remembertvl iRiiiT
Reminisce(V) 3ra@' ilral iRiiiT .,.
· : Remind(V) ~if;'lJill' j
Recall.wl * iRiiiT' qjlRf il'iTiilT
4. : ~eveng~LVl ~/'ireiiIT ~(~cl;" amr.rr *>
Avenge(V) (r1Jlll' cli'<it cl;" fffv)
s. R~uttv./NI cm; * q,<1Qa ililiiiT, ii¥ gR A .J',,

Route 1N1
RootJNI
* 3<11$-il
••
Uproot(V)

KO Ll\T
 EXERCISE
1. Please _ _ _ _ _ some money to your servant.
2. He _ _ _ Ra. 1 er. to the bank. 1.
3. He bas _ _ _ Rs. 1 er. from the bank. 2. OWed
4. This book is good _ _ _ _ _ for some 3. borro•ed
typographical mistakes. 4. except
5. He _ _ _ my offer. 5. accepted
6. The sky is overcast. 6. fl) expect
(i) We _ _ _ good rain. (ii) •uapect
(ii) We _ _ _ a storm. 7. remember/
7. Do you _ _ _ me? 8. reJDind
s. His looks _ _ _ me of my brother. 9. recall
9. The police asked the victim to _ _ _ the incide 10. aspects
10. Do you know the negative _ _ _ of your condu< 11. Revenge
11. _ _ _ is best served cold. 12. avenged
12. Our army _ _ _ our soldiers' martyrdom. 13. route
13. Which is the shortest _ _ _ to Nolda? 14. routed
14. India _ _ _ Pakistan in the world cup. 15. root
15. Greed is the _ _ _ cause of corruption. 16. Uproot
16. _ _ _ evil practices which are prevalent.
14. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
m
Q;J~ i it(VJ
Words
' to give (a vote), (clre'), il'ifTaTT, ~ , mr till (;m;ii; q
Cast (VJ give (a glance) m;JiIT (iNR')
2. __ Overcast (VJ 3i1R *UT~
3. Broadcast (VJ Y.fflftd cfRiJT
4.;. Forecast M iRJlirr*
5. Telecast M TV tJl' \I.ff I fta cfRiJT
T.- · Caste fNJ
EXERCISE Answers
1. We must _ _ _ our votes judiciously.
2. He _ _ _ a glance at bis watch. 1. cast
3. They _ _ _ Salman Khan in the movie. 2· cast
4. Toys are _ _ _ from plastic. 3· cast
4· cast
5. The programme was _ _ _ on Zee news.
5· telecast
6. The weather i s _ _ _
forecast

m
7. The sky i s _ _ _

1.
CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
Words
:: overcast

Sever1VI ifi'1?: ilil' 3ftil7T cfRiJT (forcibly)

Severe1AdJ.J cfnr,~
Sew~rlNJ ifTilT
1m 1 1\T Class Notes
\ 'FRR
m
15. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:
Words
2. Prescribe1v1
ProscribelVI to ban
i---
3. ' Loath1Aclj.) reluctant, unwilling (m)
Loathe1v1 to dislike or hate
4. SeverlVI to cut and remove forcibly and suddenly
Amputate1v1 to remove by surgical operations (of limbs)
Maim1v1 to injure so that a part of body becomes permanently
damaged (ffl' ~ )
MutilatelVI to inflict a violent disfiguring injury (ara'-fcta:rcr
Cripple1v1 to make something unable to work normally
5. HoardlVI to hide and collect
Horde(NI A group (of people etc)
EXERCISE Answers
1. I have a - -- headache.
2. The has overflowed. 1. severe
3. He has his ties with his in-laws. 2. sewer
4. The doctors have _ _ _ his thumb. 3. severed
5. They _ _ _ children and force them to beg. 4. amputated
6. Heavy rain _ _ _ life in cities. 5. maim
7. The tenorists sent the _ _ bodies of the 6. cripples
hostages. 7. mutilated
8. The doctor has _ _ _ bed rest. 8. prescribed
9. They _ _ _ carrying lighters in planes.
9. proscribe
10. _ _ _ of people come to see the Taj Mahal.
10. Horde
11. They _ _ __ _ sugar and sell it in the black
11. hoard
market.
12. She is _ _ _ to accept her mistakes. 12. loath
13. I _ _ _ getting up early. 13. loathe

16. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

m
1.
Words
CatchlN/VJ
HoldlN/VI trl1lifT
2. DeprecateM to criticize (r.taT cJir-n)
DepreciatelVI decreasing of value
3. Peddle 1v1 'fl'lf-~
Pedal1N/VJ '8~$f.\;\'I ifiT 'CR' ttl" m' f), Pedal
ffl1T ( ~
4. WaivelVI to refrain from pressing or enforcing

-
Wave(N/VJ ~•U\'ltHlirll

KO LIVE Class Notes : VERB

El Words
5. DiffuseM
DefuseM to make non-functional, to r e d
EXERCISE
1. Dhoni took a good _ _ _
2. _ _ _ your tongue.
3. She will _ __ the 8 o'clock bus. 2.
4. _ _ _ the receiver for a moment. 3. catch
5. We _ __ the act of some joumallsts as 4. hold
childish. 5.
6. The price of my car has _ _ __ deprecate
6. depreciated.
7. They _ _ _ drugs.
7. peddle
8. He will _ _ _ fast when he ret ums home.
8. pedal
9. The govemment has _ _ _ off the loan of the
farmers. 9. waived
10. He _ _ _ his hands. 10. waved
11. Sea ____ look beautiful. 11. waves
12. They _ _ _ the bomb but the smell of gun 12. defused,
powder into the air. diffused

17. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

llml Words
1. ReinlN/VJ 'timm/ timm irnlilT
Reign1N1 ~Tmif
Rain(N/V) ~r, i1"!1Tir
2. Bridle1N/VI timm/ timm irnlilT
Bridal(Adj.)
3. Board(V/NI llcfT{ ~ , 'iJroT
On board llcfT{
4. Write
Write to eliminate from some list (to regard as 1ost 0 r conceded)
off(Phraaal Verb)
Right(N / Acij)
Rite(NI a part of religious ceremony
Riot(N)
5. Pore(NI m:
PourM
Pore over to study carefully
(Plu:aaal verb)
KD LI\ f
Ell
 EXE RCISE Answers
1. Buddhism flourished during the _ __ of
Ashoka. 1. reign
2. It is _ _ _ cats and dogs. 2. raining
3, We have booked a _ _ _ suite. 3. bridal
4. He has _ _ _ the bus.
s. 50 passengers _ _ _ were killed in the air 4. boarded
crash. 5. on board
6. His last _ _ _ were performed in Varanasi. 6. rites
7. _ _ _ broke out in Gujarat. 7. Riot
8. We have six fundamental - - -
8. rights
9 . They had _ _ _ Amitabh Bacchan who
returned to the same glory with KBC. 9. written off
10 . We have several _ _ _ through which we 10. pores
sweat.
11. Pour over
11. _ _ _ the c ourt's order.
12. the tea into t he cup. 12. Pour

18. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

m
1.
Words
Bum1N/VJ
ScaldM to burn with steam or hot water
Scorch(V) to burn the upper layer that changes colour but it is not
destroyed
Singe(V) to burn slightly
Char1VJ ~ifi@l~-aral

2. Found(V) .ftq~
EstablishlVI to make something that is expected to last for longer
period of time or is widely accepted
ComposelVI to assemble and make/to make poem or song
Set up to assemble machines etc. in order to make them
operational
3. Deflect(V) to cause something to change direction
DeviatelVI to do something which is different from usual
Reflect(V) to hit something and move in different directions.
, Divert(V) to change direction
4. ProceedlVI 3m)-~
Precede(V) 3Jr.TI' . .
Succeed1VJ to be successful(~~), cl;~ 3n-fT (cnra cl;~#)

KD Ll\ 'E

- Class :\: otes · \ 'ERB

 EXERCISE
1. _ _ _ the papers. 1. Burn
2. Steam _ _ _ her arms. 2. scalded
3. The Sun rays have - - - my skin. 3. scorched
4. The flame of the candle has - - - the wall. 4. singed
s. They _ _ _ the university in 1950. 5. founded
6. I have _ _ _ my business. 6. established
7. 'J4xrnikant has _ _ _ this song. 7. composed
8. They have 8. (i) set up
(i) _ _ _ a factory. (ii) set up
(ii) _ _ _ a commission. 9. deflected
9. The bullet hit the wall and _ _ _ from its 10. diverted
normal course. 11. reflects
10. The traffic police have _ _ _ the heavy 12. deviate
vehicles. 13. precedes
11. Light _ _ _ from smooth surface. 14. succeeded
12. Teachers shouldn't _ _ _ from the topic. 15. succeeded
13. Silence _ _ _ the storm. 16. proceed
14. Aurangzeb Shah Jahan. 17. succeeded
15. Akbar to the throne at the age of 13.
16. Can I with this chapter now?
17. He in his motive.

19. CONFUSING VERBS/ NOUNS/ ADJECTIVES:

El Words
1. Smash to break into pieces, to hit very hard
Mash to make soft pulpy thing
Grind tftlr.rr
Stir ~t'llirfl { ~ ift;ft ~)
Whip ~,~,~*JfRilT
Knead "'

"'
Churn
Chop ~-ult°~ifmfl
Grate cfi§cfilfT

Sprinkle ~$cfiiil

Add flltttliil

Shake fttttiiil ( ~ qtffit ~)

-
2. Speak
Tell
T~N/V)
Words

say to (i@lin') (Questions given in narration)

-.ra, -.ra ilRilT
Say
Ask
Stammer stutter ($cfHilioil)
Fumble for ~#t~cfiT;f3DirfT
· word
3. Wal~/N) ~,lR
Amble1v1 c.$iiloil
StroOiv,NI G$iiloil /

.
to walk or speak in an awkward (ilcrcfiT)
.:,
manner .
Gait(N) cfiT crftcfiT
Flutter(VI Ch$1h$1oil
FlusterM to move in a confused manner
FumbleM to :reach for things by moving hands here and there
4. SeeM a-mrr
Loo~,
Looks1N1 the way one looks
LookiNI facial expression ( ~ cfiT 3mf)
Seem/ look

Glance(N/V) vq;~,;:r.;r{m;rill'

Bli~ 3rJa ftqcfijoij

Win~1 3ITTl'1'R.JT
$1icfioii

Stare(VI
tiril'~acf;'~tJ.11',~~
;:r.;r{ ~ , (TV), ~ ' f.lt1m.ft
GlowerM 1Jff"*~
.:,

Glimpse1N/VI 'Q'q;" $Jil'cri', 'Q'q;" ft'il'cfi'

I, I J I I \ I l 1.i,, :\t11,·, \' I h!ll

 ""'
5. risen
Awake ( ~ / olilli.tl) awoke awoken
Wake ( ~ / oiilll.ti) woke woken
Rouse (ollill.tl / olilll.tl) roused roused
Awaken (oilill.tl / olilll.ti) awakened awakened
Waken (oilill.tl / ol7IT.tT) wakened wakened
Arise (~/~) arose arisen
Arise • problems and questions arise
• to get up
• to spring to action
EXERCISE
1. The burglar _ _ _ his head against the wall.
Answers
2. ____ the boiled potatoes.
3. ____ some chillies. 1. smashed
4. _ ___ some spices. 2. Mash
5. _ __ _ some salt and _ _ _ the mixture. 3. Chop
6. _ _ _ the dough. 4. Grind
7. _ ___ the eggs. 5. Add/ Sprinkle,
8. _ ___ the buttermilk. stir.
6. Knead
9. She was not prepared and _ _ _ for wor ds.
10. I had a _ _ _ with him.
7. Whip
8. Churn
11. He _ _ _ and can't speak fluently.
9. fumbled
12. I will _ __ to you.
10. talk.
13. The bilateral between India and Pakistan 11 . stammers
failed.
12. talk
14. He _ __ that he was busy. 13. talks
15. Don't a lie. 14. said
16. He me to stay at home. 15. tell
17. He _ __ as he got up. He is too weak to walk. 16. asked/told/
18. The girl was lost in her thoughts and _ __ instructed
around. 17 . staggered
19. Pigeons _ __ when we peeped into their roost. 18. flustered
20. He cast a at his watch. 19. fluttered
21. People line up to have a _ _ _ of the idol. 20. glance
22. Her _ _ _ __ _ bagged her a movie with 21. glimpse
Shahrukh. 22. looks
23. _ ___ the confused _ _ _ on her face. 23. See
24. gazed
24. He at his son's photograph every night.
KO LfVE
El Cl ass Notes : VERB
25. He _ __ through the window.
Answers
26 . You sad.
25. peeped
27. He at us which sen t s hivers down our s pine. 26 . look/seem
28. We up to the sound of drums. 27. glowered
28. rose / woke
29. _ _ _ , our motherland needs us.
29. Arise
30. "At the stroke of midnight h our when the world 30. awake
sleeps , India will _ _ _ to light and freedom.
Lines of '3 0 ' h ave been t ake n from "Tryst with
Dest iny", a famous s peech delivered by Jawahar Lal
Nehru. Th e speech was delivered arou nd mid-night
on 14th August.

Certain actions are best expressed when a certain verb comes with
them. Let us see some examples. .
(qio"Actions
.:,
~~qio"~verb
.:,
~~3q"J,cf<1 ~fl)
1. I made a decision.
2. I delivered a speech.
3. I narrated a story.
4. I express my idea s .
5. I recited a poem.

Email: [email protected] IContact : 9555108888 / 9555208888

Class Notes : VERB

KDLIVE
q,

MOST APPROPRIATE VERBS

---- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - ~ -
Now see the following 100+ examples.
( 3'isl" aUft 100 11arfttcfi 3c(ltS<OI ~I)
1. Donate blood 1. vmr
2. -Pacify1 /molllfr / aggravate1 anger
3. Furnish4 /Enclose• /Annex• /peruse7 documents 3 . 'iufq,Ml

==~:g
4 . dQMiilf (to
4. Take test (when you are a student) make available)
5. Give test (when you are a teacher) 5• f:sf:!
6. Take bath/risk/an action/advantage/shower 6.
7. Fall asleep/ stay awake 7. V<fff ( RiA i)
8. Make a decision/ a noise/fun/ a mistake/ a choice /a plan/a
suggestion/ a call/ an effort /progress/ a promise/ some one angry
9. Express ideas/feelings 1. Mqe fun - ~ ~
10. Narrate stories/ incidents
2
Ha,;e f u n - ~ ~
3 2 . to tell (a story)
11. Recite poem 3 . to say aloud a piece of writing especially
a poem from memory.
12. Devote4 /Snend5 /Waste6 time ......c:,_
4 . t11il"lff~
13. Set up committee /factory s.
14. Establish a business/ company 6•
• take heart - to be encouraged
15. -Found/Establish university • lose heart - lTf.1'I'
16. Take/lose/win heart • take to heart-take something seriously

17. P~y role

1. · to make use of (power, rights
18. Demand/Exercise1 rights2 etc)
4
2. ~
19. Chant3 hym.n.mantra• / 3 . To sing or shout a word or
phrase many times(~~ )
20. Earn/Waste/Spend/Invest/Mint6 money
6
4. s. tJl1r-TI'
21. Expose corruption/scam 6 . q,dlfi,~•~ 7 . ~'qivff
7 8 . officially demand and
22. Reveal the truth collect money {for eg-tax)
7
23. Have a dream/ nightmare / lunch / 9 • 1!{T l(q'-1f
0

dinner etc / a conversation/ fun 10. to make a law etc. to be

accepted by using power.
24. Levy*/ Impose 10 / Pay tax
25. Impose/Pay fine

l<D I.I V!·:

- C lass No tes : Ve rb
26. Bear fruits 1 1. to produce result.
27. River flows
2. to encounter something usually
28. Wind blows unpleasant
29. Meet with:2 an accident
3
3. tostartsomethingnew.
30. Launch a scheme/ rocket/
satellite/ a new cart etc 4. to pass information, knowledge etc to
other people
31. Impart education
4

5. formally recognize an offence.

32. Level/ Frame5 charges
33. Level6 allegation 6. to place (~)(a charge, blame etc)
34. Tell a lie
35. Speak /Tell the truth
36. Deliver a speech/ a baby/ a lecture • Break the i c e - ~ ~
1
37. Break monotony / the ice
1. fu"ffilT
38. Make/ Break promises
39. Pay homage:2 / respect/tribute3 2. something that is said or done
to show respect.
40. Days pass
3. say or do something to show
41. Morning arrives respect for someone who has
died.
42. Night falls
43. Thought occurs / crosses one;s mind 4 . to think carefully for a long
time.
44. Ponder over 4 /upon an issue
5 . takesplace
5
45. Incident occurs
46. Recall 1 an incident 1. toremember-f11;t~~qivff
3
47. Redress2 grievances 2 . to correct something that is
wrong or unfair.
48. Commit• a crime
3. ~Jcfil4d
49. Attend class
4. to do (something bad or illegalt
50. Attend to5 / attend on a patient
5. dealwith
51. Bead/Stomach aches 6.
52. Wound pains 6
7 . to prevent something w:apleasant
53. Avert7 /Prevent bloodsheda
54. Causes /Results in an accident
55. Hope /Expect good things
Kill lV I
- Class Notes : Verb
 S6. Suspect / Fear bad things
• RaiaeAJann_~,:,,,_.
S7. Do/ Tie /Comb yourhair ......
S8. Blow horn • Explode-~
S9. Get anidea/W/mad
60. Raise alarm • Defuse-~~
61. Train Runs/ Derails
• Tantrum.a-~
62. Bomb explodes /goes off
63. Defuse bomb
64. Load/fire the gun
65. Throw tantrums
66. Give oneself airs 66.~~111~~
67. Have/Keep /Lose patience • Patience - f t --.."""'' ilit-tr
68. Abolish tradition • Abolish-~~
• Tradition-"Q'tlr
69. Eradicate poverty/ disease • Eradicate-~~~~
70. Cure / Control /Prevent disease • Fast-~
• Decline- ~cfiR
71. Keep / Observe fast • R.e fute/ Rebut - c5 1111
72. Decline/ Accept an offer ln=I'~
• Deny- ftfim 1fra ctft i~
73. Refute /Rebut/Deny charges cnAr
• Charges-~
74. Maintain /Doctor the accounts • Doctor- 0!$013; cfit-n'
75. Tamper with the EVM/ machine/ meter • Tamper-04014
76. Tyre deflates
77• .pan in love/ fall ill • deOate - Plcfii<'i•il
• Rio1: - q1'1T
78. Riot atarts/flaresup • flare up - ((c:fill{ch -
79. Play the guitar/ Bute etc. affJT~W
80. Civilization flourished / came to an end • Flourish-1'iw!T-~
81. Meet one'afate • Civilization-~
82. Raise /maintain standard of living • Meet one's fateu1-dtt!!
way as he sho di.JI
1u:
83. Brine down / control the price to his deeds (usually use
84. Price rises /shoots up / decreases negative sense) ~lT-1'
• rain pours- ¥J.~HIQTt
85. Raln pours
• Shoot up - ~i...-.rr
86. ~olicit J ask for lgive support/ advice • solicit- 1ll1f-'T
87. Boards/ things are displayed ts-
• exercise righ
88. Newa la broadcaatf telecast/ aired ~cfi1'11~•··
89. News/ ahowa (on TV) are telecast
90. Exercise rights • spit-~
91. Spit venom • spit venoJll -

92. To make faces in disapproval, anger etc- frown. • steer clear of -

93. Participate in a competition etc.
i 1l'iAT
94. Steer clear of charges
• gamer-~
95. Gamer/ muster courage
Verb
KIJ LIVE Cluss Notes
-
I

96. Partake of refreshment • Partake of - take one's

97. Partake in an event share
98. Sale increases / decreases/ dips/ shoots up • Partake in - to
99. Clear doubts participate
100. Raise arms/ your head /a question/ an issue/ . nod - ~ ( ' f f l ' )
your hand/ your voice
Flex one's muscles -
101. Bow/ nod one's head •
'ffrara~
102. Flex muscles
103. Render help • Render -
104. Execute an idea/ a plan tHS ltlftl $IT

Sentence Improvement

Based on the use of the best verb/word in the given action/sentence -

This type of questions is easier for students who develop reading habits.
Due to regular reading habit, they choose the most appropriate word
conveniently. For eg: In the sentence 'I did a mistake' , they can easily
locate the mistake and will point out that 'made' will come in the place
of 'did' as we normally say, "I made a mistake". In the same way, 'All of
a at once' is wrong as they, time and again, while reading have come
across 'all of a sudden'. Here, I feel, that it is mandatory to mention
that reading is a fruitful habit. We imbibe the meaning and usage of
many words automatically if we make reading a habit. In the few
examples that follow, we will such appropriate Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns
etc

COMPOI.SORY ENGllSH 1 LIVE'

11S / AC / SSC (Tier-11IJ

And All Descriptive Exams.
51l31Nfiodt1ffl21lfillamimatlJiiJ&ill VocabiltiRi
Essay/ Letter/ Precis (a&a11 fQil mlB The Hindus Editorial
qpu "11'cl m, al ll $1 A fat? Hnil f I
Email: [email protected] I Contact :__9555_~~~8_8 ~'--~~-~-~ ~~~888 _
51 Class Notes : Verb
l<D LIV E
 1. Keats says the idea very well in his poems.
(A) speaks (B) describes
(C) expresses (D) No improvement
2. The enemy soldiers went back hastily.
(A) returned (B) retreated
(C) retrenched (D) No improvement
3. I will be giving blood in the hospital at 9 .00 a .m . tomonow.
(A) exchanging (B) contributing
(C) donating (D) No improvement
4. The suspected couple was taken away from the airport throllgh
a side entrance to the polic e station for interrogation.
(A) whisked (B) rushed
(C) guided (D) No improve ment
5. The transport workers have organised a strike asking for more
salary.
(A) demanding (B) begging
(C) requesting (D) No impravement
6 . It was mere affection that stopped him from beating his son
(A) great (B) much
(C) f"illal (D) No i mprovement
7 . The British superiority all over Afric a and Asia c ollapsed in the .
f°ll'St half of the twentieth c entury.
(A) domicile (B) residence
(C) dominion (D) No improvement
8 . Since setting up. the club has produced so many players.
(A) since its inception (B) since have been set up
(C) Being set up (D) No improvement
9 . I hope.I am going to get fever soon.
(A) fear (B) feel afraid
(C) doubt if (D) No improvement
10. When we came out of the cinema, it was falling; with rain.
(A) pouring (B) descending
(C) dropping (D) No improvement
11. Serious charges of corruption were levied against him.
(A) put (B) levelled
(C) made (D) No improvement
12. A lot of bloodshed could have been saved, had the administratioll
taken timely action.
(A) protected (B) prevented
(C) eschewed (D) no improvement

l
'
'.
KD LIVE

- Cluss Noti,s Vi:rh

 13. The professor has agreed to take reJllt.,dlable _classes for the
weaker students.
(A) reclressal (B) remedial
(C) practice (D) some
14. My foot is paining.
(A) aching (B) ailing
(C) hurting (D) No improvement
15. She gave most of her time to dance.
(A) lent (B) spent
(C)devoted (D) No improvement
16. Work at the request of your conscience.
(A) behest (B) desires
(C) orders (D) No improvement
17. Raju requested me to his birthday party tomorrow.
(A) indulged (B) invited
(C) inspired (D) No improvement
18. The Prime Minister established a commission to look after the
plight of the widows.
(A) formed (B) created
(C) set up (D) No improvement
19. The monkey was seated at the foot of a tree.
(A) bottom (B) end
(C) root (D) No improvement
20. He decided to reveal the corruption in his department to the
media.
(A) show (B) disclose
(C) expose (D) No improvement
21. My friend won me at tennis.
(A) succeeded me (B) outran me
(C) beat me (D) No improvement

Answer key with Explanations

--·---•------· ____ .........,.c. -- -~ .
1. (C) We express our ideas. We don't speak or describe ideas.
2. (B) Retreated- movement by soldiers away from an enemy-~~
Change •went back' into 'retreated'.
3. (C) Change 'giving' into 'donating'. We donate blood.
4. (A) Whislr:ed - to move or take someone or something to another place very
quickly-~~FXm
Change 'taken away' into 'whisked'.
S. (A) 'Aakhig for' means 'demanding' but 'demanding' is a stronger word and
suits the context of the sentence.
Change 'asking for' into 'demanding'.

KIJ LIVE •11 Class Noles Vcrh

6. (C) Filial- or or relating to a son or daughter- lmA-:tiaiftla
Mere - to denote that something is unimportant. - 'l"l'q:r:ijiq::l'=H~~:r
Change 'mere' into 'filial'• mcn-t::l:21
7. (C) Dominion-the power to rule o~ c~n~ol a country- ~i~U;;q
Change 'superiority' into 'doD11D1on •
a. (A) Change 'since setting up' into 'since it.a i~ception'. 'Since ita lettbig ,
would have been conect but 'its' was IDlssmg. 11P
9. (A) Change 'hope' into 'fear'. He hope for something good and we fear Of
somethil\St!d that may happen. ,
10. (A) Change 'f: • lg with' into_'_poiuing.
11. B) Change 'levied' into 'levelfed'. .
Leviecl-An amount or money that must be paid and that 18 collected by,
government-cfit~ "6T~
Levelled-to aim or direct
Eg:- to level a c~e of fraud.
12. (B) Cliange 'saved' into 'J!revented'.
We prevent bloodshecl to save people.
Eschew-to avoid (something) especially because one does not thinkitia
right, proper etc --~qivfl'
13. (B) Remediable-captlble ofbeing solved or cured- 3QilH lff1lf
Remedial- Done to make something better- \{QHiiitq,,
Change 'Remediable' into 'Remedial'.
14. (A) We have stomach ache or head ache. 'Ache' is a common word for body
pain.
15. (C) Change 'gave' into devoted'
Be devote time to learn some art or skill. Devote 'to' dance is the conect
sentence formation.
16. (A) Behest-An authoritative order or urgent prompting
Change 'request' into 'behest'.
We do something good at the behest of our conscience.
17. (B) Change 'requested' into 'invited'.
Indulge-to allow to do something- ~cfafd
Inspire-to make someone want to do something-
18. (C) A commission is set up.
19. (D) 'Foot of the tree/mountain' means 'at the lower end of or the bottom' of
the tree or mountain.
20. (C) ~ose - To reveal (some~ hidden, dishonest, etc)
Ch~e 'reveal' into 'expose'.
21. (Ct 'To beat someone' means 'to defeat'.
We know that birds, animals and things have particular cries and soundi
Let us see them in details. ( lfdt, -ili-tcH c f ~ 'ch1' attr-ft' 'iffi-il' anrcn- llfflt,
fq(,(IH "« ~ I

1. Birds chirp.
2. Leaves rustle.
3. The door creaked.
4. My car chugged as I drove up the hill.
5. Rivers rumble and trains rattle on the rail.
• Chugged - the sound made by a labouring engine.
i--:DU\"1:

- Class :-S ore, : \"erb

 I SOUND & CRIES
"·-----·~ ·--·-
1. Apes -gibber 44. Hens - cackle, cluck
2. Asses/ donkeys - bray 45. Horses - neigh, snort,
3 Bears - growl whinny
4: Bees - hum, buzz
s. · Birds - sing, twitter, tweet, 46.
47.
Hyenas
Jackals
- laup
- howl
c~,warble 48. Kittens - mew .
6. Bulls - bellow 49. Larks - alng, warble
7. Camels -grunt 50. Lions - roar
8. Cats -mew, purr 51. Magpies - chatter
9. Cattle - low, moo 52. Mice - squeak
10. Cocks -crow 53. Monkeys - cliatter, ,dbber
11. Cows -low 54. Nightingale - sing, warile
12. Crickets - chirp,creak 55. Owls - hoot
13. Crows - caw 56. Oxen - low, bellow
14. Cuckoos - coo 57. Parrot - talk
15. Dogs - bark, woof 58. Pigeons - coo
16. Geese -cackle 59. Pigs -p,mt, squeal
17. Doves -coo 60. Hoofs - clatter
18. Ducks - quack 61. Leaves - rustle
19. Eagles -scream 62. Railway - roar,chug, rumble
20. Elephants -trumpet endues
21. Cock -cock-a-doodle-doo 63. Silli: - rustle
22. Puppies -yelp 64. Steel - clinks
23. Ravens - croak 65. Dry leaves - crackle
24. Snakes - hiss 66. Heart - beat
25. Sparrows -c~, twitter 67. Clouds - thunder
26. Swallows -twitter 68. Door - creak
27. Zebra/horses -neigh 69. Clock - chime, tick
28. Tif!.ers/ lions - growl, roar 70. Car/ engine - chug
29. Vultures - scream 71. Trees -s~h
30. Wolves - howl, yell 72. Water - ripples
31. Arms -clang 73. Rivers - murmur
(weapons) 74. Wind - whistles or sighs
32. Babies - lisp 75. Teeth - clatter (due to
33. Bells - ring, peal, jingle or cold or fear)
tinkle 76. Hands - clap
34. B~es - blow 77. Wings - Rap
35. Chains - clank 78. Coins - jingle
36. Clouds - thunder 79. Old or discontented persons-
37. Doors - creak or bang mutter
38, Drums - beat 80. Persona in agony - moan
39. Footsteps - sound 81. Rain or hail - patter.
40. Foxes -yell, bark 82. Guns - roar
41. Frogs - croak 83. Iron gate - clang
42. Goats/ - bleat 84. Train - rattle
lambs/
sheep
43. Hawks -Scream

KU l.lVI·.

- Class Notes Verb

 . Rules for 1:11aking for~~ of verbs

Rule - 1
.
--,,,,;;::- -~ ----- - - - ----------
(Vcr~~-- ;.:f;__ forms 7.r-=rr, 7.f; f.P.:rq >

Beg Begged Begged B'9gging Eli

Fit Fitted Fitted Fitting , ~ti~
Bit Hit Hit Hitting _Olllit - •olld
_ Encling in consonant (last i consonant f) T~get - targe~
- Consonant preceded b:, single vowel (Consonant~~ 1r;r
""'fl •o•el 4Q)
If consonant is preceded by single vowel, the consonant i
and 'ed/Jng' is added, ( WR" consonant <t
consonant cf;1' double~ afu'~ tt ed/ ing Hana )
single ,,0
'ill
::~;led I

Rule - 2
Heat - Ending in consonant (Last it consonant f )
- And Consonant preceded by two vowels ( afu- Consonant~~~
vowelsi )
If consonant is preceded by two vowels, consonant remains
single and 'ed/ing' is added. ( 3flTf consona.n t mvowels~. i
consonant singular 1ft' t)
Eg:- Heat Heated Heated
Sweat Sweat Sweating
Beat Beat Beaten
i®t• IIF
Die Dying
Lie Lying
Vie (to c ompete - wfi:tWt4f ~ -) Vying
If the verb ends in 'ie', change 'ie' into 'y' and then add 'ing~ )

-
( am- verb 'ie' 'q~1J, 'ffl' 'ie' clft 'y ' -q· QRci4Ma ~l~itf'i?: 'ing' ("l•u~I

Change Changing
Admire
Aclminng ,,
ill e,
Generally, we remove 'e' before adding ,.mg' if a verb ends
( 3t1Ttverb 'e' -q ~m. flf'ing•~~~ •e •~ )
Exception ( ~ ) : Dye+ ing = dyeing
Rule - 5
Panic ( s'vlT ) ~ - Panicked

... -
Traffic (megat oQNH ~ ) Trafficked
Picnic fPlcnic 1ARr) Picnicked
l,D LI \ T
I If the verb ends in 'c', add 'k' before adding 'ed/ ing'. ( aPR ve rb 'c' if
~-g), "ffl' 'ed/ ing' <-11l'A"$~ 'k ' ~ )
Rule - 6
V - Cry Cried
N - City Cities
Adj. - Pretty Prettier, Prettiest
If Ve rb, Noun or Adjective ends in 'y' preceded by a consonant,
change 'y ' into 'i' and then its form/ degree changes.
( aFR'Verb, Noun llT Adjective 'y ' ~~~ant 'y' cf>~ consonant~
m'y' q;')- 'i ' -q qA.~fda ~ , ~~form/ degree QflafJtt ~)
r'W
V - Pray Prayed
N - Boy Boys
Adj - Grey Greyer/ Greyest ,
If 'y' is preceded by a vowe l, we do not change 'y ' into 'i'. ( WR" 'y ' (fi ·~
vowel~ . nr 'y ' qil' 'i ' ~qflafJa~q;rat)
Exceptions( aiQa 1a.): Say Said
Pay Paid
Lay Laid

CONTRACTED FORMS

'
¥ P. 5??.,. tP ¥ WWI "...,?. i;.wii' ,...-aiaw;r.AA;A,fJE..,. , . , , _ . . . . ; ~-
----------- lti.~~ . -..-. •..:.,~--,..~;~ 4,~~\.}-,.~,.-;..,.:::~ 'f..._.·~~•i!:.- -~ Shortened Forms of -~l----
odal --- -
Shortened Forms of S"h~l'!~~~!i•.!':!>_~ ~~~!1.~ _
r_;y,etb. /.to , Au.xiliary Verb 'Will / shall'
tlDUln;Jlt-1001
the Verb ' to be'
I'd
Il will, I shall
I have I had
lam
you have you've you will
you are you're you had you'd

heia he has he'd he will

he had
she has she's
she ia
I she had she'd I she will
we are it has
it had it'd I,n will/we ahall we'll
Iit ia
I

we have

they are they're they have they've we had

we'd Ithe:vwm
there is there's there has there's they had they'd Ithere will

KO Ll\C:
- Class Notes \ 'erb
 "'I

CONTRACTED FORMS
--~ - -·- :..:.. -- _··-~:~·--:: ·~ -:..:.~-- ----c·__
"C.,__ ----

Shortened Forms of Modal Short ened Form s o f Modal

Auxiliary Verb ·Would '

I would I'd cannot can't I I Ou,ht llOt -+ oUchta•t

you would you'd
could not couldn't I I ahall not
he would he'd
she'd dare not daren't / I will not Woaa•t
ab.e would
It would it'd had not hadn't I
l ahould not alaOIIJda't
we would we'd mightn't I uaed not
might not lllecla't
they would they'd
there had there'd must not mustn't I would not WOUldii't
t118'9would there'd need not needn't may not lllaJD't
J

CONTRACTED FORMS
,.· .. - . -·:-·. -~~~;_,·-~-:-~ ~$'·:~~~~-~---,-., --~ ----
Contracted forms of·HelpJng '.~!at
i--
Janot isn't ·I Does not doesn't
-
Am not >< (aren't in Inversion) / Did not didn't
Are not aren t 1 Has not ha1n't
Have not haven't
Wunot wasn't
Had not hadn't
Were not weren't
Do not don't I I is not
Am not ••

al
4,renot
Have n!)t
&as not

KDLIVE

- ti&M¥@t¥.. tf#
-
?l~i i ?l~(ej ?t-~i•, Q ?1;'11•
Introduction
• A group of words which makes a complete sense is called a sentence.
(' T'iGf ifiT Qlftcfil 'Q"cf;" ~cfiiilcil t, cfTiRf cfi(CC'llcil ti)

Types of Sentences

Declarative Interrogative Exclamatory Imperative Optative

Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence
A Declarative ·. i:nt~~rogaii;.;1 An exclamatory An Imperative An Optative
Sentence simply ':; ~e~t-~rice·s·_· ·. sentence is a Sentence Sentence
makes a
statement or
expresses an
:,]ii;;~;i~', sentence that
expresses great
emotions such as
gives a
command or
makes a
expresses a
prayer,
wish, curse
opinion. '-: ~ :__q;rc:rr ti)? excitement, request or etc.
.-:;{~Jj~J~it?.i
tj~~ "'.;J
( (" qJiRf surprise , suggestion. ($WFtt~cfi
"
fitt"'Qq,cfcfcfclf
Ull' 4,mrr ~,)
happiness and
anger.
(31$~ qJiRf
3'$r,B--::t=-
11Ttr.ff,
~.,TN
3fmrr~~mrr ~ti)
'~.:~-~:~.0(1,.tl'~--l!t ti)

-
~-
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE Honesty is the best policy.
""' I·•
)(· ·

[ DITERROGATIVE SEIITENCE ( Where are you going? ) ~

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE How beautiful the rain is ! -.

' ... '

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE Leave the room right now.

May god bless you.

-
OPTATIVE SENTENCE

KD Ll\'E Class Notes SE:-S:TE:--:CES & TYPES

...
r-;

Declarative Sentence

Declarative Sentences are the most basic type of sentenc

• information or opinion. They are punctuated with a pert e. They gt
(cti~itlf'1cfi cfTiflf lJri' 1l'ctiR" cfTcfll" ~I fcfilfi "i'l'cfiR ~~er
" t i) atOp),
:n-!~fUU
"'t
\te

(1) He sings. (Information)

Examples / or (2) I love cricket. (Information)
(3) She is sad. (Opinion)
(4) The sky is blue. (Universal truth)

See the sentences given above (3ill't ri clTcRl ifil' ta").

The structure is - - Subject+ Verb+ Object , -----

1. The passer-by told us (1)/where was the marriage hall (2)/and even led 118
to it. (3)/ No Error/(4). (SSC Section Officer (Audit), Exam. 05.06.200SI

2. Maclhuri did not reply (1)/ when I asked her (2)/ why was she weeping. (3)/
No Error (4) SSC (CPO) Pre- 2017, 6 July, 2018 Evening

3. Can anyone tell me what did we learn in Mathematics yesterday?

(1) anyone (2) Can
(3) did we learn (4) in Stenographer- 2018, 6 Feb., 2019 Morning

4. What does it matter most is the quality of the goods that we require.
(1) What it matters more
(2) What does it matter more (SSC Section Officer (Audit), Exam. 05.06.2 0051
(3) What matters most
(4) No improvement
5. Who you said was coming to see me this morning ?
(1) you did say (2) did you say E 06 2010)
• (SSC SAS xam. 26 · '
(3) did you say that (4) No improvement
6. I asked the traveller where is he going.
(1) where he is going 011)
O2
(2) where was he going (SSC Stenographer Grade 'C' & 'D' Exam, 16· 1 ·
(3) where he was going
(4) No improvement
7. The stranger asked the little girl what is her name.
(1) what her name is _ operator 81
(2) what her name was (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entl'Y04 12.20 11
LDC Exam, . ittiJlg1
(3) what was her name zone) nnd s
(Eastern
(4) No improvement

KD L IVE
U•i C lass N ot es

\, : .
.......---

8• I don't understand why did you not call me last night. E

(SSC GL Tier-II xam.
(1) why had you not call (2) why you did not call 2 1. 0 9,2014)
(3) why not did you call (4) No improvement
9, What does agonise me most is not this criticism, but the trivial reason
behind it.
(1) No improvement (2) moat agonising me (SBC COL Tier-II Exam,
(3) agonises me most 25.10.2015, TF No . 2148789)
(4) moat agonised me

Answers

G. (2) Here the structure is declarative not interrogative.

Hence replace 'where was the marriage hall' with 'where the
marriage hall was'.
2. (3) Use 'was' after 'she'. The sentence is not interrogative so helping
verb will come after the subject.
3. (3) Replace 'did we leam' with 'we leamt'.
4. (3) Replace 'what does it matter most' with 'what matters most'.
If a declarative sentence starts with 'wh-famlly', it does not take
'do/does' with it' as helping verb.
5. (4) No improvement. 'Who was coming' .... is the question here.
6. (3) Replace 'where is he going' with 'where he was going'. Because the
given sentence is not an interrogative sentence and in past tense.
7. (2) Replace 'what is her name' with 'what her name was'.
8. (2) Replace 'why did you not call' with 'why you did not call' because
given sentence is an assertive sentence so it must follow the
-ertive structure.
9. (3) Replace 'does agonise we most' with 'agonises me most'.) - ~ - - .)

Interrogative Sentences

Sentences that ask questions are Interrogative Sentences. They are in

Inversion and end in question mark(?)/ (cfl'cf1f 3f1J"{ t,Hif tnJc{T ten~ 1;1~..fkAcfi
~ ti t Inversion~~ f question mark(?) if;T t;J'$T" 3fra' #~ti)

Closed-Ended questions
••J.t;,S¥tf¥•· i44!M,M 11 They can be answered with only yes/ no
They allow someone to give a or they have limited set of Answers like A,
free-form answer. (* ifn' B, c & D) (~ cfiT if m ;fr ITT t"
3fti;f ;rat cf; ~ - - 0G m (" . 'Q'cfi ITT~ t1)
"
ac,rtl)
.;;)

Eg: Are you tired?

Eg: 1. What is your name? Is she happy?
2. Where do you live?

- Class Notes : SENTENCES & TYPES

---
Structure of
Interrogative Sentences

61\5Ni:iW¥iiiMIHll1&hii-....
a• Are you coming?

-iE»IWil&=Nffi\:iWiiiNIIIM¥M-III
Main Verb+ Subject+ .... ?

What are you doing?

E» Where are my shoes?

1. You have been doing (1)/ your homework (2)/ regularly? (3)/ No error (4)
Exam. 22.01.2012 Paper-I)]

2. Why you (1) / copying your homework (2) / from someone else? (3) / No
Error (4)
3 . Why she was angry with her son?
~---
- ssc
CGL-201
,_ _ _ 6_
(6th
_September,
_ _ _ _Morning)
_ __ I
( 1) she was (2) angry with
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018
(3) her SOD (4) Why 12 March, 2019 Morning
t.-
4. Why should always we have to wait for her to join us?
( 1) Why should (2) have to wait for her
CGL MAINS 2018
(3) always we (4) to join us? 11 September, 2019

Answers
1. (1) Replace 'you have been doing' with 'have you been do~
.i-«' because
ub ect,ill
an interrogative sentence, amdlfary verb comes before the 8
2. (1) In an interrogative sentence the helping verb comes before tbe
subject. Add 'are' before 'you'.
3. (1) Replace 'she was' with 'was she'.
Structure of Interrogative Sentence Interrogative word + ausilf8'Y
verb + subject... ?
4. (3)
In interrogative sentences only helping verb precedes the subject,
Adverb remains at its place.

l<D 1.IVE

- lttlt-lJMi!A44Sii41144
 Exclamatory Sentences
• An Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion such
as excitement, surprise, happiness and anger and ends with an exclamatory
mark(!). (~.fA4 cfTif4" amr.rr ~JTffi 3 c-d.:,1"11 , JJAri, ~ft cf
~JTffi t lr<i" exclamatory mark (!) ~~~ti)
1. How beautiful the rain is I
2. What nonsense!
3. Hurrayl we have won the match.
4. Good heavens I (1)/ How has she (2)/ grown I (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 29.03.2009)

Answers
4. (2) Replace 'How has she grown' with 'How she has grown' because it is
an exclamatory sentence not an interrogative sentence.

Imperative Sentences
• Imperative Sentences give instructions, advice, commands, orders or make
a request. (Imperative qJcflf ~ T, filclc;crt , '4T ~ T ~JTffi tO

Go away. 1. (Order)
2. Be happy. (suggestion)
3. Please help me. (request)
4. Stand at ease. (command)
• An Imperative Sentence starts with 'Base form of verb'. (Imperative cfri:Rf
Verb base form tO
Optative Sentence
• An Optative Sentence expresses a prayer, wish, curse etc. ($£61.ff"'iicfi cfri:Rf
-c;rrttiJT, ~ . ,rrq- ~JTcrr t I)
Optative Sentences are in Inversion. Inversion means Helping verb/ Main
verb before the Subject (In Active Voice) . and before the Object (In Passive
Voice). ($~-dl.fl'iicfi <tfiAi.Rid : Inversion 'R' ti I_n version Helping Verb/
t
Main Verb Subject cl;'~ 3'raT 3fR' Passive Voice 'R' Helping Verb/ ~ain Verb
Object 3'@T t1 Here the Helping verb is generally 'May'. (~ <tflAI.Ric1 :

May qif ti)

- 1. May god bless you. 2. Long live the king.
3. May you live long. 4. Wish you a happy married life.
5. She said, "Son, god may bless you." (x)
6. She said, "Son, may god bless

......_____
7.
KIJ I.IVE
Go to hell.

- Class Notes SENTENCES & TYPES

 TENSE

-
1r ..,. eomu a fte r• ca nson.aot ,
'ed' o r •er' , T h lA rale I• appl
..1PTt 'y" 1lil rora•c,n-.nl ie
fiJ- •c-rlt. aau.o Qll adjec.-1.trc- il '""''''l:l
d eJ'
~::: cried (V,, V,1

Dry,._
Dry_,
OtT-
All
Frth@t-1#4

--
Subject Verb
does Object
(~) (fsf;<rr)

.-r
{~)
I I

teach
\ y
English
'
I wrote
the book
You will help
her
Students make
notes
See the sentences given above. The forms of verbs change and we can
understand the time as well as the action/ state from the forms of verbs.
(~ '1ft Verb~ forms qfh1fc:tc1 f ~verbs ~ forms ~ action
(ffl)/ s t a t e ( ~ 'Qcf~q;r'illtrcfi'U~tl

Verb Base form V 1 +s/es V 1 +ing

__,__. ' y J -r
Purest form Present Present Past Continuous
form form Form form
I, he, she, it,
we, they, name,
you, singular
plural)

..
KO LIVE
ID
 l(ow check the forms./ (Forms check q;t)
we have present f~rm of verb and past form of verb but no future form.
(Verb ;l; Present mf past form f ~~future form
Bence some Grarnrnarians are of the view that Tense is of two types - Present
and Past.
(31cf=fU grammarians inT t
Tense Vcf;ll ;l; ~- Present mi Past)
Future Tense requires Moclals will/ sh~ and vb.f.
(Future Tense $ Modals will/ shall Vb.r. ~ ~ ~ t i )
This means we do not have readymade future tense. We rather make it.
(~rit~µrJtqm-ifilT-ir.mrrFuture Tense -lttt1 ~Future Tense ~ ~ ll)

Present Tense ·"-

,--------------1," -----------,
Future Tense

. I
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
To be good at Tense, you need to know all the forms of verbs that are common
in day-to-day life so learn all the forms of those verbs which are used in day-to-
day life. (Tense * 3frq' cfi)' forms of verbs 3n.IT ~ I cfi'1f cfi'1f 3-r
-0-511FO 4;'I ~ra,n *~~t)
.;)

Now let us see Tense one-by-one in detail.

(n Vq;.Vq; cfil Tense detail * f I)
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
This includes Present state made from verb 'is/ am/ are'. It describes one's
present identity, class or quality.
( ~ Verb 'is/ am/ are' 11"$ qd'11cii ~Tmttr fl ad'1icii 4(:i:llcii , c!1t '!Oiq@I
cfi'T~~t1) - . . _ . l am. ateacher.
She 1s not my aunt.
Are you in Delhi?
Structure
Positive Sentence ("'l"l":l~~r= crr«flr)
Subject + is/ am/ are + object
Negative Sentence c·~~~:z:- crr«flr) Subject + is/ am/ are + not + object.
Interrogative Sentence (1iniii crr«flr)
Is/ am/ are + subject + object?

11111
KDUVE

--- Class Notes TENSE

 PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
The name itself suggests that it denotes Present action/ state that
irregular/ habit/ universal truth/ happens/ does not happen etc bu/' re~,
part of our present life. -::r½irrr-r 111Uet be,
t
(iffJf tr trar il"iifcTT 1l aJ,.. ,it ifil"t13:rcll=tIT ~nor t
:q c:r ~,
~ ~ t,~t,~~t. ~ ~ t ) c1J111;i ~ ~ ti> t,~t,
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

- Regular
Routine

Children
go to school
Irregular
Routine
Tsunami
comes in
Universal ,
Truth '•,

The Sun
Habit

He
smokes.
Present
Action state

LJ
coastal rises in
regions. the east.

Structure -;~::·i~/
Positive Sentence Subject + V1 + Object.
( 'ci'JiRr) (lPR' Subject I, We, They, You 3JtJcfT Plural~

Negative Sentence
( 'ci'JiRr) Subject+ do n o t (don't) + V 1 + Object.

Interrogative Sentence Do + Subject + V 1 + Object?

(~;r ~ - 'ci'JiRr) Do + Subject + not + V 1 + Object?
Don't + Subj~ct + V 1 + Object?
Note:- We add 'ea' after V 1 if the verb ends in s, ss, ch, sh, z, & 0 -~
(V1 ~ffllf 'es' c:r.r(il'1@1't-;;r.rverb s, ss, ch, sh, z, X mo*~ )
Maximum number of questions are asked from the use given below.
(~ 7l"Q" use

1. The fifth and final act of Macbeth contain the sleepwalking scen\ ssL 018
2

2. le
peoP2018
The Cannes film festival attract some of the world's most fam ous csSL

3.
4.
The price of woolen clothes come down in summer•
The two states frequently has differences ov er t he use of
t he rhrer ••
cssL 11°18 j
t•'
especially during the summer.
1,1 I I I\T

- rllut-nSWCti it§W
 5. My teacher told Die that honesty was the best policy.
6. I do not know what does she want.
7. Our neighbour switch on his TV early in the m o rning a t full v o lume.
(Stenographer 2018J
s. Last evening my friend tells me the funny joke that I had neve r heard.
COL Mains 2018
9. I will buy a television set when the prices comes down.
10. What you know about her?
11. What kind of bird is the dodo!
12. Who comes daily?
13. He like his parents are introvert.

[ Answer s
1. Change contain into contains as the 'tells' into 'told'.
fifth and final act of Macbeth is the 9. Prices is plural noun and comes in
same one.
singular verb. Change 'prices' (P.N)
2. Change 'attract' into 'attracts' as the into 'price' (S.N)
subject is singular.
10. The sentence is interrogative.
3. Change 'come' into 'comes' as the Change 'you know' into 'do you
subject (price) is singular. know'.
4. Two states (P.S.) will take have (P.V.) 11. Change 'is the dodo' into 'the dodo
change 'has' into 'have'. is' as the sentence is exclamatory
5. Change 'was' into 'is'. Universal not interrogative.
truth, idioms and phrases are in 12. The interrogative structure is - 'WH
Simple Present Tens e . + H .V . +Sub+ Verb?' but here the
6. Change 'what does she want' into subject is missing so H. V. is also not
'what she wants'. The sentence is needed.
not interrogative. 13. Here 'like' means •cl;m1 Verb will
7. Change 'switch' (P.V) into switches follow 'he'. Change 'are' into 'is'. The
(S.V) as the subject (neighbour) is sentence with proper punctuation
singular. will look better-
8. Tells (V 1 + s/ es) cannot come with He, like his parents, is introvert.
last evening (Past time). Change
• Simple Present Tense comes when we talk about any book, the contents of
which are still relevant, though the book may have been ~tten in the past.
(Simple Present Tense ifi'T 3ft' ~cllil 'ilFttfl'icficll 3'1fl' 3ft'
err~~.lft ifr 'lJf ~I)
1. Our Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights.
2. This book reveals the stark reality of the children's homes.
-
• For form.al / officially planned action of future, Simple Present Tense is the
1st choice. ( ~ ifi' 3ftq:q1f\q; planned cfiTm' cfi' filv Simple Present Tense~
~l)
1. The PM leaves for Japan next week.
2. The meeting starts at 5 pm tomorrow.
3. India takes on Pakistan at Mohall tomorrow.
-
Iii Class Notes : TFNSF.
 al E-«uah we uS e Simple Future Tense for future •ctt

p'
• In Inform A&5A"' 'T e for planned action of near future ( 0 111 ,
C tinuous ens .. . 11t
0
Preoent . on fi:lv Simple Future Tense ..,,. ,i; _: ••~
English'#, $ '
fftQ' t Continuous Tense cliT t-•m l'i
$
1
Presen
I am go....
, ..... to Mumbai tonight.
2. She will come tomorrow.
- - • Simple Present Tense in Newspaper H eadlines even thon ..L
• We use • -'+-.- cl;'firv3ftN ~the
ti i already over (1(<1cfifol 1t q ic.c, tlciIT ewspaper liear11:_
ac on s · ~ea~
Simple Present Tense q;-r ~~ti)
ll!llllllrli... 1 . Bus hits 3 cars on NH 48. .
. . . , . . 2. CBI raids land mafia's pre1D1ses.
There are certain rules to be followed while designing ne\Vspaper
. . . . . headlines to llllake them short and attractive. {'11'1 lili{ 'RI ii;" heaclJi,,
llllii6ia"' ~-~r.r.mt'-l"'l!ir{m;;mn- icnf.l; headlines lJR:rmt ~'1'/"
• Leave out auxiliary verbs with Perfect, Progressive and Passive structures
(Perfect, Progressive Vci' Passive structures # auxiliary v erb °'1 it7TTt) ·
ll!llllllili... 1. Temperature soaring as June comes.
. . . , . . 2. (is soaring !<hanged "''j.soarinii
Triple Talaq Bill passed in Parliament.
3. Bus hits car, 3 killed. (h as been passed (changed int~passedl

(Three people h ave been killed (changed int~ 1tilledl

• Use Infinitives (to + Vb.rJ for future events. ( ~ cl;' act ion cl;' firv to + Vb r iii!
..
- - . . _ 1. President to Invite the B,Jp to form government.
llii1F 2. BJp to elect its President soon.
0
• are _ m.itted in newspaper headlines and figures are used . fGI
; ~ ~~ Articles '-I li>l't1r newspaper headlines ,t i1ffe ITTi'fT 311{ fflT figures it!li
--.._ 1. Bua hits car, I killed. (Correct)
llii1r 2. hit aA --'
bu t cannot co111e
car, one person
in headlines. )was killed. (Grammatically co~·

=
• Simple Preaent Tenae la t1ot
~ DI live. (Simple Prese~"": in Sports Commentary to make the : . ill
~~il"~n;t~~~ tense cfiT Sports Commentary'# act
Eg: (1) Virat hita the ball I)
• In ezcJam.atonr s t oft' it goes across the boundary line. t
-., en ences that b . • Pfe&e
Te11ae is used to e• egtn With 'here' and 'there', Simple 11
(;;11
fch-'14-mrct; 'h -press
, •, the p "ti
osi on or appearance of the o ~e b·i cts,

J~••~~to
ere 'Qq" there' ~
iffiJll;-~g't;t>rr 3niii!'I; Jlr.t'l;T;fflf
1. Here COlllea the chi f
ililr Simple Present Tense ;i;i
~f41<''

2. There he goeal e llleatr

- Kl> l.JVJ·:

Cla'>s :"iotes : TE\ISE

 Replace 'aince' with ' for'.
4. (3)
' for ' is uaed for duration of time;
'Since' is used for 'Point of time .
Replace 'aince' with ' for '.
5. (4) For is used for duration of time.
Since is used for point of time.
'For' is used for duration of time.
6. (3)
'Since' is used for point of time.
Hence replace 'since' with 'for'•
Replace 'from ' with ' since'•
7. (3)
Change 'since' into 'for' because the time period is given.
8. (31
(1) Use 'for' in place of 'since'.
9.
for + period of time
since + point of time
10. (3) Replace 'since' with 'for'.
11 . (1) Replace 'since' with ' for' .
'Since' is used for ' point of time'.
' For' is used for ' duration of time' .

From
- I will reach home tomorrow in the evening but my mother
- will have been waiting for me from morning.

•{Mi-ii 'Since' comes for only past not for future. For future point
of time use 'from'.

(}IIIJi' [K2> n,ws)

LIVE

1111

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: TENSE
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 QUESTION TAG s
• A short question
.....-4
following a se n t ence 1s . called a Quesbon • Tag
('q'cf;~~ "111r1 cfral'Qcf;'ore'T~,;(1;;:f"
. . Question
• Tag ~ - - ~I)
cfi((t'll<1i •
1. Ram 1s coming, _ ? . - - - - ---~
Examples 2. Pe~ple do not vote wisely, _ ?
3. Childre~n love ice cream, _ ? 1. isn't he
1
1 Answers

2. do they
!i-----
4. People voted judiciously ? 3. don't they 4. did't they
5. I do not know him ' - ? ' - .,_
5._do _I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....J

Rules for making Question Tag

(Question Tag ~ c l ; ~ )
1. Tense ~f the sentence and the question tag must be the same.
(~l!cf' question tag cl; Tense Vcfi'~~~I)
2. If the sentence is +ve, the question tag is -ve and vice-versa.
(31>R" lfllf>r positive ITT, cIT question tag negative iITTfT lit{ ilTlf'I" negative ,TT, <II'
question positive ~ I ) •
3. Question Tag takes 'helping verb and pronoun?' (except forms of 'be' when
it is used as main verb)
(Question Tag -# helping verb + pronoun? i!IT llm'f ,!)-ar t 'be' $ 3J1T<
forms main verb cl;~# ~I)
4. In -ve Question Tag, we use only c~ntracted form of helping verb and not.
(-ve Question Tag if Helping verb l!<f not i!IT contracted form i!IT llm'f ,!)-ar ti)
1. I am fine, _ ? Answers
1 . Am not contracted ) Aren't (Only
Examples
2. She can do well, _ ? form in Inversion)
. h. t r ? 2 . Cannot = can't
3. People will vote im O powe ' - 3 . Will not = won't
4 . Shall not = shan't
4. We shall overcome, _ ? s. have
Note: you means 'one who is
. •stoic'
. -;, indifferent to pleasure or
5. You haven't seen a stoic, - . pain'~:)

If M.V = forrns of
IfM.V = V2 'be'.
If M.V = V1 +
If M.V = V 1
s/es In Ques 1
the same forrn of
We have }I.V We have ff.V 'be' cornes
We have H.V = Does = Did
= do

Class Notes : QUESTION TAG

 6 . She has done bu homework, _ ?
7 . I have a car, _ ?
8 ... She has a doubt, _ ?'
9 . She works hard, _ ?
10. Be begged for mercy, _ _ ? 6. hasn't she 12. don't
11. I )mew him well, __? 7 . don't I 13. You
12. You succeed in your motives, _ ? 8. doesn't she 14. aren't I
13. I am a teacher, _ ? 9. doesn't she 15. \Vasn't •h
10. didn't he aren't \lie e
14. She was unwell, _ ? 16. aren't \lie
15. We are happy, _ ? 11. didn't I
16. We are planning a trip, _ ?
• If we find rarely, scarcely, barely, hardly, seldom, never, neithe
no in a sentence, it means that the sentence ~s negative.
011
e, _no~ riS:
Question Tag for such sentences. (3fm' Jl' r~rely, scarce! P011tile
seldom, hardly, never, neither, none, not, no qra- f 'ffi' ~arety, ~rt{'
negative t, Jrcf: Question Tag positive tnm' I) _-..:--~-~-====
rarely, scarcely , seldom
barely, hardly
'q;3fi-~
tr' , i· · ~;JC~· ·'.:£~-
never qi1fi 'l:rf'..r:= •
neither Mt ;itft
llone 4'°~3fftlq,~~~3fl~
neither fish nor fowl belonging to neither class ( ~ ri t
1. I hardly go there, _
?
Examples 2 . She has rarely come late, _ ?
3. It has scarcely affected us, _ ?
4. They had got barely anything to eat, _ ? 1. do I 2. has she
5. It is neither fish nor fowl, _ ? 3 . has it 4. had they
5 l·s it 6. doesn't he

!· :~~~~\t:;
6. Be dislikes me, _ ? ·
7 . You misunderstood the concept, _ ?
8. They ill-treat us, _ ? 9 : didn't be
9. Be denied stealing my watch, _ ? 1 0 . doesn 't be
10. B e forbids me to go there, _ ?

Countable Nouns Take Little/ Few

• . b t he use of
The sentences become negative 'Wlt
•Few/Very Few (iITcfi'iRTiR) few, we need positive Question Tag
th use of•
• A few (cfi1f t Sentence remains positive with e
few, we need Negative Question Tag

Uncountable Noun Take

. with the use
The sentence becomes negative Tag
• Little/ Very Little (ill cl;' iiRJiR) of little, we need Positive Que 5 d on of
-1th the use
• A little ( ~ t The sentence remains positive 'f4'

-
a little, we need Negative Question
KD LIVE Class Notes
1~1camples

1, I bave a few __ ? An..-er•

2, A little knowledge la a dangeroua tida:g, __ ? 1. don't I
3, Sbe bu few __ ? 2. ian't it
4, Police ebow little _ _1 3. does she
5, Teachers muat have a little patfelice, __ ? 4. do they
6, There are very few honest people in thia dei,attmea.t, __ ? 5. mustn't they
6. are there
Use Right Pronoun In Question Tag

1. My Confidante bu come, _ ?
2. Tbe Benefactress wu generoua, _ ?
3, My Fiancee is here, _ ?
4, The gentry did not like the propoaal, _ ?
.-----t:
1. hasn't she
Ariawen i---.. . -----
5. didn't it
.
5, Rickets affected many children, _ ? 2. wasn't she 6. isn't he
6, The teacher fa in the claaa, _ ? 3. isn't she 7 . is she
7, The student fa not in her class, ? 4. did they

1. Confidante a woman who you can trust and with whom you share your secrets.
(u;;m{~)
Confidant (~ )
2, BenefaotreH la a woman who helps or gives money to a person. (4:cl4cfiifl
Benefactor q{lqq;,:fl ( ~
3, Jl'lancee 1f1rat (~).:,
Fiance 1f1rat (~)
4. Gentry mean• 'hlgb clue p e ople' (3iitf~$ ~
Gentry P,N ti
5. R!cket• - a of bone• (Jfl( fltmfl'}
6. Teacher i• common Noun. Th e teacher, Student, Lawyer, Client, Customer, Agent cto
not denote gende r. Uae Pronoun 'He' for them, unleas the sentence I• gender
1peciflc. (Teacher, Student, Lawyer, Client, Customer, Agent Gender cfiT t@l iffr
~ I .;r.r ncn Gender cfiT tf"ffi ;rft m;rar, pr He cfiT fl
"I. 'Her claH' reveala the gender of the etudent.

• Sentence• of 'Let ua' and 'Let'• ' take 'Shall we?'

(Let us/ Let's ~ ~#shall we ifiT ~ I)
E1,amples

1. Let UI party, shall we ?

2. Let'1 10 now, shall we ?
But if a hint la pven in the bracket, follow that hint.
(~~bracket# hint ~ ~. ~hint~~)
3 , Let ua pay in ca1h (we can) can't we ?
If It 11 not •u•' but other pronoun/noun, the 1entence become• a
reque1t not a
(3"1R •u•' cl;l='nirlftitftt~ Pronoun/ Noun ifiT~~nil'cfrCf?f ~ ~ F.f&a;:, 4irif
~t)
Ml < J,1 •,•, N, ,, , ... <JI II S I fl l N I /\I;
4• Let me go, would you? (Here 'let' has come to seek penni._
10111

1. One must ped"orm one's duty, mustn'.t ~ne ?

2. One is neither prime nor composite, 1s 1t ?
3 • One boy has come, hasn't he ?
IP"••a. What pronoun will come in. question tag depends on •hat ,
•~@<tp actually is. (Question Tag '# Pronoun 3ITTrJrr ~ ~ l i t ~ 11e• 0
'One' 'ifit.r-lll Part of Speech l I)

Question Tag
In sentence 1) Pronoun One

In sentence 2) Noun It

In sentence 3) Adjective look for the Noun. Here the

Noun is boy. Use Pronoun 'He',

This, That, These, Those, Such

1. This is my mistake, _ __ ? Answers
2. That was my student, ___ ? 1. isn't it
3 . Those were his problems/ students, _ __ ? 2. wasn't he
4. That boy has passed, ___ ? 3. weren't they
5. Such a debutante will earn name and fame, _ _ _ ? 4. hasn't he
6. That is my niece, _ __ ? s. won't she
6. isn't she
1. 'This' has come for 'mistake'. Use Pronoun 'it'.
2. 'That' has come for 'student'. Use Pronoun 'he'. ,
3. 'Those' has come for Plural Noun, Problems/ Student'. Use Pronou n 'they .
t tiJDe
5. 'Such a debutante' means a female performer performing • fior the firs
hence use Pronoun 'she'.
6 . Niece (Iii.ft / ltdi;;ftJ 18 feminine gender of Nephew ,m,/1tdla1J. '

4¥\!SM!,IM!,H,IK+i,,l+i,ii+l::il·H·Ai@·l+AMitiS- d

• Each, every etc are singular. They take Singular Verb, Singular NoUJl aJl
ptursl
Singular Adjective but in Question Tag they take Plural Verb ~d ar }'louJl
Pronoun. (Each, e very ~i-<l lfa Singular ma~I Singular Verb, s,ngul b T[ii'
11cf Singular Adjective cfiT f Question Tag 'it' 'l)' Plural ver
Plural Pronoun ~ f l )
K!J 11\ /·.
Class Notes
Examples
1. Every boy has come, _ ?
Answers
2. Nobody bothers, _ ?
3. Everyone wants to succeed, _ ? 1. haven't they
2. do they
4. Someone is at the gate, _ ? 3. don't they
s. Somebody has stolen my shoes, _ ? 4. aren't they
5. haven't they

Something, Anything, Nothing

• Something, Anything, Nothing and all Uncountable Nouns, take Singular
Verb and Pronoun 'it'. (Something, Anything, Nothing VcJ Uncountable
Nouns Singular verb Vcf 'it' fl)
Examples Answers
1. Something is missing, _ ? 1. isn't it
2. Anything is .possible, _ ? 2. isn't it
3. The information has leaked, _ ? 3. hasn't it
4. The scenery enchanted everyone, _ ? 4. didn't it
5. Nothing is impossible, _ ? 5. is it

Sentences of 'There'

Examples Answers
1. There are a few students in the class, ___ ? 1. aren't there
2. There is no water, ___ ? 2. is there

Collective Noun

If united or
Divided or if per
unanimous or
person is mentioned Team, Army, Jury, Committee etc. ~ used in a general
.
i-
(Plural verb & they
come}
. sentence.
(S. V & it' come.}

Examples Answers

1. The jury has given its verdict _ ? 1. hasn't it

2. The class is going on, _ ? 2. isn't it
3. aren't they
3. The committee are divided in their opinion _ ?
4. didn't they
4. The -team took their position for fielding, _ ?
S. isn't it

-
5. The herd of cows is grazing in the field, _ ?
KDUVE Class Notes : QUESTION TAG
• Que1tlon Ta1 11 made 'tor that part of the 1entence, which 11 the
(cfl'cR" cl;'~ mir if;T Question T a g ~ ~ 8°1) r----1111111 Plrt,
Exatnples
1. I think, you are rlpt, _ ? 1. aren't Jou
2. She 11 one of the 1tudent1 who have pa11ed, _ ? 2.
3. I don't think, anyone will volunteer _ ? 3. Will they
4. Unle11 you work hard, you won't 1ucceed, _ ? 4. will OU

Sentence of 'Used to'

Exa mples 1. I u1ed to 10 to 1chool by usedn't I or didn't I ?
-- - - - -

Pait routine action can be expre11ed by both 'u1ed to' and 'Simple Put Te111e•
So In Que1tlon Ta1 we can either 'U1ed' or 'did'. . '
( ~ c\;" Routine Action m c\;" ~ . 'Used to' 'Qcf 'Simple Past Tense1
8°1 3rcf: Question Tag * 'Used' cf 'did '* q;r 3ft cfi"{ f l)
• In Imperative 1entence, the que1tlon ta1 on the mood of the
1entence. (Imperative cf1cfm '# 'cfliRI' c\;" Mood q"{ Question T a g ~ ~ l l)
Exa mples
- - -~

1. Shut your mouth, won't you ?/can't you?

Mood
2, Plea1e help me, would you?
Mood
3. Have 1ome coffee, would you?
Mood

4. Never ever 10 there, will you? Mood •.. P~6hibition (firlW)

S. Let him 10, would you? Mood s.;eking permission ( ~

~*~)
6. Let u1 10, we ? Mood SuggcNtion (ff$ITTf)
.:,

Would 11 u1ed In polite reque1t1 (1ee

(Would q ; r ~ ~ ~~&it c\;"~~~")

Previous Y car Questions

•t It ?
1. She •• If (1)/ never In her life, (2)/told a lie, 1•11
(3)/No error.(4) . . , 006! J
(S8C 8tatl1tlaal Inveattgatora Orade-t\l' Exaffl, 13 •08 2

:a. The earth (1)/ round the Bun. (3)/ It ? (3)/. No error J
:2006)
(880 Seotton Officer (Audit), BxAffl• lO,l '
1\11 I l\ ' I
IIIDI tJI 11· ' , J Jll i'I I .I '•
 3, He I• not the bowler (1)/ In the Indian team, (2)/ he ? (3)/ No
error (4).
(SSC Tax AHl•tant (Income Tax & Central Exclu) Ellam, 25. 11.2007}

4, Everybody In the office (1)/ left early, (2)/ haven't they ? (3)/ No
error. (4)
(SSC Data Entry Operator, E•am. 02.08.2009)

5, You will come (1)/ to my wedding tomorrow, (2)/ It? (3)/ No

error (4)
(SSC CISF Con•table (GD), Exam~ OS.06.201 1)

6, I don't (1)/ anyone wW volunteer, (2)/ wW they? (3)/ No enOI' (4)

(SSC Graduate Lovet Tier-JI, Exam. 16.09.2012)

7, He (1)/ your brother (2)/ It? (3)/ No error (4)

(SSC Delhi Police Sub-Inapector, (SI) E•am. 19.08.2012)
a. You haven't reaponded (1)/ to my Invitation (2)/ didn't you ? (3)/No Error
(4)
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff, Exam. 17,03,2013, llnd SlttinCl

9. We make green vegetables (1)/ an part of our daily

dlet,(2)/ we ? (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC Multi-Tas king (Non-Tech,) Staff Exam, 23,02.2014, find SitttngJ
10. She bu not completed (1)/ her course, (2)/ It? (3)/ No errOI' (4).
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 02,11,2014, Jlad SittJng)
11. The collector (1)/ visit• the office regularly (2)/ It ? (3)/ No enor (4).
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC, Exam. 02,11,2014, Ilnd Sitting)

12. You have prepared well (1) / for the examination (2) / It ? (3) / !fo
error (4) SSC CGL-2016, (30th Auguat, Mom.Inc)

13. You could find our bouae eully, didn't you?

(1) didn't you (2)
(3) our (4) You could ftnd
Stenographer• 2018 7 Feb., 2019 Evopinc

14. Ravi bu been demanding a lot more he ?

(1) hun't he ? (2) lan't he ?
(3) It ? (4) No Improvement
(SSC Section Offlc,er (Audit) E:nm. 09,09.2001)

l5. Let 10 to her new ahall we?

(1) do we ? (2) don't we ?
(3) do they ? (4) No Improvement
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) ham. 14,12,2003)

l{ li I IV I

- I J.,·.·. N"''"• I ) I 11 <; J II lN 'I A l;

 He must know t h em in(2)
theirmustn't
most plausible form, isn't it ?
16.
he ?
(1) isn't he? (4 ) No improvement
(3) can't he ? 1 •

(SSC Section omcer (AUdit)~ilt - - ~

17. His reasons can be goo(~) is
(1) Can they?
? !!:.:\! - atn,
- 14,b ~

(3) Can't they ? (4) No improvement

(SSC Section omcer (Audit) Ex -. •
18. Y ailed on me when I was not at home,
. don't you? . atn, 141i
: ::,.f"'
klai
~c.did you?
(1) (2) dicln't you ? -
(3) didn't I ? (4) No imp~~veme~! _ . _ ·- __

19. (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exan,.~

You won't tell them what has happened, wouldn't you? - .--·--.J_
,06.2005
(1) won't you (2) isn't it
(3) will you (4) No improvement

20. •_ Statistical Investigators Grade-IV Ex~

The students often play truant, didn't they ? ------..
(1) can they? (2) is indeed?
(3) don't they ? (4) No improvement

21.
He comes here often, don't(SSC
he?Section Officer (Commercial Audit) Exam. 25.09.2005)
(1) is he. (2) does he.
(3) doesn't he. (4) No improvement.
• .a.~ ·--- .... .,. ~· ·~

22.
She .teaches us grammar,
._..._ (SS~ Sec~~~n Officer (Commercial Audit) Exam. 26.11.2~
isn't it? ·
(1) isn't she ? (2) doesn't she ?
(3) doesn't it ? (4) No improvement

23. ....,
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Ex~. 10.12.2006~
You called on IDe •hen I 'W8a not al: ho,ne, don't you ?
(1) did you ? (2) didn't you ?
131 1
didn't ? (4) !,'lo improvement
24. They ha:ve b ·n ...1.. .- - ·(S~ "s~a~isti~al ;nvesti~ators Grade-i'v'ixa;,,-;4.06·2007l
o-&&&t a new car, isn't it?
(1) haven't they (2 ) don't th
(3) have they (4) Bo imp.:!ement .
25. ··- -. · • · - ~~ 9.200'1
It is neceRAA- t ._J__S~c Section Offlcer (Commercial Audit) Exam, :_0.,:.....-
- - - 3 0 CODsider - a-?
(1) is that it separately these problems, is indee
( ) are th
3 (2) isn't it
ey (4 ) Bo improvement __ ,iii]
t -- . - 06,0l ,2/
, (SSC Section omcer (Audit) Exam,

KO Lr\'E

Class Notes .- QUESTI01NT-\G

·
 He was weary of failure, Didn't he ?
(1) isn't he (2) wasn't he
(3) doesn't he (4) No improvement
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 30.10.2008)

21. We can buy anything in this shop, can we?

(1) isn't it (2) can't we
(3) don' t we (4) No improvement
r (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 30.10.2008)
28, Children like to eat sweets, isn't it?
(1) do they (2) is it
(3) don't they ? (4) No improvement
(SSC Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 27.11.2010)
29 • . Sachin Tendulkar has completed hundred centuries, hasn't he ?
(1) has he ? (2) isn't it ?
(3) d! d~ he ? (~), N~ improvement
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (llnd Sitting)

30.
-
Let's buy a new sari with the annual bonus, can we ?
(1) shall we (2) could we
(3) isn't it (4) No improvement
(SSC Delhi Police Sub-Inspector (SI) Exam. 19.08.2012)

31. The Indian team should fare well, ·shouldn't th ey~?

(1) oughtn't they (2) shouldn't it
(3) should it (4) __ .. No i~ ~_rovel!1ent
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff (Patna) Exam. 16.02.2014)

32. You are a mechanic, aren't you?

(1) wasn't (2) isn't
(3) are (4) No improvement
(SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam. (2013) 20.07.2014, Ilnd Sitting)

33. One cannot be indifferent to one's health, can't one

(1) can't be ? (2) can one ?
(3) isn't it ? (4) No improvement
1 (SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 09.11.2014)

34. She does not tell lies, doesn't she?

(1) isn't she? (2) does she?
(3) didn't she ? (4) No improvement
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 16.11.2014)

35. You ought to do your homework, oughtn't you?

(1) shouldn't. (2) mustn't
(3) ought (4) No improvement
(SSC GL Tier-II Exam. 21.09.2014)

Class Notes : QUESTION TAG

KO LIVE
36. Mr. Mukherjee knows ten languages, isn't it?
(1) No improvement (2) doesn't Mr. Mukherjee
(3) hasn't he (4) doesn't he
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08.2015
(1st Sitting) TF N
37. We met yesterday, haven't we ? o. 14<1,3
oaa1
(1) didn't we ? (2) No Improvement
(3) hadn't we ? f4) isn't it?
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 16.08.2015 (lat Sitting) TF N
o. 31962791
38. I needn't get up early tomorrow, shouldn't I?
(1) don't I (2) do I
(3) need I (4) No improvement
(SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exain 30 OS
' • •201s1

Answers
1. (3) Replace 'isn't it' with 'doesn't she'. because the sentence and Question
Tag must be in the same tense.
2. (3) Replace 'isn't it' with 'doesn't it'.
3. (3) Replace 'isn't he' with 'is he'. If a sentence is positive, the Question
Tag must be negative.
4. (4) No error.
Every one is singular but in question tag it takes plural pronoun and
plural verb.
5. (3) Replace 'isn't it' with won't you'.
'Question Tag' must agree with the Tense of a sentence.
6. (4) No error. The sentence has the main part 'anyone will volunteer' and
not 'I don't suppose'.
7. (3) Replace 'isn't it' with 'isn't he'.
Because here the subject is 'he'. d
8. (3) Replace 'didn't you' with 'have you' because the sentence an
Question Tag must be in the same tense. The sentence is -ve, hence
the question tag will be +ve.
10. (4) No error
11. (3) Replace 'isn't it' with 'has she'.
The sentence and the Question Tag must be in the same tense.
12. (3} Replace 'isn't it' with 'doesn't he/ she'? uJd
13. (3} Since the sentence is in present perfect tense, Question Ta~ 8110 ou?',
also be in Present Perfect Tense. Replace 'isn't it?' with 'haven t Y
14. (l} Replace 'didn't you' with 'couldn't you'.
15. (l} Replace 'doesn't he' with 'hasn't he'.
The sentence and the Question Tag must be in same tense.
16. (4} No Improvement
If the sentence starts with 'let us'.
'Shall we' is used as a Question Tag.
17. (2} Replace 'isn't it' with 'mustn't he'.
KIJ UVf·. C lass Noti,s <Jl 11-:STI< JN .,-t,(i
18, (3) Replace 'isn't it' with 'can't they'. Pronoun 'they' will replace noun
'reasons'.
19, (2) Replace 'don't you' with 'didn't you'.
The sentence and the Question Tag must be in the same tense. Here
the given sentence is in Past Tense so the Question Tag should also be
in Past Tense.
20. (3) Replace 'wouldn't you' with 'will you'.
If the sentence is negative, the Question Tag must be Positive and
Vice-versa.
21. (3) Replace ' didn't they' with 'don't they'.
The sentence and the Question Tag must be in the same tense.
22. (3) Replace 'don't he' with ' doesn't he'.
Singular pronoun takes singular verb 'does'.
23, (2) Replace ' isn't it' with ' does n ' t she'.
• Question Tag of a sent ence must agree with the pronoun of the
sentence.
24, (2) Replace ' d on't you' with ' didn't you' .
The senten ce and Quest ion Tag must be in same tense.
25. (1) Replace 'isn't it' with ' have n 't they'.
26. (2) Replace 'is indeed' with isn't it'.
The Questio n Tag must agree with its sentence both in terms of
helping verb and Pronoun.
27. (2) Replace 'didn 't he' with 'wasn 't he' .
28. (2) Replace 'can we' with 'can't we' .
If the sentence is positive the Question Tag must be negative.
29. (3) Replace ' do they' with 'don't they'.
30. (4) No Improvement
31. (1) Replace 'can we' with 'shall we'.
If the sentence starts wit h 'Let u s'.
'Shall we' is used in the Question Tag.
32. (2) Here 'tea m ' is used as c ollective noun, hence for pronoun 'it' should be
used. Thus replace 'shouldn't they' with 'shouldn't it' .
33. (4) No improveme nt
34. (2) Replace 'can' t one' with 'can one'. Here the sentence is negative so its
Question Tag should be positive.
35. (2) Replace 'doesn't she' with 'does s he'
If the sentence is negative the Question Tag must be positive.
36. (4) No improvement
37. (4) Replace 'isn't it' with 'doesn't he'.
38. (1) Replace 'haven't we' with 'didn' t we'.
39. (3) Replace 'shouldn't I' with 'need I'.
Here 'need', a partial modal, has come in place of helping verb.

FOR YEARWISE QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS OF OTHER CHAPTERS BUY

1000+ DETECTING ERRORS & 900+ SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT

Class Not!'s : <JlJESTION Tl\(;

l{D I.IVE
-
coNDITIONAL
SENTENCES
ndition are called Conditional Sentenc ..
Sentence• that con:1pri••~ ;i;t1,mt \fl) ••·
(tJa' conditiona! ction depends on the other action.
w In such s~nte~ • on~ f;tm' cfi«ll' t1)
(~ *
1 ¢ es in Conditional Sentences.
There are two c aus . f)
(Conditional Sentences *~Clause '-'m I

\
If I work hard, I will succeed.
_ _ _J\ --~J
'------y y
'Sub-ordinate 'Principal clause' or
clause' or 'If Clause' 'Main clause'

Ii What is a clause?
Clause cRTt?
A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other
components too). A clause may form part of a sentence and it may be a
complete sentence in itself.
(Clause t~cfif ~lf@TtQl,H~ 'Q'iti'verb ~ t ~t° ffl3T3ft~mt1
Clause # tm
"
3ft t 3ftl 1l° crTiR" ifiT IITTT 3ft {TT ~cficf l ~I)
'If is called Sub-ordinating Coltjunction because 'if introduces Sub-ordinate
clause.
('If Sub-ordinating Conjunction cfitfollcU cf;qlr.., 'if Sub-ordinate clause cfiT
qfhl4 Cf;"t@T t mf.t 'If cli" ,Al1f Sub-ordinate clause 3f@T ~I)

~I,!.i-
We can use 'Unless', 'Until', 'When', 'Provided', 'in case' etc in place of 'if
depending on the meaning of the sentence.
1R Unless, Until, When, Provided 3l1fcfT in case 3/t a-a-~ ti .lfll1'
cr,~~~clt1)
Present Imaginary Sentences/ (~ ~ - - - - ~ if; fc;l"Q" ~)
(Type -2)
Present Imaginary Position
1. If I were the Prime Minister I t1e••
2. If I were you/ If I were i ' would increase employment opportuni 110t
trust any one. n your place/ If I were in your shoes, I would
3. If Mahatma Gandhi were alive t esS
party. oday, he would feel sorry for the coogt

I< I J I / \ '/
. ...m,;....+aH&Ef!'id-
 Structure
If + Subject + were + object ... , Subject + would + v,,.r ...
Were + Subject + object ... , Subject + would + v,,.r ...

We can use any other past modal in pla ce of 'would' i f r equired'.

(3f1R ~~~'Pt' would q'l' 3ftl Past Modal ifiT aft~ ifR' f)
4. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
s. If I were the Education Minister, I would bring several reforms.
6, Were I the CSE topper today, I would be on cloud nine.
7, If I were rich, I would help the poor.
s. If I were god, no child would starve.
Explanation to sentence 6 If we remove 'if', 'were' will come at the
beginning of the sentence.

9. I wish I am (1)/ the richest person (2)/ in the whole wide world. (3)/ No
error (4). (SSC Section Officer (Audit), Exam. 10.12.2006)
10. If he is a millionaire (1)/ he would help (2)/ the millennium project. (3)/ No
error. (4) (SSC CPO (SI, ASI & Intelligence Officer Exam. 28.08.2011 (Paper-I )
11. I would (1)/ accept the offer (2)/ if I were you. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level DEO & LDC Exam. 04.12.2011 (1st Sitting (East Zone)
12. If I was he,(1)/ I wouldn't accept (2)/ this project. (3)/ No error.(4)
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I, Exam. 19.05.2013}
13. If I was he (1)/ I wouldn't (2)/ accept the offer. (3)/ No error (4)
SSC (steno.) 2017, 12 Sept., Morning
14. He commanded me (1)/ as if he was (2)/ my husband. (3)/ No Error (4)
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2017, 2 July, 2018 Evening
15. If I was he, (1)/ I wouldn't (2)/ accept this gift. (3)/ No Error (4)
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2017, 6 July, 2018 Evening
16. If I am the p .M. I would ban all processions. (SSC Tex Assistant (Income
(1) will be (2) were Tax & Central Excise) Exam.
(3) am (4) No improvement 05.12.2004)
17 • If I was you, I would not sign the document.
(1) If I have been you (2) If I were you (SSC Multi-Tasking (Non-Tech.)
. ent Staff Exam. 20.02.2011)
. been you
(3 ) If I had (4 ) No 1mprovem
18. If you were the Prime Minister of India what steps would you have taken to
end unemployment ? (SSC CAPFs SI & CISF ASI
(1) will you take (2) will you be taking Exam. 23.06.2013)
(3) would you take (4) No improvement
19• The Councillor behaves as if he is the Chief minister.
(1) has been
(3) No improvement
(2)
(4) was
wm (SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA Exam,
06.12.2015 (llnd Sitting) TF No. 3441135)

'"''
Class Notes : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
KDUVE
 Answers
9. (lt Replace 'I am' with 'I were'.
10. (lt l'or imaginary •were' l• uaed with all aubJecta.
Hence Replace •ta' with •were'·
11. (4t lfo error.
12. (1) Replace 'waa' with 'were'.
For tmastaary poaitlon, the
Rule: If+ aubject + were, + would + Vb.I
13. (1) Change 'wu' into 'were' becauae the aentence la related to 1m.a~.. -
atate. For lDtagfauy atate, we uae 'were' with all -~
14. (2) For Preaent Im.agfaary Poaitlon- we 'were' lnatead of 'waa•.
16. (1) Uae 'were' in place of 'waa'.
- 16. (2) Replace 'am' with 'were'.
For iD'lagiaary aentence the structure la:
If+ Subject + were, subject + would + Vb.r-
17. (2) Replace 'lfl wu you' with 'If I were you'.
The structure of Imaginary Position ia:
If+ subject + were, Subject + would + Vb.r
18. (3) Replace 'would you have taken' with 'would you take'.
The structure la:
If + subject + were, subject + would + Vb.r- Since this ia an interrogative
sentence, we should put 'would' before the s ubject.
19. (2) Replace 'he la' with 'he were'.
For lmaginvy position, the following structure is applicable.
If+ subject+ were, aubject +would+ Vb.I

Present Imaginary Possession ( ~ ~ )

If I had money, I would help you.
Structure

If+ Subject + had (V 2 ) + object, Subject + would + Vi, _r

1. If I had two can, I would give one to you.

2. If I had aurplua money, I would donate it to 6. &w-(2)
PM relief fund.
3. If I had a gun, I would ahoot you. Rule: If 'if clause' f.a
aim.pie past tenae, if:
4. If I had time, I would cook lunch. seneral formula we
S. If I had I would fly in the aky. b•ect +
If + simple put, • 0
6. If the farmer got a washing machine (1)/ hia would / could + v...,
wife can (2)/ do the laundry quickly (3)/ No
error (41 Thua replace c a11•1ridl
I

•-uJd•. -
. ,I
SSC CGL--2016 (ht Soptember, AfternoonJ

1,1> I IVI ·
I ip:• - IBRJSW:tmlltf!NI fif!IM-1· f[57
 Present Imaginary action/ state
Structure
If+ Subject + V.,,
-
SubJ·cct + would + V h.r

1. If life on other we would or the other for aure.

2. If I knew how to they would hire me for the
3, If I bou1ht a ll'enarl, he would be green with envy.
4, If now, our children would be more
s. If you lived on the Moon, you would weigh 10 only.
6, He (1)/ If the earth (2)/ belonged to him. (3)/ No enor (4)
(SSC CISF Conatable (GD) Exam. 05.06.2011)

7, It time (1)/ we have done (2)/ 1omethlng u1eful. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level DEO & LDC Exam. 11,12,2011 (llnd Sitting (East Zone)

a. If I dyed my hair green, everybody will laugh at me.

(1) would (2) did (SSC Section Officer (Commercial
Audit) Exam. 25.09.2005)
(3) may (4) No improvement
9. Mary would not 10 to the market I gQ with her.
(1) 10 (2) went (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry
t Operator & LDC Exam. 04.12,2011
(3) would 10 (4) No lmprovemen • (North Zone) 1st Sitting,
10. I wish I knew what is wrong with my car.
(SSC Graduate Level Tler•I
(1) I I knew what wron1 with my car. Exam. 19.05.2013)
(2) I wl1h I had known what 11 wrong with my car.
(3) I wl1h I know what 11 wron1 with my car.
(4) No Improvement
Answers

· 6. (4) No euor. ·
If••• If' 11 followed by total action, It I• In '8 + V2 ' form.
T. (2) Replace have done' with 'did'. It'• time 11 followed by 'V2 ' .
8, (1) Replace •will' with •would'•
The - If + Simple Subject + Would + Vb.f.
9, (2) Replace •10' with 'went'•
,a t + V Subject+ Would+ Vb.f
The 1tructure here l1 - If + Sub:.1•0 2, , ,
a and an action of pre1ent. So knew
I
10. (4) Tbl1 11 a aentence expre11 n I
. (V3) for wl1h and •t•
wron1' for pre1ent come.
1 ·t.,· ,•, Nt1l1 ", 1·1,NllllllH\l ,\I :; 1, 1, lll · Nl ' I•::
hi I I l\ ' I
 Past Conditional Sentences

" If is also called past un

fulfilled action. It ls a closed case as the actlo
possible now. It comes in type ·
3

Structure
11 ia llot

111¥-tti#EiiiNI-BFB1Mii9¥W+IJl,f¼iiall
•11iifihlditB•b§ii?IH+iGl:ENII. .
any other past modal in place of 'would' if required'
We can use •
- _ (31'm' ~~cit pr would $ ' ~ ' C f { ~ ~ Past Modal if;T aft~~ ~ f)
...... 1. If I had seen him, I would have stopped my car.
__,. Means:- :ra-nft" am13@': (1jll' q'Jcf?f Past
Unfulfilled action t 1)
,ff 1-q 3Jli":- 3l'm' :ra am tffill' m- mtt,
2.
" If she had come late, she would not have got the
permission to take the exam.

1. If I had gone to Delhi, I would have got infected.

2. If I had got a chance to meet the super star, I would have been very happy.
3. If he had given up smoking, he would not have died at such a young age.
4. Had luck favoured me, I would have become an IAS officer.
5. If we had had Dhoni is our team, we would have won t he match.
6. John would have told (1)/you the truth (2)/ if you had asked him, (3)/ No
Error. (4) (SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. os.12. 20041

7. Had you (1)/ worked hard (2)/ you will have passed. (3)/ No error (4)
Operator & LDC Exam. 04.12.2011 (Ilnd Sitting (North Zone)

8· If he had walked (1)/ fast enough (2)/ he will get the bus. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04.11.2012 (2 n d ~

9. If she had seen (1)/ the car coining, she (2)/ may not crossed the road, (3)~)
No error.(41 (SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam.16.11.2014, Ilnd Sitting TF No, 545 QP
10. If I had remembered (1)/ this it will have (2)/ prevented some mistakes,
(3)/ No error (4) ~eJJillg
SSC CHSL-2016 21 th Jan,
11. Had I been (1) / in my brother's position (2) / I would have refused tbe ol

,.
0
offer. (3) / No Error (4) J\{tert1°
SSC CGL-2016 (8th September,

KO LIVE
- •-1w1;;;;4;.,,,u,,,.,,r--11sr::s
 12, If you have studied hard
( 1) If you studied hard. ' you would have got a first class.
(2) If you had studied hard. (SSC Section Officer (Commercial
(3) If you would study hard. Audit) Exam. 26.11.2006)

(4) No improvement.
13, If I had followed your advice I Id
(1) will not regret ' wou not regret today.
(2) had not regretted (SSC Section Officer (Audit)
(3) would not have regretted Exam. 30.10.2008)
(4) No improvement
14. If I had played well, I would have won th
( 1) I played well e match.
(2) I play well (SSC Combined Graduate Level Tier-I
(3) I am playing will Exam. 16.05.2010 (Second Sitting)

15. ~f:
(4) No improvement
~adn't seen the car coming, I might have been killed
1 I I had seen the car coming ·
(2) When I hadn't seen the car coming (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Oper~tor
(3) Since I hadn't seen the car coming & LDC Exam. 11.12.2011 (Ilnd Sitting
(4) No improvement . (East Zone)

16. If I had gone to Mumbai, I would surely bring your books.

(1) would have surely brought
(2) could have surely brought (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator
& LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (Ilnd Sitting)

(3 ) m ight h ave b rought ·

(4) No improvement
17. If I had the money I would have bought the house.
(1) If I have had the money I would have bought the house.
(2) If I had had the money I would have bought the house.
(3) If I have the money I would have bought the house.
(4) No improvement (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.05.2013)

Answers

6. (4) No error
The rule applicable here is
If + subject + had, subject + would + have + V3•
, 7 • (3) Change 'will have' into 'would have'. The sentence fits in the formula
given below.
If+ sub~ect + had subject + would + have + V3•
8 :., , ,
· (3) Replace 'will get' with 'would have got•
The formula applicable here is:
Rule: If + subject + had, Subject + would + have + V3• ,
9. (3) Replace 'may not crossed' with 'might/ would not have crossed.
lO. (2) The correct formula is-
If +had+ V Sub+ would+ have+ V3
3
Hence replace'
'will' with 'would' •

1111
Class Notes : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

KD LIVE
 11. (4) "Had +subject + V3", Subjectal+ woutld + have + V 3 is the fol'Jll,.w
remove 'ir from a condition sen ence. "Qa if \'t
l2. (2) Replace 'If you have studied hard' with 'If you had studied ha, e
Structure_ If+ Sub+ had+ V 3 , S + would have+ v3 • d',
13 • (3 ) Replace 'would not regret' with •would not have regretted'.
The formula fits here la:
If+ subject + had + V3 , Subject + would + have + V 3
14. (4) No improvement
15. (4) No improvement
Here 'would' i1 replaced by 'might' because were possibility
expressed here. can be
16, (1) Replace 'would surely bring' with 'would have surely brought'
The formula here la:
If+ subject + had + V 3 , subject + would + have + V 3
17. (2) Here 'If I had had money, I would have bought the house' should b
used as the atructure i• : e
If+ sub + had + V 3 , Sub+ would have + V 3 •

Future Conditional Sentences

f Type 1 Conditional Sentences J
, lf1R' 1115•11 1 (ll' l 3ffq' ~«"•9
1 s t Action of 2 nd Action of
Future Future

1st action will be in

2nd action will be in
Simple Present Tense.
Simple Future
(1st action Simple
Tense (2nd action s·un pie
Present Tense n- ~) Future Tense Jf pm)

If I come, I will meet you

1.Unle11 (1)/ you will study hard
(ssc Higher 4
( 2 )/ you cannot pasa. (3)/ No error ( )· ~01 01
2. He will tell you (1)/ about e;tond~ry Level Data Entry Operator & LDC E.xa111, 21,11·(4)
9
0
(Ssc (l0+:2) Le: t : n f2)/ he will come back. (3)/ No ert ~ Jall'I
3. We (l)/10 out (2)/lf it d e Eo & LDC Exam. 11.12.2011 (!Ind Sittl111 (.E:••
not rains. (3)/ No Brror (4) ttdll'
4. We shall Walt (1)/ till you :2~J 8

hli I I V I
(10+2) Level DEO & LDC Exam. 21.10 .20 12 (20d S
w~ll ftnlsh your lunch. (3)/ No error, ( stt~
4
Sc Multi-Taaldng Staft Exam. 17.03,20 13 • I•
!
BBi 1 ·, i N l!I I II i N:\I .,,·1•N '' N11 ··
 _ ITT will play my best I can win any day against anybody. JSSC Constable
5
l) against anybody (2) I can win any day (GDJ 'kam..
f 04.10.2015, 1st
(31 No error (4) If I will play my best Sittind
6 . If you will finish your homework I (1)/ will give you (2)/ an ice--cream. (3) /
No Error (4) SSC (CPO) Pl'e-2017, 2 July, 2018EveJJhl&

7 _ V,e will rest(l)/for sometime when (2)/we will reach the topf3J/No error14J.
He will revise it when he is comes back. ssc PRE - 2018, 6th June, 201 9 E v ~
s.
(11 when he come back (2) OD coming back (SSC CAPF• s1. CISF ASl
& Delhi Police SI Exam,.
(3) when he came back (4) No improvement 22.06.20 1 4 )

9• If he has time he will telephone. (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08. 201 5
(11 could (2) might (llnd Sitting) TF No. 4239378)

(3) would (4) No improvement

10. If I will get an opportunity, I shall attend the serniaar-
( 1) get (2) got (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 16.08.20 1 5
(1st Sitting) TF No. 3196279)
(3) No Improveme nt (4) shall get
11. Be quick otherwise you would miss the train.
(1) otherwise you could have (2) No Improvement
(3) otherwise you will (4) otherwise you will have
(SSC C HSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA Exam, 06.12.2015 (1st Sitting) TF No. 1375232)

Answers
1. (2) Replace 'will'. The 1st action of conditional sentence is Simple Present
Tense.
2. (3) Replace 'will come' with ' comes'.
The given sentence is a conditional sentence and the formula applicable
here is - If + Simple Present, Simple Future.
3. (3) After 'do/ does' first form of verb (V 1 ) comes.
Bence replace 'rains' with 'rain'.
4. (3) Replace 'will finish' with 'finish'.
5. (4) Replace 'will'.
6, (1) Correct formation- If+ sub+ V 1 +obj+ S2 +will/shall+ V1 + obj.
Remove 'will'.
7 - (3) lat action will be in Simple Present Tense. 'When' will be followed by
Simple Present Tense.
8· (2) Replace 'when he is comes back' with 'on coming back'. All the rest
optiona are wrong.
9
• (4) Bo improvement
lO. (1) Replace 'will get' with 'get'.
The structure here is: If + Simple Present Tense, Simple Future Tense.
ll. (3) The structure suggests that Simple Future Tense should be used here.
Replace 'otherwise you would' with 'otherwise you will'.

Kf> U V!·,

- Class :--otes : CO~D ITIO:\AL SE:--:TE;'\;CES

 Some Other Structures

1. (i) But for your help, I would have failed.

(ii) But for his timely arrival, the patient would have d"
led.
• Here 'but for' means 'without'. ('But for' cliT ~t
'cli"~'I)
• Here the sentences are of past hence the Principal Clau .
se 1a
'Subject+ Would have+ V 3 '.
(~~Past cl; f 3@": Principal Clause 'Subject + Would have + v 12\-.
3 ~••HI)
2. If I were an Englishman, I would have got this job.
3. If you had not helped me, I wouldn't be alive today.
Sentences 2 and 3 are of mixed category.
Explanation to Sentence 2:
,If I were an Present Imaginary post.
y
'If + Subject + were + object

, I would have got this Past unfulfilled action.

y
'Subject + would have V 3 + object

Explanation to Sentence 3:
,If you had not helped mF Past unfulfilled action.

l lil li il ili- y
'If + Subject + had + V 3 + object

,1 wouldn't be alive today p P res ent Imaginary post.

y
'If+ Subject + Would + be + object

1. If the car hadn't broken down we will be at the office now.

2018
(1) If the car (2) we will be SSC(CP<>)PfC· iii°'
12 March, 2019 E)\'e
(3) hadn't broken down (4) at the office

ltti~., 1. I will go to office after I have finished the household choresfinisbed,

w. 2. We will come to know the truth after the investigation has
Explanation to Sentences 1 and 2: . use
d v,e call
When the 2 nd action takes place after the 1 at action has finishe , te ciause•
'Present Perfect' in place of 'Simple Present Tense' in the Sub-ordina
Here the completion of 1 at action is en,.phasised. nt $'
(~ 1 action
st

Present Perfect Tense q;y

cIT
fI
1 action
st Simple Prese
i!Jl'I"'
d1
 1. After the letter reached me, I shall know the result.
(1) After the letter reach
(2) After the letter will reach (SSC Section Officer
(Aud it) Exam. 06.01.2008)
(3) After the letter has reached
(4) No improvement

-i Replace 'after the letter reached' with 'After the letter has
reached'. Here we emphasise the completion of an action.

Present Conditional Sentence

Present Conditional Sentences translate t°I

1. Ifwe heat ice, it turns into water. (This sentence is of Universal truth. It
comes in type zero conditional sentences.)
3f1R' Pf il"l\; t ffi tmft' 'iTcr1' ti (lt qTiRf cliT ti lt Type Zero
#3f@Tt)
2. 3m1f fa~i-ft 31raT(ffi 3'T1f ~\'ldl (1
If I come to Delhi, I m eet you.
3. .:, JRT id\JIH ilit
3ml aJf ~' ffi ifi1il' 31131l'I
If you are waiting for me, come tomorrow.
4. ntaJJiliPr~ilitff
.:, .:, ~, fficf1J'flta'T~~I
.:,

If you have finished the work, you may go home.

5. 3PR ell'~ '£it lt ffl t, ffi' 1f 3* cf3T ~I
If he has been sleeping for an hour, I will not disturb him.

Different Types of conditional Sentences

Conditional If clause verb
Usage tense
Sentence Type
Zero General truths Simple Present
Type 1 A possible condition and its Simple Present
probable result
Type 2 A hypothetical conditional and Simple Past
its probable result
Type 3 An unreal past condition and Past Perfect
its probable result in the past
KIJ LIVE Class Notes : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
 Subject Verb Agree:rne11.t
or Syntax
Singular Verb Singular Pronoun
Plural Verb
1. The bo,:~ done~
1
work him's elf~ a. The~ ~ daily
S ingular Noun Singular Adjective
.
Plural Noun
S ing ular Verb

2. Th~ ~ daily 4. The swarm of galaxies of

stars attracts the astro
Singular Noun Dauta.
In the 1 •t sentence we can see that the agreement is not only between subject
and verb but also among all the Parts of Speech. This is called Syntax. (q!iRf
1
*
pr~~ffcf;' Agreement fttq;-subject mi'Verb ~~gl'fttq;-~ gt:rr~~Parta
of Speech~~~ ll ~ ~ ~ S y n t a x ~ fl)

\ >
Syntax ,
The rules that govern the ways in which words or elements
combine to form a Phrase, Clause or a Sentence is called Syntax.
(~ l fcfi' 'CTcliR ~TSG ¥- vq;- Phrase, Clause 111
ir.f@T l Syntax q, $ t'I ktl ~I)
• The 'Verb' follows the 'main subject'. It is easier if we remember that the verb
follows the subject preceding 'of. (Verb $lnTT 3lr' Subject follow ciitm,
~verb q,y~~~ll ~ ~ ~ T i f 'of ~~aT<ill 'Noun' Subject~tl)
1. The main cause of concern _ _ (be) the childre n .
2. The actual source of information ___ (be) the spies.
3. The quality of apples _ _ good.
4. The various consequences of(l)/ the decision taken by the (2)/ f1J18.llce
ministry was not foreseen by the bureaucrats. (3)/ No error (4)
EsaJll 19971
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) ·
5. The introduction of job-oriented courses (1)/in the self-financing colleges
(2)/ attract many students (3)./ No error (4) ()031
14 12,2
(SSC Section Officer (Audit), ExaJJl• ·
6. Knowledge of (1)/ at least two languages (2)/ are required to P ass tbe
examination (3)/. No error (4). _ 1.2o061
1
ExaJJl• 12
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise )
)/ {iO
3
7. A variety of pleasant items in the shop (1)/ attract (2)/ everybodY· \ .2oo91
3
error (4). . ExaJJ1• 29 ·
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise 1

KD LIVE
I•@ Class Notes
8 The strain of all ( 1 )/ the difficuities
• 1110,e than he__!)o~d b~!'r~ (31(!!!'..!'.!!:<!!8j! '7elrations and llnxieties are
. (SSC Section Officer (C 1
- .., •. 1211
• . . . -- onunercial Audit) Exam --- - - - - - - -~ .
9. The introduction of tea and coffee (l)i ; nd h -- ·_3~~0 2007 (Second Sitting)
2
not been without some effect (3)/ N sue other beve-;ag~ ( )/ h-··
, · . o err~r. (4) 2 ave
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income T .
1o. The newer type of automatic machine ·(l)/ -
8
-- __c..; ..x~ . 14.12.2oosJ
ax & Central Ex is ) E - -
(3)/No error. (4) (SSC Tax A . · - - ~ash~~ (2)L the cloth~ f~~-
11. The increasing mechanisation of
ss1stant (Income Tax & C t - _..._ - -
life.(l)/ h -. - en__r~ Exe! • ~) ~ ~ ~~-12.2oosJ
contact with nature and (2)/ -ihe crafts of t;ve,.led us farther away from.daily
, e _ann.f3)/ No error. f 4)
·-·-~ • r• • - -

• • \. (SSC _: r~~ te ALevel_;!er:!I ~ ~am. Pap~r-ll 04.08.2011)

12.A technical view of new gadgets (1)/ sometim d.ffi ( ) · -·- -- ·- --- -
perspective. (3)/ No error. (4) es I er 2 1 from an economic
""
(SSC Multi.• Ta~king Staff Exam.- {7.03.2013~-:,lb~ 'iegi: n)
13. The behaviour of resident spiders (!)(towards ·pirate spiders and th .-
prey (2)/ are quite different. (3)/ No error (4) · ..- s~c (C~;,,~-;:;;:7: ·
[ Answers j ·
1. Ans. 'is'. The subject is 'main cause'.
2. Ans. 'is'. The subject is 'the actual source'.
3. Ans. 'is'. The subject is 'the quality'.
4. (3) Replace 'was' with 'were' because here the main subject (The various
consequences) is plural.
5. (3) Replace 'attract' with ' attracts'. Here the main subject is singular
(introduction) hence it will take singular verb.
6. (3) Replace 'are' with 'is' because here the main subject is knowledge which
is an uncountable noun so it will take singular verb.
7. (2) Replace 'attract' with 'attracts' because here the subject is singular so it
will take singular verb.
8. (3) Replace 'are' with 'is'.
Here the main subject is 'strain' which is singular, so the verb should
also be singular
9
· (3) Replace 'have' with 'has'• . , . . . Hence it will
Here the main subject is 'introduction which is singular.
agree with singular verb. · , ees with singular
l0.(2) Change 'wash' (P.V.) into washes (S.V). 'Washes agr
1 subject (newer type).
l. (2) Replace 'have' with 'has'•
Here the main subject is singular·
12 So it will agree with singular verb.
·(21 Replace 'differ' with 'differs'. . ill t ke singular verb. . .
13 3 Here the subject is singular so it 18 _w • gulaar and hence will take singular
· ( ) Replace 'are' with 'is'. Behaviour sin
verb.
Class N ates .. SubJ·ect Verb Agreement
1111
 ti~~:~
lt
• The Verb may be far away from its subject. Do not forget t
verb agrees to its subject. ~Verb 3t-cr.t S u b j e c t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ if~
~Subject~ ~ ~ c t R " I )
1. The apPeal of the victims to transfer the cases related to ri ota t
other states have been accepted. o,
0111
2 . The vulnerability of women, children aind old people pose great threat e
security of a major part of our populat on. to the
3 . Flowers (1)/that are just picked (2)/begins to rot in 15 seconds. (a)/ Mo
Error (4) (SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 17.03.20 n
13
• nd SittlucJ
4. Most of the members at the meeting felt (1)/ that the group appointed to
investigate the case (2)/ were not competent to do the job efficiently.
No error (4) 1311
(SSC CGL Tier-II Exam.12.04.2015, Kolkata Region, TF No. 3lSRIJ)

5. Organizing World Cup matches in England imply that rains can be a

constant threat.
(1) be a constant threat. (2) in England imply
(3) that rains can be (4) Organizing World Cup matches
CGL MAINS 2018, 12 September, 2019
Answers
1 . Change 'have been accepted' into 'has been accepted'. The main subject is
'appeal' which is a Singular Subject.
2. Vulnerability is singular hence poses (S. V) is needed.
3. (3) Replace 'begins' with 'begin'.
A Plural subject always agrees wit h Plural verb.
4. (3) Replace 'were' with 'was' because ' group' is a Collective Noun and
Collective Noun takes singular verb with it. . . Id
5. (2) Replace 'imply (Plural)' with 'implies (Singular Verb)' . Orgamz1ng wor
cup is a singular noun.

See the examples of inversion too

• Verb may preceed the Subject that it agrees to. This is a case o f I nversioJl,
(Verb 3fltit Subject 3ft 'ITT lAiclf ti Inversion cfiT Case t i)
1. Along the northern frontier of India is the Himalayas.
2. The tiger is not the only cause of concern. There is hyenas too.
3.
Twenty miles beyond the LOC was seen a few terrorists.
4. Just outside my house are a playground for school boys and girls,
(1) Just outside my house (2) are a playground . ls
(3) No error (4) for school boys and gil' 191
962
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 16.08.2015 (1st Sitting) T F No . 31

KD LIVE
• 11:1•1n+1184 N!ffi~·
 Answers
Change 'is' into 'are' 'Himalayas' is Plural Noun.
1.
2. Hyenas (ilcfi$il• ) is Plural Noun and hence it will take Plural Verb.
3, change 'was seen' into 'were seen'. 'A few terrorists' is Plural and hence will
take Plural Verb.
4. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is' because here subject (the playground) is singular.
A singular subject always takes Singular Verb.
• When two subjects are joined by 'and', Plural Verb follows. (3f1R Subjects
cfitand ~~~ffi'Plural Verb cfiT~~tl)
1. Ram and Shyam are coming.
2. Bread and Butter are sold in this grocery shop.
If two Subjects are joined by 'and', Plural Verb follows but if both Nouns/
Adjectives indicate the same person, thing or idea, Singular verb follows. (~
Subject and cIT Plural verb 3fraT t , 3f1R ~ . 3tl$~<U
~cfit'ffi'Singular verb cfiT~WJTI) Answers
,_£': t . 1. Here 'bread and butter' is a single
· my d a1-1y b reaauas
1. Brea d an d b u tter 1s
dish.

>
~ote the following examples too. They take Singular verb as they
_N_o_t_e_:•- -· denote the same person, thing or idea. (l}t 3fr<I" pairs 3ft' l
Singular verb ~f ~ ~ V e n tfi~, idea ~ ~ ~ f l )
1. Slow and steady w ins the race.
2. My friend, philosopher and guide has come.
Answers
3. Fish and chips is my favourite dish. .
In sentences 4 and 5 'verb' is
4. Two and two make four. plural as the subjects joined by
5. Time and tide wait for no 'and' are two different things.
- man.
6. The sum and substance of this poem is as follows.
(1) of this poem (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08.2015 (Ilnd Sitting) TF No. 4239378)
(2) No error
(3) The sum and substance 6 . (2) No error
Answers
(4) is as follows

KO
Semantics
NARRATION

l -.E::_-7.KD Publicat i on "E:::!!:::...--1.KD Publication

Class Notes : Subject Verb Agreement

KDUVE
a

More Pairs that take Singular Verb

1. Lime and Soda 12. Power and Influence
1 Sum and Substance ( ~ 13. Chaos and Confusion (~
Part and Parcel (Jrtir-r 3PT) 14. Horse and Carriage (nl1JT)·-·,,e1r)
4.. Fun and li1orlc pra) 15. Slow and Steady
s. Science and Technology 16. Manners and Etiquettes ( ~
6. Art ancl Culture 17. Heart and Soul · .. ...,qr{)
7. Trade and Commerce 18. Mind and Soul ( ~. ~
8. Peace and HannoQY 19. Culture and Tradition
9. Peace and Prosperity . 20. Custom and Tradition
10.. Destruction and Devastation (~t.a.ft) 21. Ebb and flow
11. Honour and Glory (.ftAAiit , ~ ) 22. Drinking and driving

6ii§F.;> ~: The sum and substance of the passage is as follows.

Peace and harmony leads to prosperity

IRote.-- > . Knowledge and Wisdom will take Plural Verb. Similar caae la
with Poverty and Misery. Here the two Nouns are bro
different things hence they will take Plural verb.
3.

-
The ebb and flow of the tides ( 1)/ are (2)/ now understood (3)/. No error 141
(SSC Section Officer (Comme rcial Audit) Exam. 25.09.2005)
4.. Time and tide (1)/ wait (2)/ for no man. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC Stenographer Grade 'C' & 'D' Exam. 16.10.20111
S. Drinking and driving(!)/ are(2)/ a major cause of accidents.(3)/ No err~
(SSC CPO (SI, ASI & Intelligence Officer Exam. Paper-D 28.08.20111
6. Short stories and poems (1)/ofvarying quality (2)/appears in dailies ana:
3
periodicals ( )1. No error (4 ) (SSC Constable (GD) Exam. 12.05.2013, 1st Sitting)
. -
( Answers ]
3. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is '. ,
If 'two' or more than two Nouns or Adjectives are j oined by 'S::ed,
· but only Person or thing or idea is discussed, s ingular verb is
4. Here 'ebb and flow' is considered as singular subject.
(4) No error. tb
Here two subjects 'time' and 'tide' are joined by 'and ' and bo
s. (2) mean two different things, hence plural verb follows.
Replace 'are' with 'is'. a.e
If two or more than two nouns are joined by 'and' but onlY tio!l is
O
thing or idea is discussed, it takes singular verb. Here the ac
6. singular as a whole which means driving while drunk- ois ,re
(3)
Replace 'appears' with 'appear' because short stories and poe
joined by 'and' are Plural. Plural verb will follow.

l, D 11 \ T

-
• see the examples given below· Article before the 1 •t subject only indicates
.
that there is only one Subject addressed b Y t wo or more than two nouns. If
there is no ~icle. and a Possessive Adjective comes before the 1 •t Subject,
the Subject is singular. Hence Singular Verb, Singular Adjective and
singular Pronoun will follow.
(~~~3&itF(DI cM"a-d'I 3nR'~ l st subject~~ Article cfif~~cft~
i tft' Subject i 4" 4" ll" 3nVcfi' N o u n ~ ~ ~ fcf;lJr l1 3f1R
Article ifiT Possessive Adjective cfiT 1at Subject cl;'~~ m
aft Subject Singular t 3@': Singular Verb, Singular Adjective 'Qcf Singular

Pronoun ifiT~lITTTI'I)
• If the Article comes before all the subjects, it means there are two or more
than two individual person or things. Hence Plural Verb, Plural Adjective
and Plural Pronoun follow.
(3PR Article '111ft subjects ;I;" ,nr.l" 311V <it~ ri i!'T>rr c:'t 'IT c:'t :il" 311ils< ""™ 'IT <m!I
3@': Plural Verb, Plural Adjective 'Q'cf Plural Pronoun cftt ~I)
1. The Secreta,y and the Principal of the college (1)/ are attending (2)/ the
District Development Council Meeting at the Collectorate (3)/. No error (4),
(SSC T ax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 12.11.2006)

2, A hot and (1)/ a cold spring (2)/ was found near each other (3)/ No error, (41
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 10. 12.2006)

3. The Principal and staff (1)/ are waiting for (2)/ the chief guest. (3)/ No
error (4). (SSC Higher Secon da<Y Level Data Ent,y . Operator & LDC Exam, 27,U.2010)

4
4. The artist and writer (1)/ hast (2)/ died, (3)/ No error 1 1
Entry operator & LDC Exam. 2s.10.2012 (1st Sitting)
(SSC (10+2) Lev e 1 D a a
5. The trustee and principal are at loggerheads.
6. My friend, philosopher and guide have come.
[ Answers ]
1. (4)
(3) No error.•was' with •were',
Replace . . db •and', Plural verb is used. Here
2. If two different subjects are Joine J
t This indicates that there
Article bas come before both the su ~ec .
are two subjects. d 'staff'
3. (1) Add article 'the' before the VIOr ·
(4) No error . 111')' aDd to be at loggerheads you
4.
5.
At loggerheads means 'at conflic~
·nc1pal is a se
<"':.(
parate identity. Add 'the' before

6.
need
'Prin someone
· al'
c1p .
else. Hence pn

Change 'have' into 'has'· Here e

th three nouns 1
- •ndicate the same person.

:···
 • Sometimes the two Subjects cannot be the same. In such a
plural but Article decides whether the No~ will be Sincuiarcaae the
(ili1ft..q;Jfi Subjects l!cti' tft' .rtft ~ I tt Verb Plural
fcfi' Noun Singular tft;rn' Plural.)
Pl~lll.. erb
¼t
Z
1 The first and the second r ow ,are reserved. (Article tWice _._ b c4
. -v-- 7 4110Un s·
Singular Noun Ill~)
2. The first and second ~ e reserved. (Article once, Noun Pluraii
Plural Noun
• If two Subjects are joined by using the following, the Verb foUO\\t
Subiect. (3f1R f-lfiifi:iffiac1 t ~• ili'
., '
GI
.
Subjects "fl l .:ri•~•~.;m?"c-TI' Verb 8l•tthe111
S
llb'
.. IIIRII ~ect
With
l •ihfitti Except/ but
Together with Nothing but
Besides
Along with As well as
Rather than
And not Accompanied by In addition to
1. The Prime Minister along with his Cabinet colleagues (1)/ have been
welcomed by the Chief Minister (2)/at a formal ceremony. (3)/No enor. j4)
(SSC CPO (SI, ASI & Intelligence Officer Exam. 28.08.2011 (Paper-Q
2. He as well as (1)/ you like (2)/ to go.(3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04.12.2011 (1st Sitting (North Zone)
3. The captain ong wi steam (1) are practising very ar (2)
forthco~ match. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04.12.2011 (1st Sitting (East Zone)
4. The teacher as well as the students (1) have gone on an excursion (2)/ toOolJ
during their summer vacation. (3)/,.;N
=o~E
: ~rr
~ o:!r.:..
· J.:4::L- - - - - - --:-:-::;-;--i
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21·04·2013)
5. Grandfather along (1)/ with the children (2)/ have gone to Chennai. 13)/ No
error (4) SSC CHSL-2016, 23rd Jan, Evenb)g
t....::::::..::::::.=~~ ':"'.'":'-:::;rror 41
6. My brother (1)/ along with his friends (2)/ are oing on a tour 3 /Noe .,
1
t 1'4ornblil
SSC CGL-2016 (30th Augus' ~41
7 . The leader (1)/ with all his followers (2)/ are send to prison. (3)/ No ErfOr-Il
tJie
(SSC CPO (SI, ASI & Intelligence Officer Exam. 2S.08 · 2011 t(Pal"'
8. Mr. Gupta with his wife (1)/ and younger brother (2)/ were present a riJllg
station. (3)/ No Error (4) July, 201s )lo
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2 017 , 2 -e to
9. The child along with his parents were(l)/waiting for(2)/ the pro gralll- eou,g
begin.(3)/No error(4) llth June, 2oi 9
SSCPRE-201 8 ,
A
9"
KO UVE
IP@
--• Pr:W-···
 MY brother along
inema with his friends h a ve go ne t O wat c h a movie at the
hall
10,
neares t C ·
(l) at the nearest cinema hall.
, , My brother, along with his friends,
2
(3) _have gone to watch a movie
(4) No error SSC (CPO) Pre- 2016

silver as well as gold are considered a s precious metals.

11,
(1) as precious metals . (2) as well a s
(3) Silver (4) are cons id ~red _
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018 13 March, 2019 Evening

Answers

1. (2)
Replace 'have' with 'has' when two or more subject are joined by 'along
with' the verb agrees with the first subject.
Here the first subject is singular so it will agree with singular verb.
2. (2) Replace 'like' with 'likes'.
When two nouns or pronouns are joined by 'as well as', the verb agrees
with 1st subject.
3. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'.
When two nouns or pronouns are joined by 'along with' the verb will
agree with the first noun.
4. (2) Replace 'have' with 'has'.
When two or more nouns are joined by 'as well as', the verb agrees with
the first subject. Here the first subject is singular so it will take
singular verb.
If the subject is joined by 'as well as', 'with', 'along with' 'together with',
5. (3)
etc, the verb will agree with the first subject. Thus 'have' will be
replaced by 'has'.
6. (3) If the subject is joined with 'along with', the verb will agree with the
first subject. Here the first subject (my brother) is singular and so it
will take singular verb (is). Replace 'are' with 'is'.
7. (3) Rule: If the subject is joined by 'as well as', 'with', 'along with',
'together with' etc, the verb will agree with the first subject.
Here the first subject is singular hence verb used should also be
singular. Hence replace 'are' with 'is'.
• Also the sentence is in passive voice. Thus 'send' will be replaced by
(V3 ) 'sent'.
8. (3) Use 'was' instead of 'were'.
If the subject is joined by 'as well as', 'with', 'but', 'except', 'like'
etc. the verb agrees to the first subject.
9. (1) Use 'was' in place of •were'. The verb agrees with first subject. If
conjunction is 'alongwith'.

10. (3) Replace 'have' with 'has'. verb agree to the 1st subject if the
conjunction is 'along with'. ,
11. (4) Replac e 'are' with 'is'. If two subjects are joined by 'as well as , the verb
agree s to the 1st subject. Class Notes : Subject Verb Agreement
• When two subjects are joined by the following ConJunctiona, tbe '7 .
th st Subject. ~-,R,,,,.. etb
follows e neare ~ ~ ~ ~ ' R V e r b -,..:ifcflefi"~Sub·
('6'6" Conjunctions •"' • · ~ect t
~WJTI) ,:)

Neither ... nor

Not only ... b11.t ais,
Either ... or
None but

1. Neither the mouse (1)/ nor the lion (2)/ were caught. (3)/ No error J~
(SSC Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) StafTExain. 21.0 .
2 201
~
2. .
Either Sohan or his friends (1)/ is to be blamed ---
(2)/ for this m~~hi~ 11,

No error (4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-n Exani. 16.~

3.
---,---.
Either an officer (1)/ or an assistant (2)/ are required. (3)/ e~,2r
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 28.10.2012 (1st Sitting)
4. Either Parmeet (1)/ or Jyoti (2)/ have done the crime. (3)/No~ ~)_:

5.
Neither the girl nor her
4
. parents (1)/ was present
. -~------
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 10.03.2013, 1st Sitting: Patna!
(2)/ to. receive the award.
(3)/ No error. ( ) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-II ~;_~9.2013) J

6.
Electronic mail or E-mail (1)/ are a method of exchanging (2)/digital
mes~es. 3 / No error 4)
(SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA Exani, 15.11.2015 (1st Sitting) TF No. 6636838)
7.
The light bulbs (1)/or the hall (2)/need to be changed (3)/No error. (4) _

8. (steno.) 20161
Neither Mohit nor Rohit were there at the shop when I ~ent there. -~-~
(1) when (2) Neither Mohit nor Rohit _ _ __
9.
(3) were there (4) at the shop · ssc (CPO) Pre- Marc~, 2019 Eve~ 1
2018 12
Either Avika or Nikunj are going to Win the Prize in-·tlie ifaiictwnfi'!(:
competition. - · --- - Morning
-1
(1) Either .l\vika (2) or Nikunj SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018,13 Marc_h :,_~o~ _.-,;;,.:;..;
(3) in the (4) are going to
10.
Neither I nor _my sisters was interested in learning music.
(1) nor my sisters (2) in learning music.
(3) was interested (4) Neither I Morniilg
11. SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018 13 March, 2 019
Neither Amit nor Raju are staying with his parents in Mumbai.
(1) are staying (2) in Mumbai
(3) with his parents (4) Neither Amit nor Ra.1
~u ~d
SSC (CPO) mains-2018 27 Sept eJllbet, jjillllll
K D LIVE
 . :Neither you nor I _ _ guilty.
12
Either Kiran or Mala is sure to be chosen for the school d b t t
13 · -(1) Either Kiran or Mala are sure to e ae eam.
(2) Either Kiran nor Mala are sure to

(4) tL-o
(3) Either Kiran or Mala will
I~ prOV,!!!-~~~ __ . _ _
(10+2) Steno~ ap;1e~ Gra~
_ _
':::_,&'D' Exam. 31.01.2016 TF No. 3513283)
. Not only the common man but also the gentry _ _ (was/ were) in problem.
14
I Answers I
1. (3) Replace 'were' with 'was'.
When two subjects are joined by neither ... nor, the verb agrees with the
nearest subject.
2. (2) Replace 'is' with 'are'.
When two nouns or pronouns are connected with 'Either ... or', the verb
agrees with the nearest subject. Here nearest subject is plural, hence
plural verb should be used.
(3) Replace 'are' with 'is' because when two Nouns or Pronouns are
3. connected with Either ... or, the verb agrees with its nearest subject.
4. (3) Replace ' have' with 'has'.
5. (2) Replace 'was' with 'were'.
When two Noun or Pronouns are connected by 'either ... or', 'neither ...
nor' , the verb agrees with the nearest subject.
Here the nearest subject (parents) is plural so it will take plural v e rb.
6. (2) Replace ' are' with 'is' when two nouns are joined by 'or', it tak es
Singular Verb.
7. (2) Use 'needs (S.V)' for hall (S.S).
8. (3) Replace 'were' with 'was'. The verb agrees to the nearest s ubject if
connected by 'neither . .. nor'.
9. (4) Replace 'are' with 'is'. The verb agrees to the nearest subject (her e-
Nikunj) if joined by 'neither ... or'•
10. (3) Replace 'was' with 'were'. 'Sisters' will take plural verb.

11. (1) Replace 'are' with 'is'. If two subjects are joined by 'neither ... n or', the
verb follows the nearest subject.
12. am.
l3, (3) He re ' Either Kiran or Mala will' should be used as the sente nce den otes
future action.
14 . Ans
Gentry means high class people hence plural verb follows.

i\lJ I I\ I
-
 t + Su Subject

Eg:- None but co~ many a death Eg:- Nothing but waa
~ - -- --· ""JI •een tL
11ere,

• { he + Adjective of quality/ take ) Plural Verb

y
Plural common Noun
(Denote all the people of that class) Answers
(3lf~cl;'~<'lPTiilil'~~t1)
Eg:- 1. are
1. The brave _ _ (be) rewarded.
2. The rich _ _ (exploit/ exploits) the poor. 2 . Ans exploit

3. Cowards die many a death, the brave __ 3. die

(die/ dies) but once.
4. When the going gets tough, the tough - -1
4. Ans get. The tough -
(get/ gets) going. Jf ,5i iid iITTf'
" .

• See the following Nouns. In Singular form too they can denote the whole
class. However they take Singular verb. .
(f.h=:.:tmffaa Nouns ~a-v1 Singular form 'R' aft~tfOt"cf'it"cfil' ~ i l i t ~ f
&Ii-ii~ Verb Singular~ .:,
~I) "
Eg:- 1. A dog is a faithful animal. (A dog - the whole species)
2. A dog is sitting there. (A dog - a particular dog)
Note:- 3. Man is mortal. (Man -
4. A man is sitting there. (A man - 1lili'
5. If man makes proper use of bis time and opportunities and
follow his aim in life with patience and perseverance, be is
sure to succeed.
(1) and perseverance, he is sure to succeed.
(2) If man makes proper use of his time and opportunities
(3) and follow his aim in life with atience s1
(4) No Error 2.04,2° 1
(SSC CGL Tier-II Exalll· 1

5.
I Answers I ,
1
(3) Replace 'follow' with 'follows' because here the main subject (JJlaol
singular so it will take singular verb.

KD LIVE

-- 41Mii@AWmrw:rwr:rr iiii-
 If• plural n~mber is.used as a ~ingular. Unit, Singular Verb follows.
• (3f1l"t Plural~ cfi)' Singular Unit cli' Singular Verb q;r
~~I)
l, Ten kilometres (1)/ is (2)/ a long distance to walk. (3)/ No error (4)
1 (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 16.11.2003) '
. Ten kilometres are (1)/ to cover on foot (2)/a long distance for a child (3)/
2 No error (4). · ~--·- . - • • .
SSC PRE - 2018 11th June, 2019 Morning

, Twenty km.s are not a great distance in these days of fast moving vehicles.
3
(1) is not a great distance (2) are not too great a distance
(3) aren't proving a great distance (4) N~ ~mprovement
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21 .04.2013, Ilnd Sitting)
4. A thousand rupees are all that he wants.
(1) are (2) was
(3) is (4) No improvement
(SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam. (2013) 20.07.2014, Ilnd Sitting)

[ Answers
1. (4) If Plural Noun is used after cardinal adjectives (one, two, three etc.) and
if plural noun denotes certain amount, weight, height or period singular
verb will be used.
2. (1) A plural number. taken as a singular unit takes singular verb.
3. (1) Replace 'are not a great distance' with 'is not a great distance'. 'Twenty
kms' is followed by singular verb.
4. (3) Replace 'are' with 'is'.

• In Optative Sentence, (sentences of wish and prayer) all subjects take

base form of verb.
($"t.tif.t1i:icfi cfTifm '# lT'3ft sub;ects cl; m'f Verb cl; base form q;r ~~ti)
Eg:- 1. "
~ ~les, you.
' J

S.S Yr
'--?
2. Long live the king.
'y'
Vb.J. S.S

• '-----'
Generally we use 'May' in Optative Sentence and the sentence is in
Inversion .
(lfi'1ir4ct: Optative ~'#May ifiT t 3ttl ~Inversion~~ tn
Eg:. 1. May god bless you.
2. May you live long.

KD LIVE

- Class Not es : Subj ect Verb Agree me nt

 • If two forms of the same verb are needed, use both the fo11na
simply use one form. . · lte c~
(317R' l!"ifi' verb forms <Cr ,,H-.=tci ~en~
forms cliT ~I at
cfi11f 'Q'if;- forQi
11
1. I have never and will neve~an opportunist. (>c)
Vb.f

- 1 have never ~ and will neve~ be .an opportuntat

'y' •(v)

'Have' needs V 3 and 'will' takes Vb.r

2. Nothing has or will be more shocking than his denii
Add V3 after 'has'. V3 of 'be' (verb used here is 'been•~~
has been' is the correct form.
:I
5thing
• Certain Nouns look pl~al but are singular. They take singular verb
( ~ Nouns Plural~ f tR Singular~ ti ~~Singular Verb 3muli)
1. "The Arabian Nights" (1)/ are indeed (2)/ an interesting book.
No error (4) 1311
- ,~(-S S
.:..C- C-o mbined ~raduate Level Tier-I Exam. 26.06.201~ (Second Si~ ~
2. 'Gulliv~r's Travels' (1)/are indeed (2)/an interesting bo-o"!"k.~ (3_tf_N_o_~
Error (4) ,~ .. . . "-- _______
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 10.03.2013, 1st Sitting: Patna)

3. The US (1)/ don't want (2)/lndia in the Security Council. (3)/ No

Error.(4)

.
f
·- ----
---'
4. A Tale of Two Cities (1)/ are written (2)/ by Charles Dickens. (3)/
--
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21.04.20131

4
No error ( )/ ( S;C· ~;;i-Tasking Staff Exam. 24.0~.; 013, I5t Sitting)~

Answers
1. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'.
Here 'the Arabian Nights' is the name of one book and it is singular
so singular verb will be used.
2. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'.
'Gulliver's Travels' is a name of single book, hence it will take
singular verb.
3. (2)
Replace 'don't' with 'doesn't'. The 'U.S' is a single country,

4. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'. e

'A tale o f two cities'
· · is the name of singular book so 1'twill tak·
singular verb. -
KO LIVE
..""'l·P ,.. a+Hlii
•rn1SWlh --···· ·- ·-·
,ror• -
 pay attention to the yoice of the sentences.
• ( ~ cl; Voice 'CR t.<flif !°I)
- 1. Two resigned and one suspended. (•) ·
, He!~ the 1 st Se~tence_is A~~iv~ Voice but the 2 nd is Passive Voice.
(~ 1 st qJif?f Active Voice f Vcf 2 nd 'cfT'cRf" Passive Voice l I) *
Two resiped and one suspended. (>e)
on
• Here use Pass~ve Voice in the 2~dJ ,~rt.
(Jra: 2nd part~ Passive Voice cnT cfitl)
. . Two resigned and one was suspended.

192. The accused fled but the accomplice arrested. (>e)

on
The accused fled but the accomplice was
• Sentences of Present Imagination take V2 (ex~4;K! was)•-. - - - - - ~
*
(aA111a1 cl; cfii<"'qfolq; cfTcfm V 2 ('was' ~ ~ cfi"{) cnT «fitl) I Answers l
i-----
23. He walks (1)/ as if the earth (2)/ belongs to 23 . (3) Replace 'belongs' with
him (3)/ No error (4) 'belonged'. Here the action
I
(SSC (South Zone) Investigators Exam. 12.09.2010) given is completely unrealistic
possession of present hence it
will take 'V,,_'.
•If two Nouns are joined by a preposition and both Nouns are same, the
Nouns will be Singular in form and the verb will also be singular.
(3f1R Nouns 'Q"cfi' Preposition -;;rrQ' err~
Nouns Singular form M *
3tlt Verb 3ft' Singular mm-1)
f!!la... 1. Town after town _ (was/were) plundered.
1

I
Answers
1

I
i,..----
. _ . ,2. Door to door service _ (is/ are) available. 1. Ans. ~as
3 . Word for word repetition _ (is/are) not 2· is
allowed. 3. Ans. is
4 . Men after men have tumed up for the 4 -~_!!,after turned e;,9~
ceremony. (>e) . S.N · s.N s.v
up for the ceremony.

L
If divided or when per
person is emphasised I
1..
If united or Unanimous or
\COLLECTIVE NOUN~Jl used in General Sentences J
_____ ,_____,~ y y
Y Jury, Committee,
Army, Team S.V, S.A & it
P.V, P.A & they
The Jury _ _ (has/have) passed _ _ (its, their) order.
The class ___ (is/ are) going on _ _ (its/ their) room.
The committee _ _ (is/ are) divided in _ _ (their/ its) opinion.
The Jury ___ (has/ have) taken _ ____(i~s/ their) res~ective seats.
has,: are, their 4. have , their I 1

• Class No tes : Subj ect Vn b A~rct'mcnt

.....___
 In Synt~ questions c~~e from Adjective~ too .
• (Syntax Adjectives ~;r 3ft

-
1.
The lions kill the animals and eat his meat.
(1) The lions
3 kill the animals
(2)
4
and eat his meat
No error
(SSC CAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi Police SI Exam, 21.06.2015 (1st Sitting ) TF No 80
3
The luxuries of the riches are maintained by depriving the poor ·of 77a1I
2.
their dues.
(1) The luxuries of the riches (2) the poor of their d
(3) are maintained by depriving (4) No error Uea
(SSC CAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi Police SI Exam, 30.08.2015 TF N
o. 403977~

I
Answers j .
1. (2) Replace 'his' with 'their' because here the object (animals) is plu al
so it will take plural possessive adjective (their). r
2. (1) Replace 'the riches' with 'the rich'.

Suggest Want
/ \ y I
' y

'Suggest' takes 'that clause' 'Want' takes 'to clause'

I suggest to you to work hard. (x) I want that you work hard. 1x1

I suggest to you that you work hard. ( I want you to work hard. 111

Percentage & Percent

• Percentage is an Uncountable Noun. (Percentage Un countable Noun t)

:l~centage Uncountable Noun tft' Verb, Adjective, Pronoun ifiT
I)
Verb Adjective
\
' y
' y
'
iriiii
The percentage of girls is less than !!!fil of boys.
-
2.
KDUVE
. -
The Percentage of Oxygen is less than that of Nitrogen•
---
Su bject verb
Agreef!le~I
Class Notes
 entences of Percent, the 'Noun' that follows 'of decides whether the verb
• : ; be Singular or Plural. (Percent «li' '# 'of cl;' ilTG cmn 'Noun' ci1f t
•verb' Singular ~1:IT Plural)
, _ . 1. 2 1 % o f t h e ~ g i r l s .
P.N. P.V
2. 21% ofthe~Oxygen. .
U.NS.V
3 . More than 25% people admits they have not sent or received a hand-
written letter in the past decade. I Answers Ii --- - - - - - ,
I
(1) a hand-written letter t
2) More than 25% people admits 3 . (2) Replace 'admits' with 'admit'. x %
( of plural noun takes plural verb.
(3) they have not sent o~r!:.!
re! c~e!:Ji~v~e:!!d~============:;-----
(4) in the past decade I
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018, 16 March, 2019 Afternoon I
An Uncountable Noun always takes Singular Verb. (Uncountable
Noun ~IT Singular Verb ~ti)
- Ratio
1. Three-fourths of th~ syll;bus~been covered.
S.N S.V
2. One-third of the, student~ ~ absent.
T
P .N P.V
3. Two-thirds of the,informatio~incorrec..,__ _-1 Answers
y sv
U.N · 4 . (3) Replace ' have' with ' has'.
Rule: S .C.N + S .V
4. Nine-tenths (1)/ of the pillar (2)/ have Nine-tenths of~P.C.N + P.V
U.C .N+ S .V
rotted awa . 3 No error 4. 5 . (2) Replace ' has' with ' have'.
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam. 16.05.2010 (Ilnd Sitting) Rule: Three - fourths +
5. Three-fourths of the men (1)/ has gone (2)/ Plural countable noun +
Plural verb.
to war. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 16. 11.2014, 1st Sitting TF No. 333 LO 2)

Majority
1· Majority ~in favour of the bill.

2 • Majority - : ~ t h e ~ p a s s e d.

3. M . P.N P. V .

' .,
ajonty of the information is incorrect. (><)
'I
• Majority can come will i:;~y Countable Nouns. Hence Sentence 3 is incorrect.
5
(Majority if;T~fttq;' Countable Noun * ~ ~ t i Jra: cfTcRI" mrc=rtl)
• ?.ta·i]onty
• + S.V (Sentence 1)
• ld •

-
llJority of the P .N + PV (Sentence 2)
C lass Notes : Subject Verh Av;reemcnl
 ______________,,.__________ Number with P.C.N

r
A number of J The numb
'

• Os
\.':-8--......_ __ er Of
\

- A number come.
ii 0
The num er of~OOo.
P.C.N S.V
-;:l_N P~V
1. The number of guests (1)/ invited to the party
(2)/ are five hundred (3)/ No error (4)
----'
1. (3) Change 'are' into 'ia'
SSC (steno.) 2017, 12 Sept., Morning
because 'the nwnber
2 . A number of points of resemblance between the or denotes the 1

Australian and Dravidian languages is discovered,

number, hence it will l
take singular verb. l
despite the fact that the homes of the two races
are SO far apart. Stenographer- 2018 8 Feb., 2019 Evening 2. (4) Replace 'is' with 'have
been'. A number of
(1) despite the fact (2) point of resemblance takes plural noun and
(3) so far apart (4) is discovered plural verb.

In large number, quantity or

r,,.--------+---------..,
Plenty of amount. (~mm;rrt~

with with with

' Plural Countable Uncountable

Singular Countable
Noun(1 )~
Noun (xJ
\ I \.'---Y-
V takes s.V
takes P.V
p;o 1. 1 have plenty of ,friends,- (
P.N "
2. I have plenty of,infonnation, (
y
3. Plenty o~bo~k8,!~~iiitable.
P.N P.V

. verb Mre
KDLIVE lass Notes : SubJect
 plenty o f ~ e e d e d .
4, U.N S.V

Plenty of boy are here. (>e)

5,
c)lallge 'boy' into 'boys'.
A great plenty of stamina is needed in wrestling. (>e)
6, c)lallge 'a great plenty or into 'a great deal or or 'plenty or.
A great plenty of furniture is lying in the godown. (>e)
1. •Great' with 'plenty' becomes superfluous.
('Great' q;r 'iJm"1f 'plenty' cl; ffltr Superfluous ~~ti)
Plenty of furniture is lying in the godown.

Great deal
• A great deal of means 'to a great degree or extent (i511fft R cfc5). It can come
with UncoUDtable Nouns only. (°t U.N cl; ffltr ~ .,:.:...>._,I.,___ ____,
1- I have a great deal of book. (>e)
.._., 2. I have a great deal of books. (>e)
-----1
Answers
3. I have a great deal of 4 . (2) Replace ' a great deal
4. I read (1)/ a great deal of (2)/ books • .....,___0_f' _._th
_ wi P1
_ '_ _e_n_ty
_ o_ r_ ._ __
(3)/ No Error (4)
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff'Exam. 10.03.2013, 1st Sitting: Patna)

More than one

Structures

D - More than one ,student.._i s~bsent

w S'. V
S .N
-
JD ~ ~ t h a n one~come.
P.N P.V

A lot of & lots of

• Both mean the same a large amoUDt or number of (people or tbiup).
(~ct;rv«tiftrit)
-------t
(~1'm~mt*I)
l.
2.
I have a lots of friends.
f
1 Answers . 1 i--------
I

A lot of~pending. 1. Remove 'a '.

U.N S.V 2. No error. Either use 'lots or or 'a lot or.
3. 3. No error.
A lot o~pe~pl~rn!ssiug.
4. Change 'lot or into 'a lot or or 'lots of'.
P.C.N P. V
4.
Lot of boys are absent.

KD LIYE
•BBi Class :-:mes : Subject \"erb Agreemem:

11111..........
 Plural Countable N
Uncountable Noun (U.N) ..___~=------- oun IP ·CN
E veryone of the ·,
mu,
The whole of a thing ~aft group

~ well tha~ ell.

Eg: -
s.v s.v
2. All that,. glittersJ.~ not gold.
y T
s.v s.v
3. ~ well at home.
P.V

a.n@ 1. One must perform his duty himself.(") Anawera

..,_ Q!!! must perform one's duty
1. one (singular)

--------.. J
2. ones (plural)
2. This car is better than that _ _ .
3. These books are more useful than those __ .

Difference between ones & once

se 1. These halls are more spacious than t hose_ _ . Answers - - -

1 . Ones (Plural of One) : to avoid
2. He disappeared at_ _ . repetition of Plural Noun use
'ones'.
3. He comes here_ _ in a while. 2 . At once : suddenly (3ftJTiAi)
3. Once in a while : occasionallY
(~..q;1ft}
4. He came here only_ _ .
4 . Only once : (fir4; Vitt iR) 1ast
5. Once and for all : for tbe
5. I am warning you_ _ and for all. time (31tffl~ illt)
6 . Once upon a ti111e :
6. __ upon a time, there lived a king.L_:il~l!!
d,!3":.,_________

P.C.N
r
S.C.N
---
,4J&P
f<I > I I\ I . . . . II d-
1111 CEtUSWllff:SW-
~ 1, some ~ miaaing.
P.C.N P.V
2 . some ~ lying in the room.
U.N S.V
3 , some, RahU:/ boyJ.1;i•tanding at the gate.
S.N S.V

Some &

_A_,
lt With Positive Sentences
.ft qi FU c-11 qi cfTifm cli' m~
*
),
With Negative Sentences
oiqiHic-Aqi cl;' ffl~
)b ~ With Interrogative Sentences
~ ith Interrogative Sentences if
the answer is expected in 'yes'. V!toi .ft qi cl;' ffl~
Vlfif.ft~ cJ; cli' m~ lfm ·~·
"
" Jl 3Rfla cfif I Answers
91.2. I have_ _ problems.
I don't have_ _ problem.
1. Some
3 . Any
2. any
4. some
5. some
3. Do you have_ _ problem? 6 . No any cannot come together
4. May I have _ _ water? I have no information. Or, I
don't have any information.
5. Could you lend me_ _ money 7. any(~lft)
6. I have no any information. Here the sentence is not negative still
'any' can come.
7. You can apply for_ _ post.
• These are Uncountable Pronouns. They take Singular verb.
91. Something~issing. 2. ~anything required?
s.v s.v
3. Nothing?impossible.
s.v Many
• A large number of ( ~ rt)
'Many• comes with only •countable Nouns '. We use ' much ' with Uncountable Noun

Many+ P.N + P.V

Many,peopleA!!_rqaiting for him.
yt
P.N P.V
I'\._

Many a+ S.N + S.V

Many a ~ failed the dope test.

-
S.N S. V
Class Notes · Suhjcct Verb Agreement
Kn I l\'F
 A
A great many + P.N + P.V
In a ~4: DIUDber
A
} (lnft &en 3') •
A good many + P.N + P.V
A great m a n y ~ brought laurels for the country.
P.N P.V

1 _ A great many student (1)/ have been declared (2)/ successful. (3)/ No erro
(4) (SSC Combined Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.06.2011 (Se . r,
COndsj~
2. Most countries in the world ( 1)/ is for (2)/ peace. (3)/ No error.(4)
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 17.03.2013, KolkataRe ,
3. Many a man (1)/ have realized (2)/ that real happiness lies in making gu,UJ
sacrifices. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 17.03.2013, Kolkata Region)
4. Many a man want to be rich quickly.
(1) rich quickly (2) want to be {SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 16.08.2015
(3) Many a man (4) No error {Ilnd Sitting) TF No. 2176783)
5. Many a man have (1)/come to India from Canada (2)/ to live here
permanently. (3)/No error (4). ssc (steno.) 2017, 13 Sept., Morning
6. Many a girl were influenced by the inspirational lecture given by the Nobel
laureate. Stenographer- 2018 8 Feb.,
(1) Nobel laureate (2) were influenced 2019 Evening
(3) inspirational lecture (4) Many a girl
7. Many a man would welcome the opportunity.
(SSC Section Officer IAudi~
(1) Many man (2) A many man Exam, 199'1l
(3) Many a men (4) No improvement
8. Many a man have died of cancer.
(1) No improvement (2) have died from (SSC CGL Tier·~:;
(3) have been dying of (4) has died of 25.10.2015, TF No. 2
9. How many country are there in Europe? LDC pS()I
2 5
(1) countries are their in (2) country are there on (SSC CHSL (J0+ 1 15_j1,20l
PA/SA ExJUJl, 663~1
(3) countries are there in (4) No improvement (1st Sitting) TF No,

I Answers j
1. (1) Replace 'student' with 'students'. uo
After ' many' , , a great man y' and ' a good many' plural count a ble 110
comes. t' iS
5
2. (2) · h , are' Since 'countries' is a plural subject an d •01°
R ep 1ace '·is ' wit t' is tbe
Superlative Degree of 'many' here. For uncountable nouns 'JJlOS
Superlative Degree of 'Much' .
3. (2) Replace 'have' with 'has' . ""'
Here 'man• is singular noun so it will take singular verb.
KD LIVE
. iltl-6h+4i&litMBfl•·.,
 la e ,rant' with 'wants' because here the main subject ' man' ia
4
. (2) ~ep c and will take Singular Verb.
~ 'have' into 'h~s• because after 'Many a/ an' + singular countable
5. (1) C in followed by singular verb.
110
~ce •were' with 'was'. 'Many a ' takes singular Subject and Singular
6 (21 Rep
· Verb .
•l'tf ya' is followed by singular noun so 'many a man' 1s correct.
7. 14 1 au:ace 'have died of' with ' has died of'. ' Many a ' is followed by singular
s. (4 ) Rep11 and singular verb.
;:;iace 'country are these' with 'countries are there'. 'Many' is followed
9· 131
by plural noun.

STRUCTURE
One

Each

Every Singular Singular Singular Singul ar

- Noun Verb Adjective Pronoun

- Only

Singular Adj ectives ,

9 1. E a c h ~ d o ne ~ wor~ him:elf. , -----1! Answers i,---------i
1
S.N s. v S .A S .P 2 . Change 'posts' into 'post'.
2. You can apply for any p osts. (>e) 3 . Change 'movies' into
3. Every movies you suggested were 'movie' 'were' into 'was'
worth watching. (>e ) 4 . Change 'their' into 'his'.
4. Each boy has handed their work. s. Change 'have' into 'has' and
5. Each boy and each girl have done 'their' into 'his'/ 'her'.
their work. 6 . Here 'have' comes with 'we'.
6. We each have been rewarded.
STRUCTURE
Each 1·M#C:l4ii•UiW

-
Singular S i ngu l ar
Singular - Adjective Pro n oun
•

-
Pronoun - -
Many a+ S .N.
None
More than one + S .N.
r.:ii-..--l!"llla Nothin but + Sub"e c t

C lnss Not,'S : Suhjl'<'I \" Nh .-\greemc-nt

111111"""'"

·1. On~ must perform one's duty oneself, Answer,

2. Someone is waiting for me. t 3. (1) Replace 'are' \Vith , ,
0
3. Everyone are expected (1)/ to come (2)/ because everyone ia
school tomorrow. (3)/ No error (4) everybody takes 11 d
11
,t°
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC verb with it. CU!ar
· Exam. 21.10.2012 (2nd Sitting)) 4. (2)
Replace 'are' with 'i ,
1
4. Every child in the claas (1)/ are wearing When words like e •
ach
I
(2)/ sandals today. (3)/ No error (4) every, either, neither'
111
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 10.03.2013) used as subjects, the are
take singular verb. Y
s. Every boy and every girl (1)/ were given 5. (2) Replace 'were' with ,wa,•
(2)/ a packet of sweets. (3)/ No error (4)
I/ because 'every' takes
(SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam-2013, 27.04.2014) singular verb with it.
6. Everyone were happy to hear about his 6 . (4) Replace 'were' with 'was'
111 success. because 'everyone' is
'1
1 (1) to hear (2) about his success followed by Singular Verb,
,r/ (3) No error (4) Everyone were happy
(SSC CAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi Police SI Exam, 21.06.2015 (1s t Sitting) TF No. 80377311
-
STRUCTURE
Each Everyone
Someone
Singular . -Plural Noun/ Plural

-
Pronoun _ Somebody +of+ ·'. Pronoun

-
None Neither Singular
Everybody Either Adjective
11111
1. One of.~come.
P.P S.V
2. Everyone ofthe~waiting.
. P.N S.V

3. None_o ~ h e r e .
P.P S. V

4. One of the terrorists (1)/ of the Kashmir valley (2)/ are shot dead, (3)/ No
error (4 ) (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 16,11•
20031

5. Either of the roads (1)/ lead (2)/ to the park (3)/. No error. (4)
2 2006)
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam, 10, 1 ·
6. One of my desires (1)/ are to become (2)/ a doctor (3)/. No error, (4)
2006)
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam, 10,l 2 '

KIJ I.IVI•:

-
 • Each of the in thte co(m)p/ute r class (1)/ h as to t ype (2 )/ their own
7 research paper • aemes er. 3 No e rror . (4 )
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 14.12.2008)
. Each of these boys (1)/ play games (2)/ in the playground. (3)/ No error (4)
8
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam. 16.09.2012)
• one of the most important factor (1)/ that c ontribute to the success of a
9 person (2)/ is his s incerity. (3)/ No error . (4 )
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 17.03.2013, Kolkata Region)

10.Each of the girls (1 )/ are (2)/ clever. (3)/ No error (4)

(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 24.03.2013, 1st Sitting)
11. Each one of y ou (1) / m ust make up the ir min d (2)/ as I did. (3) / No error (4).
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21.04.2013, 1st Sitting)
12.one of the (1)/ most dangerous di~~ase (2)/is AIDS (3)/. No error (4)
(SSC Constable (GD) Exam. 12.05.2013, 1st Sitting)
13.Each of these boys (1) / play (2)/ gam es . (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam. 29.09.2013)
14.0ne of the m o st (1)/ widely spread .(2)) b a d habit -is t he u se of tobacco. (3)/
No error (4). (SSC GL Tier-I Exam. 19.10.2014, 1st Sitting)

15. One of my teacher h as received the Sahitya ·Akadem i award.

(1) the teac her (2) my teachers
(3) teacher (4) No improvement
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (llnd Sitting)

16. One of my friend is an e ngine e r. .

(1) One o f m y friend s (2 ) One among my frien d s
(3) One of friend of m ine (4) No improvement
(SSC (1 0 +2} Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 28.10.2012 (1st Sitting)
. .

( Answers \
4. (3) Replace 'are' with 'was'. If 'of' is used after 'each', every, one etc, the
Noun or Pronoun that comes immediately after 'of' will be Plural in
form. However the verb, Pronoun, Adjective etc. that comes in the latter
part of the sentence will be singular in form. This sentence is of past so
use 'was'.
Structure:
One+ of+ Plural Noun+ Singular Verb
5 · (2) Replace 'lead' with 'leads'.
The structure we follow for this type of sentence is
Either+ of + plural noun + singular verb.

Class Notes : Subject Verb A~rccmcn\

KU I.IV! ·.
6. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'.
If 'or is used after 'each', 'every' 'one' etc, the Noun or Pron
Comes immediately after 'of' will be plural in form. Howeve · 01111 that
that comes in latter part of the sentence w ill b e singular. r the \terb
7. (3) Replace 'their' with 'his',
The structure we follow is
Each of the+ Plural Noun+ Singular verb/ Pronoun/ AdJecttv
If 'or is used after 'each', the Noun or Pronoun that COJnes afte.
be plural in form. However, the verb , Pronoun, Adjective ther'or t "111
in the latter part of the sentence will be singular. a conie1
8. (2) Replace 'play' with 'plays'
Structure: Each of + plural noun + singular verb.
9. (1) Replace 'factor' with 'factors'.
'One of' is followed by Plural Noun and Singular Verb.
10. (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'.
'Each of' is followed by plural Noun and Singular Verb.
11. (2) Replace 'their' with 'your'. 'Each of you' will take possessive adjective
'your'.
15. (2) Replace 'my teacher' with 'my teachers'.
'One of' is followed by Plural Noun.
16.(1) Replace 'one of' my friend' with 'one of my friends'.
• 'One of' is followed by plural noun and singular verb.

~ •oatof'two'.(1t#V'"5'")'!1ir) ·
1
0'o11tof'llmethaat:wo•~ (~·318'¥ #W'Qll'lft" 1

'l''Ollt oftwo. (ll'it .. 111')

~• 'Every'
-------..;.;;;.a.;_---____,;---=--:..~
'Each'
1 . Neither of the three routes are safe.
2. None of my knees needs surgery. Answers
L - . - - -,-=-:-- t-:-_
3 . Either of the fifty guests has lost his bag. 1. Change 'neither 'none'
ua 0
4. _ part of a banana tree is u s eful.
and 'are' into 'is'. , ithet',
5. Man must value _ stage of his life. 2 . Change 'none' into ne ,
(A) Each (B) Every 3. Change 'either' :-t ua 0
•one ·
(C) All (D) Any 4. 'each'
6. Neither of these two documents (1)/
5. Ans. (A) 'each'. , tritb
support your claim (2)/ on the property 6. (2) Replace 'support
(3)/ No error (4) •
'supports'. uJd be
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC The structure 110
ust ,.
Exam. 04.12.2011 (llnd Sitting (North Zone) Neither of + pl1JT1U
singular verb -
11111-if&h I
I, I) I I\ ' I
 ffeitber of the sisters (1)/ are sensible enough r------'' 'i ------.
7. ,, )/ to ca! ry out the plan.(3)/ No error (4) Anawera I
7 . (2) Replace 'are' with 'is'
2
(SSC CGL Tier-II Exam.12.04.2015 Kolkata becau•e 'neither of' is
r Region, TF No . 315 RI 31
followed by Plural
Neither of the scout leaders know (1)/ how to Noun and Singular
8· trap ,rild animals (2)/ or how to prepare them Verb
for 111ounting (3)/ No ~rror (4 ) 8 . (1) Replace 'know' with
ssc CGL-2016 (7th September, Morningl 'knows'. 'Neither of
one of these two books is good. takes singular verb.
9 · (1) ADY of this (2) Either of these 9. (2) Re place 'one of these'
'3) ADY other of this (4) No improvement wit h ' either of these' .
' 'Either' is used for
(SSC GL Tier-I Exam. 19.10.20141 'two perso n'

A
ft1. One of t h e ~ w h o ~ submitted ~ w o r k ~ done.work thi~self,
P.N P.V P.A S. V S.A S.P
2. She is one of the greatest leaders that was active in freedom struggle .
3, He is one of the players who plays for his country and not for money.
4. It is I who is to blame.
5. Isn't it me who is at loss?
6. It is I (1)/who is to blame.(2)/for this bad situa!ion(3)./ No Error.(4)
..... -~
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 05.12.2004)
... "~- ,,.
7. Kambli is one of the players (1)/ who has been selected (2)/ for the test
match. (3)/ No error (4). (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 10.12.2006)

8. He is one of those writers (1)/who has won acclaim (2)/the world

over.(3)/No error (4). (SSC st~tistical Inve~tigators Grade-IV Exam. 31 .7.2005)

9. Do you know that it was I (1)/ who has done (2)/ this piece of beautiful
work? (3)/ No error.(4)
(SSC Combined Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 26.06.2011 (First Sitting)
10. One of the most important factor (1)/ that contribute to the success of a
person (2)/ is his sincerity. (3)/ )!o_~!1'0!• (~)
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 17,03.2013, Kolkata Region)

[ Answers ]
2 • Change 'was' into 'were'. _
3 • Change 'plays' into 'play' and 'his' into 't heir '·
4 • Change 'is' into 'am'.
5· Change 'me' into 'I' and 'is' into 'am'
'It + be' takes Subject form of Pronoun.

....__
KO LIVE
- Closs Notes : Suhjecl Ve rb Agreement
 6. Replace 'is' with 'am'. The verb that follows a relative Pron
(2)
'who') agrees to the antecedent
, oun, ,Utere
to the relative pronoun (h ere
1)
7. (2) Replace 'has' with 'have •
The verb used after the relative Pronoun depends upon it 8
Here 'antecedent' of 'who ' is Pura
I 1· antecede
llt
So plural verb will be used. ·
8. (2) Replace 'has' with 'have'.
The verb that comes after relative Pronoun depends upon its
antecedent. Here antecedent of Relative Pronoun (who) is Plurai
(writers) hence it will agree with Plural verb (have). liou11
9. (2) Replace 'has done' with 'have done'. The verb to be used afiter ~eJa
Pronoun depends on its antecedent. Here antecedent of 'who' . tite
is 'I'
hence it will agree with plural verb (have) but the sentence is i ,
So change 'have' into 'had'. n Past,
10.(1) Replace 'factor' with 'factors'.
'One of' is followed by Plural Noun and Singular Verb.

In the examples given above, the 've rb' following the 'Relative Pronoun'
agrees to the 'antecedent' t o the Rela tive Pronoun'.
(3i'tR fair~ 3~1iHOI~ R" ~~~'Relative Pronoun ' cli" ifTa" 311.t crraT 'Verb' 'Relative
Pronoun' cfi' Ancedent cfi' 31imR'
.:)
~I)
.:)

w..a Apart f rom this try to understand the meaning of the whole sentence and
use suitable parts of speech.
( ~ 3raTiIT cfi' 3f1t ..... fQ' 3q~cf<1 Parts of Speech cf;T ififl)
-..,../\
. .,;
,_. There is only one of his n ovels tha t have been publishe d.
'Change 'have' in t o 'has'. Here 'Only one novel' has been published is what
the sentence means. {~ ifiT .ri t ffr'q;- Viti" novel tft° UtJT J I )

SSC TIER-Ill +SSC CHSl TIER-II

DESCRIPTIVE ENGLISH
Classes On
Letter Writing ONL~ J. . / .

3499/-.?)r{;;.r:
lm ~ esslve Essays
lll-:f¥¥i't-¥•J;•
Soclal Issues ,,, .,,,.

ma, : on me campus.org on ac : 9555108888 ,

,rccn1cnl
l<D I.I VF
142 ( 'lass Noll's :
• .. ·
S U 1JJ Cl
•1 VcrlJ Ag
 CAUSATIVE VERBS

Orders,
Does Verb · OD Object
Forces,
• Pays etc
subject .. ,.
~~Wif Verbs that indicate that one person
W (Subject) causes another person (Agent) to do (verb) on someone o r
something (Object) . The Subject can cause the Agent to do '
something either by paying, requesting, asking· or forcing the Agent Jr.,,
,i, '
to do it. . '.,

(cIT Verbs isid idl a.Qfc,<1 (cliol) a.Qfc,<1 (Agent) ~T

qi{,r..a&cr1 $', sra- m (~)
cfi-t1a1 3tt"t fsf;"m
6Z1~<1 3ttrcfT .:>
(Object) q--{' ~I)

CAUSATIVE VERBS

Make
~---~
HAVE

Sub. +
agent ,Bare In,:initive/ Obj. Sub. +y + obj + V3 + by + agent
I t
according t o V b.r. according to
tense tense

1. 1 had him do the work. 1. I had the work done by him.

2. 2. Mohit has his car washed
She has Alok do her
homework. every week.
3, I will have my suit stitched
Rajesh will have Rohini buy a 3.
Sari for his mother. soon.

C lass N otes : CAUSATIVE VERBS

Eg.: in (l)/ to have this certificate (2)/ attest by the I>t
I am go g rector
No error. (4) (SSC (10+2) Level Data 11:nt • (a1,
LDC
...__ _ Exam.
___ 04.
_12.2011
_ _ _ (Und ..._;::::!gry
_ _SittiQ Op,?\tor,
~llfoftll
Ans:- (3) ' H ere 'have ' ia a causative Verb
'attested' will replace 'attes\· ~ 11e1
takes V3 after it. If 'by agent at the end. tJa.t

Sub. \ ~~/ agent + ~nfi~ tive1 + Obj.

Sub. +~ + obj. + V 3 + by + Agent
according Vb.f_
to tense according
to tense

1. I got the servant to clean my

1!111
1. Manisha got her car sold.
house.
2. 2. People will get their names
I will get an agent to book my registered.
ticket.
3. 3. She usually gets her hair
I always get an experienced
coloured.
teacher to teach my students.
4. Get this book (1)/ be published (2)/ in time. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator&
LDC Exam. 04.12.2011 (Ilnd Sitting (NorthZooel

5. We hope devotees will (1)/ participate in the event and (2)/ ge·t spiritually
benefit. (3)/ No Error (41 [ ,.,.~
__ SSC (steno.) 2017, 11 Sept., Mo _
Fi\:B\Hiir 4. 5
(21 Remove 'be•. After causative verb •get', V
3
3
· ( ) Change 'benefit' into 'benefitted' because 'get' is followed by
V3.

MAKE
STRUCTURE
Sub. +~ ak~ + Agent + V + ob•~
--y- b .f ~•
According to tense

. . 1. I made him do the work.

2.
3. I will make the students complete the syllabus in time.

-
She makes us get up early in the morning.
 Infinitiv~• ~•t::
'Make' as Causative Verb takes , 0

Ill
Infinitive in Passive Voice (C Bare Infinitive' in A ti
•Make' ,); ilr.:" 'Bare
to 1 H
Ver~;);~ JI' cA;;~v: t:~c:n:
Passive Voice # Infinitive 'ffr-:IT
- • e made us~d the work. (A. V) ~""
Bare Infinitive
We were made ~t d the work by him. (P.V)
Infinitive
2. She made the child to study bard.
(1) to study bard ,-: -:
(SSC - -(10+2)
CHSL - - LDC,
- -DEO
- -&-
PA/SA Exam, 06. 12.2015 (lat
Sitting) TF No. 1375232)
(2) No Error
(3) She made
(4) the child
T~e landlady made me changing the design of the
3.
kitchen three times.
(1) the design SSC(CPOJPre-2018
12 March, 2019 Evening
(2) made me
(3) changing
(4) of the kitchen
(11 Replace 'to study' witb •study'. After causative verb
I Answers ] 2. 'made' bare infinitive (Vb.dis used.
3. (31 Replace 'changing' witb 'cbange'. Make + v..,. Make wben
used as a causative verb Is followed by Bare Infinitive
(base form of verb)

EXPERT INSTRUCTORS
LEARN FROM EXPERIENCED FACULTY
•

Class Notes CAUSATIVE VEIWS

 CHECK THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

l
Have
1. Agent may or may not 1. Agent is present i
1. Agent may or may not the sentence.
11
be given in the
be given in the
sentence. sentence. ( ~ 'it Agent~
( ~ 'it Agent 3ft ( ~ 'it Agent 3ft 2. The Main action ia in
~i~~aftl) ~t311'{-nft"3ftl) (~ m ifiT form~
2. The Main action is in 2. The Main action is in ( 1) Bare Infinitive
(~q;rtq;yform ~)- (.:,~ cfilt cliT form WIT)- (Vb.f) - In Active
.:,
(1) Infinitive (to Vb.f) Voice
(1) Bare Infinitive
(Vb.r) (2) V 3 (2) Infinitive (to + vb~
(2) V 3 - In Passive Voice

There are two more similar verbs that are not Causative Verbs by
definition but they make similar sentence structure.
(~~Verbs .rl'1f Causative Verb t cffcRf cfi iiiciilqe Causative
Verb c:Cr~tl) .:,
· 1 LET
1 LET . Allow/ Permit (~cr1'1Q
- - - ~ ------~
"~ --
STRUCTURE - 1 ;
- - - -- - - - -- --- -

Subject+~~/ agent+ Vb.f + object

according to Tense
I will let you drive my car.
- 2.
1. My father has let me choose my career.
3. I cannot let you swim in this pool.
4. Let me go.
2 HELP
Meaning .ff 81'4dl Cfil'ilT .
idf'e+obJ
Subject + help + agent + Infinitive + obj Subject+help+agent+Bare~
y
according v b.f.
y Vb.f•
according
to tense to tense

--
1uocli·
- He ·helped me to do my work. She helped me prepare
l<D LIVE Closs Notes
 MOOD
indicates the mood or intention of the speaker.
~ acfcfT~~~Mood~G1ffi,l't1
There are three moods in English:
# cft;f' Moods ti

Indicative Mood
----+---- Opinion
•··•c01
Exam le
The Sun is a star
[universal truth] _
J '-----------
Exam le
You seem confused
Examole
Is it raining?
·I

• Remember that facts come in universal truth which is in Present Indefinite

Tense. / tAnil' nf 1%" 'QcJ;' 'universal truth cli' facts ' Present Indefinite Tense 'it"~
~t,
· Imperative Mood
----t----
Order
x111mp
Request
e Jj
B&i%A114@M,M
i Exam le I
Examp le /
Go away Please help m:.____J Take medicine on time

• How Mood influences Narration:

~~Mood Narra tio n tff 1il1fTq sli@T t:
1. He said, "Babies drink milk." [Universal truth]
He said that Babies drink milk .
• No change of tense takes place if a universal truth is changed into indirect
speech.
~~universal truth~ indirect speech 'it"~ foil" Tense il'a1-IT
t1
2. He said, "Babies, drink milk." (Imperative sentence]
He ordered the babies to drink milk.
Here just a comma(,) has changed the mood of the sentence
fit4;- 'QcJ;' comma (,) ;l' qJcflf cl;' mood~ q~qfctd cfR' h t

V.I, I J°/f
llfl Lia~~ :--.:,,1,,~ : \l<JfJ!J

b
 -

subjunctive Mood

~------>'--------
/
Past Subjunctive Mood
Present Subjunctive Mood

r Indirect Suggestions, Orders,

Requests, Requirements etc.
J Unrealistic Imaginations
Improbabilit·1e1. lllld

Past Subjunctive Mood

We use 'V ' (except 'was') in Past Subjunctive Mood. It expresses

• *
improbab:Uties. / pr Past Subjunctive Mood 'V2 ' (was ifR') ifiT
f I cfif improbabilities ~ITTIT t1
Examples ,~ Answers
1. If I _ you, I would beat him black and blue. (be) 1. were
2. What would you do if you ___ a dinosaur? (see)
2. saw
3. It's time you _ _ _ in bed. (be)
4. He talks as if he was the Prime Minister. (Change 'was' into 3. were
'were'.)
5. He walks as if the whole earth belongs to him. (Change
'belongs' into 'belonged')
Present Subjunctive Mood

We use the base form of verb in Present Subjunctive Mood. It expresses

•
indirect suggestions, orders etc.
pr Present Subjunctive Mood *
verb cRr' base form ifiT cfi«l' f I cfif,
indirect suggestions, orders etc. ~lTcrr t1
. t (Cb~ge
Examples 1. This civil case doesn't require that he is presen ·
'is' into 'be')
JllaiJJS
2· In this criminal case, it is imperative that he, relllaiJJ'l
present in the court. (Change 'remains' into re
J\lllligbt1
3· According to a parable Savitri prayed to the )
that her husband be b;ought back.to life. (NO errot
 - --

4,
Present Subjunctive M - - -

Our teacher suggested to us that every

(i) to .give (ii) gave (iii) gives (iv) give

one O
f
-
us - - - our best shot.

Ans. (iv) ·

s. The cabin crew advised that every passenger "' t

error) .
hi
aas en s seat belt. (No

6. I would rather he stay at home. (Cha nge 'stay' into 'stayed')

7. I had rather tell him the truth. (No e rro r)

8. The staff demanded that they be paid the Diwali bonus. (No error)
9. God saves the world I (Change 'saves' into 'save')
10. May God bless him I (No error)

11. Long live the king I (No error)

12. It is necessary that every boarder informs his parents. (Change 'informs'
into 'inform')

_-· .. Present Subjunctive Mood

Explanation of 6 & 7
Would rather, Had rather, Had Sooner, Had better express wish or strong
desire. They take second form of verb ( V2 ) after them but if followed by
another subject (as in 6), and base form if no such subject follows (as in
7).

~,,a,
Would rather, Had rather, Had Sooner, Had better1Jil'if'~11T~iR
1'1 subject cl;' if1'4 base form 31@1' I' (tt- sentence 7) 3PR' had
rather, had better $c=41~ cli'il14cfilt~ subject 31T~ (tt-Sentence 6) 'ffiV2
(was clil' mJ iR') c5T ~I

Example

The bank would rather you paid by cheque but you had rather pay in cash.

KO LIV E
- Class Notes : MOOD
jiP

INVERSION
Inversion is the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or a hr .
~F{Ui 'clTcR'R'~~cli~q;r~Inversion ifi(foiid l ~ I P Ille,
These are two types ~f inversion.
'Inversion' 1jlifi'R' cli f-
SUBJECT-VERB INVERSION (Complet e I nver s ion) - Where the subje
the main verb switch positions and the word order becomes verb + ctblr!d
Generally this order is used when a sentence starts wi! h an Adverb:~ ~ect,
SUBJECT-VERB INVERSION (Complete Inver sion) - subject mj m,,,~Jlace.
~ -JJtr.t 3IT'm' jf
•
cf,'{ {'1 (1 tt I
-~
.,m. ,..\,
t-
,1GG1 ctiT snJJ' tt• ;jf'@J'
~Verb
verb+
s ubject f tl'1 ir4 d : sli'1I" ctiT d'il' -;;rif' 'cf1cRI' cf;t ~R"~ Adverb of place t

~I
J , _ Bere,co1;1esAthe : sin~
verb Sub
½~SUBJECT-AUXILIARY VERB INVERSION (Partial Inve r sion):- Where the
subject and the auxiliary verb switch positions and the word order becomea
'Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb'.
SUBJECT- AUXILIARY VERB INVERSION (Partial Inversion):- subject vt
auxiliary verb 3ftr.t.3Jtr.l' f 3t~ q;r ii'1I" t;.
'Auxiliary verb + s ubject + main verb'.
Subject
, _ Never._di) CI'~ there.
Auxiliary Main
verb verb
Inversion is used in the following types of sentences-
Inversion q;r~ f.l;,:;;:rrn~a VcfiR"cli~'R'~~I
.Q.1. Interrogative Sentences (~oilfflcfi 'R'):-
1. ~ him? Answers
P1t'Zt1P' A. V S main verb
th
2. ~ hard? 3 . ( 1) The first part of e •··
d as
A. V S main verb
sentence should rea , lJ1
3. Bow long it takes (1)/to travel ' How long does it take ·ce
e11teJ1
from Chennai to Trichy (2)/ by an interrogative 5 snes
train? (3)/ No error. (4) the helping verb co
before the subject, , ¢tll
(SSC GL Tier-II Exam. 21 .0 9 . 2014 )
4. (1) Replace 'she \\'as
4. Why she was angry with her
son? 'was she'.
(1) she was (2) angry with fdO~g
(3) her son (4) Why 9
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018 12 March, 2ot

11:D Ll\'E
lf.i•I Class Ncites : IN\ 'FRSIO:"<
 lfAGINARY POSITION OF PRESENT
2. I
f the sentence is of imaginary position , it is of the fio 11owing structure-
I
¢ i:1fcFf cfiit"'qp.j cfi cfiT en
cfiT structure f.) r91 ft:!~ c1~ 'C'I t'll •II•

- ~ abird, ~
If+ Sub main verb Sub would V1

Bu~ if we remove 'if' from such imaginary sentences, 'were' which is the
a n verb. here, comes before the subject and then the structure of the
111 1
sentence 1s-
3PR' imaginary sentences, ll° 'if 'were' ~ ~main verb t
subject cfi' 3IT IQclii .HR 'd"it' cfiT structure~-

a bird, '--}J
main verb Sub S ub would V1

~'k CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OF PAST:- Conditional sentences of past is

fiQ generally of the following formation.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:- itcicfifol Conditionals Sentences cl;'~ cfiT
formation Pt N1~ffac1 1TctiR ll"

- If I
If+ Sub H .V V3 Obj Sub+ H.V V3 Obj
But if we remove 'if ' from such Imaginary Sentences, 'had' which is an
auxiliary verb here comes before the subject and then the structure of the
sentence is-
3f1Tl Pf"~ Imaginary sentence s ll" 'If' ~~a-a
f ffi auxiliary verb 'ha d'
subject cl;' ~ 3IT '3fraT ~MR"~ cfiT structure~ 11cfi'R' irif ~I

.. see you, I would

If+ Sub V3 Obj Sub+ H .V V3 Obj
• 'Should' can come in place of 'if' in Conditional Sentences (of real or open
condition). . .
'Should' cfiT 3ft' 'if cl;'~ t r { ~ ~ ~ (Realm open condition ifra" 1l)
D Should you need my help, do call me.
I!~ SHORT ANSWERS:- Short answers start with 'So' if the answer is positive
re;, and 'Neither' if the answer is negative. If a sentence starts with 'So' or
'Neither' the auxiliary verb comes before the subject.
SHORT ANSWERS:- 'Short Answers' cfil' 'So' ll° answer .
positive 3iR' 'Neither' ll" 3J7R' ans~er negative ~I 3f1R cfi' 1l"
....:_o• 11T 'neither' 3l@T ~en~
inversion 1l° ~I
a.a., 1. I don't like playing football.
Negative Short Answer Neither do I.
2. I am tired.
Positive Short Answer So am I.
Class Notes : l!':VEHSION
DD
 In the same way there are certain other examples though they do n ot rau,1
category of short answers. 1l th
ifllt ir,m: >MJ 3rr'II 341~••1 lit hiit 1fllntshort answers ;l; 3icrmr 3ll(t lf. '
D ..,
1. Wheat is not native to India and neither is Barley.
r EA 1he how inversion i.e. 'is' before 'Barley' comes if the senten
, £CUP with neither but it is not a case in a normal sentence i.e. ce •tarts
31m' Neither t ,IB l cft 'is' cfiT 'Barley'
mtmUT~#~;rfll ·
Wheat is not native to India and Barley isn't either.
,Ba~ ey +'"--v-:--
~n~ comes if the sentence starts with a ,8 ub"~ect•
Explanation: 1
.
,Ba~ley, +~ cfiT 1Fn1T ~ I 3f1R' qfcf?f 'subject' (Barley) t ~Jli
- SUb Ve,b • ~ ti
11.:217 2. Canada does not require the citizens of the United Stat tO
passport when they visit the country and es have
Answers:
(i) Mexico _ _ _ _ (i) Mexico

~.. (ii) _ _ _ _ Mexico

OPTATIVE SENTENCES:- In Sentences of , . h' ,

(ii) Neither

- .--~~
.
© - comes before the 'subject'.
OPTATIVE SENTENCES·- 'wish' 't!ci' , ,
wis ' prayer and curse 'May'
· · 'May' cfiT
'subject' t ~ I · prayers , qJcfm

. . 1 - ~ ~ ~ you.
May Sub Vb.f Obj

2 · ~ ~,the king.,
Adv. M .V T
(V I Sub.
b.f

OR
~ ' the king, live long
May sJb
{ 6 } INTRODUCT . Vb.r Adv
d ORY COMPARATIVE•
egree, the sentence will be in .. - If a sentence starts with a comparative
INTRODUCTORY COM inversion.
1 t~cftcfTcRf ·
; ; - 1. M miversion 1l" ~I
PARATIVE·- 3mt
• 'Qq;' cf;'r \R""3ffif Comparative Degree
----ia:.i:J1r• ore mportant than my personal vi
2. No less b fi e~ the ..student's opiniO!J
ene cial than the t e Iephon verb 't
subject
~ he telegraph machin,!J
verb T
subject
KO LIVE
. . . . . . Vie can uae the ferm of Inversion here onl \V
1f'1lnversion cfi'T~a,ft-~~Verb-'b , Y_ hen the ve~b is a 'be-verb'.
t41, . INTRODUCTORY WORD IS 'V 1 +1NG'/· •v, VERB e 'Qq'be t-rorms ~ I
i.l,J the sentence atarta with 'V3 / htg• fol'Dl :, a '7erb.=· ln,rersion follows when
, JNTRODUCTOR~ 'V1+ING'/ 'V3 ' VERB ~'ffi':-~
lt ~, "en 31m cflcR' # Inversion q;y ~I qJcRr cfi'I' \R""31J"n V V + ing

191.
31
Lost among the old clothes was lily ne\V favo . .
been looking for a long tillle. lll'ite shirt which I had
2. Located between San Francisco and Marin c ty .
Bridge. oun 1a the Golden Gate
3. Burning out of control was a dense forest of Australia.
~ ! NEGATIVE INTRODUCTORY:- Inversion follows when a sentence starts
with '110', 'not' or 'never' or when such a word is used at the starting of a
sentence that is negative in llleaning such as rarely, hardly, seldom, barely,
little or scarcely.
NEGATIVE INTRODUCTORY:- 3f1R ~ ~ ' " ~ ' n o ' , 'not'~ 'never'~ m
cfTcRf cf:t' , ~ U~ m- 3ftt negative ~~-rarely, hardly, seldom,
barely, littl: m
scarcely 3m)- cfTcRr Inversion Jf ~ I
191. Nowhere else in the worl~ such dbrersity in culture.
H .V Sub M .V
2. Never in the history of India, .clit:\~~~e, such a shrewd mentor like
Cbanakya. Y Y Y
H .V Sub M .V
3. Not a wor di our Prime Minister speak when the opposition heaped
him with a sations.
Sub M .V

4. Hardly ~ the main road when the rain started,

H.V Sub M .V
S. No sooner he had left the house than there Answers:
was a phone call for him.
(1) No sooner (2) he had left s. (2) Replace 'he had' with
(3) for him 4 than there was 'had he'. No sooner +
auxiliary verb + subject.
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018, 13 Mar ch, 2019 Evening (See 'Negative
6• Scarcely she had heard the news when she Introductory Sentence'
fainted. in Inversion)
(1) she fainted (2) when 6. (4) Replace 'she hadl' w~th
(3) heard the news (4) Scarcely she had 'had she'. Scarce y is
fi llowed by Inversion if
[ SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018, 14 March, 2019 Morning ]
t:e sentence starts with
?. llarcuy he had stepped out of the house scarcely.
•hen a tree fell on the roof. had 7 (2 ) Replace 'he had' _with
(1) out of (2) Hardly he f · 'had he'. Hardly 1s
(3 •h . fell on the roo followed by Inversion.
en a tree . g
SSc (CPO) Pre- 2018, 14 March, 2019 Event Class Notes : INVERSION
h:D LI\ E
 ADVBRBIAL INTRODUCTORY :- Inversion follows. whea a sentence •t•rta "it
Adverb. If the Adverb is Adverb of Place, the sentence is in Co~plete In•e111!:a
(See sentence 1, 2 & 4)
ADVERBIAL INTRODUCTORY :- 'Adve rb ' ~ . Inversion ctiT
~ I 3f1R' Adverb of place cliT~~ctt~Co mplete Inversion~~(~ l , ~
2 4

•¥~
~I)
1. On a hill~ ,an ol'!, saint,
M.V Subi e ct •
2. Under a tree~ seav ed4 a cunn~ng fox,
H ,V M.V Subject
3. Only when the virus enters your body, d ~es,a ,dis~as.9'9c~
H.V Sub. M.v
4. Along the border was de lo e the Indian arm .
1
5. Seldom we have b1!-:n (1) ,.f reated in ~,&b~ t (2)/ a rude manner, 13)/
No error (4) SSC CHSL-2016 19th Jan, Evening
6. So hoarse he was that he could not make the speech.
(1) So hoarse he was (2) that he could not make
(3) the speech (4) No error
l Answers (SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam, 30.08.2015)

5. (1) When a sentence begins with a negative adverb like never, barely,
seldom, etc the auxiliary verb comes before the subject. Hence place
'have' before 'we'.
6. (1) When a sentence begins with 'so' it takes inversion form.
Hence the sentence should read as.
So hoarse was he that ...

$to~ INVERSION FOLLOWS IF IN A SENTENCE THE FOLLOWING

CORRELATIVES ARE USED. ·
~1-.ifi:tffia rl Correlatives ~~Inversion
So.......... that
In such sentences, Inversion follo\VSth
Not only.........• but also
only when the sentence starts withhe;,
No sooner.......... than first part of the correlatives P,V~
Hardly.......... when lnR'cfTcRr So, not only~ ~~t~ 1111
Correlatives ffl"1T ~. cft
Scarcely.......... when Inversion tftml .:,
1.
No sooner (1)/ I had spoken, (2) than he left. (3 )/ No error. (4)_
r - - ~~ :.::..!:::!!...:.:.::..:::.:.;:.:;;.;...:.---:;;09,200 11
Answers (SSC Section Officer (Audit) ExaJJ1, o9 ,
1. (2) Replace 'I had' with 'h d 1, ._ttb •~o
sooner' it takes i because when a sentence begin
nvers1on form.

K D Ll\'E

C lass No tes JN \ 'E lb ION

_ 1. So tire~
M.V Subject
hat I was unable to Walk
•

2. Not only ,.d oea_h~~ ow, Ille but al

--v--y
H.V Sub M.V
so Dly parents.

3. Scarcely~ I~ o~ ded1 the train h

H.V M.V ' w en it departed.
tA, complete Inversion follows if a sentence starts .
it 1 . 'away', 'out', 'in', 'down•, or 'up• followed by a N:~ 'here'• 'there',
3f1R' qfcR' ~R""3ffif with 'here' ' 'there' 'away' 'out' ,. ' 'd '
.. ~-::,,\, ' , · , 1n own lJT 'up' -t1
311< """' illG Noun 'liT ,...,,., ~• .ft am)- Complete Inversion~ ll"lITTf ~ I
- 1. Up, g~e•,tJie wate: vapou~ and down,eo~ es, th~
M.V Noun · M.V Noun
2. Here,co~ es1 our,chief ~ est!,
M.V Noun
3. There,g~es ,the, pll~,n el1
M.V Noun
But if a sentence starts with the words given above but followed by a Pronoun,
a normal sentence will follow.
3"1R'~ q lcf'4'i Noun cl;~ tR Pronoun ifi'T~~fficl"JcR"~~~,
inversion ;nft-1
- 1. Here~ o ~ es,
Pronoun Verb
2. Ther~ ~

ti"W'
t-¼~
2
by Inversion.
Verb
See some common phrases given below. These phrases
will b ti 11
e o owe
d

- - f.lfiifil@aa Phras~s cl; if14' Inversion ifi'T ~I

• Un er no circumstance .

(~ .A-
• On noway
In no account (means - under no circumstance) )
'""'tt • .,..
if ;:rgl-) , On no con diti (Jmeans
ocf;'3ft - absolutely not.
• At no time. 3ft ;rffe k/ nly day before yesterday etc.
• Only yesterday/ only laSt weeon ~o take place ~)
• Round the comer (means- so tres above the sea level etc.
• Five miles beyond the ..... /ten me
• To such an extent.} - ~~({qi'
• To such a degree S . + adverb of manner)
• So well/ so absurdly ( 0
1. Round the corner~ our examination;1
y""
M.V subject

Class Notes : INVERSION

KD LI\·E
 h t I could not point out even a single
2. So well __ , done t a lniata~
H.V object · a ferocious tiger.
3. Ten miles beyond the hill
object
H.V M.V

4. Only yesterday~ ~ him,

HV Sub M.V ,
· th car damaged that it couldn t be repaired.
s. To such an extent was e
M.V
H.V object
~~_,_L ______ -"1_._-~--·=------ ,_.a,;._,z,,U-~---------

! CORRECT THE UNDERLINED PART IF NEEDED

, . . ~ - - • ___ ___..c;,.;,. _ _ _

Not a word he spoke when he heard the news of his son's demise.
1.
2. Round the comer your exam is. . . .
Never in the history of India we find such a feebng of nationalism.
3.
4. Under a tree a cunning fox was seated.
s. Here the rain comes.
6. There our chief guest comes.
7. There lived a saint and on a hill his tiny hut was.
8. Twenty miles beyond the terrain, some leopards were seen.
9. Little we know about his miserable condition.
10. To such an extent the condition has aggravated that no one can solve it.
11. Only the day before yesterday we saw him.
12. She will not do anything and neither her brother will.
13. . Hardly I saw him intently when he ran away.
14. Not only he knows me but also my parents.
15. Under no circumstance we can allow such blatant act of corruption.
16. Seldom we go to our native village.
17. If I came to know the truth, I would have helped him with all that he
needed.
18. I haven't been ~o any European country and neither my parents ha!!·
19. Never !..§! to his place and I find him very egoist and self-praising.
20. No sooner the government enacted the Hindu Marriage Act than the
condition of Hindu women started getting better.
21. Along the border several sounds of' firing was heard.
22. Down the stream went rumbling
23. Seldom I have seen such a beautiful
24. Hardly he kno . monument. ,iate•
Under . ws anything about the political situation of his nati"e
25. no circumstance I can ace
26. On no condition I w·n ll ept your proposal.
' 1 se my land
27. Only by taking some amou t · gs.Jolt•
28. Here the train comes. n of money on loan, I can buy this bUJl
29. So well he organized the art ded·
30. So rudely he spoke that p~ lty that everyone was left speU-boun
I e extremely offended.

KD LIVE
m Class Notes INVERSION
 '1 Answers
---~--- -~-- -
!
Chaage·
- ~

,; spoke' into 'did he speak'.

· ,y · ' i n t o ,.1s your exam ' .
peur exam 1s
1
2,
3,
,v,: find' into 'do we find'
'A cunning fox was seated' into 'was seated a cunning fox'.
4· 'The rain comes' into 'comes the rain'.
s. ,our chief guest comes' into 'comes our chief gue st'.
6· 'ffis tiny hut was' into 'was his tiny hut' .
7· Change 'some leopards were seen' into 'were s een some leopards'.
8·
~o..
'Vie know' into 'do we know'.
'The condition has aggravated' into 'has the condit io n aggravated'.
'Vie saw him' into 'did we see him'.
11
l2, 'Her brother will' into 'will her brother'.
l3, 'I saw' into 'did I see' or 'had I seen him'.
14, 'He knows' into 'does he know'.
1s. 'We can' into 'can we'.
16. 'We go' into 'do we go'.
17. 'If I came' into 'If I had come' or 'Had I come'.
18. 'My parents have' into 'have my parents'.
19. 'I go' into 'do I go'.
20. 'The government enacted' into 'did the governmen t enact'.
21. Change 'several sounds of firing was heard' into 'was h eard several
sounds of firing'.
22. 'Down the stream went' into 'Down went the stream'.
23. 'I have seen' into 'have I seen'.
24. 'He knows' into 'does he know'.
25. 'I can' into 'can I'.
26. 'I will' into 'will I'.
27. 'I can buy' into 'can I buy'.
28. 'The train comes' into 'comes the train'.
29. 'He organized' into 'did he organize'.
30. 'He spoke' into 'did he speak'.

ANY CLASS
DON'T WORRY IF YOU MISS
ALL CLASSES ARE RECORDED

our live classes gets recorded .

Jot e~n If you m iss any class or
Pr n ate, you wJII have access to
evJous classes which are
recorded.

C lass Notes : IN\'ERSION

KD LIVE
INFINITIVE & GERUND
11
See the examples given below. (oft't '1ft

1. I want ,to study•1 7. Once you graduate (l)/ gt

job (2)/ would be eaaier ,:,/
Nouri (Object) No Error (4)
2. I want to study English. SSC (steno.) 2017, 14 Sept,~
s. I'm going to the airport to
V Noun Object
receives my friend.
4 'o.1, \._)object) but -] b-."'1
~,.e like a verb~ 4C ( 1) my friend
'f/6> \O~0 (2) to the airport
• d"lVl·ne • (3) to receives
3. To err is human,~o f~giv-:,
(4) I'm going
Noun~ t ) Noun (Subject) CGL MAINS 2018, 11 ~ eiiber,2019
4. \Swimming
__ ___J is a good exercise. 9 • He switched on the TV to
listening to the speech of the
Noun"tsubject) PM on the Independence Day.
5. We prohibi\smo~. ( 1) He switched on the TV
1
(2) of the PM
Noun (Object)
6. We avoid cutting trees. (3) to listening to the speech
(4) on the Independence Day. 19
V Noun Object C! ..pte~
CGL MAINS 2018, 12..,... ,_ :ZO
t. 'oJ/o c (Object) buu eb-."({4
...... like a verb »o4
..,.6> ~ \O
r-c--An
~ .-. -e-rs----,]
7. (21 Replace 'get' with 'getting•. Here - need a Gerund. nn of~•
8. (3) Replace 'to receives' with 'to receive'. 'To• is followed by base fo
9. (3) Replace 'llateuing• with 'listen'. To takes base form of verb. aJld"
• Infinitive (to+ v•.r.l and Gerund (V 1 + ing) are Nouns that re taif .lfil;,[t
the qu'V•1b'
of verb too.
& tftt.qa 3ft
/ Infinit i:-,e
m)' ~ I)
(to + v•.r.1 311. Gerund (V + ing) Noun~
1

1P) How to identify a Noun?/ Noun <llrq@illif~'R?

Noun comes in place or Subject and Object. See examples 1, 3, & 5
('Noun' 'Subject' 311. 'Object' t- 'ftlT;f 'R 3ll(rr l!-1 3~1$,(0f 1, 3, 4 & 5 a-ail
1P) How to identify a Verb?/ Verb <llr'f~illif~'R?

K lJl.l \' L

158
 ve verbs take an Object to give a complete sense to th t
f reJlS iti +---'- ~-" e sen ence.
•tive Verbs ~"cfJq:ir "" 't." 1 .,., <4 "" "Q'ifi Object ~,)
rrans1 t-
( __ .. n1.ples 2 & 6 (3&1C.::< 0 r 2 "''~ 6 '"'ui'
--P"9'ffP •

seee-
1nfinitlve (to + Vb.d and Gerund (V 1 + ing) are Non-finite verbs.
f Infinitive (to+ Vb.d lfl'l Gerund (V 1 + ing) Non-finite verbs fl)
see the examples given below: (;fht~m,3 47tHOJ q;t,taj
He wanted to go.
He wants to go.
I to go.

Finite Verb Non-Finite Verb

(Changes according (Does not change according
to Tense and Person)
to Tense & Person)

t Now let us see the examples given below and understand the concepts of
Infinit ive & Gerund.
(3fil' f.h-cii~~ d 3&1e,;.(Oi ~~Infinitive mi Gerund cl;° Concepts ~ I )
1. I know to swim . (x)
I know how to swim.

[ Concept D If 'know', 'wonder', 'learn', 'teach' & 'discover' are followed by an

Infinitive, the Infinitive is preceded by a 'Wh Family' word.
'know', 'wonder', 'learn', 'teach' 3fl'l 'discover' cl;° il14 Infinitive
cf;f t
-aTdT 'ffi' Infinitive cl;°~ 'Wh Family' cf;f

t1
2. I wondered where to go.
3. She leamt how to drive.
4 . I didn't know what to do.
t He is addicted to smoking.
y ~
Prep V 1 +ing
A preposition is followed by a Noun or a Pronoun by if we find a
Explanation
verb there, change it into Gerund (V1 +ing) as we need a Noun
there.
(Preposition cl;" if14 Noun 1IT Pronoun q;r t 3f1R' Verb cfiT
lit i!'t <Ir Verb <flt Noun ""'11 it mf.t Gerund (V 1 + ing)
8Mi¥U,,i·Uii4fa§,[email protected] Cw1F-iii tsft1fttiliil-
t l. He is accustomed to drinking coffee with his meals.
V 1 +ing
2. I am averse to,get~ng} ate.
V 1 +ing

- Class N ot es: IN l· I N r! IVI·. & <if-.lHJN I>

 The police personnel caJDe , ·th ~ vie5 to ~nspecting
y J he preniises.
3. cl;"~ll° V 1 +ing

• 4. I aJD looking forward t · you .

:aat?c cl;"~ fcf . ; i f { ~ vi +ing . containment zon
ing infected as he was 1n
He was~ t gett · e,
s.
V1 +ing
Ex lanation , , 5 :- All phrasal verbs are also followed by Noun/Gerund
P 3 4 ( ~ phrasal verbs cl;~ 1ft' Noun/Gerund 3ffit t)

. Students are prohibited (1)/ to bring cycles (2)/ into the college. (a)/ No
6 error.(4) (SSC (10+2) Level DEO & LDC Exam~ 11.12.2011 fist Sitting !Delhi 7.oaej

7. They are looking forward (1)/ to meet (2)/ their parents (3)/ No Error (4)
· SSC CGL-2016, (11th September, llorniarl
s. I meant nothing (1)/ less than (2)/ to compel you to come. (3)/ No error 141
(SSC Section Officer (Commercial Audit) Exam. 30.09.2007 (Second Sittind
9. You should have used the money (1)/ for paying your debts (2)/ instead of
buy a motor cycle. (3)/ No error (4) (SSC (10+2) Level DEO &(IstSittingl
21.10.2012 LDCEzam.

10. After he was caught cheating he was disqualified to appear at the

examination.
( 1) After he was caught cheating (SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam, ao.os.201~
(2) he was disqualified
(3) to appear at the examination
(4) No error 3
11. I am sorry worrying you (1)/ with my troubles (2)/ but I could not help, 1 1[
No error (4) ,---------- SSC CHSL-2016, 27~Jan,tveailt

[ Answers I
6.
7.
8.
(2) Replace 'to bring' with 'from bringing'.
(21 After preposition Gerund is used. Hence replace 'meet' trith •
01

(3) Replace 'to compel' with 'compelling'. 'Than' is followed by 'V1 +

e•:f·;s'e4.
9· f3) Replace 'buy' with 'buying'. After preposition '-ing' fonn of verb is
10. (3) Replace 'to appear' with 'from appearing'
11. (1) Structure: •

Sorry + for I about + V ing for past

Sony + to have + v3
actions
sorry + to + V1 } for present action
In Part A
In Part B'sorry wo....a
Replace ... .,. ..ng you , with 'sorry for worryinl you ,•
...;;JJ
 \,
'
as Adjective )
y
USED TO
,,._,- ___ '--
~) _
as Modal
Exoresses habit =-y----1
Exoresse p t
Sub + used to + v
b.f

l, 1 got used to ,dri~ing, on the right when I was in London. _

V 1+ing

2. I use to going for a morning walk when I was living in D hr d

(1) living in Dehradun (2) for a morning walk e a un.
(3) when I was (4) use to going
CGL MAINS 2018, 11 September, 2019
2. Answer (4):- Replace 'use to going' with 'used to go'. For 'Past Routine', s +
used to + base form of verb is used.

t 1. I stopped,pla~ing cricket. 1 2. I stopped ,to ~la~ cricket.

V 1 +ing to+ Vb.f

Meaning - cfRilT Meaning-~

If meaning of stop is to cease, stop If meaning of stop is to halt, stop
takes 'Gerund'. takes 'Infinitive'.
(lnR 'stop' q;r ri t ·~ 'stop' en (3n'J'{ 'stop' q:;y ri t •~ •~ cit
c); ifla' 'Gerund' 3fl"Q711'1) stop t" iffa- 'Infinitive' 3mmrl)

t 1. I regret to inform you that your flight has been cancelled.

2. I regret trusting people blind_ly
-'-.- ==
REGRET

Exam
'Fonna1 use'- a feeling of sadness A feeling of sadness about something
about something that you did or did that you repent for and yo~ilcann~
(~ not do.
change now./
fi:lv
(~j1! t> 311'( "'' Jl'"I

""'1'tl tl\Cli' ri Vcfi 3tq,;a~:a CJ,u m- m q~affla ar ~I)

'fU' ilT cfilit cl;' ~11 Here 'regret' is followed by ,'Ge"7~'·
er! :regret' is followed by 'Infinitive'• (~ 'regret' t' iO'a" 'Gerund 3nnT 1
to~L~ ~-=--====:::~;;;;;;;
-
regret' cl;' 'iT1G 'Infinitive' 3ffilT
l\iJ 1.1\'i·:
*
1. I avoid fUt~ing ,trees.
V 1 +ing
2. Children !!!D~ tw c hing
a television.
V 1 + ng
3. He quit, drin~ng.,

V 1 +ing hil h
4• My father doesn't - -~being disturbed
mind w e e is asleep.
V 1 +ing
5. It's worth trying once.
V 1 +1ng
6. There is_no use,c~g pver spilt milk.
V 1 +ing

Explanation
There are certain verbs like 'avoid' after Which if a 2nd Verb
comes, the 2 nd Verb will be in Gerund form.
('Avoid' t'~~titverbs ~~~aicl; ciJG" 'Gerund' 3mrrt1)
Such Verbs

,._A ~d•~der• Like, Lem,, Enjoy, Hate,Jl(~d • Not mind,Jlo,.u se~Wak~ up,
.t-. ~ - 'RT >llir.Jr
,,>
~q;J,m;i"I) ""'"'
~DiaUke, Feel, Finish, Stop, ~~rth• lmagine,~Miss, Begin, Start,
-- ~- ~a.ti
Tolerate, Resent, Cannot stand, Catch, Find, See, Notice, Watch and Hear.
~n~itil~
7
• You should a'17Qfd 111/ to travel (2)/in the rush hour. (3)/ No error ( ). ..,.,,g
I-· · . -
41211.:AV""I
(SSC Ta,, Assistant (lncotne Tax & Central Excise) Eum- · /
8. The la'llyer &aked (1)/ ifit lfas llrOrth to take (21/ the matter to coarl, (31,;,i
No error. (4) (SS . (SecondSi
9 C CoDlbined Graduate ~vel Tier-I, Ex_a m. 19.06.201l

: : ; : . ::::.:ati~~':•
• 0 Shanna (11/ collapsing in his chair (2 )/ 811: ot,lfll
4
•
10. Water contanab,8 tion h error ( ) (SSC Steno (Grade 'C' & 'D' EsaJD• 0 ·
ts h•.. .,
b"IUD to ...., 1211 De,, . : .8b:.,co1ne IDore serious (11/ since ch4:~ L Ti.,.u ~ 1
11 Dees. (3)/ No error. (4) (SSC 21- · 1
09
• 8-rai llleata Dotfced ,plJli fol~
breath. lllr. Sham.a falling back in his chair and ga 111
1
(1) (Ssc CGL Tte,-1 £-..111, 16,08,2015 (!Ind SlttlagJ TF J(o, 2I
3 f•IH--- back In hia Chafr . Sh.,,,,
1 )l(JJIIDd
I.IVJ•:
&aaping for breath (2) Severa1 cu.eats noticed Mr- """""
(4) No error ,,

1Muiw11 •s•e, ........

 . ~other change that (1)/ I notice in her is that 8 h
12 ..-.e (3)/ No error - e (2)/ avoids to speak to
,- SSC -
, Jay&ll ,voke up have a sore throat and by evenin CHSL-2016,19th Jan, Aftemoon
13 clis"Ppeared, g hie voice had
(1) ,voke up (2) by Sl,nographor-2018, 6 Feb,, 201i ! . , ~;1

(3) bad disappeared (4) have

• Intrigued
1 by this (1)/ problem, I began search (2 )/
" tior a ao1ution. (31/ No
14 Error SSC (steno.) 2017, 11 Sept Moming
14
, I a1.,.ys e~oy (11/ to rea~ (2)/ books (3)/ • ~ Error 141 ·•
15• she doesn t mind to be disturbed. ssc CGL-2016 (7th September, Morning)
16
(1) being disturbed (2) to being disturbed I (SSC Statiatical
Investigators Grade-IV
(3) being disturbing (4) No improvement Exam. 3~.7.2005)
11. I bave not finished to paint the door.
(SSC Multi-Taskio i
(1) painting (2) the paint of (Non-Technical) staff
1
(3) the painting (4) No improvement ~~am. 27.02.2011J
1s. We saw a tiger a pproached to us. " (SSC CGL Tier-ll
I Exam, 12.04.201S
(1) approaching to us (2) approaching us !Kolkata Region, TF
(3) approaching towards us (4) No improvement No!..3.J.5 RI 3}

19. He avoids to speak to me. (2) speaking J(Si'f c~i Tier-i"~-Ex~, i o.0! ,2(}1SJ
(1) to talk (4) No improvement
(3) speech
[ Answers ]
7. (2) Replace 'to travel' with 'travelling'. _
'Avoid' is followed by a Gerund (-ing form).
8. (2) Replace ',vorth to take' ,rith ',vorth takilll'• After ',vorth' v,+lng comes.
9. (4) No error , , if verb comes it
10. (2) Replace 'to use' ,rith •using' 1,ecause after begaD any
is in Gel'UJ1d form
11. (4) No error nl followed by aerund.
12. (3) These are certain verbs which are co1111no y t C'-..... .,.e 'to speak' into
ider delay •··· e c. u--e
e.g. admit, advise, avoid , cons ,
'speaking'.
13• (4) Replace 'have (V )' ,rith •Jaavt,lg' •
1
h!DC' because both •QerUJld' and
14. (2) Change 'Search' t.Dto 'to search' or ,9earc
'Infinitive' can be used after beP• la 'to read' with 'readin&' ·
15 d seoce rep ce
• (2) After 'enjoy' 0erund is use • 111 aerund fol'ID•
16. (1) After 'mind' if any verb co111e•, It must b.: Ill aerund form,
17. (1) After 'flniah' if any .,,.,rb coaae•• It must 1t1011
18• (2) 'Approach' le not fona,,,ed bY aAY J>rtlll.: i:.
be Gerund f-•
19. (2) After 'avoid' if any verb co111e•, It eho d
, hould be use .

-
Cl ass \ otes 1\FI\ITl\'E & c;ERC\D
Bence 'avoid• spealdn& •

1, 1> 11 \' I
• 1. I tove going there.
2 · I love to go there.b lik 'love' after •hich both 'Infinitive' and 'G
There are certain ver s eh in 111eaning erund• c11 ..
ttv
colDe IDOS .., without
,
any c
, ...r½
ange ...
....»-.
ifra' 'Infinitive' .:HI'( 'Gerund'~
"Cl

('Love' t- ;lt.\- if;1J Verbs ~"' <51 lilfur

~f~3fir-#~J@l~I)
Lo
ve, Like , Begin ' can bear/ Can't bear, Continue ' Hate, lnte11
such Verbs
Dislike, Prefer. d,

1. I prefer riding to •alking.

More Explanations
2. I prefer to go to school on foot.
3. I intend to learn French.
4. I intend learning French.
5. I like to sleep late at night.
6. I like sleeping late at night.
7. I remember going to London when I was a kid.
8. Please remember to post the letter.
'Remember' takes Gerund to refer some past time and Infinitive to refer some
future time. / (Remember$'~ Gerund 3@4il<"i ~ ~ q i ) ' ~' cfRaT t
'Infinitive' 34~"4 $'~~) " "
In Newspapers headlines too, 'Infinitive' indicates future action.
(Newspaper $' headlines '# 3ft Infinitive future action ~TioT ti)
More Explanations 1. Russia to test new vaccine soon.
2. India to raise the issue of cross-border terrorisJD
before the UN in the next meeting.

• Can't help but + vb.f }

Can't help+ v + ing
1

1. I couldn't help but laugh.

2. I can't help laughing at his sillY acts.
3. He couldn't but hel (1)
rendered homeless! //hed tears at the plight of the vil]agets (2)
/
Y a evastating cyclone.(3)/ No error (4) 3 15 Jtl 31
(SSC CGL Tier-II &x TF NO• .
I could n th · - - ;ana.12.04.2015 _K olkata ,:tegioll,
4. o e1p to laugh at the joke . ,.111·
i,PC P,J,t
(1) laughing (2 ) laugh · 81
(SSC CHSL ( 10+2) J>EO :atePoll ·,~ti
(3) to laughing (4 ) N0 improvement 16.11.2014, patna 9JW"'

KD LIVE
Class Notes
 v,e -could not help admire his invent·1ve genius.
5. (SSC CGL Tier-II Exam.
(1) could not help to (2) No Itnprovement 12.04.20 15)
(3) could not but (4) could not help but
she could not help but laugh.
6.
(1) but laughing '(2) laughter (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 16.08.2015
(1st SittingJ TF No. 3196279J
(3) No Improvement (4) laughing ·

I Answers I
• Replace 'couldn't but help with' couldn't help but'. 'Can't hel , is the
(1)
3 correct structure. P
• (1) After 'help' if any verb comes, it should be in Gerund form.
4
Replace 'to laugh' with 'laughing'. 'Help but' is followed by 'Bare
Infinitive (Vb.d'.
s. (4) 'Help but' is followed by 'Bare Infinitive (Vb.r)'.
6. (3) No Improvement
'Could not help but' is followed by 'Vb.r'

1. Mahatma Gandhi is believed to divide India.(><)

Mahatma Gandhi is believed to have divided
2. Subhash Chandra Bose is claimed to survive the air crash.(><)
Subhash Chandra Bose is claimed to have survived the crash.
3. People reported to see aliens. (x)
People reported to have seen
See t h e three sentences and the verbs in them.
Explanation

1. is believed
2. is claimed , to + have + Va .,
V • )
3. , reporte'!, Non-Finite Verbs (Action
•
Finite Verbs (Action)

'to have va' in place o f ''t..o +V

. '
If it erb we use : 1:0 ua• ~ -----y----
Non-finite verb precedes the fin e v ' ~
Perfect i•t..ive
Infin Infinitive

3tT "° al' 'to + vb.r' 1'; ~to ha;.e vi; ~

3'1R Non-finite Verb, Finite verb cl;~ f Perfect Infinitive
~I Infinitive

KD LIVE
 been there. (3)/ No error (4).
4. He denied (1)/ to have (2 )/ Ta.s a. central Excise) Exam. 12.11.2006) ~ er.
SSC To Assistant fJncoJDe (3)/ N 4. (4
f / (2 ) five years ago. o error (4). S )
5.
1
I remember (1)/ meet~=• PEO & LDC Exam, 2s.11.2010 fllnd Sitting) Ch.~~)
(SSC Higher Secondary f him to have loat the battle. '111-;"t'e
6. It wa• very
unfortunate o
(2 ) very unfortunate
- -
ssc (CPO) Pre- 2016 'to hatehito
(1) It was lllet•
(3) him to have (4) No error 6. (4)

See the examples of Narration given be low:-

-

Indirect Speech- - - - -

1. He said, "No, I will not do it." He ~e~ sedAto ~o it~

2nd 1 at
action action
2. Be said, "No, I have not done it." He ,de~ ed1 to hvave1 done it.
2nd t•t
action action
3. Be said, "I will do it." He~ it.
2nd 1st
action action
4. Be said, "Yes, I have done it." it.
2nd 1st
action action
5. Be said, "I have committed the crime." He confessed to have committed the
Crime, 2nd 1st
a ction action

1. Lata MangP.skar is said to have been singing since her childhood,

2. Hollywood is believed to have been favouring Nepotism for a long tiJDe.

See the examples given above and the verbs.

(3itR art 'verbs ' cfiT 3-ftl) m
1. is said to have been 11inging
2. \., is believed J \.,_to have been favouring
y N F' · y - - -___,/
Fin ite Verb
on- 1n1te Verb 1st action
2 n d a c tion
(Perfect Continuous Infinitive)
In the examples given above the lfo tiJ1fte
Verb takea place hence Perfect Co tinn-finite Verb Continues till the tiJDe
.,,.,,,.,....._ . n uoua lnfiniti- ....s11 b d
(1G 'f ••ct 3Giti<(Oi Non-finite verb 3lr .. e wu.a e use •
Perfect Continuous Infinitive cJ;T f Finite verb 1 J*
I, [ 1 I I\ ·1

-
 Infinitive tn + U

Perfect Infinitive to+ have+ v3

tn l-,.,...,o l.oon lT + 1na
perfect Continuou~ -~nfin!~ive
Bare Infinitive Vb .f (Base form of verb)

The guards won't let the children _ __

(c) swimming Ans. (b)
(a) to swim (b) swim

[j,1aDAtion)
•Let' is such a verb that is followed by Bare Infinitive (base form of verb (V...I
t
'Let' tRIT verb f.ll.i+ am:: Bare Infinitive (verb 'Iii base form cv•.,l 3ffilT t1

- - ~- Let, See, Watch, Observe, Notice, Hear, Feel, Bid, Help and~
such Verbs ;.', asC.V

- - 1. He noticed him~ the room quietly.

More Examples •) Vb.f
- -- - ~-----·-
2. She bade m ~ out.
Vb.f
3. Help ~ elhi
Vb.f

'lnfi •tive' and 'Bare infinitive'.

Help is followed by bot . h lDl • • cfil ~~in I

(Help+ arr;:: Infinitive 1!a' 'Bare Infin1t1ve '"~'

Help us to make Delhi s. I watched fel!- mm
( l) him fall
1. I heard him,sho~ (2) him to fell
V 1 +ing (3) him to falliDg
I heard him ring the bell twice. ( ) No improvement
2. 4
V 1+1ng (SSC (l0+2) 1,evel Data Entl'Y
operator & LDC EsaDJ.•
I saw him crossing the road. 1.10.2012 (2nd Sitting)
3. 2
Vi +1ng d afely
I saw the old man~ the roa s _·
4. V 1+1ng uld be: subject+ Verb+ Noun /
e follo•ed sho
Answer:- s. (1) Here the structur h + billl + fall· ~----------____.___.----~------~___.
Pronoun+ Bare infinitive I+ •ate

-
 Explanation
. d Feel (Finite verbs) are followed by G
See, Watch , No tice, H e ar an h eru,lld
·t· If the action is shown to ave comp1eted and th II,,,
as Bare lnfiDI ive. if th Fi e e11d "eU
. .ha i d 'Bare Infinitive' is used •. However e nite Verb ha ia
emp s se , d omes PPe11a
the .n on-finite verb is goblg on, Gerun c · · "'hen
·(S Watch ·Notice Hear Vcf Feel (Finite Verbs) cl;'~ Bare Infinitive 'Q"cr
3Jtr 3fil7T ~ I 3PR ~ c l ; ' ~ ~ 'tR' ~~~Bare I Gerund
q;r 3f1R" 4'~ fcl;' Finite Verb ail" J3IT Non-finite verb~iti,e
mGerund 3ITTPTTI) tg'r 'n

1. I had rather~ at home.

Vb.f
2. You had sooner~ a doctor.
Vb.f
Bad rather, Had sooner, Had better, Would rather show preference or
strong suggestions. They are followed by Bare Inf"mitives (Vb.d
(Bad rather, Bad sooner, Bad better riWould rather \ntl~clic1l-~Jra'ira'
~lraT ti iTI4 Bare Infinitive (Vb.r) 3ITTJT ti) _ . . _. "
With a different subject ·V2 comes. (317R' Subject 3fim ~ ' mV2 3mrnrl)
1. I would rather he stayed at home.
'---y---J -
V2
2. I would rather ~ at home.
Vb.f

If a Noun is followed by an Infinitive, we should use a suitable Preposition if

needed. / (3f3R' Noun ifi' iTI4 Infinitive 3'TV "H".Cfl 'tR' 'Qcfi' Preposition cfiT
WJTI)
1. They have no bed to sleeP, in
"---y-J~y·
N Infinitive Prep

2. Do you have a chair to sit on?

N Infinitive Prep

3. I have no pen to write "th

N Infinitive Prep

KO U\ .E
 A 0erund (Noun) used as Subject or Object can be preceded by Possessive
ti/. AdJectives (My, His, Her, O~, Yo~r, Its & Theiz:) and not by a Pronoun.
(Gerund (Noun) ct;r SubJect 'Qq" Object cfi' F.;'t.,cl, Possessive
Adjectives (My, His, Her, Our, Your, Its & Their 'Qcf Their) 3fT ~. Pronoun
mtt1) .

1. Due to me being a new comer (1)/ I was unable (2)/ to get a good house
(3)/. No error (4)
FCI Assistant Grade-III Exam. 25.02.2012 (Paper-I) North Zone (lst Sitting)

2. Her mother does not approve of (1)/ her to go to the party (2)/ without
dressing formally. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04. 11.2012, 1st Sitting)
3. The fact of me (1)/ being a stranger (2)/ does not excuse bis conduct.
(3)/ No error. (4 ) (SSC Tax Assist. (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 14.12.2008)

Answers
1. (1) Replace 'due to me being' with 'due to my being'. Generally when a
pronoun comes before a Gerund, it is wrong. We need a possessive
Adjective.
2. (2) Replace 'to go' with 'going'. A preposition is followed by a Gerund.
3. (1) Replace 'me' with 'my'. When a pronoun is followed by a Gerund, it is
wrong. We need a Possessive Adjective

1. I wanted to outright decline his offer.

Adverb v b .f

2. I liked to either sleep or :have fun.

- '--y-=-' "-y--'
Adverb Vb.r

The examples given above are of 'Split Infinitive'•

Split when we put some Adverb or Conjunction between 'to+ Vb..L'•
(.;r;r 'to + Vb.r' cfi' ifti1" Adverb 1lT Conjunction 3fT ~I)

- For Passive Voice of Infinitive and Gerund, See Chapter 'Passive Voice'.

-
-

KO
Semantics

r;:.~~ ; '

70-s.,, ,
!I!!! ........

KO LIVE
•WI C lass Notes : INFIN ITIV E & GE R UN D
 PARTICIPLE
i cs Of both Verb and AdJective ia called p
•rttCip~.
A word having the c h. aracterist. ~cli''1Jl'TJ11¥~ Participle - ~-
ih6titidT3'1)
(~ Ql:aA Verb Adjective .:,
1. India la \ deve~ P "5e"_5"
1
v1 +i g Noul
as Adjective
has scalded him.
2.
V 1 + ng
as Adjective
3. Jneeda ~
V 1 +ing Noun
as Adjective
4. America is a developed ,fou~ ry. )

Va
Non
as Adjective
s. Mashthe~
Va Noun
as Adjective
6. Please show me the written ,agreemen7
L....r-'
Va
y
Noun
as Adjective

PARTICIPLE

l Perfect
Present
Participle Past Participle Participle
V 1 + ing Having+ Vs
~ ~ ..,-,-=---:::-

Present Participle
ioll tot
Non-finite verb, used as adjective, which expresses present action i~ed reJat
prese 0
the time expressed by the finite verb and is in v 1 + Ing form, is c ~-A'
Participle. rb ~" 01

(Non-finite verb ;,;n- Adjective cCt 'cR'r; ffl ilR, Present ActiQn cfil' finite ve
*
~mt 1r«f V1 + ing form 1inJifn ct Present Participle c:fi{Ct'i "" f)
KIJ LIV I·.
m C lass Notes PAiffiC ll'LF
>

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

11d
If avo actions take place simultaneously, the subject of the 2 action
auto1Datically becomes the subject of the 1 •t action. This sometimes does not
change the meaning of the sentence but many times the 1 part of the sentence
needs a separate subject. See the examples gives below.
3P1l 4" tft U tft ffi' 2 nd action cf;l Subject lftr.t-JJTtr 1 st action cf;l sft Subject
i(;f ~ll ~rn* q;f 'ifR' q~qafcfa ;:qft-~tricr~ il'R'lJtJ11' 3JT1T~ 3firlT Subject
~ ~ -an) 3~i(HOI a-ti .:,
f ~ s ample ) (1) Being ill, I did not
L Who was ill I Who did not come I
(ilmR" m (m .:rtft' 3ITT1T)
Hence 'I' can play the subject of both the parts. Here 'being' is dangling
Participle. Dangling Participle occurs at the beginning of a sentence and so
hangs on to some subject (Here 'I')
'being' dangling Participle l1 Dangling Participle .ff1Air4e1 :
~fcf;lftcf;T~ ~ t l ( ~ 'I ' cf;l}
rn * U~
.:,
Jr 31@1' l

i E:sample ) (2) Being a rainy day, I did not come (>e)

Which was a rainy I (>e) Who did not
(a,n- cf;l fair m l) (m ;Jffe 3mrr)
We need a separate subject for a rainy day and a suitable subject for a day is 'it'.
(~cl;'~3Jil7T ll°subject ~ ~,H":Ca t3'tlfa"or*filvsubject 'it' cf;T~~)
Correct Sentence It being a rainy day, I did not come.
1. Being (1)/ a rainy day (2)/ I could not go out. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income.Tax & Cent ral Excise) Exam. 25.11.2007)
2. Standing at (1)/ the top of the hill, (2)/ the houses below were hardly visible.
(3)/ Ro error (4). (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 10.~2.2 006}

3. Being very dark, (1)/ the visitors found it difficult (2)/ to locate the switch.
(3)/ Ro error (4) .
(SSC. (10+2) Level Data E_ntry Operator & LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 {2nd Sitting))
4 • Being a rainy day (1)/ we didn't (2)/ go out. (3)/ Ro error (4)
'(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 28. 10.~012 (1st Sitting}
S. Riding acrou the battle field (1)/ the famous Bhishm (2)/ saw a large number
of dead warriors. (3)/ Ro error (4)
1
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04.11 .2012, lat Sitthig)
6 · Being a holiday (1)/ we went out (2)/ for a picnic. (3)/ Ro error. (4)
' (SSC Graduate Level Ti~r-1 Exam. 19.0.5 .2013)

KlJLI\'r.

- Clas-; Notes : PARTICIPLE

 7. The hurrying crowd• (1)/ of people past (2)/ each other amazed hi111, 1a1,
· No error (4). - F ASI & peihi PoJice SJ Exam. 28.09.2014 (Tl' N0-
(SSC CAPF• SJ, OJS
· k • 482 ltl(
1)/ are amused by the mon eya (2)/ play in the s1
s. Vialtora to the zoo ( . . · cage1.
(3)/ N error (4)
o . ...
SSC CHSL-2016.! 17th J
-· an! lfotn1 .
.-.; Ilg,
decided to stay at home (2)/ and take a nap I -
9. Being a aunoy d ay (1)/ 1 · 3)/
No error (4) l SSC CHSL-2016, 2,!at Jan, Aft:'"'e rnoon

lO. Being lo awe of them, (1)/ the young man followed (2)/ th~ir direction to a
tee (3)/ No error (4) - _ SS~ C~SL~~.016, ~7th Jan~e~ !

11. While croaaiog the road, a snake was seen.

( 1) a aoake waa moving.
(2) he aw a aoake.
(3) a snake was obaerved.
(4) No improvement.
(SSC Sect~ n Officer (Commercial Audit) E~ m. 26~ j
13. Walking along the road, an old man ran over the lorry.
Walking along the road, an old man ran behind the lorry
(1)
Running along the road, the lorry ran over an old man
(2)
The lorry ran over an old man walking along the road
(3)
No improvement
(4)
(SSCCombi ned Graduah ~ f Tier-I Exa-m.·26.06.2011 (Second sit£gjl
16. Being ill, he came to work. - - -
(1) He came to work and fell W
(2) Despite coming to work, be was ill
(3) Inspite of being W, be came to work
(4) No improvement
- ._ ,,,_ · - .. 0121
I - - __ __ _.JF~ I.A!s!~_t !_n!9!'ad!1.lt l£X!!P· 22.01, 2
17. Being a wet day, he atayed at home~
(1) Though
(2) Aa it was
(3) No improvement
(4) Since
20
(FCi Assistant Grade-II, Exa!!,:..2~1· .W
rr--An-.-.-e-r-.--]
1. (1) Add 'it' before 'being' bject of
the lat part of the senta rainy day or 'I' will become the su \ff0 og
meaning. ence a nd then the sentence will have 8
2. (1) Add 'As I was' before 'atan , subject
of the lat part too Which ding else 'the houses' become tbe ce,
gives a wrong meaning to the senteJ1
Kt; I.I V / .
3, (1) If we won't put a subject the in first part of the sentence, 'the
vistor' will become the subject of 'being very dark' and will give a
wrong meaning. Hence we should put 'it' before 'being very dark'.
The sentence should read as:
'It being very dark ...

4. ( 1) Replace 'Being a rainy day' with 'It being a rainy day'

s. (2) 'Bhism' a Proper Noun will not take article 'the'.
6. (1) Replace 'Being a holiday' with 'It being a holiday'. If we don't put a
subject in the first part of the sentence 'we' will become the subject
of 'being a holiday' and will give the wrong meaning to the sentence.
Hence replace 'being a holiday' with 'it being a holiday'.
7. (2) Replace 'of people past' with 'of people passing'. 'Each other'
change into ' one another'.
8. (3) 'Play' will change into - 'Playing'.
9. (1) If 'It ' is not mentioned before 'being', 'I' will automatically become
the subject o f 'sunny day' and will give a wrong meaning to the
sentence. Hence add 'It' before 'being'.
10. (4) 'To a tee' means perfectly.
11. (2)
The given sentence is in Active Voice hence 'He saw a snake' should
be used.
12. (2)
Here 'subject' is missing from the first clause. Hence add proper
subject 'while he was' in first part of the sentence. The sentence
should read as . . . While he was riding upon the horse, the tiger
jumped at him.
13. (3)
'Run over somebody' means 'to drive over someone with a vehicle'.
<r ;;n-, ..11)
Since 'a man' cannot run over 'a lorry' so here the main subject
should be 'They lorry'.
Here option (3) is correct.
14. (2)
From the structure it seems that 'we' is the subject of a clause
'being rainy day' which gives wrong sense. Hence add 'it' before
'being a rainy day' to give it a proper subject.
15. (1)
Here from the given structure it seems that 'The sun' is the main
subject of the sentence which gives a wrong meaning to the
sentence. 'He' is the subject of both the sentences in option {l)
Whic h will be the best choice. Hence replace 'the sun went down
watc hing before him' with 'he watched the sun go down'.
16. (3)
17. The use of 'inspite of' (ili illq-1_&) makes the sentence meaningful.
Replace 'being' with 'as it was' to make the sentence meaningful.
 -----------~,--= A.V V3
[ PAST PARTICIPLE

1. Driven by poverty, the migrants moved to metropolises.

2. Blinded in hatred, he went there with a gun.
See the examples of Past Participle given above. Participle that expresses
completed action an_d takes V3 form is c~ed Past Participle.
(~~-ml"3 4 itHOI alf1 Participle~~ action~ 64cfrl cJ;raTt
3tttva fonn
Past Participle cfi((t'llcil ti)
In the exarnples you can see that the first action has led to the 2nd and it haa
been the reason for the second action. See how-
(341((.COi 3iTlf f fcf;' 1st action 2 nd acti_on cfiT cf;RUT 3ftl 2 nd action 1at action
ifTG pr~ 1 action cr1Jl"1c1il J3rrl
st ~-) .
1. The migrants were driven by poverty so they moved to metropolises.
2. He was blinded in hatred so he went there with a gun.
[ More examples I
1. Burnt beyond recognition, the bodies remained unclaimed.
Meaning The bodies were burnt beyond recognition so they remained
unclaimed.
2. Injured in the accident, he was taken to hospital.
Meaning He was injured in the accident so he was taken to hospiW.
3. Enchanted with the beauty of the mountain, I continued my trekking.
Meaning I was enchanted with the beauty of the mountain so I
continued my trekking.
4. Encouraged by his father, he persevered.
Meaning He was encouraged by his father so he persevered.
In these examples you can see that Passive Voice is formed from Past
Participle.
( ~ 341((< 1
0
f fcf;' Past Participle Passive Vo ice 'ifi1'ct ti)

A.V Having V3
[ PERFECT PARTICIPLE
1.
Having rested for the whole night he resumed hi j
2. Ham-- fail d • hi ' s ourney.
3. ·:-5 e m s first attempt, he tried even harder.
4. Ha~ done with all fun and ftoric, he got down to work.
Having been an employee of the postal department for thirty years, be
knows the ins and outs of his work.
See the examples given above the 1 at Part · i Voice
d • ·
an moreover either the 2nd action is not cannot
dir change into Pass atveactioll (eg
1, 3) or even if it is (eg 2, 4 ) Passi a ect outcome of the 1 f past
st
Participle is not possible here a dve ructure that was possible in case 0

(3flR fa'i!--mt 3 4 1taor ~I 1f ~me gap between ~1(eg l ,

3) lttt 3J7Rt3ft (eg 2, 4) at~-rgttl) ..Tlt't c,1 i f i T ~ ~ o1dl"1i crttt•

- C lass No tes : l',\J( JI Cil ' i 1

 :flaflDg broken down (1)/the driver sent the car (2)/to the garage. (3)/No
5, error (4). , __ _ ------.- _____
L (SSC Stati.!,!.i_£.~es,Yg!,!_o~ ~EX,!J11, .!!:7 .:2Q_Q5)
:flaflDg deprived of their houses (1)/ in the recent earthquake (2)/ they
6, bad 110 other option but to!_ak~ helter! n a school. (3)/ No error (4)
C t~S.£.!?e ~!,!!_olice Sub_;!gspector , (SI) Exam. 1 9.08.2012)
Much harassed (1)/ he left hostel (2)/ bag and baggage. (3)/ .No err~ (4).
7, -
_
• CZ::4.;:s ... - ......
(SSC CGL Tier-I, Re-Exam- 2013, 27.04.2014)
:flaflDI just(l)/taking a heavy lunch,(2)/she was not ready to have any
8,
frUit.(3)/No error( 4 ) --=-- ssc PRE - 2 018, 12th June, 2019 Evening
Answers
From the given struc t u r e it seems that 'th e driver was broken down'
s. (1)
which is wrong. Hence t h e correct structure s h o uld be as follows:
The car having broken down, the driver sen t the c ar to the garage.
6. (1) 'Perfect Participle' is used when the 1st action has a lready finished
before the 2 nd starts. Here we n eed Passive Voice. ' Having been
deprived ...
7. (1) Add 'been' before 'harassed '. The structure needed is of Passive Voice.
8. (2) Having is followed by V 3 • Change 'taking' into 'tak e n' .

Join the given two sentences in each case using Participle

1. (A) I was your student.
(B) I found it easy to pass the .exam.
2. (A) The sun rose.
(B) The fog disappeared.
3. (A) The godman was .arrested.
(B) His followers ran amok.
4. (A) I lost my passport.
(B) I applied for ·a new .o ne.
s. (A) Mayawati was trained by a past master.
(B) She became a seasoned politician.

[ Answers j
1. Having been your student, I found it e asy t o pass the exam.
2. The Sun having risen, the fog d isappear e d.
3. The godman having been arrested his followers ran amok.
Ran amok means violently uncontrollable fre nzy
4. Having lost my passport I applied for a new one.
5. Having been· trained by past master, Mayawat i become a seasoned
Politician. (Here there is a time gap.)

K!i I IVL If.ii C!,1-.~ NntP-. · P .-\RT!l 11'1.r

 use the co"ect form of verbs given in the bracket.
1. _ __ the noise, we ran out. (hear)
2. We met a girl ___ a basket. (carry)
3. _ _ _ by the dust storm, they ran helter-skelter. (blind
4. _ _ high and dry, she didn't know what to do. (leave))
5. ___ by hunger, he resorted to crime (drive)
6. A ___ stone gathers no moss. (roll)
7. The ___ door terrified us. (creak)

I Answers I
1. Hearing 5. Driven
2. Carrying 6. rolling
3. Blinded 7. creaking
4. Having been left

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176
Class Notes :
 Passive Voice
Active Voice

A
,der
. -I

Subject Verb
,cncn) does (~)
Object
(~
I I I
\
111 1
V V V
teach
English
I wrote
the book
You will help
her
Students make notes
• Here 'Doer' (Subject) does the 'Verb' on the 'object'. (Here cficfl' q;1t 'q'{
~ll)

Row let us assume we want to

1. Pat 'object' at the beginning of the sentence (object a~ ;l;
# tr.IT "1

-
3'
This book has been written by me.
1l 1';a,ae Jtt- ffrlft 111' t1
(P iliiff ll1n ill "1

-
2. We don't bow who the doer is
Re was killed.
3.
~rc:zntl'111'1
The doer is not important and we do not need to mention it (CPCff
li8f4\"' ;n ll'

-
pr 3ffJ 3~ela iRifT t11tt1cl t)
Re was declared dead.
~1[il'dt~a ~ft1111f111'1
We use Passive Voice fn these three conditions.
('91' ifr-1' 81o1id # Passive Voice if;f ~~ti)

V. I ' I I . /f
 Verb
(~)

on Verb
(~)

llow let as see Passive Voice on~ by one.

(31'il' Passive Voice 'Qcli'-'Qcli' cf;'{~ ~I)

Simple Present Tense

Active Voice Subject + V 1 + object.

b"ect
Passive Voice Object+ is/ am/ are+ V3 +by+ Su~ ·

Examples
1. I teach English. 6. She needs help.

2. I write books. 7. Mukesh sings ctassical songs•

gigllt-
3. She helps all. 8. 1 watch television everf

4. Praabant understands her. 9. She plays Hockey.

-and&•
5. We send messages

-
10. Soldiers follow co111u--
Kf_jLJ\'f Class :--; ores
 English is ta~ght by me. 7. Classical songs are sung by
1. Books are written by me. Mukesh.
2, 8. Television is watched by me every
All are helped by her.
3,
She is understood by Prashant. night.
4,
Messages are sent by us. 9. Hockey is played by her.
5. 10. Commands are followed by soldiers.
Help is needed by her.
6.

Change in Pronoun with Change of Voice

Verb Explanation of 4 & 5

,--- -*- q_t<~;.;..._ ___,A
f Preceded by followed by \
Subject Form , · J
- ! L
Objec VForm
- ,._ _ :.!>;., ••~ - t_

Him
Singular Her
It
VJ -
Us
Plural Them
Singular
You
Plural
Simple Past Tense

Active Voice Subject + V2 + object. ]

Passive Voice Object + was/ were + V3 + by + Subject. ]
[ Eaamples j
6. He bought a gun.
1. I helped them.
2' 7. The man stole my purse.
Some Americans saw an alien.
3 • He made a plan. s. The bird made a nest to lay eggs.
4 9. My brother bought a dress.
• She shed tears.
10. Parul answered all the questions
S. Rashmi liked him.
correctly.

1,1> I IVI

- Class Nolf'S : l'assivf' Voit '!'

 A gun was bought by h 1111
·
They were helped by me. My purse was stolen b th•
1. A nest was made b : e Illa
An alien was seen by some Americans. eggs. y t e bird t on.la
2.
A plan was made by him. A dress was bought b }'
3. th
Tears were shed by her. All the questions were co
y my bro er
4. ·answered by Parul. · rrectly .

--------------
He was liked by Rashmi.
s.
Simple Future Tense

Subject + will/ shall + Vb.f. + object~

Active Voice
Object + will/ shall + be + Va + by + Subject~
Passive Voice
shall inform you. 6. Your boss will ques t ion you.
1. 1 fl 7. Media will raise the issue offake
., 2. She will sweep t h e oor. encounter.
3. She will spread the butter. 8. My mother will not punish me.
4. Rohan will post the letter. 9. Harish will pack the bags soon.
will need a gun. _ _ _ _ _1_0_,. I will soon give the relieving letter.
5. 1
. _}~r:1t;I:tf's]fjF·~-~----,.-~ ----
1. You will be informed by me. 6; t, You·)wUMiefquestioned by your boss.
_7_,)}:rhi·:t~ulof,fake encounter will be
2. The floor will be swept by her. ._:.d '. __ · ~-,r~y;M,e'dia.
:••,• -.,: 1-~-~-f,_: ,.. , ~ - ~-P, ';"".1'."',\·:-- _-,·.'•

3. The butter will be spread by her. s:~- "i: s~li(n~t)>e punished by my m0ther,
4. The letter will be posted by Rohan. 9; i· ·:_ TJi~·;1,ag!( will:be .packed by Harish soon.
5. A gun will be needed by me.
1 () ::·TJie' ritie;i:ng
letter will be soon given
. .bj,:•~~-->; _, . .
- .. .

Present Continuous Tense

Active Voice Subject+ is/am/are + V 1 + ing + object,

Passive Voice . . + subject,

ObJect + 1s/am/are +being+ V3 + by

Examples
!

1. He is teaching us dents,
I am teaching the stu
5.
2. The labourers are digging a well. 6. She is feeding t h e poor. tbe case•
3. We are watching a movie. 7. The PMO is investigatis;.'gbtS• et·
4. The government is not taking th 8. We are demandin g our t11e oi•tt
pandemic seriously. e 9. The chief is discussing
10. He is drafting a c ase-

mJ
KO LIVE
Class Notes passi\'l' \ \iicr
 We are being taught by him. Here the poor is plural noun and will
1. /\ well is being dug by the labourers. take plural verb.
2. I\ rnovie is being watched by us. 7. The case is being investigated by the
3. The pandemic is not being ~aken PMO.
4. riously by the government. 8. Our rights are being demanded by us .
students are being taught by me. 9. The matter is being discussed by the
5. The poor are being fed by her. ('The chief.
6· poor' means poor people (1fftir m-ir). 10. A case is being drafted by him .

Past Continuous Tense

Subject + was/were + V 1 + ing + object.
Active Voice
Object+ was/were+ being+ V3 +by+ Subject.

6. She was helping the poor.

1. I was thinking of a new plan.
7. Mohan was making a noise.
2. She was looking into the matter. Rajesh was attending the music
8.
3. Rajesh was taking care of the old class.
people. 9. You were always disturbing the
4. My parents were looking for a class.
suitable match. 10. Some countries were trying new
medicines to control corona.
5. He was cleaning the mess.

1. A new plan was

. .-._~i;~·?t~;~i~:~?~--~ ' ;
1

being'.thought ·ofby me . .·. 5. The mess was being cleaned by h im.

2. The matter was being:.)09ke~::~i_~t~\ 1>f.: 6. The poor were being helped by her.
her , .· . ·'-1{~:;,_-;1-;:-tt ~.<. ;y. -,,· 7. A noise was being made by Mohan .
3. Th~ old people were be'i~i~i:~~1:J-,:. Ji:~:'~{-; ·s. The music class was being attended by
by Rajesh. : ,,.,.,,.,J~~~: 1~·,;Jtl'f;-t}·,·?· Rajesh.
4. A suitable match was being :l ookt''1 '0for ... 9. The class was always being d isturbed by
by my parents. . · ~--· ·.: -tf.,'?yE>.:-i/ ·. you.
{l -4) : If Preposition c~mes / ]n •Active · -10. New medicines were being tried by
Voice, it must be used in Pas'sive Voice. . some countries to control corona.

Future Continuous Tense

Subject + will/ sh + be + V 1 + ing + object. ]
Active Voice
]
Passive Voice

Q(!JI!f.i ect +bas/have+ V3 + object.

s/ have + been + V3 + by + Subject.
Passive Voice
C las<. Notes Passive \'r11c-<·
Kli I.IVJ·.
Examples
India bas already made Co
7.
. movi·e .
I have seen this . rona
vaccine.
1.
!:
4.
Rishi has made !t:::~
Sheela bas supported me.
clothes.
You have cleaneb aght this car.
8. She bas performed her duty
9. My mother has scolded Ille , 'llelJ.
badly. ery
My brot her bas ou d 10. The Judiciary has taken this
5.
6. The government has launche mat ter seriously.
some schemes. Answers
7. Corona vaccine has already b
1. This movie has been seen by me. by India. een lllade
2. I have been supported by Sheela.
3. The bed has been made by Rishi
8. Her duty has been performed
her. Well by
4. All the clothes have been cleaned by
you. 9. I have been scolded very bad! b
5. This car has been bought by my brother.
mother. Y Yrny
6. Some schemes have been launched by 10. This matter has been taken seriously
the government. by t~e Judiciary.
. ..

Past Perfect Ten~_e

7
I - -•··"-- •• •-,,J •

Active Voice Subject + h a d + V3 + object .

Passive Voice Object + had + b een + V3 + by + Subject.

Examples
1. I had completed the work till then . 7. The WHO had given wrong
2. My mother had seen the thief. information about Corona.
3. A pilot had predicted such an 8 . Such a pandemic had crippled the
accident .
world 100 years ago too.
4. The staff had informed the police. 9.
The boys had left a frog in the
5. He had already destroyed the
drawer.
documents. 10 .
6. My sister had fired the servant. The teacher had lodged a
complaint against you.

1. The work had been completed by me till

l - - - - ,.________ - - · ter-
then . 6
· The servant had been fired b Y rnY sis
na had
2 . The thief had been seen by my mother. 7 · Wrong information a ou t Coro
b
3. Such an accident had been predicted by been given by the WHO. b such a
a pilot. S. The world had been crippled Y
4. The police had been informed by the pandemic 100 years ago to~- wer bY tile
staff. 9
· A frog had been left in the ra
5. The documents had already been
destroyed by him. b oys. d aga1·nst
lO. A complaint had been lodge
You by the teacher.

--
K["l l I\T

Class '.\ ores : Pass 1, e \ "till

 Future Perfect Tense

Active Voice Subject + will/ shall + baYe + V 3 + object.

passive Voice Object + will/ ahall + baYe + been + V a+ bJ' + 8llbjeet.

~ plea ]
She will have sorted out the matter.
1: The shopkeeper_ will have given some diacount.
2
, The mUJnnaa will have stopped the service by then.
3
. We shall have taken the test by this time nezt week.
4
5, The ED officers will hav e arrested him by then.
6. The Indian Army will have pushed back the Chinese Army by then.
7, My mother will hav e cooke d the finest meal before I reach home.
s. Scientists will h ave invented the vaccine by the end of this year.
9, Millions of people will have lost their jobs.
10. This pandemic will have changed our society, economy and mindset too if
it doesn't go soon.

1. The matter will ~

h.~Y~
,been sorted out by her.
2. Some discount ~lf~ave .been given by the shopkeeper.
3. The service will'h~y~(been ·stopped by the milkman by then.
4. The test will havec\l>eeh',taken by us by this time next week.
5. He will have ·: bee11·:afr~sted by the .E D officers by then.
6. The Chinese ·A~~Y)i·: : .: ,have ·,b een pushed back by the Indian Army by
then. · ·'.•_·":":- · · ·· ·
7. The finest meal:"~ilfhaY~ ·been -cooked by my mother before I reach home .
s. The vaccine:will<have._,~ een invented by scientists by the end of this year.
9. Jobs will have '. be~n.lost by millions of people.
10. Our society, economy and mindset too will have been changed by this
pandemic if it doesn't go soon.

Modals

- - - . .,_
-·~~- • - - • ·- I

Modal Perfect
· Simple Modals i

·subject + modal+ J Active Voice

Sabject + model +
[ have + Va + object.
1
PYWXWIFL~==V=b·:r+
:::=o=bj=ect
= .==:: . Objeet + model +
; Objectbe
+ V+ + ) Passive Voice lla.e + beea + V 8 +
Subject.___
-
a .,~ + Snh~+

V. !J I !'. f
 Example• j Examples]
1. She must understand her duty. 1. She will have deliv e red th
2. Satish should take the test. 2. The doctors could hav e letter
e sa-v d .
3. Our army must avenge the 3. She should have put on thee hitri.
martyrdom of the soldiers 4. The students ought t o h ne\P/ 'art
4. I can lift this box. the teachers. a-ve respecte~
5. The doctor could not save him. 5. My mother need not h av
6. The schools must not conduct the plants. e •atered
online classes. 6. My mother should have take
7. You need not take his advice her health. n care of
seriously. 7. People should have v oted hini
8 . The govemment should impose power. to
lockdown again. 8. Th~ police could have arrested bun
9. The poor cannot buy these easily.
expensive medicine. 9. You need not have filed a coin lain
10. China could not hide its real 10. The govern?1ent should not ha;e t.
intention. allowed social gathe rings.

Answers
1. Her duty must be understood by
-~~'.::;:}[I\ •.c .- -
her. . 1. . The !e.t~t,r._ will have been
deih,ered :by her.
2. The test should be taken by 2. He co~ic:thave been saved by the
Satish. doctcifit:J · . '
3. The martyrdom of the soldiers · 3~ The'~e~( sari should have been
must be avenged by our army. put:~n:by. he~.
4. This box can be lifted by me. 4 .. The' te'a:cb.ers ought to have been
5. He could not be saved by the resp~f'ted by· the students.
doctor. 5. The plants need not have been
6. Online classes must not be watered ·b y·· my mother.
conducted by the schools. 6. Her· health should have been
7. His advice need not be taken taken .care of by my mother.
seriously by you. • 7 . He ·should-have been voted to
8. Lockdown should be imposed pow~r by the people. d
8 - He could have been arreste
again by the government.
9. These expensive medicines easily by the police. been
9 . A complaint need not have
cannot be bought by the poor.
10. Its real intention could not be filed by you. t bare
hidden by China. 10. Social gatherings should noJJlent-
been allowed by the govern

In these sentences . t}Je

Q.7,8, 10 police or by the we need not write by the p eople, bY eel
here are generally dgovernment because the actions JDendoll
one by the

--
se subjects only.
,m, f\ 't•:

Class Notes : Passi\'e \ "oiet

 INTERROGATIVE SENTEN CES

' • , 1. Wh fa~ ily (Open que~tion~) I

By whom 1. Who loves chocolates?
(P.V) 2. What did you say?
3. Where have you kept the pen?
4. How can you d o this?
To whom 5. Why s hall I tak e the exam again?
(P.V) 6 . Why a r e you making a noise?
in case of verb 7. Who lik e s her?
know & marry 8. What h ave you done?
9. Why couldn't t h e y u se public wells ?
10. When did he fill t he form?

Helping verb will - Answen

come before object By whom are chocolate loved?
as the sentence is What was said by you?
interrogative Where has the pen been kept by
you?
4. How can this by done by you?
------'-"- ·: ·'•-:~~~' '

5. Why shall the exani·--,1>~·: Jaken by 8. What has been done by you?
•.

me again? . ' •_· · 9. Why couldn't the public wells be

6. Why is a noise being·in•de by you? used by them?
7. By whom is she liked? · · When was the form filled by him?

2. Without Wh family (Closed Questions)

.... Answers
l. Are you reading the book?
2· Was he taking medicines on 1. Is the book being read by you?
ti111e? 2. Were medicines being taken by him
3 D'd
1 on time?
• he understand the lesson? 3. Was the lesson understood by him?
4
· Ras he understood the 4. Have the consequences been
consequences? understood by him?
S. Rad the boys misplaced t h e s. Had the equipment been misplaced
equip111ent? by the boys?
6, l\r
'1. l>i:
Yhou taking the e x am?
e see you?
6
7
.
.
Is the exam being taken by you?
Were you seen by him?
8 S. Have you been scolded by him?
• Ras h
9 e scolded you? 9. Is she being taken to the school
. ls he t ki
10 I> a Ilg h e r to the s chool? him?
· oes he know the answer? 10. Is the answer known to him?
KD LIVE Class Notes : Pass ive Voice
,..
I

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

--------------::__S-.:etc.
Sentences of Orders, Requests, Commands, Suggestion
Let + obj + be + V ?
1. With obj.

You are ordered/ requeated + to +

11
;;;iiiiiiii~===========:::::~b.r+ ObJett
I

3. Mild or Moral Suggestion Obj. + should+ be+ V3 +1...

"'T +811b,
1. Lock the gate.
Examples p. V (i) Let the gate be locked.
(ii) You are ordered to lock the gate.
2. Go away.
P.V You are ordered to go away.
3. Help the needy.
P.V The needy should be helpe;::.;d=.' - - - - -
Answers
1. Shut the door. Let the- doo'r
.. . ··•/ .. be shut .
OR You.<are ordered to shut the door
2. Please keep quiet. You ~ri:llciJested to keep quiet. ·
You arf;9f ci_e r~d to go away.
3 . Go away. The me'dicine 'should be taken on
· time . .·· x?i</':/:.
4. Take the medicine on time. OR Yin.r,~feadvised to take th e
mediciri.ei;'J 'h time.
5 . Come in. You ar«t aiiotved to come in.
You are··~rdered to go from here . .
th15
6. Go from here. You are r~quested to complete
work today . .
7. Please complete this work today. You are warned not to move.
The poor should be helped, ss the
8. Don't move. You are instructed not to pre
button. · the
9. Help the poor. OR You are forbidden to press
button. ressed-
10. Don't press the button. OR Let not the button-· be p ·- · ·
-·. -;,-

eooe,
le, soJll e,

*
If the subject is Vague i.e. unclear such as one, they peoP ssi"e voic 11f
somebody, nobody or None, we avoid adding 'by+ Subject' in pa d 11ob 0d1
(3"'1R subject One, they, people, someone, so 01 ebo y
none cit~ 'by + subject' cm- Passive Voice * t)
 Answer•
one 111ust keep one's promise. 1. Promise must be kept.
1· No one desi res no. t s. 2. Riots are not desired.
2· eone has stolen my shoes. 3. My shoes have been stolen.
3 • 50111
They elected him to power again. 4. He was elected to power again.
:: people speak English all over the 5. English is spoken all over the
world . world.

• If the subject is that Noun which usually does the action mentioned in the
sentences, we avoid using 'by+ subject' in Passive Voice.
(3f1R' Subject en Nou~ cfTil1 Qcf;Jil:ii subject~ t n1I' 'by+
Subject' q;r Passive Voice mcrT l)
[Examples I Answers
1. The police arrested him. 1. He was arrested.
2. Farmers are harvesting the 2. The crops are being harvested.
crops. 3. The accused was sentenced to
3. The court sentenced the accused death.
to death. 4. Circumstances obliged him to
4. He was obliged to resign. resign.
5. He has been rusticated from the 5. The principal has rusticated him
from the college.
college.

Explanation to 4 to 5 If no subject is given in Passive Voice, we must use

that subject in Active Voice that usually does that action.
There are certain Verbs that take fixed Preposition in Passive Voice and this
fixed Preposition replaces 'by.
(~~Verb *
en Passive Voice Fixed Preposition l 31n' Fixed
Preposition 'by' 3'ra l)
Verbs ixed Prepositio
ixed Prepositio
Astonished at
to
Startled at
Contained in
Amazed at
in
Annoyed (fflTlif) with someone
Engulfed (fttt in
Annoyed at something
Crammed (m with
" Vexed ( Tlif) with someone
Filled with
at something
Tired ('Ail) of Vexed
Surprised by
Comprised (ilill' of
surprised at (When opposite to
expectation happens)
C la"" :--. o i l''> · Pa,, l\"l' \'oi c<'
KD U\'E
 [ Example• J
6. The atmosphere
1. He annoys me. comprise 8
rare gases. in111)
2. I know you. 7. He married a pretty girl.
3 . Our Constitution embodies six 8. The sweet songs of bi d
fundamental rights. filled the air. r 8 hate
4. A thick cloud of dust engulfed the 9. The news surprised me.
village. 10. His insolent behaviour
5 . This jar contains six packets. _ _ _ ____,m1,..-
.
e _. --==
surpriaed
~Answers
annoy~d
--...~---~-.•~

1. I a~ -~ith him.
2. You are known to me.
3. Six fundamental rights are embodied in our constitution.
4. The village was engulfed in a thick cloud of d~st~ . :·, · .
5. Six packets are contained in this jar. _ · __ ,,:. -_
6. The atmosphere is comprised of many . rar~ . ~a_s e~~-fComprise' takes no
preposition in Active Voice but takes 'or i~t ~,_s sive Voice. Comprise
means ( 1) to form (il'ifTifT), (2) Consist of (lt ilifr_.,. ·,.J :_._ Hence the subject and
object do not exchange position. · · "·<·,}\::),./:- _
He was married to a pretty girl. Here too, we ne~<f not change the position
of subject and object. . , '\:·:;:/t .. .
The air has been filled with the sweet songs of bird~: · ·
I was surprised by the news 0
· : :;._-,;;)J)/':.}6t.·i. ·
I was surprised at his insole nt behaviour. ..
_ _ __ ....
··:>rJ!f{f{fart:.-:
~ir:·.
-: .. •·_- ../~:~~~~~~: 1

Fill in the blanks · ·.

1. I am tired _ _ his tantrums. flowers.
2. The suitcase was crammed
clothes. - -- 4. The jar was filled _ __ milk,
5. The street was thronged -
3. The hall was decorated people
Anawers 1. Of 2. with

Infinitive

Active Voice
p ·ve Voice
y I
to Vb.f ~ \.-
1. I have to finish the work to be V3 tbi•
2. She is to deliver a speech. 6. I am not going to tolerate
3. I am about to start a new busine nonsense. 111,-e
7 Women use tongs to
4. I want the CA to check ·
accounts. chapatis.
5. Women like men to flatter them. 8 · They gave me a book to read.

•
 ,,. ,_--.C-~ -·- . ~ - -...........--:-.-.:,..-Y_ ___,.._.._ _ Answers
_::;---The work has tobe finished by me.
1, · A speech is t~ be delivered by her. .
2· A new. b~siness · 1s,a
· b out to be started by me.
3 · want the acco~:':1ts 1;o be checked by the CA.
4• w 1
0111en like,to be tlatt~red by men~~ ·:· · · ·.·
!: This nons~nse is not going _to be .tolerated by me.
_ Tongs are used by "{Omen to make Chapatis.
7
s. 1 was given a boo~<~o r~~d. . ... · . ·
or · · · . · . . - . ,'.-,.,>,- ~., i _
A book was give!1J~)111e,}~o :rE:ad.

[ Verbs followed by Adjective! ]

Rose smells sweet.
Rose is sweet when it is smelt. ..~ Answers

1. This surface feels smooth. 1. This surface is smooth when it is felt.

2. Those mangoes were sour when they
2. Those mangoes tasted sour. were tasted.
3. Medicines usually taste awful. 3. Medicines are usually awful when they
are,tasted.
4. The dumbbell w eighs 10 kgs. 4. Tne dumbbell is of 10 kgs when it is
weighed.

, Passive Voice
Vis - a Vis
Verb
Answers
1. He bid the highest price. -1. The highest price was bid by him.
2. Small strokes fell great oaks. 2. Great oaks are felled by small strokes.
3. They ground the spices. 3. The spices are ground.
4 , They ground erring pilots. 4. Erring pilots are grounded.
S. They hang pictures on the wall. S. Pictures are hung on the wall.

Passive- Voice vis-a-vis Subject-Verb Agreement

1 Answers .
· The robbers killed the merchant as
1.:The merchant as well as his sons was
\Veil as his sons.
2 1 killed by the robbers.
· helped neither him nor his
2. Neither he nor his accomplices were
accomplices.
3
• \Ve saw nothing but two birds.
helped by me.
:: ~d hkillelps none but the brave. 3 Nothing but two birds was seen by us.
_
4. None but the brave are helped by god.
ey · ed more than one deer• S. More than one deer was killed.
Class Notes : Passive Voice
KD Ll\C:
 Answers
1. It is feared that ghosts live h
1. They fear that ghosts live here. 2. It is said that dreams corne t~e.
2. They say that dreams come true. 3. Two traders were reported to eb.
3. They reported that two traders killed. e
were killed. 4. The problem is expected to b
4. We expect that the problem will resolved soon. e
be resolved soon. 5 You are supposed to know y
5. I suppose you know your duty •
duty well.
our
well.
Verbs followed by Direct and Indirect Objects

1. He gave me a book. 1. (i) I was given a book by him.

(ii) A book '!as given to me by him.
2. (i) The d,o g -was given biscuits by
2. The woman gave biscuits to the the woman. - .
dog. (ii) Biscuit~_were given to the dog by
the -woman. .
3. (i) He wi~\giyen a glass of water by
3· She gave him a glass of water. her . ._ ';(:<-, · ··_
(ii) A gl~ss"."+ e>f'. water was given to
him ·bi:.h~f. _•·
4. They conferred him with the title. 4. (i) He·was ~donferred with the title.
(ii) The title': )vas conferred upon
hl·m . ·'.·,:-r'.:,··
e . ~-... I .~.. l

S. The guards -1·-

refused him 5. (i) Admittance was refused to him.
admittance. (ii) He w~!f~efused admittance.

[ Wh!.n th~ o! ject is a senten~e j

W J ;. WWW lU i wlil:\t.; ;J: z _,..,.;

1. You cannot undo wh t

done. a you have 1. What has been done cannot be
undone.
2. Do you understand what I teach? 2. Is what is taught
understood by you?

KD LI VE

Class Notes : Passi\·e Voice

 SSC CGL TIER-II: 2019
Exam held on : 15-11- 2020
pirection ( ~-20) : . In the following question, a sentence has been given in
Active/Pass ive Voice . Out of the four alternatives suggested, select the one
bich best e x presses the same sentence in Passive/ Active Voice.
He was given anoth_er ~h~ce _by his employer.
(A) His employer 1s gtv1ng him another chance.
(B) His employer gave him another chance.
(C) His employer has given him another chance.
(D) He gave his employer another chance.
. The man eating tiger will be captured tomorrow by the fores t officers.
2 (A) The forest officers will have captured the man eating tiger tom orrow.
(B) The forest officers will capture the man eating tiger tom orrow.
(C) The forest officers will be capturing the man eating tiger tom orrow .
(D) The man eating tiger will capture the forest officers tomorrow.
3. The terrorist was arrested by Mumbai Police.
(A) Mumbai Police has arrested the terrorist.
(B) Mumbai Police arrested the terrorist.
(C) Mumbai Police is arresting the terrorist.
(D) The terrorist arrested Mumbai Police.
4. Let this email be sent immediately.
(A) Send this email immediately.
(B) Ask him to send this email immediately.
(C) We can send this email immediately.
(D) You could send this email immediately
5. The light was switched off by her before sleeping.
(A) She is switching off the light before sleeping.
(B) She switches off the light before sleeping.
(C) She had switched off the light before sleeping.
(D) She switched off the light before sleeping.
6. The ticket will be sent to you by the airlines on e-mail.
(A) The airlines had sent you the ticket by e-mail.
(B) The airlines will have sent you the ticket by e-mail.
(C) The airlines will send you the ticket by e-mail. .
(D) The airlines will be sending you the ticket by e-mail.
7· Success cannot be achieved without hard work and sincerity.
(A) Hard work and sincerity one cannot achieve without success.
(B) One cannot achieve hard work and sincerity without success.
(C) No one could achieve success without hard work and sincerity.
(D) One cannot achieve success without hard work and s incerity
8· All his faults were forgiven by her.
(A) She forgave all his faults.
(B) She has forgiven all his faults.
(C) She will forgive all his faults.

-
(D) She is forgiving all his faults
SSC CGL TIER-II: :2019. Exam held o n : 15-11-2020
 The audience was surprised by the en~~g o!
ththe play.
The ending of the play was surpns1ng 1.or e audience.
9.
(A)
!~l Th ending of the play surprised the audience.
Th: ending of the p~ay has surp~sed the audience.
(D) The audience surpnsed th~ endmg of _the play.
They were refused entry in Delhi by ?1e po~ce.
lO. (A) The police refused them entry 1n D~lh1. .
(B) The police had refused them entry ":1 Delhi._
(C) The police have refused them ent1?7 1n D~lh1.
(D) The police can refuse them entry 1n Delhi.
. Her failure to get admission in the Science stream surprised us.
11 (A) we are surprised about her failure to get admission in the Science

stream.
(B) We were surprised about her failure to get admission in the Science
stream.
(C) We had been surprised about her failure to get admission in the Science
stream.
(D) We have been surprised about her failure to get admission in the Science
stream.
12. He was eating a large pizza.
{A) A large pizza was eating him.
{B) A large pizza has been eaten by him.
{C) A large pizza was being eaten by him.
{D) A large pizza was eaten by him.
13. Why did the editor give such a rude comment?
(A) Why had such a rude comment been given by the editor?
(B) Why is such a rude comment being given by the editor?
(C) Why was such an editor given by the rude comment?
(D) Why was such a rude comment given by the editor?
14. We expect good news about the corona vaccine.
(A) Good news has been expected by us about the corona vaccine.
(B) Good news expected us about the corona vaccine.
(C) Good news is expected by us about the corona vaccine.
(D) Good news was expected by us about the corona vaccine.
15. The masons are building the house.
(A) The house has been built by the masons.
(B) The house is being built by the masons.
(C) The house was being built by the masons.
(D)_ The house is building the masons.
16· Animals cannot make tools.
(A) Animals cannot be made by tools
(B) Tools cannot be made by animal ·
(C) Tools are not to be made by • s~
(D) Tools could not be made by arum~mals.
s. kt
e Toumament

IW l l\'f
 our advocate is arguing the case very ffi .
17- (A)The case h as b een argued very effi
e ectively
. ·
(B)The case is arguing very effectivel e~tively by our advocate.
(C) The advocate is being argued veri
0
J ;:i-
advocate.
(D) The case is being ~gued very effec~iv:~ ~ely by our case.
8 Somebody has already tipped the custom aJth y .~:1r advocate
1 . (A) Custom authorities have already been ti ond1e: about the drugs.
(B) Custom authorities have already been tipped the drugs.
(C) Custom authorities have already tipped ~~me a outbth e drugs.
. . eone a out the drugs
(D) Custom authonties were already tipped about th d ·
19. Who has broken the chair? e rugs.
(A) By whom was the chair been broken?
(B) By whom is the chair been broken?
(C) By whom has the chair been broken?
(D) By whom had the chair been broken?
20. Our team scored 350 runs in the Inter-college Cricket Tournament.
(A) Our team was scored by 350 runs in the Inter-college Cricket
Tournament.
(B) 350 runs have been scored by our team in the Inter-college Cricket
Tournament.
(C) 350 runs were scored by our team in the Inter-college Cricket
Tournament.
(D) 350 runs were scoring our team in the Inter-college Cricket Tournament

1:~~;;er·Ke!{
1! .,~ '{:sf :· :-6. (C) 11._·1 j ~( (Bl
"4
7· D) 12. ·1fil(c,s" . p;,)
~f ;;/'(B) .
V ......

( t · ...f';f
3-:.\/.':0: "'(.B) . 8. (A) 13.- ,,~(D)' ,•,;:,~~r,:;
-;~}--~

4t{,~;(Ar · . 9. (B) l~~- \J~.):~<

- ~~Y.:.: :Z,~~--~~~ -}~ .J~,\~~T;;::A
~Rf:~-0~~,~
;~
t~§ =:C~AMP
~~u;;s~

• ISSC CGL TIER-II: 2019, Exam held on : iiliii

1.

i1'Ht'1
 certain Nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning.
They take singular verb with them
s cs, cono ' '
I . II !
' lVlCS, '
thics (;;ftfa-),
inguistics (~ ~ ~)-
Measles , Mumps, Rickets, Psoriasis, Shingles, Diabetes, Rabies
Gulliver's Travels, Arabian Nights, Two States, Three
Books & Movies
· Musketeers etc
Linguistics -
- - - _Chess, Darts, Billiards the study of languages
~ S u m m o n s ('!itt 'hi ~<il Iii 1), Athlet~cs ('i" ,11:-., f,lmif ,11 trn... •« ~ • News
1. 1 have received.
(i) Two summonses 2. is II
(ii) One summons Explanation - 5 & 6
3. is I\

2. No news - - - - good news.

(be) 4. is Politics
3. St at·18t·IC 8 ,_ _ __ my favourite 5. are One S. Verb
subject. I I I II
Subject . .follows
4. Politics - - - - not my cup of 6. are (~ )
tea. 7. is Statistics
s. Politics of Marx and Ga ndhi
____ poles apart. .. Politics .... Political views
6. Economics of Tata and Rebance Statistics .... Data P.V
- - - - better than those of Economics .... Money follows
many other companies. Management
·7. Three idiots _ _ _ _ an skills
interesting movie.

Certain Nouns look singular but are plural in meaning. Use plural
verb with them. ·
• 6 Ps - Police, People, Poultry, Peasantry, Personnel {staff),
Public
• 3 Cs - Cattle (~~ft}, Clergy (,_.,...,...+-r·), Cavalry,
th
• Electorate, Infantry, Gentry, Vermin, You ---~--
. . . ful to plants and crops.
1.
2.
d nimals harm
- - - are small insects an a ffi nsive peo,Jp:l:e:·
1 sant and o e -
---------:---7
- - - means very unp ea s have) ELECTORATE - People
3. The police _ _ _ arrived. (ha / Party. ho are eligible to vote
h Congress w
4. - - - have voted against t e YOUTH - Young people
5· The youths needs jobs.
Class Notes : NOUN

KO LIVE
6. _ _ _ means high class people.
7. Catties are grazing in the field. .
8. Local clergy _ __ come to resolve the issue. (has/ have)
9. Five persons have come.
10. Many persons come to see the Taj Mahal.
11. The Greeks were brave peoples.
12. A clergy member has come.
Explanations
- ,.
. ..... . _-
,... I

• Vermin-ill"
'C
1. Vermin 1 ~. ' . ~'· \ ·- . -~ ":

diiitq<( 3ftt 9. No error

plants and crop ifil' 10. Change 'persons' into 'people'.
2. Vermin
~mt, 11. • Person - 64~
qhllif ifi1il'aTttiim • Persons fc) ...
ocid4J
3. have
4. • Peoples
of different races (Viii
Electorate • Electorate - people ifttl' cl; f in
who can vote Peoplesif11' 3IJQ1Jr
5. Youth(P.N) young people
6. Gentry High class people il'fRr 'People' llN3JI)
7. 12. Clergy is a plural noun. As a slllgUlar
Cattle Jrchft'
8 Clergy noun use 'clergy member'.
priests. Use P.V

Poultry
I a
Meat of Hens & Ducks \
(~ 3F ~,-~ . !; ;rr,::r ) Hens & Ducks
~JfR~

Profession
~crrtr Farmers / Peasants

Take
s.v rake
p.V
Unit of A my
Horse-mounted soldiers

Infantry

Unit of Army
ldiers

KO Lf\'E
 . peasantry _ _ _ a thankless profession. (be)
13
. peasantry ____ raising slogans against the government. (be)
14
. poultry _ _ _ better than red meat. (be)
15
. poultry _ _ _ culled to check bird flu. (be)
16
7. Infantry _ _ _ taught how to camouflage themselves . (be)
1
. Infantry ____ an essential unit of army. (be)
18
9. police personnels have arrived.
1
20. Public knows everything.

13. is 14. are

16. are/were+ c ulled
Cull - t o kill a nimals or birds in a large number {ffil'51 I-1 <=1 < cft" mt!"
.
17. are
Camouflage t o h id e o neself by gettin g unrecognizable and mixed
with nearby obje ct.
18. is
19. Change 'Personnels' into 'Pe rsonnel'.
20. Change 'knows' into know' .

There are certain Nouns that do not take plural form but
are both singular and plural in meaning. They will take
plural Verb and Plural Adjective if used in plural sense.

IUJll =D=e=e r= =:::::: =:

:=:( S=h=ee
=p===.5:f:_5.;:::::=:; = O=ff:=sp
=r=in · ra
=g= (cn
= = )=:::
· ~-,.{ Aircraft ) ( Vacation (2"f°l41) Fish
Answers
Three
1.
---- killed. (deer, be)
One ________ killed. (deer, be)
deer, was
2. He bought one _ _ _ and cooked it. (Fish) 2. fish
3- He bought two _ _ _ and cooked them. (Fish) 3. fish
4· 4. Fishe s
- -- look beautiful i'n aquarium. (Fish)
5. o ffspring
S. He d ied intestate as he has no _ _ _ _ 6. Changes 'd e ers'
6• The poachers killed three deers. into 'deer'.

~ ~!!~ .• Plural of fish is 'fish'.

The Proper Noun of the different species of fish will also be in
singular form
Rohu, Katia, Salmon
• Fishes - fish of different species
Class Notes : NOUN
KD LIVE
 Certain 'Nouns' are always in plural form but they ca
both singular and plural structures. n Conte in

- - Headquarters J"'( ~--.J----.J

1. Many _ _ _ are endangered and this
Answers
of flies has become extinc t. r i.--:pecles, ap
- -- 2 . seyies
2. We won the last _ __ 3 . series
4. Change 'headquarter
3. We won t wo l into headquarters. J
4. The hea dquarter of UNICEF is in Ne w Yor k.

There are Certain Nouns, that take one more meaning when
converted into Plural Form.

Letter Letters -+ f11~<'4, aruft, f¾~4j

Custom Customs
Manner Manners -+ ~ . ~21-ql{ (Etiquettes)
Quarter l/4 Quarters -+ l / 4 (Plural ~), Residence

1. There are 26 _ _ _ in English Alphabet.

2. You have no _ __ 1. letters
3. He became a - - - officer. 2. manners
3. customs
4. Serving tea is an English _ __
4. custom
5. Economy will improve in three _ __ s. quarters
6. He lives in a government _ __ 6. quartets
7. He is a man of - - - 7. letters

Explanation to question 4 :-

t , ,-------:•·- ------ ------

(i) Custom (ii) Tradition

------': ------
~-;;rt"~~~ Custom~~~~~~
(Common Practice) &lf (Indi'Vi
Eg:- Sati pratha was a
* Practice - ~ . di 1-4 Ie Hindu tradition

KD LIVE
 -- ....- --- - -- - --- -- --- -- --- --- ---~ -~ -- - - - - --- -- - -- - - - ---,
There are certain 'Nouns' that take a different meaning when
changed into plural form. ,
.- - - - -- - -- - - -- - -~-- . - - - - -- - -- - __ )

pain
PaJns -+ oN<fi~ (effort)
Air -+ Airs -+ ~Hlcli!l &lcl~I< (affectation)
Return -+ crmft Returns -+
Force -+ Forces -+ wrr~ cf;t s;cfi~4T
Sand -+ m Sands -+ <111fct ,~ (desert)
Abuse -+ (wrong use) Abuses -+ (expletives)
Water -+ Waters -+ ~(ocean)
Work -+ Works -+ factory, fl i ~<4
Fruit -+ Fruits -+ types ('Cf'K1 <pf),~ (consequences)
Wit -+ ct Ii:fli~d I (oratory) Wits -+ Intelligence
Wood -+ Woods -+ (forest)
Money -+ tm Monies -+ amount
Ground -+ Grounds -+ 3lf&R (basis)
Brain -+ Brains -+ ~Q;:J.l a 1 (Intelligence)
FRUIT

As Subject ( ~ ) As object ( ~ )

l l J
Fruit (S.N) Fruit Fruits Fruits Fihii Fiiififi
Fill in the blanks w ith a suitable Noun given above:-

1. Increase the intake of _ _ _ _ _ _ and - - - - - -

of hard work _ _ _ _ _ _ (be) sweet.
2. - - -- - -
3. This book is the _ _ _ __ _ of JDY hard work.

4• These books are the _ __ _ _ _ of JDY hard work.

• hi d waterm.elon JDake suJDJDer desirable.
5. _ __ _ _ _ like JDango, lie an

6. I have many _ _ _ today.

7. I have read JDaDY of Shakespeare.

8. Be toils in an iron for the whole day·

Class Notes : NOUN

KDLI\"E
 s or - --
9 • Grey matter mean
1.
0 _ __
of power breeds corruption.
tered his bed room, he saw a snake crawling on the
ll. When h e en --·
(floor/ ground)
12 _ What are the _ _ _ of his conviction?
13. He _ __ as h e is foul-mouthed. His _ _ _ are intolerable.
14. He takes pain in his work.
15. He gives himself _ __
Answers
1. Ans:- fruit and vegetables. In 9. Answer is 'wits' or 'brains'(~
general sentence (~-~), &uit is 10. Answer is 'Abuse' (s;cf41i~ ·
in singular and vegetables is in 11. Answer is 'ground'(~ ), 'Door' l
i
plural form. l
1 2. Fruits, is 12. Answer is 'grounds' (31Tlm:)
· 3. Fruit 13. Answer is 'abuses1s.v1' (irnft=t.n),
· 4. Fruits 'abuses1s.N1' (i11 fflt 4l)
r 5. Fruits ~ ~ 'SfcliR) 14. Answer is 'pains' ( ~ 'Sl'<l'ffi), 'Pain'
6. I have many pieces of work today. (~)
I have much work today. 15. Answer is 'airs'.
i 7. Answer is 'works' Gives himself airs - throws
I
; 8. Answer is 'works' tantrums (ffl cfivrr)
I

..... --- - ·- -- -

If a Noun ends in 'f or 'fe', then 'f and 'fe' gets converted into 'ves'.

Exception - Knife Knives

Wife Wives
Singular 1'oun ~ !:9a-ingJ~ Plural Koun Sheaf ('ll'R) Sheaves
Belief -+ Beliefs
Grief -+ Griefs ••• Explanation
Cliff -+ ••
Cliffs
Safe -+ Safes • • Believe M -+
Turf -+ 'El'fficfiT'9"'{Q • Grieve M -+ imrir lfifl"IT
Turfs
Chief -+ (~cffl"~) • Safe (If) -+
Handkerchief -+ Chiefs Safe (Acij) -+
Gulf -+ Handkerchiefs • Chief (Acij) -+ (Main)
-+ ~1l~ Gulfs
Scarf
Scarfs
• Chief (R) -+
Brief
cffiil"~ • Brief (Acij) -+ it"lT
Dwarf -+ ffl-mhft" ~i:i '11 Briefs • Brief (1') -+
-+ Dwarfs/ Dwarves
Roof -+ Roofs • Brief M -+
KOLM

-
r 1,
The _ _ _ of Hindus brought them close to ,
~-
------
-----
Answers
nature. 1. Answer is 'beliefs'
He you word for word. 2. Answer is 'believes'
2, ---
Hi _ _ _ know no bound. 3. Answer ia 'griefa'
3. s
He day in, day out. 4. Answer is 'grieved'/
4,
. The police wW _ _ _ the press tomorrow. 'grieves
5 5. Answer is 'brief'
• The police released the _ _ _ after the
6 6. Answer is 'brier
investigation.

Examples
Hero -+ Heroes
Potato -+ Potatoes
Studio -+ Studios
Solo1NJ { ~ Performance) -+ Solos
Memento {f4ffaR4i() -+ Mementos
Piano .,,..,..,,~ -+ Pianos
Photo {af4l<) -+ Photos
Dynamo (fa!Gt{:{1 ~~cfiT~~ -+ Dynamos
Ratio {ar1q1a) -+ Ratios
Embryo {'(UT) -+ Embryos
Zoo {R4~4i llR") -+ Zoos

S.N P.N.

ic ,
riting Thesis -+
-+
further studies.
Hypothesis !NI An idea or theory not proven but th
Neurosis Neuroses
Brain disorder Baaea
Basia {arral"()
Crisis (m} Crises
Analysis {aricti{wf if) Analyse•
r ·-~~------~--~-
j Two nouns end in 'on', they change into 'a'
P.N.
-a
-OD
Phenomena
Phenomenon(process,~ -+
Criteria

-
Criterion {it Iq 4$) -+
Cla ss Notc·s : N<llJN
1,1> I l\'l·
 Certain Nouns end in 'um', they change into 'a'
- -- . · 7 Exception
F-
. P.N.
-- -- -- - .
.
,+ a
um C P.N .
--- ---
~ Data 1. Asylum
1. Datum(anffl) -+ AayIUJna
,+ Agenda 2. Forum -+
2. Agendum~~) Fol'Ulna
Memorandum (m1R') ,+ Memoranda 3. Premium -+ Prellli111n8
3.
4. Ovum(ftl:;r) .+ ova 4. Museum -+ MuaeUUia
5. Pendulum -+ Pendu1111na
s. Dictum(~~) ,+ Dicta
6. Spectrum -+ Spectrunia
6. Stratum~) .+ Strata
Spectra '
7. Bacterium .+ Bacteria 7. Stadium -+ StadiUJna
1. These are many hypothesis regarding the age of our planet.
2. You will face many criterions of selection procedure.
3. Photosynthesis and transpiration are two phenomenons found in plants
only.
4. Things to be considered or done in a meeting are put in the _ _ _ _
5. The official record of the proceedings of a meet ing. -+ ____ _
6. A place of/ group meeting on a particular issue _ _ _ _ _•
7. A religious group meeting at a place
8.
- ---
_ _ _ _ means shelter or refuge.
9. A person who takes care of _ _ __ is called a curator.
10. means religious teachings.
11. A _ _ __
Priam. ofseven colours is seen when white light passes through a

12. - -- - of views on Article 370 were seen at T .V.

r:--=~---------
1

1 1.Replace 'hnothes1s• with

- nrfffa§l--- - - - - - - - - - --
i 'hJPOtheaea• 8. Asylum.
I 2.
Replace 'critertona• with 'criteria• 9. DlUseum.
3. ~place 'pheno111enona• with 10. Dicta
pheno111ena• 11. spectrum.
4.
agenda 12. Spectra
: s. lllinutea
:6
. . fonun Spectrums
7• CODgregation Spectruna

- -
Spectra
 ;.--- - - - -

: P.N.
·--~-~
Cloths - (W ~ )
1. Cloth I Clothes (garment)

Dies (m-)

2. Die I Dice ('Cflm)

Brothers ( ~ )
a. Brother I Brethren (people of the same community-)

Indexes (lists of chapters etc at the end of book)

4. Index I Indices (mathematical signs)

The Nouns given above }lave two plural forms with different meanings
Letters

I, S.N
~~--=-------·
P.N . .-.::l
--
i} i's
P.N.

f}•
5 Ss u , ,, u 's
2 2s

1 ls t Answers
1. Mind your ___ means to have proper manners.
1. p's and q's
2. Dot·your _ _ and cross your - - 2. i's, t's
something completely.
Two Nouns given below take 'en' and form their
_ .p,i=~lliiiiiiiiil5 -iiiplural forms.
-- ~--- - -~-~- -

l P.N.
S.N
Children
Child xen

, _:i'_he Four Nouns given below have their 'us' replaced by 'i'.
P.N.
S.N -~--- P.N. J s.N
Lc,CUS ,+
roeua -+ Foci RadiUS ,+
8Jllabua -+ Syllabi A}umnus (u:r.f) -+
lfucleua
hi l I I \ I
-+ Nuclei

- Class Notes : NOU N

 .. ..
Certain Nouns have their internal vowel changed:-
- ·- ~ -- - ~ ~ --

.
P.N.
Mice Goose (cfi~ ~~) Geese
Mouse (W)
Lice Foot(~) Feet
Louse (,t)
Men Tooth (zj"a-) Teeth
Man(~)
Woman ( ) Women • Formula Fonn111ae
In compound Nouns add 's' to the main word

L S,N P.N.
1. Mother-in-law (-«ra) Mothers-in-law
2. Brother-in-law (~. ~ ) Brothers-in-law
3. Step son (ij~ d{-I I m) Step sons
4. Half brother Half brothers
5. Assistant commissioner Assistant commissioners
6. Tooth brush Tooth brushes
7. Bed room Bed rooms
8. Code of conduct codes of conduct
9. Passer by ( ~ cffiIT <1 ~ft<) Passers by
10. Man eater Man eaters
11. Man hater Man haters
12. Man servant Men servants
. 13. Woman doctor Women doctors
. 14. Major General Major Generals
15. Lieutenant General Lieutenant Generals
16. General Manager General Managers
17. Secretary General Secretaries General
18. Attomey General Attorneys General
19. Advocate General Advocates General
20. Govemor General Governors Generals
21. Spoonful(~ 'iR <R) Spoonfuls
22. Mouthful~ 'iR <R) Mouthfuls
23. Handful ( 'iR <R) Handfuls
r-
Use of Apostroph
~ ---- ~--~--
1. Ram's book. 2. The girl's conduct.

• 3. { A boy's conduct
Boys' school -}prural
__s _ing
_ ular A girl's Girls' hostel
If Plural form is made ~, .... u.u.uig s/ es, add apostrophe (') after 's'
and do not add 's' again

h:I1 LJ\-E
C lass Not es- -- --.;nl''.'
-
11111

• 4. { Man's superiorit y > Men's wear }

Plural
Singular A woman's rights-s- - - - - - - ~ > Women's hostel

_.. If Singular form is different from the plural form, use ('s) with both of them.
,_
- - --- ___ J
_____;

• 1. Peace' sake
2. My bos s ' mother.

-.,If the noun ends with a hissing sound only apostrophe is added not followed by s :
-· -- --- - --

This is not my book. This is Ans. (iii) This is an exception to

(i) someone's else
hissing sound rule.
(ii) Someone else'
(iii) Someone else's
Note:- Mend your ways for god's sake./ ('lf~iciM ~cfffif~~ @IU)
1. Amitabh and Ajitabh's father was a great poet.
2. Ria and Raman's joint account has been freezed.
X Y 's

L-y-'
A (both X & Y possess t he same tbjng)

3. I love Lata's and Asha's songs.

4. I have read all William wordsworth's and Keats' works.
X's Y 's
l l
A B
(Lata) (As ha)
In 3 & 4 both do not possess the same t bjng

SSC SSC
Detecting Errors Sentence
Improvement Lill 0!IillEil3 {!Uc) ill.I)
 Possessive Pronoun '
His
Hers Note:-
Yours
We do not use apostrophe
Ours
with Possessive Pronoun
Theirs
Mine
Its Possessive Adjective

1. This book is her's. (X)

This book is
2. The dog had a chain around it's neck. (X)
The dog had a chain around its
3. This is my car and that is theirs.
4. _ _ bus arrived on time.
(i) their (ii) theirs (iii) their's Ans. (i)
5. Its raining. (X)
It's

1. This is my friend's Ram's house. (X)

In (3), the subject is 'dog', hence
This is my friend Ram's house.
/
the verb & possessive adjective
2. My father's boss' mother has expired. (X) will follow dog.
The mother of my father's boss has So we will have to use children's
expired. ( so that the m eaning is clear, but
3. The children's dog slept in their uncle's we cannot use two apostrophe
house. together. The house of the
children's uncle is the best
The children's dog slept in the house of s tructure.
the children's uncle.

(f We use 'of' t o express possession of 'Non-living thing'.

Fan's blade fX)
The blade of fan.
Table's leg fX)
The leg of table.
Exceptions 1. Heavenly bodies.
- . -- ··---~ Eg:
The Earth's atmosphere comprises many
2. Idioms & Phrases
Eg: Keep such people at arm's length.
3. Respectable things
Eg: We have heard the court's order.

lltei Class :'\'ott'S : 1\'.0L":'\'

 Units of Time, Space and Weight
.4.
1. We were at a kilometre's distance.
Eg:
2. The rabbit crossed the fence in a second'• time.

3. A pound's weight is sufficient.

4. It is 8 O'clock.

s. Days, Currency, Government, Personification

Eg: 1. Today's weather is fine.

2. Rupee's value is falling.

3. We have to obey the government's decision.

4. The Sun's fury knows no bound in deserts.

Exceptions summarized Apostrophe fs} comes with:-

--- ~- -~.
1. Heavenly objects. weight.
Eg: Mars' temperature, Saturn's 5. Today, Tomorrow etc.
rings. 6. Currency
2. Idioms and Phrases. 7. Government, City, Country etc.
Eg: Within a stone's throw. Eg: City's life
3. Respectable t hings 8. Non-living things when they are
Eg: Duty's call. personified.
4. The unit of distance, time and Eg: Nature's love, fortune's favourite.

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f

KDLJ\"E
 COLLECTIVE NOUNS
People discussing iss~~s . Forum
1.
People discussing religious issues Congregau
2. Choir on
3. Singers
Stars Galaxy
4.
s. Stars in a particular pattern
Constellation
6. Shots /bullets Volley
7. Shots or bullets fired very quickly Fusillade
8. Simultaneous discharge of guns in a military Salvo
action as a salute
9. Ships/cars Fleet
10. Vehicles behind an escort Convoy
11. Moving vehicles Caravan
12. Puppies Litter
13. Dogs(~)/wolves ( ~ ) / Pack
hounds(~~)
14. Lions Pride
15. Islands Archipelago
16. Directors Board
17. Birds Flock
18. Bees/Insects Swarm
19. Stairs/Flying birds Flight
20. Merchants/ smugglers Syndicate
21. Keys/ Flowers/ Crooks Bunch
22. Flowers Bouquet
23. Girls/ Officers Bevy
24. Criminals/ Labourers Gang
25. People Crowd/Horde
26. Angry people
27. Mob
Fish
28. School/Shoal
People with same interest or taste Coterie/ Clique
29. Musicians
30. Band
Policemen/People with same occupation
31. Grass Posse
32. Hair Tuft
33. Warships Lock
34. Judges Armada
35. Stick/ Cloth Jury/Bench
36. Paper Bundle
37. Hidden illegal things Stack
38. Representatives Cache
39. Apes Delegation
40. Alligators Shrewdness

-
Im l l\ 'E Congregation
 Bats('i4+Ml~it} Cauldron
41,
sears Sloth/ sleuth
42,
Buffaloes Gang/ Obstinacy
43.
Cats Clowder
44. Army
45. Caterpillars
46, camels Caravan
.47, Cheetahs Coalition
48, Crows Murder
49, Dogs Cowardice/Pack
50, Dolphins Pod
51. Eagles Convocation
52, Elephants Pride/herd
53, Cattle Herd
54, Frogs Army
55. Kangaroos Mob/Troop
56. Soldiers Army/Troop
57. Monkeys Troop
58. Squirrels Scurry
59. Zebra Zeal (3--Ht-,tC-)
60. Servants/ Attendants Retinue
61 . Mountains Range/ Chain
62. Laws Code
63. Studies Curriculum
64. Coma/ Arrows Sheaf
65. Stone/ Garbage Heap
66. Trees Clump/Grove
67. Dancers, Actors or Entertainers who troupe
work and travel together

(); ....
1'!11 J !

KD DEFENCE BRIGADE
BEil CIICRINI FOR

1 I . ,

1011- 49123978
I
1m 11\T - Class Nott>s .. COi l ·l'·l " l'l\' l '' N OUNS

111111
 CONFUSING NOUN (MEANING)
Word
Meaning in English Meaning•
in liind·
an attitude of superiority in an , • l
1. Arrogance(NI
overbearing manner
PridelNI/M
a feeling of deep pleasure or satisfaction of 7Ta'/1Ja-
one's achievements, to have a sense a
pleasure due to an achievement
2. Principle1NI Ideal ~t/~
PrinciPalrNI head of a school ~ioiliU~

PrincipalrAcUI main
3. Air(N)
the invisible mixture of gases that people
and animals breathe
(V)
Air to make something known in public ~-HIAc1 ·
Breeze1N) a light gentle wind
Wind1NJ a current of air ctiT Bnll~

a strong wind i;fqs q)<f

GalelNI
Storm1N1 a violent disturbance of the atmosphere
with strong winds
4. Space1N) • out of the earth
• empty place
Room 1N) empty space that can be occupied
Place1N) empty place, an available seat or a
particular position, area
5. Astrologer1N) one who studies stars and predicts your
destiny
AstronomerINI one who studies the arrangement of stars,
planet etc.
6. Half Brother1NI either the father/ mother in common J:J@T-ftic:rr t
flrar-:i:m=rr
Step Brother1NI when neither of the parents is common ~mt
Cousin1N1 Don't use brother/ Sister with cousin ~~3$1~
Brethren1NI members of the same community tft' -H"ja'1i t"
7. AltarlNI raised platform for sacrifice or seen in arcft"
church
Alter(!O to change
8. Blunder1NI big mistake (blunder mistake superfluous)
Mistake(V)/IPII to make a wrong judgement, that is not
correct
ErrM to make a mistake
Error1N) Mistake
Emend(V) to correct errors in (something written) _
Amen~ act of improving, to change for better :__
KD LIVE
• •-IMJ;Midiiii•Hii,
--
~ -
Word
c,grpse(lfl
CofPSll'J
Copsflll
Carcassllfl
Meaning in English
dead body of a human being
military unit
police
dead body of an animal
Meaning in Hindi

dead body of a human being for medical

Cadaver1Jf)
purpose/ study
to scold badly ~ ~ ~ . ~ wrr.rr
10. RailM
to leave its track (of a train)
Derailcvi
the usual way of d oing things by people of
11. custom,Jf)
a place
individual behaviour 3'T4n
Habitilf)
a belief or custom handed down from one
Traditio11tlf)
generation to another foe a long time
the activity of doing something again and
Practice(Jf)
again in order to become better at it/
custom
~.~-cfiTUs
practice (Eg- last rite)
12. Rites1Jf) <tiAcifi1os, ftft!l"-ft'ar.;r
a ceremony or series of acts that is always
Ritualpq
performed the same way
Disinterestedness 1" 1 impartiality
13.
" Uninterestedness1Jf) no interest
One who leaves the country
1TcITT:fr
14. Emigran~
One who enters the country ~~"1~V<f;
Immigran~
one who leaves one's native place for
Migran~
livelihood aJm
original inhabitant of a place, of that place
Native(lf/AI lt,FtOl<tiitl
Itinerantilf) wanderer r.tara~
a place where someone lives
Domicile(Jf) l:JA<Ri$
that doesn't settle at one place
Nomad(Jf) mnr
15. Fate(Jf) destiny c;_1tr13 ll 'i°f"
having serious results (in negative way) mncti, a-c1-,(-o1-1cfi-
Fatefu~1
F a ~1
deadly, hazardous mnr * rcn-am mcrr
one who believes in destiny
Fatalist(N)
16. a voracious eater, glutton m.f-qr.:j' cfiT ~lcii<t>i<
Oourman~1 a food connoisseur, gastronomist W'if-qr.:f cf,f , ~
Gourmetclf)
fond of eating and drinking qJcfi''cifim°cfiT~
Epicure(Jf)
Connoisseur(If) specialist in art cfi(iffcf,f,~~mfrl
a person with interest in an art but not in
Dabblerllfl ciiffe
a serious way, Dilettante illf ,l't<t>' * cfiT1t"
a person who does something for pleasure 'cf,«fT • .t'lfflffillll
17. Amateur(Jf)
and not as a job 1"m
One who is paid in a sport or activity. 311~1Scfij'{
Professionalpq making of something that didn't exist
18. Invention1Jf) finding out of something that already
Discovery(If)
existed
Clnss Notes : CONFUSIN(i NOUN (MEANING)

KD LIVE
,., ,I,

l\1
1 11
I I\ Word Meaning in English
19. Meaning in liindi
11 Jealousy'"' the feeling that comes due to the fear of
losing that we have
lI I'I: Envy1111 v, the feeling of wanting to have what someone
'I
•' 1·!
I
else has
,I I
20. Lightin~NI the equipments that provides light, the use
1!1·
:11 of light for a purpose
'.!\ Lightnin~NI
I
'I I
'I I the flashes of light that is produced during
'I i:11
rain
,;1 Lighten1v, to make light or bright, to relieve of a
I

burden to make light in colour ~rmr cfi{;Jr, iU$r ifil!'

21.
t1T cfi{;Jr l!it.lr,
EminentcA~l known and respected
Imminen~1 upcoming/ about to happen
Notorious1Alijl
mhr ~cmrri
known but disrespected
Anonymous(Acij1 without name
Living legend1N1 a person who is alive and very successful

22.
~ITT
Person~, belonging or relating to a particular person c4~31c-f
I Personne1<M1 a group of people employed in a business or cfi,.fo,fl
I' I
I an organization
23. Pray(V) to hope or wish very much for, implore fRifr/ \71i;;P'is1ot1
Prey(N/V) an animal that is hunted, to hunt
Birds of prey11'1 hunting birds
24. Canon1N1 rule
Cannon1" 1 a large automatic gun that is shdt ffitr
25. Autopsy1N1 Post-mortem, examination of dead cells ~Jq ~ .
Biopsy11'1 examination of living cells cfiT
26. Pane11'1 the glass covering of a windows/ door cfiT ~hrr
I 11
p~/(N) to make to suffer or cause distress to/ ~N~ilicrii/~
I
111 sufferings
I
I,
:I· Pains11'1 hard work, effort
I !I
,.1 Pale(Acij,I light yellow
1'! pan.Kl bucket
'.1:1 Tale11111 story
I'
Tan.Kl the rear end part of an animal or something
27. Ordinance11'1 law/ act/ statute
Ordnance151 military supply
28. Palate151 the top part ofthe inside of mouth, the
ability-to taste and judge good food and wine
Palette1N) painting board
Pelletc51 small round balls
29. Pedal(V)/INI to ride a bicycle with help of foot, a part of
cycle on which you keep your foot
Peddlf::M to roam about and sell things
Peddler1111 one who roams and sells things
30. Story1N1 a long narration
Storey11111 floor
I<D LIVE
••11;;;;
 Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
Word
'!!'f Fi 61..., a moral story with animal characters

Parable(Jf) moral story

- Legend(K)
M}'thi1'J
a story, the authenticity of which is not proved
that many believe but is not true
Epic(K) a long poem or book that usually tells a story about A('li!iiic4
heroic and exciting event .
Anecdote(Jf) a short story of interesting eve~ts
one who is good at telling stories 11.j~j.( ~ .
Racontew11'J
Fol.ktale(Jf) stories famous among the people
to entertain or amuse '1~<.itii cRifJ"
Regale(K)
Allegory(K) a story in which, the characters or symbols stand for
ideas about human life or for political/ historical
events
32. Dais(K) a raised platform where a person stands to perform
or speak, stage
Altar(Jf) a raised place on which sacrifices and gifts are
offered or some religious ceremony is performed in a
temple or a church
PulpitclfJ a raised platform where a priest or minister stands
to lead a worship or religious service
c41:&lli"1 J:i"q
Ros~ a small raised platform on a stage
the part of a theatre stage in front of the curtain trma''Q'{'<t!*Jnit
Prosceni~ cJ;TffliJT
a stage that extends into the audience on three tmta'~~J{R*
Thrust stage(Jf) ~\cfitaffm"~I
sides.
a level area surrounded by seating for public event
bf: Are~
a large stadium
~~Rf%4A
Colise~
33. Affectionp., closeness, love
ila1tctc!t c4cll'Fl
Affectationp., unnatural behaviour
t11t401
,-
34. the use of money time etc for a particular purpose
Devotionp.,
to use (money) to pay for something
ricR-rr
Spen~ ~cfir.rr/~
to spend on useless things of no further use
WasteM/tl'J ctiRUT
35. Reaso°<RJ to think in a logical way ifiRi!f,', ifiRi!f,'
something or someone that produces an effect or
Cause(K)/M
result/the act of doing so
36. a piece of land let unploughed as a dividing line
Ba.Ikoo
to suddenly refuse to do something that others
Balkw,
expected you to do.
Barke-, the outer covering of the stem of the tree
Barkwu... the sound that a dog makes
Bulle large part of something.
~ 7. Capi~ the principal amount
having death as a possible punishment
<?api~.\AQ)
Capi~ letters (A, B, C, DLo( ~qglis!!_ Alpl:!abet -
Capitalpq the place with main offices of a government
 Word Meaning in English
the building ii:) whioh the people who !11lakie rt:he
i$.ws<Of,• 'U:S. state meet
38. Chorclty, musical tone, in same accord
something like ra .rope but ,fhinner than string
Cordtai a group of people chosen to make rules and law
39. Councn..i
Counsel__.voo advocate 1cme who ,gives .advice)/ to give advice
40. Du~ having two of something
Oue1-J a fight between two people
41. EnvelopM to completely cover
Envelo~ that ,c overs
4 2. Flair11'1 natural ability to do something
N- a light that shines brightly
V- 1. to shine brightly i"tcfwfl
V -:2 . to become suddenly angry or excited 3i$4icrtl
43. F ~1 very unpleasant
Fo~ .a bird that is raised for its meat
44. Ido~ Statue 1ifil
Id~ _greatly admired person ~t
Idl~ not active f.rilrcfimqif,m=n'
45. Loath...,., unwilling
br-r
Loath~ to hate very much
46. Meta\., A type of solid substance that shines
Mettl~ spirit, strength, vigour
47, Oar,1111 a long pole with wide end to steer a boat
OI"epq mineral containing metals
48. Amu.semen~ the feeling of being entertained Jr.I"~
Amuse M to entertain ~m1fif~
BemuselfYI to confuse .:,
49. Simile, Metaphorflll
Metaphor.., The figure of speech whe.r e we compare without using words 'like' and 'as'.
Eg- 1. He was a lion in the battle field.
2. This .f ighter plane is a hawk of the US army .
Simil~ The figure of speech where we use 'like' or 'as' to make a comparison.
Eg-1. He was like a lion in the battle field.
2. He is like a hawk of the US Army.
.50. Demur.., polite way-of disagreement.
DemurM to disagree politely

51 .
J>enuueCMU_,
Didactic.~.

Pedanticca)
~-· quiet and polite
designed to teach something e.g. Mahabharata is a
didactic epic.
l. ~duly ah.owing off one's knowledge or emphasizing
minute detail$
2 . blue stocking a ped.,mtic woman
52. Irony.., the use of words that means the opposite of what you

-
really think especially in order to be funny or to make fun
h i 1 I I\ I
 Meaning in English
Word Meaning in Hindi
the use of words that means 6pp6site and ~S"'°"!""fl
- Satirell') . Y""-ml~
used to insult a person
·sarcasml1'> a way of using humour to show something is bad or
weak.
Pu~
use of word or phrase in a humorous way with. a
different meaning
Moralell') how happy, sad, confident etc a group of people feel at
53.
a particular time
MoraJ«AdJ/Kl related to what is right and what is wrong ~R\<ticif
54. SirellptJ very attractive but dangerous woman q{ &cHiilc:6
AmazoJ'lpti tall and strong woman ~ q· ~1~F-fr'
Shrewl1'> a bad tempered woman
.:>
Harrid~ an angry or unpleasant woman ~Jfl«r
Vampl1'> a woman who uses her charm to seduce men
""'Jtlsfi~ci
Coquett~ a woman who likes to win the attention or admiration
of men but does not have serious feelings for them
55. Turbid (Adj) muddy, not clear
Turgi~AAV) 1. Larger or fuller than normal ~P!,3RT?T
2. Pompous Jtfa~
56. Rio~ a situation where people behave in a violent manner
Ritell'I an act that is a part of religious ceremony
Righ~ privilege
RigbtiMJ,I accurate, correct
57. Metrell'I unit of length

-
Meter00 · instrument lR
To Measure Name of instruments
1. Temperature Thermometer
2. Height Altimeter
3. Electric current Ammeter
4. Air pressure Barometer
5. Time Clock/ chronometer
6. Direction Compass
7. Ocean depth Fathometer
8. Distance travelled Odometer
9. High temperature Pyrometer
10. Electricity Galvanometer
11. BlOOdSugar Glucometer
12. Density of liquid Hydrometer
13. Humidity Hygrometer
14.
Specific gravity of milk La.ctometer
15.
Gas pressure Manometer
16.
Low temperature Cryometer
17,
Intensity of earthquake Seismometer on Richter scale
18,
BlOOd pressure Sphygmomanometer
19.

-
Wind direction Wind wane
l,i l I l\'i
 CONFUSING NOUNS (P CTICE St'l'J
1. The strong _ _ _ blew away my cap.
(A) wind (B) breeze
(C) air
2. They the programme yesterday.
(A) aired (B) telecasted
3. There is no in the compartment.
(A) room (B) place (C) space
4. He consults an before starting any new business.
(A) astrologer (B) astronomer
5. He made a big _ __
(A) blunder (B) mistake
6. (C) error
He is a man of
(A) principles
--- (B) principals
7. The police found a dead body on the ____ of his bedroom.
(A) ground (B) floor
8. The _ _ _ of the cow was emanating foul smell.
(A) corpse (B) carcass (C) cadaver
9. He went to the airport to receive his cousin _ _ __
(A) brother (B) sibling (C) no word needed
10. Sachin Tendulkar is the _ _ _ of India.
(A) pride (B) arrogance
11. We were shocked at the _ _ _ of the debutant.
(A) pride (B) arrogance
12. The attack on Hiroshima _ _ _ the course of History
(A) altered (B) altared
13. This book needs to be _ _ _ as it has many errors.
(A) amended (B) emended
14. The Constitution has been_ many times.
(A) amended (B) emended
15. Singular form of brethren is
(A) brethren (B) brother
16. Astronauts go to
(A) space (B) the space
17. Serving tea is an English _ __
(A) custom (B) tradition
(C) habit
18. He _ _ _ his staff for being late.
(A) railed (B) derailed
19. The ___ of Sati Prat ha disturbed Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
(A) tradit ion (B) custom
20. He went home for his fat her's last
(A) rite (B) ritual---
21. The _ _ _ of the voters in the recent election surprised the leaders.
{A) disinterestedness {B) uninterestedness
hi> I I\ I

-
 sangladesi have created law and order pr bl
22, . t (B) . . o em s
(A) . em1gran s rmnugrants ·
(C) migrants (D) wanderers
· - - k is a person who goes from one place to ano th er especially
. . search of
m
23
wor.
(A) emigrants (B) immigrants
(C) migrants (D) wanderers
. A member of a group who moves from one place to another is
24 (A) vagabond (B) nomad · - --
(C) gypsy (D) wanderer
25. On that _ __ night he met with an accident
(A) fateful (B) fatal
26. One _ _ _ mistake while driving may cost your life.
(A) fateful (B) fatal
27. I am not a _ . I believe in hard work.
(A) fateful (B) fatalist
28. A._ _ _ is an expert in the art of food making.
{A) gourmand (B) gourmet
29. One who dabbles in an art _ _
{A) connoisseur (B) dilettante
30. The _ _ _ of America was done by Columbus.
{A) invention {B) discovery
31. He is now a _ __ boxer as he has joined WWE.
(A) amateur (B) professional
32.
-woman.
strikes a woman the moment she sees her husband talking to another
.

(A) Jealousy (B) Envy

33. Where is the _ _ ?
(A) itinerary {B) schedules
34. This cream will _ _ _ your skin-
(A) lighten (B) light
35. I won't interfere in your _ matter.
(A) personal (B) personnel
36. Some police _ _ _have come.
(A) personal (B) personnel
37 • Carnivores on herbivores
(A) prey - (B) pray .
· · Afigan1stan
38 · You cannot violate the _ _ of religion U1 ·
(A) cannons (B) canons . nd the cover of the firing
39 · They entered the territory of their enemies u er - --
.(A) cannons (B) canons
4o. A moral story with animal characters is called - - --
(A) fable (B) parable
41. It is a ten-_ _ _ building.
(A) story (B) storey

KD LIVE
-
 42. A speech praising some one who has died _ __
(A) eulogy (B) tribute (C) homage
43. The window _ _ _ has broken.
(A) pane (B) pain
44. The _ _ _ report of the deceased has come.
(A) autopsy (B) biopsy
45. The _ _ _ report has confirmed that the tumour is cancerous
(A) autopsy (B) biopsy ·
46. The government is doing its best for the _ _ _ of women.
(A) upbringing (B) upliftment
47. He scored _ _ _ marks
(A) passing (B) pass
48. He scored _ _ _ marks.
(A) full (B) cent percent
49. There are 26 letters in English __ .
(A) Alphabet (B) Alphabets
50. _ _ _ guns are used to disperse the mob.
(A) pellet (B) palette
51. Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a _ _ of water.
(A) pale (B) pail
52. Mix the colours in the __ .
(A) palette (B) pellet
53. A person good at story telling _ .
(A) Raconteur (B) story teller
54. ___is the part of the theatre stage in front of the curtain.
(A) Proscenium (B) Rostrum
(C) Pulpit (D) Dais
55. Thick fog _ _ _ the city in winter.
(A) envelops (B) envelopes
56. Don't sit._ __
(A) idle (B) ideal (C) idol
57. She was _ _ _ to admit her mistake.
(A) loath (B) loathe
58. Discover your_ _ .
(A) metal (B) mettle
59. We extract metal from _ __
(A) ore (B) oar
60. We go to park for__ .
(A) amusement (B) bemusement
61. She is without any affectation and has a ___ nature .
(A) demure (B) haughty
62. He hesitated to _ to my idea.
(A) demure (B) demur
63. One who unnecessarily shows off his knowledge is called _ .
(A) didactic (B) pedantic

l\'.l> I l\'F

-
p

What is the _ _ _ of this story?

4
6,
(A) moral (B) morale
The team's __ is high.
65 .
(A) moral (B) morale
6, The of Shakespeare are immortal.
6
(A) work (B) works
67. All the _ _ were destroyed.
(A) machines (B) machineries
68. _and _ _ _ are expected by all.
(A) Thanks, admiration
(B) Thank, admirations
(C) Thank, admiration
69. The ox was in _ _ .
(A) tether (B) tethers
70. _ a r e not allowed in Metro.
(A) Eatables (B) eatable
71. _ of lynching are coming from every corner of the country.
(A) news (B) tidings
72. The robber robbed him of his__
(A) valuable (B) valuables
73. Thanks for your __ advice.
(A) valuable (B) valuables
74. Let us have smoked __ .
(A) salmon (B) salmons
75. _ ·_ is one's partner in crime.
(A) accomplice (B) conspirator

;,:Ai~~er
-\ ...... .I:-
lo, '
Key
,. •

A) 16. (A) _ . 3J. (B) 46 . (B) 61. (A)

(A) 17. (A) 32. (a) 4 7. (B) 62. (B)
(A) 1;8 ..&(A) -.. ' ...\- ·, 33. · (A) 48. (A) 63. (B)
(A) 19. (A) 34. (A) 49. (A) 64. (A)
(B) 20 . . (A) 35. (A) so. (A) 65. (B)
(B) (B)
.. ~~Jl.

(A) 21. ....(B) _ 36. (B) 51.

•
66.
52. (A) 67. (A)
(B) 22. (B) 37. (A)
ca, 23. (C) 38. · (B) 53. (A) 68. (A)
(C)
CA)
24. (B) -~
25. (A)
... 39. (A)
40. (A)
54.
55.
(A)
(A)
69.
70.
(B)
(A)
(B)
(A)
26; (B)
27. (B)
... 41. (B)
42. (A)
56.
57.
(A)
(A)
(B)
71.
72.
73.
(B)
(B)
(A)
43. (A) 58.
(B) 28. (B)
44. (A) 59. (A) 74. IA)
(A) 29. (B)
45. (B) 60. (A) 7 S.
(B) 30. (B)

Class Nores : CON F L' SI:>-:<., :\l1l ' NS

KO LIVE
 CONFUSING NOUNS WITH PHRA.s:es
- -

Means

Always
Plural
(meansKSingu)a,
1. Money is a means not an end. Plural
2. Money is a means to an end.
3. I mean to aay that it is not feasible.
4. How mean of you!
S. Our mathematics teacher taught us Mean, Mode and Median.
6. Our means are limited.
7. To the whale, its tail is the sole means of propulsion.(Propulsion means 'the
force that pushes and drives forward')
PHRASE
1. By all means : certainly *>
2. By means of: through pl;
3. By no means : in no way
Use of Phrases in sentences:
1. He amassed a lot or wealth by means of sharp practices. (Sharp
dealings dishonest)
2. By no means can we allow corruption to nourish.
3. By all means he is a crook. (crook means a dishonest person)
Spectacles
1. Sunset is an enchanting
spectacle.

(~)
GUfW 2. Sunset and sunrise are
enchanting gectacl~·
(~)
(Always Plural) 3. tacJes?
Where are m y ~
f.it - I kept
4. A pair of spectacle,! 8
Spectacle Spectacles
on the table. -
hi l I I\ I lliil E!LilM.l&Lk!iihlifiiffilifiH·•il
 1. The bulleting ts made o f ~ -
2. Where are my reading gJ.aases?
11fm10
--
Drinking
Container
Spectacles
.J..
3. (a) One &I.AH of water.
J. (b) Two glasses of water.
u.N (Singular) (Plural) (Always 4. The glau window panes have
Glass Glasses Plural) broken. (Pane means gJaaa
.J..
covering of doors and windows
Glasses so glass pane ia superfluous.)
(Takes P.Verb)
PHRASES
1. Look through rose coloured glasses: to have very cheerful and optimistic
attitude. (~ 31T5/Tfcfrifr ~ )
2. People who live in glass houses · should not throw atones : to be prone to
same type of problem. (S!ftt~~-q~~cfil"~~~~'CWR~~~I)
3. See the gla88 half empty : to see a situation in a pessimistic manner.
~ 15/licii4l )
4. See the gla88 half full : to see a situation in an optimistic manner.
(3115/11 ci I4l ~ )

1. I dressed my son in new

clothes.
2. This dress is made of cotton
cloth.
3. Keep those cloths on the
kitchen rack.
S.N. 4. He earns enough to feed and
clothe his family.
Cloth Cloth s
PHRASES
1. Out of the whole cloth: utterly false.(~~)
2. Man of the cloth : clergy man. ( ~ )
3. To take the cloth : to become a clergy man. ( ~ ~ )
4. Cut from the same cloth: very similar in behaviour etc. {<>Qci~H. ~fQI~

s. Cloth ear : A humorous name for a person who hasn't heard ~hat has been
said. (~olii,ii("+tcfi rfPf-iIT~mm-~~~~tmctifsJR~Wf~~)
6. Cut one's coat according to one'• cloth : to act according to one's financial
limits. (arq;:fj dii+tG.fl 31-j,~I< ~I)
7. 4
Sack cloth and ashes: remorse for one's misdeed. (~¢cfif'P!tlldi )

.......__
KU I IVL

- ( ' l ass N11l( 'S : < l I-SI l ' S l :S.:(, ,1 II -ss \\ 1111 I'! IH \SI s
 1. He looks sad.
2. He lookecl at me.
.J, 3. He gave me a stern lo k
!!!Q.
• to see ( Q&9't ) Facial The way 4. Her looks helped her in
• seem ( ~&:.ff) expression one a!pears film industry. the

PHRASES always 'looks'

1. To look oneself : to look normal or usual. ('..... B......,,;:q,,,.. ~€ii1 I
,a.....,, ~ I)
2. Look into: investigate. (ffl-9¢dl<1 cfi'vrr)
3. Look through: to look quickly/ examine. (ffl~)
4. Look up : find information. ( ~ ~)
5. Look back : to think something of the past. (3TTfra" i t ~ )
6. Look ahead : to plan for future. ( ~ ~)
7. Look after : to take care of. ( ~ cfi'vrr)
8. Look for : search ~ )
9. Look forward to: anticipating with satisfaction. ( ~ {d\Jfl<. cfiv!T}
10. Look out: to be careful (mwA"·@)
11. Look up to: to respect or admire. (ffAll.=f ~ )
12. Blank look : no facial expression. ( ~ cfTT- mcAT ~©.=f I)

Good
1. He is a good boy.
2. He behaved well.

e1~lm1
( ar-;.or)
ls'-~h,i
Goods falwa~s plural)
3. The goods are lying in the
godown.
• Goodly (adj.) 4. A goodly number of people
• Well fadv.) Movable properly. turned up for the show.
PHRASES
1. For good : permanently (ijitffl cl;'~
2. No good : worthless ( ~
3. Good for nothing : useless ( ~
4. No ~C:d crying over spilt milk : getting upset of past events is worthless,
mHH'll"~*ifilt",.:qcu;qtJ
5. As good as gold : obedient and well behaved. ( ~ atf)
6. All good tbing must end : all good things surely end one day. (tllft' ·
llPI" gl1ft
1lcli ill 'llcli al
7. A bW of goods : A lie or something intentionally misrepresented. (fliS
~ilt~'Rlwrmnwl)

-
8. ~ od egg : A good person or some one who you can rely (17ifi' trfiiST/
311'( finililR oclfcta) 011•
9. Bad egg : a bad, dishonest and unreliable person ('llcli ar.ff 3ftt 11.;.tilt
. ....
KD L!'. .E -""I'
. \\.I I JI pH fl
Class .'.\otes : crJ,rL~1,r, s.;ol '\S
 Issue
1. He has issued certain guidelines.
2. The latest issue of the magazine
has come.
(always 'issue' 3. Is there any issue that is bothering
or 'offspring'. you?
Never in 4. Be died intestate aa he had no
plural form) iuue. "-v---"'
without a w i l l ~
pffRASES
1
. Force the iuue : to compel a decision. ( ~ *
1'1Uf clim)
\....J

2
Fudge the issue : avoid doing something. (Fudge means to speak or act in
• a way that is meant to avoid dealing with a problem.J ~,
3• Side iuue : a topic related to something but leu important. pr 'C61f' •Uliq'!.•
i,)
4. At issue : under discussion. (~ 3t1ft' m 11')
s. Take iuue with someone : to disagree. ( ~ ftmR -q- 1RT)
6. Make an iuue of : to exaggerate a minor issue (1ffil' 1fiT 1RR1). We have two
more phrases with the same meaning.
(a) To make a mountain out of a mole hill. (fin;r 1fiT 1RR1)
(b) Storm in a tea cup. (fffi.r 1fiT ~ ) ·

1. The beauty of Kerala is no less

than that of :Kashmir,
2. The beauty from India defeated
a b¢autiful girl the beauties of the other
nations to bag the Miss
(U.N.) Universe title.
S.N,.
(Beauty) (Beauties) 3. A thing of beauty is a joy
PHRASES forever.
1
· Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder : the waybeauty is perceived is
2
*
different for different people. (m ffl amll' -q- 1t«ft' t)
• Be har
auty is only skin deep : physical beauty cannot equate substance or
3 c acter. ( ~ 'ffil1T ti) ·
· Beauty sleep: sle~p that one needs to look refreshed or healthy. lftm~*~
3tltfwfumrr~~,
Time

P.N. } (Countable Noun)

(Times)
 We have been celebrating these festivals since time immemor1a1.
1
2' How much time do you have?
' How manY times do you come here?
!:
5.
Many a time I see him ~ere? tak
Many times we make s y mi1s beis. th (w)
(i) My house is four t mes gger an yours.
6
' (ii) My house is four times as big as yours. (
• Do not use comparative degree with 'times' •
PHRASES ·
1. Time and tide wait for no man : we must value time. ( ~ 3ftt

2. At the eleventh hour : At the last moment. (Jiin.l:fl P1r

3. In the long run : over a long period of time, ultimately. (3racr:)
4. Make up for the lost time : to do something fast to reach where you should
be. (~~ircif~f
5. In the nick of time : just before it is too late. (~ mcli'
6. Round the clock : 24 hours (=alftl:a'I Ere')
7. In one stroke : immediately (.:,~
8. Against time : with quickly approaching time limit. ( ~ t
{'1' 3ftt fft
t' Jij
9. At one time : simultaneously. ('Q'ili
10. From time to time : once in a while. (ili'lft'-iAft)
11. In no time : ~ost instantly (One more phrase of the same meaning - in
two shakes) (cj«I)
12. Time and again : again and again. (~-iTR)
Fish 1. He cooked two fish.
2. Fishes look beautiful in
aquarium.
3. Salmons swim a long distance
--,, to reach their breeding
. S.N.f ground. (Change 'Salmons'
(Fish) into 'Salmon')
PHRASES
1. Fishy : suspicious. (tia$,.fCtcO
2. Queer fish : a strange person. (3ranr ;s.qfcl.a
3. A cold fish: an unfriendl -.\. )
4. A different fish . .un- y person. ('711 cl fdl•U fciiflq C5i' .rr "1
· a w.uerent situation (V. 3liPJ' f r )
5.
6·
7.
Fish out of water : uncomfortabl (31.
Fish to fry : interest to pursue. (~
Neither fish nor fi 1. b 1 .:,
=-t•L cfi,( ... ,~ ,
tue11e1 .

ow · e onging to neith la ~.;..

8. To fish bait : a phrase used to . er c as. '"'"1' -i <Ct f1J -itt•J
that he will. (Viii clifd&q M' :,;rson to take action or stop te~
ililTttcR'11T~~ 1l'~cl;fiNV1jifcl'l@'Tt1';-11TC1•
9. To fish in troubled water . to tak
•hil\.ft iliT 3'c51in) • e u ndue advantage of a situation. (T41 <C1•

Kn Ll\ .F
10. soiall fih'rf ~ m~ortant person. (J:18Miiftif
. Sig as : e mam person involved. (J:l'&ri-4 ut-' u1c.1 1'Uift)
11
• LOaves and fishes: Tangible benefits that 'r ~fct:n, Jt&ift)
12 cfil' cfiPf' ffrv \itt=+il~cf motivate one to act. (illll' oil'~

tI•J fii l. Metropolitan life ia fast and full of

m I Adjective 1 2.
3
cut-throat com.petition.
of a metropolis does not ault
1ft;l1•i{ q~i-1•1(\q • Delhi is a metropolis.
4
(Metropolises) • Metropolises attract gullible

1. Increase the intake of

l fruit and vegetables.
quence 2. Fruits like Mango,

'
Watermelon and Lichi
' ' , make summer desirable.
Fruit Fruits as -as 3. Fruits of sin is misery.
subject object
4-. I 4. This book is the fruit of
Fruits
(S .N .)
Fruit
' '
my hardward.
(P.N.) 5. These books are the
Frnits fruits of my hard work.
PHRASES
1. Forbidden fruit is the sweetest : things that are not allowed tempt us more.
(~ ffrv Jr.rJ' aTffi I° 'Ql' ii1tldi ti)
2. Bear fruit : yield desired result. ('IRil' t;fi)
3. The bitter fruit : negative consequences. (ifcfil(lf'tcfi itdl<iii)
4. Low hanging fruit : the easiest person to sell something. ( ~ a l ~
~fchua-tcfi ~*mer hr ar t11
Hair

*
1. His hair is curly.
,l.. 2. The boarders found a few
hairs in the food every day.
Hair S.N.
Hair
P.N.
Hairs
------
PHRASES
1· To split hair . to make petty distinction. (iffiiT fi';;if ;)
2 "'-- • t (R' ';11' 3 <iiifl I if I
• a IUD. a hair : to show fear or ex~itemen •
3
• Get in one's hair : to irritate. (iPI' cRi1T)
4
· Let one's hair down : to relax. (31RPI" ~-iety or rear. (3f'C(ill' ll' cPI' 31T cf,'{ 3Jq.l'
5· Tear one's hair out : to manifest one 8 au-
itl-ii-tl)
(illill' * IRf)

-
6
· Biraute : covered with hair• "' tcs . CO:\I l SJ'\(,'\( JL '\S \\'IHI PH RAS LS
Class ,~o · · ·
 Air 1. The progra1r11a1e ._
aireJ laat 111...L . • - .
-gqt,
2.
The fragrance "''"
Air. &&Uect the
air airs V, V1 +s/es V2/ Va 3. The •tro11g b
U.N. air airs aired off my cap le1t
PHRASES
1. To pve oneaelf ain: to act in a way that shows you think that Jou are
better than the others. (.nR
2. In the air: prevalent. (tiilir #)
3. Up in the air: uncertain. (311-'ftfaci)
4 . Into thin air: leaving no trace. (ilRI' (fhrr mt})
5. Clear the air: to clear the misunderstanding or to get rid of tension or
discord. (•folciq;tc.ft, ff.411\ ifililT)
6. Off the air: not being broadcast. (fll=ticfil Q=til,(DI 1111'1' '8l')
7. On the air: being broadcast. (fll=ticfil \i=tll,CDi 311ft 1ft' t)
8. Walk/ tread on air: to feel happy. (l!'T

Ji~-
1.
Slang English
Booldah lanpage
, :,. · ·,L/'\ .~.Formal English
Theoretical language
2. Little child Small child
3. Couain brother He-cousin.
4. Polaonoua anake Venomous snake
5. Mutual friend Common friend.
6. Lady doctor
Woman doctor
7. Man ahoea
Male shoes
8. Woman acceaaoriea
Female accessories
9. Woman dreaa
Female dress
10. Lady nurae
Nurse
11. Man friend
Male friend
12. Woman friend
Female friend
13. Female atudent
Woman student
14. Male teacher
Man teacher
15. Elderly lady
Elderly woman
16. Male toilet
Men•• toilet
17. Real brother
Brother
I\ I ) I.I V I•:

B l414i&f,-:w:rrhv
[ Examples J

Fill in the blanka with suitable degree of Adjective given in the b

racket.
1. She is _ _ than I. (fast)
2. He is senior _ _ me. (than/ to)
3. Vajpayee was a _ _ leader. (great)
4. They served the _ _ food. (fine)
s. The nephew is _ _ than the uncle. (old)
6. He is my _ _ brother. (old)
7. I cannot walk any _ _ . (farther/ further)
8. We did not receive any _ _ order. (farther/ further)
9. I have bought the _ _ issue of the magazine. (late)
10. When did you meet him _ _ ? (late)
11. Revenge is _ _ served cold.
12. She is better than all the other students of the class. (Change c

13.
Degree to Positive Degree without changing the meaning of the .:ni:arattve
Her house is farther than mine. (Change Comparative Degree
Degree without changing the meaning of the sentence)
;nee)t:
oaittve
14. She is the most intelligent student of my class. (Change Superlative D
into Comparative Degree without changing the meaning of the sentenc:fee
15. Ram is _ _ to Shyam. (old)
16. Who will be our _ _ PM? (near)
17. Would you drop me at the _ _ hospital? (near)
18. I will call you up _ _ . (late)
19. Rohit and Rashmi are two friends. The _ _ is a doctor and the_tsa
gynaecologist.
20. The _ _ and _ _ duty of a citizen is to respect his country. (fore)
21. This is the ___ price that the shopkeeper can charge (little)
22. He is the ___ man of the village. (old)
23. She is the ___ of the four siblings. (old)
24. Gold is more precious than any metal/ all metals.
25. Diamond is more precious than any metal/ all metals.
26. Beating one's wife is as heinous as any crime.
27. My house is four times bigger than yours.
28. This is a most unique art of Medieval India.
29. She is fairer but not as beautiful as her sister.
30. He is not so efficient as but more experienced than you.
31. Good deeds are more
===~-
(a) lasting ~ (b) everlasting
32. I am feeling comparatively/ relatively better today.
33. He is wiser and sincere than you.
34. He is the youngest and the most talented of all the leaders.
35. She is wiser than intelligent.
36. Intemet services are getting cheaper and faster day-by-day.

-
37. The condition turned from bad to worse.
Class Notes : ADJ ECll\'E
 i) lie looks sad.
38, (iii 11e looked at me sadly.
~t ens _ _ _ _ (good / well)
1111
39, It tvorked - - - - (good/ well) (fast)
40. she ran ____ (slow) but I ran _ _ __
41, is - - (slow)
42·
11
Iteu.stes _ _ _ _ (delicious/ deliciously)
43. The Chips are crispy and _ _ _ _ cooked (delicious/ deliciously)
44. It reels - - - - (soft)
45. she felt the baby _ _ _ _ (soft)
46, TaU. !Dakes safe cars.
47, ,Airbags 1Dake cars safe .
48. ae is a ~rfect man.
49. Practice !Dakes a man perfect.
50. I bought a cheap shirt.
51. I bought the shirt c heap.
52, The police found the missing boy.
53. They found the boy missing.
54. She is _ _ _ (ill/ sick)
55. ____ leave (ill/ sick)
56, _ _ _ gotten, _ _ _ _ spent (ill/ sick)
57, lie was _ _ _ _ (timid/ afraid)
58, They are _ _ _ _ boys. (timid/ afraid)
59, I live in a _ _ _ _ country. (foreign/ abroad)
60, He went _ _ _ _ (foreign/ abroad)
61. He was fast _ _ _ _ (sleep/ asleep)
62.
63.
He is an honest businessman.
He is an honest businessman in his dealings.
64.
65. He is a capable athlete.
She is a capable athlete of winning a gold medal.
66.
Two lakhs students have taken the test.
67.
Lakhs of students are going to appear for the test.
68.
69. Two pair of shoes were bought by me.
70. My both brother are here.
71. My all books are in the ahnirah.
72. Go and play with some others children.
73. He is happy but other are sad.
74. He held the bag in one hand and the child in other.
75. Be is sad but the other traders are happy.
76. I need another glasses of water.
77. I am present, the others are not interested.
78. Be is as happier as you are.
79. She ran as faster as she could.
80. The Ganga is longer than any river of India.
81. The Bile is longer than any other river of India-

KDU\T

- Class :S:otes · ADJECTI\t

 [ Answers J
1. She is compared with I. (Rule of parallelism}.
Sub °':;:"" • Sub
Obj •°""'J'&
rcd
Obj
Than is preceded by Comparative Degree of Adjectiv
2. Adjectives ending in 'ior' take 'to' and not 'than'. es.
Eg.-senior, junior, prior, superior, inferior, anterior
3. 'A' and ' an' gene raily take p osi tive
. Degree of Adj' posterior
ti ·
comparison at all. ec ve if we llnd
11.o

Certain Adjectives have positive and Superlative

Comparat ive. Degree
but not
Positive Comparative Superlative
Degree Degree Degree
Senior X
Senionnost
Junior X
Juniormost
Senior and J unior too do not t ake more. They however take su .-
degree Seniormost and Juniormost perlative
4. 'The' takes superlative degree of Adjectives.
5. Ans. - older. Here focus is on age, so we use older (old- older-oldest)
6. Ans. - elder, eldest. If blood relat ion is emphasised, use elder and eld
(old-elder-eldest}. eat
7. Ans. farther
8. Ans. further
7 &8 : Farther - *
3ITT' (at a great distance}
Further - 311ft (to a great degree}
9. 'The' takes superlative degree of Adjective. Degrees late - later - latest
-last.
Here latest (iiicftiiid11) is appropriate if we see the meaning of the sentence.
10. Here last is superlative degree of Adverb and not superlative degree of
Adjective as Adjective qualifies Noun and Article comes with Noun.
11. Here 'best' is an Adverb that is qualifying verb 'served'. Hence no article
'the' is needed here.
12. No other student of the class is as good as she.
13. My house is not so far as hers.
14. No other student of my class is more intelligent than she.
OR She is more intelligent than all other students of the class,
15. Elder and younger take 'to'.
16. Ans. Next.
Near - Nearer - Nearest/ Next.
17. Ans. Nearest.
If we are injured or ill, we go to the nearest hospital,
18. Ans. Later.
Degrees late - later - latest/ last
KD LI\ C:

-
 flller-qf#iffiil'T, latter.;.. ~ll'fill
yo rtnt and foremost.
:-gees-+fore - former - foremost / first
Afll least. 'The' la followed by Superlative Degree of Adjective
Afll: Oldest. 'The' is followed by Superlative Degree of Adjecti~e. Here
the age is emphasised so we use 'oldest' not 'eldest'.
IJl•• eldest. Here siblings (snf-qil) denote blood relation. Here 'the' is
followed by eldest and not oldest.
oc,ld comes in any metal/ all metals. To compare gold with any 'other'
r.netal, use word 'other' after any/ all.
ADY metal/ all metals is correct because diamond is not a metal.
seating one's own wife is also a crime. So use 'any other crime' to
compare 'one crime' with 'the other crimes'.
'fWice/ Thrice/ n times cannot take Comparative Degree of Adjective.
use as + positive degree + as.
suucture:-
(l) Twice/ thrice / n times+ as+ Positive degree+ as
(2) Twice / thrice / n times + not so + Positive degree + as
certain adjective are complete in their meaning. They do not take
28, comparative or Superlative degrees. Eg- unique (m ll'iPT), univenal
(~i~lilffiiii), ubiquitous ( ~ , eternal (Pfflf t" fflil}, everlasting (PfflJ _.
fflv), forever (PfflT fettn, vacant ('8Tift}, fatal ( ~ , deadly ('Qracli}, free,
perfect, ult~rior (ftltrr f3'11, perpendicular, parallel, triangular, spherical,
infinite (3tiRr}, prime ( ~ , extreme, excellent, major, minor, last,
supreme (ttdfW) and paramount (ttdfW)
Certain Adject ives have positive and Superlative Degree but not
Comparative.
Comparative Superlative
Positive
Degree Degree
Degree
Topmost
Top Bottommost
X
Bottom
X Easternmost
Eastern
Western x Westernmost
Northern x Northernmost
Southern x Southernmost
Northeastern x Northeasternmost
Southeastern x Southeast ernmost
Northwestern x Northwesternmost
Southwestern x Southwesternmost

II
29· Ans. add 'than' after 'fairer' . If both Positive Degree and Comparative
Degree come in a sentence, we follow the following structure -
[asl as _th
_ an_o_r_to_,
1!21 Positive Degree a& ... Comparati• e Degree + • J

K!J I J\'f-_

-
 3 o. Ans. no error. In negative sentences, we use so ... as or
comparison. a, ... ••
31. Ans. (a). Everlasting means forever (pnrf cl;' filtv). 'More' a , for
nd
cannot come together due to their meaning. everlaat111. ,
32. Comparatively and relatively do not take Comparative D g
the sentence will become superfluous. egree othel"lli
33. Ans. Add 'more• before 'sincere•. If conjunction joins A le
Adjectives must be in the same degree. djectt,-e,, th
34. Superlative degree of Adjectives takes article 'the• but r, e
only one article will come. Most talented will not take 'th , obr one Perao11
e efore 'it'
35. Comparative degree comes when two Nouns/ Pronoun ·
with each other. If two Adjectives are compared we use~are coniPllred
Degree'. Change 'wiser' into 'more wise'. • ore+ Poaftlte
36. Ans. No error. 'Day-by-day'/ 'with each passing day'/ 'graduaU ,
gradual change. Here comparative degree is needed. Y •ho"
37. No error. When 'from ... to• comes, we need to use next d
Adjective after 'to'. egree or
38. (i) Verb of sensation and some other verbs take adjective d
adverb. ,-- ~ - ~ - - - an not
#:- f verbs of sensation I I
certain other verb4
, seem, look, appea'l be, become, turn, get
ra! oi
I
grow, make and prove
feel, smell, taste, s ound
(ii) Here 'look at' means ( ~ . It is an action not a verb of sensation.
So we need an Adverb here.
39. Ans. goo~AdjJ 'smells' takes an Adjective as it is a verb of sensation.
40. Ans. wel1tAdv)• 'Work' is a normal verb that takes an Adverb.
41. Ans. Slowly1AdvJ• Run(V) is qualified by an Adverb 'slowly'. There is no
word like fastly. Fast is both Adjective and Adverb.
42. Ans. Slow1Adj)• 'Be' is followed by an Adjective.
43. 'Taste' (verb of sensation) is followed by an Adjective. So answer is
delicious.
44. deliciously. 'Cooked1,JJ' is qualified by an Adverb.
45. Here 'feel' means • ~ m;;rr'. Verbs of sensation take Adjective.
Ans. soft (Adj) "
46 . Here feel means 'o cf;"{ '%J'2"lT.IT q;rarr'. It is an action here. Hence we need
" --,~'i''
adverb 'softly'. ·
47, 49, 51 & 53 Adjectives that qualify a noun come before the noun or after
the verb. son•
48, SO, 52 & 54 Here the nouns acquired the quality because of rea (in
mentioned (airbags or practice) or because of some unknown
52 & 54). Hence the Adjective follows the Noun and does no
re•;:0111e

before the Noun. ti e co111e•

55. 'ill' is the correct answer. 'Ill' is predicative. Predicative Acljec v
after 'Sub + verb' and not before Noun.

KDLl\'E
 Afll• _ ••ick'. Sick is an Attributive AdJective. It comes before the Noun
(bere-leave (~))
Afll, - 'ill'' 'ill'•
ootten and spent are AdJectives that need an Adverb 'W' to qualify them.
sere we have a hidden noun that is qualified by AdJective (gotten &
spent) and the Adjective is qualified by Adverb (ill).
l\JlS, _ tiJDid/ afraid.
Afraid is only a Predicative Adjective. So it cannot come before a Noun.
'Foreign' is an Adjective. 'Country' (Noun) can be qualified by an
Adjective (foreign).
•went' (verb) is qualified by an Adverb. 'Abroad' is an Adverb.
61, sere we need an Adjective 'asleep'. 'Sleep' is a verb. 'Was' (form of 'be')
62, takes Adjective.
The sentence is correct.
63, l\Sl , ho~est 1 ,businessman,
I~ • T
Article + adJective + noun
The correct sentence is - He is a businessman honest in his dealings.
64, Here 'honest in his dealings' gives correct meaning.
65, No error
She is an athlete capable of winning a gold medal is the correct
66,
sentence.
Change 'lakhs' into 'lakh' as we need Adjective here to qualify noun
67.
'students'. When a noun comes as an AdJective, it must be in singular
form.
68. Structure-
(1) \ f ~tud; nts,
Plural I Noun
Indefinite /
numeral
Alijective 'J
(2) Thousands of people.
(3) Crores of rupees.
69. Change 'pair' into 'pairs'. Two pairs of shoes' is correct.
70. Both/ both of + Determiner (my/ his etc) + Nouns is the correct
structure.
The correct structure is-
(1) Both my brothers. (2) Both of my brothers, th
Note:- When we use a pronoun in place of noun They both have come), e
pronoun comes before both.
71 · Structure-All+ my, his, etc + Noun). 'All my books' is correct.
72 · Change 'others' into 'other'. Here we need an Acijective (Other) to qualify
Children (Noun).
7/· Here 'others' is required as P.V (are) needs plural Pronoun 'othen',
4· Change other into 'the other'. With 'S.N, the other means the 2nd out of two,
75. N0 error. The other+ P.N. means the remaining,

I\[) I I\ I

- ( J.i-s :\Pll'' \IJ ire I I\ I

 ther takes singular noun.
76. An 0
Change •gJ.asses' into 'glass. I

Another means 'one more of the same kind' (3lft '1'iliR"llil

77. 'The othen' means 'the remaining ones (of a group) _ 1•
78, ,,.. ... as' takes positive degree of Adjective. Change 'happi:: ilnr
,,.. ... as' takes positive degree of Adjective. Change 'fast , into 'ha
79.
so. Change 'any river' into 'any other river' because 'Ganga•
8
tr
into •r-./11)',
81. Remove 'other'. Nile is not in India. also in 111clia.

CONFUSING ADJECTIVES

1. Exhausted (Adj)
Exhaustive (Adj)
tired/ run down
extensive
'Jq;fpr
2. Principal (NI headmaster
Principal IAdjl main
Principle (NI doctrine

3. Alternate (Adj) following regularly one out of two

Alternative (Adj/NI substitute ~~;fit~

4. Aural (Adjl related to ears

cli1if ~
hiiffira
Verbal (Adj) of words ,uiGfq;r
Oral lAdJl related to mouth mntmifira
5. Apposite (Adjl proper in the given circumstances
q~~fa~
Opposite (Prep) facing each ot her
Opposite to against

6. Amoral (Adj) not following any moral rules ~utn

Immoral (Adj) against humanity irr.rcrart~
7. Bridal (Adj)
Bridle (N/ vi
related to the bride
rein/ to restrain ~,~im1i!T
"
8. Beneficial (Al that provides benefits or advantages
Beneficiary (NI one who is benefitted
Benefactor (NI one who helps or gives lTif t
money to others cfnilT

9. Childish (Adj) foolish 'ifil'lfililT

Childlike (Prep) innocent 1ITT(ff

10. Continual {Adj) regular, happening again and again

Continuous (Adj) without break
KO LIVE Class No1es · ,.>,[)J[CTI\T
 not serious, not format
casUal (AdJ)
related to the cause iii Gii lf'<ifi"
11• causal (Adj)
related to the climax
Clilllactic (Adjl
related to the climate
12• CJilllatiC (Adj) ~ciql,t~

rough, not smooth

coarse (AdJl
13' the path over which something moves ~ •q
''""'m, --
course 1N1 one w h o knows your secret
io<lii'f
confidant 1N1
4
1 · confident tAdjl showing that you have confidence 3ik1tfchcmft'

co11tagious (Adjl disease that spreads by touch

15, next to each other
co11tigUOUS (Adj)

infectious (Adjl disease spread by air or water

satisfied
16. complacent (Adjl ready to do that pleases someone
Complaisant (Adj)

17. credible (Adj) truth worthy fcna;acrft<1

Credulous (Adj) one who can be fooled easily am;JJ-3ffiirr
18, Discreet (Adj) not eas ily noticeable 3ITTfliftll°t.<norif
~mnr
Discrete (Adjl separate Jn-raT-Jn-raT
gb
19. Disease (NI illness tr1Tit
Deceased (Adj) dead

arid place, to leave ~D\<t=diil , i=<l'PT~

20. Desert (N/Vl
not inhabited ftmif
Deserted (Adjl
Dessert (Nl sweet dish (that we have mt- il'lq crn-rr 1ftor
after the meal)

21· Dis.interested (Ad.I impartial

ulllDterested
. J
(Adj) not interested

22. Defective (Ad.I having a defect or flaw, imperfect

De&. J
ctent 1Adj) insufficient
23· Elicit f.t¥161-tf
nu tv1 to draw out
Illecit (Adj) not allowed by society
gal (Adj) not allowed by law

KD l[\·E

- Class ;\otes · ADJECTl\'E

 '"'"
one who saves money and is not
24, Economical !Al
spendthrift
Economic !Al related to economy
Frugal (AI miserly

convenient or helpful for a purpose

25. Expedient (Adjl
but pouibly not completely honest ~tr~*'
or moral
• ~ <)

Expedit ious (AdJI fast ~'ff"iffr

26. Fatal (Adjl deadly mncn

Fateful (Adjl having serious results
(in negative sensel

27. Graceful (AdJI pleasing in shape or style 3mf

Gracious (AdjJ kind ..,,

28. Historic (A~J important 1tgc-c1qor

Historical IA~I of history "ilfc?lg1~ifi
Hist rionic (A~I very dramat ic or very emotional

29. Human (Adj/NI charact eristic of people as

distinct from animals
Humane (AdJJ kind
30. Intense (AdjJ very great in degree cfur..,,
Intensive (AdjJ serious mfR
31. Ingenious (AdjJ clever
Ingenuous (Adjl simple and craftless

32. Industrial (Adjl related to industry mm-m

Industrious (Adj) diligent, hard-working, laborious

33. Impetuous (AdjJ acting or done quickly and

Imperious (AdJJ
without thinking
showing proud and
err;;ft *
unpleasant attitude
34. Jealous (Adjl feeling that comes out of the fear of
losing someone or something 3'°t) ~~;{!~
Envious (AdJI feeling that comes out when you ~( .
don't have that thing cfi)

3 5 . Judicial (Adjl related to judge or judiciary

Judicious (Adjl wise,prudent,sagacious

KD LIVE
 not tightly fastened
to be unable to find, to no longer
have, to fail to succeed
I
the state of no longer having I I
something
in large amount or numbers ~m;rr~~;#
1,UJ'Uriant (Al full of luxury fcl iii1\lhi14di
37, 1,UJ'U"ous (Al "
very pleasing
1,0,velY (Al that you feel like loving
38 ' 1,0,vable (Al

showing love
1,0,ving (Al
held in great affection
1,0,ved (Al
Belo"Ved (Al
very much loved
for a moment, ephemeral,
I!
39, ?4o111entary (Al evanescent, transient, fleeting
?4o111entous (Al important, historic
related to Navy -iltil:Airil ; A ' ~
40, Na,val (Adj.I
the small, hollow area in stomach il1ffl"
Na,vel (NI
41, E111inent (Adj.I known and respected
known but disrespected ctrn,41d
Notorious (Adj.I
Anonymous (Adj.) without name 4'41"1111

Notable (Adj.) to be noted

42. Official (Adj.) related to office ~if;T

too eager to tell others what to do c:ffiiTT
Officious (Adj.)
43. Personal (Al private
Personnel (NI people working in an organisation cfiAi'll:fl

44. Abstract (Adj.) not workable, Impractical :,to4q((l~cfi

Pragmatic (Adj.) practical o4q((l'Rcfi

45. Popular (Adj.) famous

Populous (Adj.) crowded (with too much population) ti.ft 3ITTrnft c:ffiiTT
46. Respectable (Adj.) considered to be good, fit to be ;a.,:111-i

respected
Respectful (Adj.) showing or having respect <Et ...11 icri-il cri cfi
Respective (Adj.) belonging and relating 3ftral'-3ftral'
1 ~.~3rrfitl'~
;espective of IAdJ.) without considering
espectively(Adj.) in the order given ~ r:
47. Re
Regrettable (Adj.) causing sorrow or disappointment d&.:iicricfi
gl'etful (Adj.) full of regret ~~amprr
t ' \,1 s s Nol t', . \I 1.11 t · I\\ I

taI
 51. Topical fMJ .1 related to topic

=
Tropical /AdJ.J related to tropic

52. Virtuous (Adj . I morally good

Virtual (Adj .) not real ~hru {lfr
53. Epidemfc (ft') widespread disease
Endemic (AdJ. 1 existing in one region or one
society/ tribe m~~~lll~
54. lliegible !Adj.J not clear enough to read
Indecipherable (Adj .I cannot be decoded ~~-fl'~~,
~~o!';;Jfllcl;
55. Illicit (Adj .I forbidden by law Jrchr
lliegitimate (Adj .) of child

- - --
EXERCISE I (CONFUSING ADJECTIVES)
-------- - ' - -
1. The _ _ _ obJectlve of many women is to marry a rich man.
(A) principal (B) principle
2. I completed the _ _ _ syllabus in six months.
(A) exhausted (B) exhaustive
3. She went to see her ailing mother on _ _ _ days.
(A) alternative (B) alternate
4. I was _ _ _ after an hour long physical exercise.
(A) exhausted (B) exhaustive
5. After the written exam, we will have _ __
(A) oral exam (B) verbal exam (C) viva voce
6. _ _ _ hygiene is equally important.
(A) Oral (B) Verbal
7. We need _ _ _ quotations for this event that we can put on the notice
board.
(A) opposite (B) apposite
8. He sat _ _ _ me and gave me a stem look.
(A) apposite (B) opposite
9. Denying equal rights to women is an _ _ _ act.
(A) immoral (B) amoral
10. This shop deals in _ _ _ wear.
(A) bridal (B) bridle
11. You are very outspoken. You need to _ _ _ your tongue.
(A) bridal (B) bridle
12. Walking is _ _ _ to health.
(A) beneficial (B) benefactor (C) beneftciarf
13. A rich _ _ _ serves the society in many ways.
(A) benefactor (B) beneficiary n,JDeot'• graott•
14. Many minority colleges are the main _ _ _ of the gove
(A) benefactor (B) benefici_a ry
ml
l
 smile made my day.
15, Si• hildish (B) childlike
(A) ~e his _ _ _ attitude.
f 9
16, I childish (B) childlike
(Adia has a history of _ _ _ invasions.
1
17• :, continuous (B) continual
~ou can see a _ _ _ line of traffic for two kilometers.
18· (A) continuous (B) continual
He is not serious in his work. I hate his _ _ _ attitude.
19· (A) causal (B) casual
usuallY the ___ agent of any disease is the microbe that we cannot see
20. \rith our nak e d eyes.
(A) causal (B) casual
His_, Rohit, betrayed him.
21
' (A) confidant (B) confident (C) confidante
22, She was his ___ till she was the ___ of his property.
(A) confidante, beneficiary (B) confidant, beneficiary
(C) confidante, benefactor (D) confidant, benefactor
3 -- diseases spread by touch.
2
(A) Contagious (B) Contiguous
24, I don't feel comfortable in this dress made of ___ cloth.
(A) coarse (B) course
25, What will be your ___ of action now?
(A) coarse (B) course
26. His strong financial condition made his family _ __
(A) complacent (B) complaisant
27. His ___ character makes her a perfect slave.
(A) complacent (B) complaisant
28. He is fooled by his family and friends because of his ___ nature.
(A) credible (B) credulous
29. The court can rely on the statements of _ _ witnesses.
(A) credible (B) credulous
30. The spy followed them at a ___ distance.
(A) discreet (B) discrete
31. This chapter has several _ _ _ sections.
(A) discreet (B) discrete
32 · People pay homage to the _ __
(A) disease (B) deceased
33· Leukoderma is not a
(A) disease (B) decease
34· The Sahara is a
(A) desert - - (B) dessert
35
· \Ve have chocolate ice-cream for tonight.
(A) desert (B) dessert--
36· The kidnapper kept the boys in a _ _ _ place.
IA) desert (B) deserted

lime
l{JJ l.iVE

- Class Notes · ;\[) II CI IVI

 37. I would like to give you a piece of _ advice.
(A) disinterested (BJ uninterested
38. The teacher was unable to elicit responses from the
(Al disinterested (B) uninterested - •ludent,.
39. Please exchange this ___ piece.
(A) defective (B) deficient
40. Junk food is _ __ in euential minerals.
(A) defective (B) deficient
41. Good teachers can _ __ responses from students.
(A) elicit (B) illicit
42. Khap panchayat consider such marriages _ .
(A) illicit (B) illegal
43. Flesh trade is ___ in India.
(A) illicit (B) illegal
44. House wives are generally _ __
(A) economical (B) economic
45. The _ _ _ condition of a country determines its prosperity
(A) economical (B) economic ·
46. He saves money at the cost of his health. He is
(A) frugal (B) economical ---
47. It is _ _ _ to negotiate with credulous tourists.
(A) expedient (B) expeditious
48.
_ _ _ delivery of goods is very essential in online shopping.
(A) Expedient (B) Expeditious
49. On that _ _ night he met with an accident.
(A) fatal (B) fateful
so. He made a _ _ _ mistake and du g h is own grave.
(A) fatal (B) fateful
51. Red Fort has_ _ _ importance.
(A) histrionic (B) historical
52. His _ _ _ behaviour irritates me.
(A) histrionic (B) historical
53. Ban on triple talaq was a _ judgem ent.
(A) histrionic (B) historic
54. To err is _ , to forgive divine.
(A} human (B) humane
55. It is not _ _ _ to treat animal cruelly.
(A) human {B) humane
56. I felt _ _ _ pain in my leg.
(A) intense {B) intensive
57.
The patient was shifted to _ _ _ care unit.
(A) intense (B) intensive
58. I have _ ideas.
{A) ingenious {B) ingenuous
59. She is too _ _ _ to fail in life.
(A) industrial (B) industrious

hll 11\ I
 pollution causes global warming.
L11 dustrial (B) industrious
""' (Al in decision landed him in problem.
1. lli' ~ o u s (B) imperious
6
(Al attitude hurts us.
62. Jlis ~rial (B) imperious
(A) t;cber was unable to elicit responses from the _ _ students.
63• fhe disinterested (B) uninterested
(Al r. els when her husband talks to another woman
sheie - •
64· jealous (B) envious
(Al i of my success.
Lt:
Di''
ae sjealous
- (B) envious
.
(Al i in his decisions.
5
66, ffe j ~ (B) judicial
(Al investigation has been ordered seeing the gravity of the case.
67· (A)Judicious . (B) judicial
I ,.ore a - shirt.
68, (Al loss (B) loose
We s e e _ growth of vegetation in evergreen forests.
69· (Al 1uxuriant (B) luxurious
Vijay Malya still enjoys a _ _ _ life.
70
• (A) 1uxuriant (B) luxurious
I can't afford to lose my ___ ones.
71.
(Al loved (B) lovely
• My ___ mother is always concerned about my health.
72
(Al loving (B) lovable
73, Do not risk your life for _ _ _ pleasure.
(A) momentary (B) momentous
74. The _ _ occasion was celeberated with great fanfare.
(A) momentary (B) momentous
75. Madhya Pradesh is the _ of India.
(A) navel (B) naval
76. The arbitrator must give _ _ advice.
(A) disinterested (B) uninterested
77. Her _ _ smile made my day. She is a noble soul
(A) ingenious (B) ingenuous
78. Some police ___ have come.
IA) personal (B) personnel
79
· -ideas cannot be executed.
IA) abstract (B) pragmatic
8
O. B e l- and choose subjects that will help you get a job •
A) abstract (B) pragmatic
81. ~e is a boy_ _ in school.
82, In~popular (B) populous
IA) is Dlore _ _ _ than the U.S but not as _ _ as China.
popular (B) populous

BIi ll.tss'\dl<'' \\11\l \1\1

 Ids 8 position in the society
83. She ho table (Bt respective
(At rupeetful (Dt irrespective
(Ct respec
A, B and C get 10,20 and 30 Rupees _ _ ,
84
· (At respectable (Bt respectively
(Ct respectful (Dt respective
85 Be _ _ _ to your parents.
· (Al respectable (Bt respectively
(C) respectful (DI respective
86. Please take your - - - seats.
(Alrespectable (Bt respectively
(C) respectful (D) respective
87. It was a ___ mistake
(Al regrettable (Bt regretful
88. He is _ _of his misconduct.
(Al regrettable (Bl regretful
89. I have _ _ _ a headache.
(Al severe (Bl sever (Ct sewer
90. His toe was _ _ to prevent infection.
(Al severed (B) sewered (C) maimed
9 1. His car hit the _ _ bus.
(Al stationary (Bl stationery
92. We donated _ __ to the school girls
(Al st ationary (Bl stationery
93. This ___ phase will soon pass off.
(A) temporary (B) t emporal
94. The clergy have nothing to do with _ matters.
(A) t emporary (B) temporal
95. The dead body had a _ _ injury
(A) temporary (B) t emporal
96. Man is mortal but his _ exist ence on t his planet must be meaningful,
(A) temporary (B) temporal
97. The _ current issues are important for the exam.
(A) topical (B) tropical
98. In climates there are two seasons.
(A) topical (B) t ropical
99. The _killed hundreds of villagers.
(A) epidemic (Bl endemic
100. Certain diseases are _ and not found in other regions.
(A) epidemic (B) endemic
101. Your handwriting is_
(A) illegible (B) indecipherable
102. Certain manuscripts are _ as no one can read them.
(Al illegible (B) indecipherable

Kil! I\'!
 1s. (A) 35. (B) 52. (A) 69. (A)
(AJ 86, (D)
l, 19. (B) 36. (B) 53. (B) 70. (B) 87. (A)
(J3)
i. (J3)
20. (A) 37. (A) 54. (A) 71. (A) 88. (B)
3, 21. (A) 38. (B) 55. (B) 72. (A) 89. (A)
(A)
4. 22. (A) 39. (A) 56. (A) 73. (A) 90. (A)
s. (Cl
(A)
23, (A) 40. (B) 57. (B) 74. (B) 91. (A)
6, 24, (A) 41. (A) 58. (A) 75. (A) 92.
(J3) (B)
1, 25, (B) 42. (A) 59. (B) 76. (A) 93.
(Bl (A)
8, 26. (A) 43. (B) 60. (A) 77. (B)
(Al 94. (B)
9, 27. (Bl 44. (A) 61. (A) 78. (B)
10, (A) 95. (B)
28, (Bl 45. (Bl 62. (B) 79. (A) 96. (A)
11 • (Bl
29, (Al 46. (Al 63. (B) 80. (B)
12, (A) 97. (A)
30. (Al 47. (A) 64. (A) 81. (A) 98.
13, (Al (B)
31. (Bl 48. (Bl 65. (Bl 82. (B) 99.
14, (Bl (A)
32. (Bl 49. (Bl 66. (A) 83. (A) 100. (B)
1s. (Bl
33. (Al 50. (Al 67. (Bl 84. (B)
16. (Al 101. (Al
34. (Al 51. (Bl 68. (Bl 85. (Cl
17, (Bl 102. (Bl

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Kil LIVE
tm Class Notes ADJECTl\'E
 ADVERB
Qualifies the-nearest word (f.lificd'1 ~TiGt'~~~~I)

1. I work hard. ~
Adv
qu
•
2. I work !fil hard. ~ 4Ualifi

3. He is !m smart. ~ 4Ualifie
.

4. Only Rahul came to meet me. ~ qualifi

~
s. Eeven she knows the truth. . qu
~xa_ctlt qu
6. The fan is exactly over your bed. Adv.

, Si~J>l:r_,qualifies b
7. I like him simply because he is h onest. Adv. Co

, Sadly ,qualifies the w

8. Sadly, all were dead. •
Adv. senten

•
DIFFERE~'f~~A ~
Adverb comes near the word t hat it qualifies. (Adverb
I t 31@1
3-~ ~ ~ ~ ~3rr~I)
.:, .:,

1. He only died a week ago.

2. Mother Teresa always asked for a building where she could take the
homeless and orphan.
3. He only works when he has nothing to eat .
4. Only an idle man will preach and will do nothing.
5. He only plays a subsidiary role in the management.
6. Even in fact insects communicate.
7. A soldier is never taught to fight in a cowardly manner.

KD 11\IE
ml
 nlY 111arrted her for her money. 8. Ans.-(2)
s. Jle ~e 111arried her for her money only. We place 'only' before the word it
modifies.
(ll ff arrted her only for her money.
2N: 111
1 1 i1J1prove111ent
Here 'only' is modifying 'money' 90
it should be placed just before
::: OnlY for her money he married her. 'money'.
Hence the sentence ahould read as
( SSC CAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi Police
SI Exam, 30.08.2015 TF No. 4039770)
l He married her only for her money.

Answers
1. •only' will come before 'a week ago'.
2. 'Always' will come before 'take'.
3, 'Only' will come before 'when'.
4, 'Only' will come before 'preach'.
5, 'Only' will come before 'a subsidiary role'.
6. 'Even' will come before 'insects'.
7. 'Never' will come before 'to fight'.
In the given sentences, the position of Adverb is very important. If the
1
Adverb is not used at right place, the mean!~~ that comes out will be
wrong. (3itll fav '1ft crrcRrr '1f, Adverb t" posit ion q;y ;m:cr ti 3l1R' Adverb
'Cf{ ;n ~ . cTI' qjf 3f1t mfcf f.)cfit'I 311 I)

1. ~ Vcfi' ~ ~ ~ JR'mITI
Questions
2. Mother Teresa Vcfi' building pnrr ifm 1ft' qJ ffl 3ilt
3r.Jftr~t~ffl
3. 'a'if mmr mit ~ fB' ~ ~ t, cfif~~ciilJfifi«IT l 1
4. 'Q'cfi' f.)cfii?A I 3\mTaai-t, 'cfi«IT 'cfiU'
.:, ~ I
5. ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~f;rwrar t1
6. ~ ~ ~a-t3m(il'cCrc~mf1
7. 'Q'cfi' cm cfil<Hd ' 1.°' cR\cli t cfi3fhft araT t,

- Answers 1. ~ ~Vcfi'~~tl ~ t l
2. Mother Teresa ~ Vcfi' building~ 1ITT1" ffl 3ilt r.ntr
~ pnrr t ~ f f l
3. 'a'if m -qra mit 'cfiU'
.:,
crJ cf3ft ciilJf 'cfi«IT t,
4. Vcfi' f.lcfiAf l fftq; 3\mT aa,-t, 'cfi«IT 'cfiU'
.:, ~I
5. qJqii,r.rt ttr.t1rnrrt1
"
6. cCrc aft~ m-f I
7. Vcfi' t qJ cfilll.(di'i_°' t cli1ft aft ill il$'1

KDLIVE Cl ass Notes : ADVERB

 how the shift of Adverb chanies the meantng of th
# ::i.:erb c l ; " ~ ~ ~ <TI<R cl;" 3fQ" ll) * e •e11.tence,

Examples 1. Only Alok saw his dress. (M 3mmli-" dress blti)

2. Alok only saw his dress.(3mmli-" dress bit 'nl)
3. Alok saw only his dress. ( ~ - " M 3lft' cB1' dreas ~I)
4. Alok saw his only dress. ( ~ il' Viliirr,r d
mnm) res,~~
s. Alok saw his dress only. (~il'Mdress bit~~
-----
' .. '111~ il'fi1)
: Kinds of Adverb
. ....... -- -
- - - - - ----.. --
- -

1. Adverb of Time yesterday, ago, now, before etc.

2. Adverb of Frequency
seldom, usually, rarely, always etc.
f4.P&N§iifflf PMS-
Adverb of Manne
Here, t here , everywhere, near etc,
politely, h onestly, sincerely, hard etc.
•¥*$:ffltJ,,lrnt.j./,j, certainly, obviously, not etc.
• ·#fl(,l§ijflttf •M Almost, e n ough , quite, too etc.
fMfuiJB-@\Ul when, where, why, how.
fr --.... . . . _:> where, why, h ow

1. ADVERB OF MANNER - Comes after the Intransitive verb but can come
before the Transitive verb or after the object. (Adverb of Manner
i,,
Intransitive verb cl; 3ffiif Transitive verb cl; object t 3lT

Examples Answers

1.
1. Arrived is Intransitive verb.
The police arrived immediately. Adverb of Manner follows tbe
2. Intransitive verb.
He slept soundly.
3. 2. Soundly (Adverb 0 f MaDDer)
He expressed his ideas delight fully. follows Intransitive verb (slept),

4. He delightfully expressed his ideas. 3 & 4. 'Delightly' can coDl~

1,erore
and after the Transitive ·

KDU\'E
Class Notes · ''•o\"ERB
 p1ace the Adverb of Manner given in the bracket at the moat appropriate
piace:-
Answers
ExalllPies
1. After 'works'.
Se .,orks (hard)
1, 2. After 'puzzle'.
_ TheY solved the puzzle (easily)
2 3. Before 'explained'.
The tritness explained what he had
3· seen at the scene of crime (vividly) 4. After 'behaved'.

_ Se t,ebaved (badly) 5. After 'killed'.

4
Se .,as killed (mercilessly)
s.
we need to surround ourselves with (1)/ caring people particular loved ones
1· "Who (2)/ bring hope and support to our hearts and minds and with whom we
can communicate. (3)/ No error (4)/
(SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam. 24.03.2013, 1st Sitting)
• The doctor asked his patient to regularly take his medicine.
2
(1) asked his patient
(2) to regularly take his medicine.
(3) No error
(4) The doctor (SSC CGL Tier-II Exam, 25.10.2015, TF No. 2148789)
3. Found in many parts of India, the frangipani tree is a small, low -branching
tree which is especial used for several medicinal purposes.
(1) a small, low -branching tree
(2) Found in many parts CGL MAINS 2018, 13 September, 2019
(3) The frangipani tree is
(4) which is especial used
4. Old habits (1)/ die (2)/ hardly. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04.11.2012 (2nd Sitting)

5. Listen attention to what I say. (SSC CGL Tier-II Exam,

(1) attentively (2) attend 25.10.2015, TF No. 2148789 )
(3) attentive (4) No improvement
6, SuniI was acting strange when I saw him.
(1) strangely (2) stranger (SSC CGL Tier-II Exam. 12.04.2015
(3) more strange (4) No improvement Kolkata Region, TF No. 315 RI 3)
7· 8heela was reprimanded by the school Marshall for coming lately to school.
1l) to school lately
121late to school (SSC (10+2) Stenographer Grade 'C' &
131to school later 'D' Exam. 31.01.2016 TF No. 3513283)
(4) Ro Improvement

KD LJ\·E Clo" '\ nte, -\D\"ERB

 1 want you to clearly understand that excuses will not do.
s. (lJyou clearly to understand (SSC CHSL
(2) to clearly UDdentand you 16. 11.2014 , llnd '!?t+21 Dl!:Q & I.
( 3 ) you to UDdentand clearly ting TF No. ~ t~liii.
(4) !fo improvement 6 Q1> 6)
9. Suntj looked at Sunil with a question.
(1) questioningly
(SSC GL Tier-I Ea
(2) question.ably a in. 19 10
' ,201~1
(3J wistfully
(4J !fo improvement
10. The warden. told the boys to quickly clean their rooms.
(lJ clean their rooms hastily
(2J clean their rooms quickly (SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Eaa
(3J cleanse their rooms quickly in, 30.os.201s1
(4J No improvement

Answers

1. (2) Replace 'particular' with 'particularly'. An adverb is need d t

an adjective (loved) e O qualify
particular loved ones
~'--r'"-y-1
Adv Adj Noun

2. (2) Adverb 'regularly' should be used at the end of the sentence H

• ence
the last part of the sent ence should read as to take his medicine
regularly.
3. (4} Replace 'especial' with 'especially'. Is+ Adverb+ V3 • Verb 'used' is
qualified by an Adverb.
4. (3) Replace 'hardly' with 'hard'. We have to work hard t o get rid of old
habits.
5. (1) Replace 'attention' with 'attentively'. Listen (a verb) will take Adverb
of Manner to qualify it.
6. (1) Replace 'strange' (adjective) with 'strangely' (adverb).
7. (2) Replace 'lately to school' with 'late t o school'.
Lately - recently (~-~tiltil<if)
Late - after the usual time («
t)
8. (3) Replace 'you to clearly understand' with 'you to understand clearly'.
.
Adverbs of manners are generally placed either a.1ter t h e ve rb or after
the object it modifies. b
9. (2) 'questioningly' means 'in a questioning manner '. We need an adver
h ere.
10. (2) Her e 'clean their room quickly' should be used.
 Adverb of Frequency

OF rREQUENCY - Comes before the Main Verb and after the Helping
.nVSltS b of Frequency Main Verb cli~ Helping Verb cli~~~I)
,..-,.J. (.4-d\Ter .;,
vei11•
1 ~ t o meet him.
l, M.V
sbe,ha~ never~late.
2. --y--
H.V M.V
people occasionally~ to beaches.
3,
M.V
I !9llletimes
4.
M.V
Pankaj~ rarely~ the fee on time.
s.
H.V M.V
If we use 'be' Adverb of Frequency is always used after the form of 'be' no
atter whether it is used as Helping verb or Main verb. {3f1R' verb 'be' iliT
111
~ . a)' Adverb of Frequency 'be' cli forms cli il1?i 3ITT!m 'be' Helping verb
~ mMain verb')
1. He is always late.

2.
H.V M.V

ADVERB OF TIME - Often works best when placed at the end of the
sentence. (Adverb of time iliT ftnil' qJiRI' cli 3fcf "#~ti)
1. I am going to clean my house t omorrow.
2. He came to meet me yesterday.
3. They will arrive today night. (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator
(1) at night (2) tonight & LDC Exam. 1.10.2012 (1st Sitting)

(3) at night today (4) No improvement

[,...._An_sw
_ er- J 3. (2) 'tonight' is correct usage'.
Always, Often, Already, Just, Never, Ever, Sometimes, Still, Frequently,
Generally, Recently, Usually, Seldom, Hardly, Rarely, Normally are
generally placed before the verb they modify. (3tJUcffi '11lt Adverbs 3if
verbs t m 3'ra f cl' modify fl)m
Examples 1. It is still raining. 2. He was already late.

Note:- 'Be' as usual takes these Adverbs after it no matter it is used as

Helping Verb or Main Verb.
1.
Class Notes · ADVERB
 will ever be my favourite
3, The Beat1es (1)/
( )/ pop group. (3)/ No error (4)
2
(SSC cAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi 3 . (2) ~ eplace 'ever' .
Police SI Exam. 22.06.2014) always• or 'ti ltith
ore"er '
He~ the station. Explanation of 6 :. ·
4,
H.V Adv. M,V Note:-
of time
'Be' t akes Adverbs of tun
s. She~ late.
matter it comes aa Help~er it 110
Adv. M.V
Main verb. See sentence 6 Verb or

t~t~t~
of time
6. Sheela~ ate to school. ('Be' c f ; ( ~ clTcR # Help~
M.V Adv. i ~~Main verb
of time Adverbs 'be'. t form t fr 1!'t
(sentence~ -

Adverb of Degree
ADVERB OF DEGREE - Tells us the extent to which something ha
(Adverb of Degree c1iTt t" ild@T t) Eg.- Too, Much, Very, Compf:::
Almost.
Adverb of Degree are placed before t he Adjective, Adverb or Verb that th
modify. (Adverb of Degree Adjective, Adverb 3fmn Verb t' 3trar l ~ ;
qualify ~@"ITTI) I Answers L
1. He i s ~ ~ 3. Ans - (3)
Adv Adj Adverb is used to
Note: She is ~ (Enough is an exception) qualify an adjective and
Adj Adv it is generally placed
2. She is ~o~a!!!!:, before an adjective that
-y- - - y_ it qualifies.
Adv Adj Hence place completely
3. Thank you, (1)/1 am fine (2)/ com pletely. (3)/ No (adv.) before fine
error (4 ) (FCI Assistant Grade-II Exam. 22.01.2012 Paper-I) (adjective).
• '\, ,,_v V

Adverb of Place [
• ADVERB OF PLACE - Talks about the location where the action of the verb is
being carried out. (Adverb of Place q;pt cfiT ild@T ll) Eg.- Here, There,
Everywhere.
• Adverb of Place comes after the Main verb. (Adverb of Place Main verb cl; i14
3mUtl)
Examples 1. ~
Sub Verb Place
2. I looked for it everywhere.
Sub Phrasal Obj Advof
verb
KDLIVE
 .

: Adverb of Affirmation & Negation '

""--,,.-- - ..._.._,..,,~ __
_....._ -

"ord that declares that something is true or negates the sentence is

, fileeel ,Adverb of Affirmation/ Negation. (~ UiG iffif tcf
aclT m iTcf ifcfiHic-'icfi ri anr Adverb of Affirmation mi' Negatio~

iiif•• Not, never, surely, certainly, definitely,

exactly, doubtlessly, rarely, scarcely etc.
bis type of Adverb comes after Helping Verb and before the Main verb.
• *
f{elping verb ilG cf Main verb t" lf@' ~I)

E7'arnples 1. He will certainly do it.

2. You can definitely succeed.
1. She is not coming.
Note:- * He is indeed a fool. (Exceptional case of 'be')

Adverb

, INTERROGATIVE ADV~RB & ~LATIVE ADVERB - These are 'wh family'

that we have already discussed 1n Pronoun. (~ Wh family Pronoun
# qfiit:r f)
Relative Pronoun · _·,::·:, Who, Whom, Whose, Which and That
Relative AdjectivesJtr-_.
- /I~""
When , Where & Why

Order of Adverbs M Manner

(Adverbsclil sfiiT)
P Place
F Frequency

P Purpose

Examples I had to run fast (Manner) ·down the lane (Place) everyday
(Frequency) after the prayer (Time) to catch the moming
train (Purpose).
However to emphasise the purpose, we can start the
sentence with Purpose too.
(m~ t
a;rr ro- purpose t cflcRr \R-i lfitioT i,,
Examples To catch the morning train, I had to run fast down the
lane every day after the prayer.

KDUVE Class Notes : ADVERB

 Adverb of Manner comes before Adverb of Place (O d
l~Mi4 the verb i• a verb of Motion (go, come, arrive, re:c;r - !ttptl b
becomes PMT i.e Place comes before Manner. (A.d'V etc) the 1't It
°'~,t
Adverb of place t"

'
Examples
3traT l
a rrive reach ~cfi'T~~'ffi'RPMT t ~ ~I)
1. I went ~

2.
3l7R verb or M t;rb <>f lit

\.s te~hily.,

Shecame~
0 0 n Igo 11111let

e,
p M
'~-
P T

Short Vs Long Adverbs

• Generally speaking, we tend to put Adverbs that are shorter

concise before those that are longer regardless of Which c t ll!ld lllore
belong to. (.ff1Air4d : mt Adverbs~~~ Adverbs il'IG ~ ~ ~wory they
aft category t°<Rrr-IT~I) .:i

Examples I lived here with my friend (place) to

8
(purpose) while I was preparing for competi~~e 1110ney
( tlme.
• ) lVe elP•--
--a
-·- -------·-----~- - - ------
-

Multiple ,Adv~r'bs of same Category

--· ~ __ ___ . ._ _
-- --
.-, ,.._ _,

• When we use multiple Adverbs of the same category to modify the

verb, we order them based on how specific t he information is that 9:e
provide. More specific information is kept t he nearest. (311R 'Qifi ft Catego:
t" t Adverbs cfiT 'Qct;' ~, 'ffi' specific Adverb
3'roml)

Examples 1. I live at home (more specific place) with my family

(less specific place).
2. He works at a farm (more specific) in a far away
land. (less specific place)

; ·,: >'r~~~rsion :
I ,~ • • , , :_.,•'

, ....___ -..- •-., ...._ ... _ - ... - - -M--

• In a sentence starts with an Adverb, the sentence will be in Inversion. (Jlili

clfcR Adverbt,re~,
,:I
'ffi''qtf Inversion ~~I)
1. No sooner the minister had heard (1)/ about the accident (2)/ thaDhe
rushed to the spot. (3)/ No Error (4) (SSC Multi-Tasking Staff

Exam. 17,03 ·2013 ' IJnd Sittln~

2. Seldom if ever (1)/ nature does operate (2)/ in closed and separate
compartments. (3)/ No error. (4) ' (SSC GL Tier-II Exam, 2l ·0920141
·

KDLIVE
Class Notes : ADVERB
 . . . to 13: We don't use any article with the nantes of
E,tplanation . I 'th , ith t ti cloae
.
Explanation t o 14 ·. we use art1c e e w s a on, circus , t heatre
. relatt011
stand bu• terminal etc. , c1Ile~ 8.
' tion to 15: When a Proper Noun comes with stati , b~
~xpianacomes. Eg:- Gem i ru. c·ircus.
article on, ctrclla et 1

.-. c, ~o

Proper Noun 1. Ram waslthe king ofl,\yodhya.

2 . Switzerland is a beautiful place.
3. Shakespeare was a great dramatist.
we do not use any article with the name of any person or a Pia
3'lJqf ftl1ir cl; ;m:r cl;~ Article cfiT -nfi' mcIT ~I) ce. (~ !fr
4. He is the Ram of Modern India.
5. Kashmir is the Switzerland of India.
6. Kalidasa was the Shakespeare of India.
7. He is a Hitler.
8. America is a developed country.
9. The United States is a super power.
EEltlM
If a person or place comes as an exam ple because of a certain 'luality w
article with that proper Noun . (3f1R" 3-r1T/GN cl; ifi'RlJT ~e:
-
~. err Article cfiT mcITI)

I f we use Union, United, Republi? or Kingdom in the name of the place we

use article 'the'. (3f1R" 'f~ t' il'm" if Union, United, Republic Kingdom tli<';q;r
err Article 'the' cnT~mm-1)
10. (i) The Ukraine (ii) The Netherlands
(iii) The Hague (iv) The Philippines
(v) The Sudan (vi) The Great Britain
With the names of place given above we use article 'the'. ( ~ t i!lif i
~'the' cfil'~ trror~fl)
• Now let us see use of Article with Natural things one by one. (3lil.
tffcj'Jrr ~ ~ Article cfiT lrq;.'Qcl; ~ )-
1. Space
• Space(~) - No article
Eg,: Astronauts go to space.
• Space ( ~ - Article - the
Eg.: Park your car in the space given to you.
2. Heavenly objects (lit•~~cfi - Article - Th e
Eg.: The Man, The Sun.

KP!I\T
 •the' is used with the following N tura1
µuc 1e ed (f.l'ki~Fcla ,;iifffiifi t"llllr a things Exceptions are also
• ,sieotloll · Article 'the' JffiIT ti 3ft t nf fl)
Jle attnosphere
" 1'
.,. 'l'Jle ell•....:.....0 ..,_
--ent
4, 1'be ecosystem
S, ,rbe biosphere, the troposphere etc
6, poles - The South pole, the North pole
7, fbe gquator
8, gesnispberes the Northern
Th T . hemisphere, th e Southern Hemisphere
e rop1c of Cancer' The Tropic of Capricorn.
~(). ftopiCS
l1• fbe~s The Arctic circle, The Antarctic Circle
12, circle~ the North, the South etc.
13. DiJ'ectiOll~
14, water bo es
• Glaciers The Siachen Glacier etc .
• oceans The Pacific Ocean etc .
• seas The Arabian Sea etc .
, Rivers The Yamuna etc.
• waterfalls The Niagara Water Falls etc .
• canals The Suez Canal etc .
• DalilS The Sardar Sarovar Dam etc.
• Deltas The Sundarban Delta etc.
, Lakes No Article - Wular Lake etc.
. :Mountains • Ranges (the) Eg.: The Himalayas
15 • Peaks (No article) Eg.: Mount Everest
16. Plateau - The Chota Nagpur Plateau etc.
17, Hills (No article) - Malabar Hill etc.
18, Volcanoes (No article) - Mount Vesuvius etc.
19, Forests - The Amazon Rainforest etc.
20. Bay/ Gulf - The Bay of Bengal etc.
21. Islands (No article) - Sri Lanka
22. Group of Islands {°f:frq" cfiT ~ ) - take Article 'the'
• The Lakshadweep. • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• The West Indies. • The Bahamas
• The Maldives
23. Diseases (No Article) Eg.: Cancer, Diarrhoea.

5$:i@,mohl The Measles (~}, The Mumps ( ~), The Rickets (WITT u-r),
The Flu (1Ri), The Plague (~).

24• Seasons- No Article unless followed by word 'season'. (3171'{ season~~ cliT
.rgt -grar t, ffi' Article 3ffiU t)
• Summer • The summer season
•
•
Winter
Autumn
•~ffiiM • The winter season
• The rainy season

-
• Spring
Class Notes . AR f!CLE
KD LIVE
25. Winds - The Westerlies etc.
26. Continents - No Article
Eg.: Asia, Africa etc.
M
?QJM The Indian subcontinent
Now see the use of Article with the following Man made things:.

1. Cups & Trophies - The World Cup, ~he i:nji Trophy etc.
2. Musical Instrument s - The Flute, T e 0 Ii tar etc.
3. Religious groups - The Hindus, The Mus ms etc.
4. Temples - The Meenakshi Temple, The Lotus Temple etc.
s. Clubs -The lion's club, The Bachelors' etc.
6. Dynasties - The Mughal Dynasty, The Marathas Dynasty etc.
7. Artificial Satellites - The Mangalyan etc.
8. Armed Forces - The Navy, The Army etc.
9. Hotels - The Oberois etc.
10. Pillars of constitutions - The Executive, The Judiciary etc.
11. Constitutional posts - The Prime Minister, The President etc.
12. Castes as a whole - The Yadavs, The Jats etc.
13. Ships - The Titanic etc.
14. Political Parties - The Congress Party, The Samajwadi Party etc.
15. Statutes & Acts - The Hindu Marriage Act, The Indian Penal Code et
16. Dances - The Bharatnatyam, The Kat hakali etc. c.
17. Unions -The United Nations, The Soviet Union etc.
18. Games (as organization) - The Olympics, the Common Wealth Games t
Names of Sports (No Article) - Football, Cricket. e c.
19. Airways - The Jet Airways, The Air India etc.
Railways - The Rajdhani Express.
20. Banks - The Punjab National Bank, The Bank of India etc.
Note:- No article if name of a person comes with the name of the bank.
Eg. Lloyds Bank
21. Inventions -The Television, The Gramophone etc.
Note:- We are watching television. (Here we mean a programme so 'the' will
not come.)
22. Wars & Battles (¥ / ~) - The Kalinga war, the World War etc.
23. Pilgrimage (cfit~) -The Amarnath Yatra etc.
24. Empire ( ~ - The British Empire, The Mughal Empire etc.
25. Historical events (~Rl~l!ll<ti 'Elr.rr) - The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre(~,
The Chauri Chaura incident etc.
26. Tribals ( ~ ) - The Santhalis, The Boro etc.
27. Movements & Revolutions (sfiifct) - The Quit India Movement, The French
Revolution etc.
28. Civilizations (m-~) - The Indus valley civilization.
29. ~eligious_boo~s (tnffict;'1-i1f) - The Ramayana, The ~uran ~t~. . 3flli
Note.- No art~cle if the name of a person comes with Religious books (
tnffl<fimrt-~~cfil"i!'rn" ~, cft Article <fiT1Fn'lr ilT<RI)
Eg. Valmiki's Ramayana

ml
h\> \ J\ I
 u111ents (l)_fcnalllcfi
011
- The Taj Mahal, The Red Fort etc
3o. &I
fiO
te:· ,.o
...r
~.
article 1s used if the monument is on th
Jq,<11 0<11cro "'
ilT1f rr.r-
, , ti•, m
Art"
1cle cliJ t)
f
e name o a person. (3f1R
n's Tomb
aurnayu .
ig. papers - The Times of India etc.
31, N::nality (ifl'i~cfidi) - The English, The French etc.
3Z· N The English speak English
fiote:· •
Nationality Language
(Article -the) (No article)
parts of Parliament - The Lok Sabha, The Legislative Assembly. (The word
33, Parliament does not take any Article)
. sodY parts - If a particular part is talked about we use Article 'A'/ 'An'/
34
'The' otherwise we don't use any Article. (3f1R M" ffl'1l'
cfiT ~ ~. <'IT Article 'A'/ 'An'/ The' cfiT v$r qsTT Article
3ITTU)
(ii Eyes give us the sensation of sight. (No article)
(iii He opened the left eye and moved a finger of his left hand.
Unit of measurement Article 'the'.
35.
(ii Cloth is sold by t h e yard . (11)
.. Eggs are sold by the dozen.

36, With certain words (Normally/ .fllAlrlld:)-

• The whole... Eg.: The whole world is suffering from Pandemic.
• Both the... Eg.: Both the brothers are missing.
• All the... Eg.: All the students are present .
• The same... Eg.: He is the same boy who cheated us.

No Articie '. ~Qili.~~-~ith the following Nouns.

( ~ N~~pi;c);:,'~ Article cliT ;Jtfi ~)

1. Subjects Physics, Chemistry etc.

2. Roads Mall Road
Exception:- The Grand Trunk road
3. Streets Park Street
4. Festivals Diwali
5. University Oxford University
6. National Parks Kaziranga National Park
7, Language English
8, Acronyms • If Pronounced
• If letters
\ are pronounced 1 \. asaword
. y-------1
y
Article 'the' comes No article comes
Eg.: UNESCO, NATO

-
Eg.: The FBI, The CBI

KD LIVE Class Notes · ARTICLE

9. 'What kind of takes no article, not even 'A/ An• ev
follows. ' en if a •in
Eg.: What kind of bird the dodo isl l1lJar llollti
'What sort of takes' no article, not even 'A/ An' eve
follows. ' n if a sin~
Eg.: What sort of problem it isl r 11ou
11
'What of takes no article, not even 'A/ An' e
fi ll , Ven if 1 8:_
o ows. "'guia.r
Eg.: What type of person he isl 1101111
'What variety of takes no article, not even 'A/ An' ev .
follows. ' en if a singuia.r
Eg.: What variety of rose it isl 1101lll

Miscellaneous
1. Go to bed now. l. lf'bed~
2. Go to the bed and pick up t he baby. no article comes, • ... ,ose•Rmn),
3. This ship was at _ _ _ __ 2. Ifwe add article before 'bed' ,
(i) anchor furniture, ' it lllellls
(ii) the anchor 3. A~s (i) Here 'anchot refers to it
primary purpose (imt !liir.n) 8
(iii) an anchor 4. 'Go to sea' means 'to becom ,
4. He went to sea. 5 H ' e a &ailor'
• ere go to the sea' means 'to go to ·
5. He went to the sea. for some other purpose', sea

Position of Article -(Al~~l) ~-sentences

c ~mpl~
1. He is a very tall boy.
2.
3.
He is such a tall boy.
What an idiotic demand it was!
. . ' .
:: What+ a/an+ Adj+ S.N
4. How great a leader he isl : How+ adj+ a/an+ S.N
5. So nice a performance it was! \ So + Adj + a/ an + S.N
6. Many a boy has come. :: Many a/an+ S.N. + S.V
7. Many boys have come. Many+ P.N + P.V
8. A great many leaders are here.
iiiM+l::fi·iPi?P•
A great many/ a good many .J ! an extremely large number.
9. Too stupid an act it was! Too+ adj+ a/an+ S.N
10. Why on earth would I do so? nlY
In 'Why on earth', 'the' does not come before earth though all the heave\flth
estiol1
objects take Article 'the'. This is a phrase that is use~ abs~ 2!1~~~
a~er, disgust or annoyance./ (~"' 'On earth' t 'Earth ' cl; '11:i\'I 't e 'fl' ~711
"'
srl,1)~ifi fits t" m1r 'the' 3ITTJT 'On earth' phrase I:'
f'il$fil$1qoi t ~ ~ fl)
KO LIVE Class Notes : ARTICLE
mJ
 DETERMINERS 21
,... A, An, The - See Article.
,uttcle uati"e Adjective ,...This, that, these, those
,... My, his, her, your, our, their, its
oeos0: . ~ Adjective ,... Few, little, a few, a little, some, any, enough, no
tifietl ,... Each, every
~buti\fe adjective
Exercise
pen is mine. (this/these) (some/any)
1, ---- boys are not playing. 22. Do you have ___ water?
(some/any)
2, (~hose)
house is mine. 23. I need _ _ _ rest.
3, (that/
----= t hose) 24. The doctor advised me to rest for
idea is not good. _ _ days.
25. He is at the 4th stage of Cancer.
4, (thiS/these
-- )
books are mine. There is _ _ _ hope of his
5, (this/these
-- ) survival.
26. Very _ _ _ people came so the
Do own work.
6· I ~ show was cancelled.
_ rights.
7. we should do ___ work now. 27. He drank _ _ __ milk that I
I
s.9 Look at - - -- .iace. had kept for tea.
28. She lost _ _ _ books that she
.
10.. They
How _
crossed _ __ limits.
milk do we need?
had on Grammar.
11 29. I need _ __ _ _ help.
(J11811Y / much) 30. help that they provide
12. 1 have _ friends. was not _ __
(J11811Y / much) 31. _ __ boy is present.(every/any)
13. He has _ tension. 32. _ __ boy is absent. (any/no
(many/ much)
any/no)
14. 1have _ _ issues.
33. You can apply for ___ post.
(many/ much)
15. She needs _ _ help.(some/any) (any/ every)
34. _ _ _ is _ _ _
16. I do not need help.
35. My dog has a chain around _ __
(some/any)
17. Do you need _ _ _ help? neck.
36. She looks pretty in _ __ black
(some/any)
18· 1have _ _ information. gown. (her/ their)
,I
37. We had _ _ _ problems.
(aome/any)
(enough/ few /little)
·:1•'I, I,I

19· 1do not have _ __ information. . I

(aome/any) 38. ___ has one's rights.

I
20· Do you have 39. One must perform ___ duty. I ,
information? I i
(some/any) - - 40. Have rice too.
21. May I have - - - coffee? 'i. ; \ii
I
KD L!\"E
Class Notes : DETERMINERS ' i
I ; I

I
''
: I

.~ ,t.¢:Jr
,..
I

1-5 Answers
1. This
22. some
{ This ; .That} ~~{ft 2. Those 23. some
~~Poin t These~ Those Point 3. Tha t
111!11-•
24. a few
4. This
out iRm ! outiRm !t 25. little
14#1
6-7: Use appropriate possessive Adjective
5.
6.
These
your
26. few
27. the little
7. my
28. the few
11-13 8. our
Cou ntable Uncountable 29. some/ a litt1
9. his/her
Nouns Noun 30. The little/V e
10. t heir l' ery
11. muc h ittle, enough/
take take sufficient
12. many 31. Every
* Many * Much
* few * little
13. much
14. many
15. some
32. No
33. any
Desirable Nouns take 'lots of'/ a lot of' 34. Enough, enough
16.any 35. its
in place of much 17. any
In -ve and 36. her
18. some 37. enough/few
15-20 In +ve Interrogative 19.any 3 8.one
, sent~nces \
1 -----~y
sentences } 2 0 . a ny 39. one's
2 1. s ome 40. some/ a little
'Some' 'Any'
is used is used Enough
21-22: If answer is expected in 'yes', use
'some' in place of 'any'. With Plural With
a few Countable Uncountable
, Ve1r few 1 '---y----' Noun Noun
1mrnhrr~ cfi1J (ffll' #
A lot of/ Much ~[ Many ]

-
~ciff.l;;rt)

t
lots of

26-30
Comes with both

Countable

Little, Very
Uncountable
[P~-)[~;~] [~
;~l [p;;j---
Examples:-
1. I know a lot/much.
'
a little 2. Lots of/ A lot of/ Man:y:
people have come. f
JffiTT~;JT;l; ~3- 3 . It needs a lot of/ much/ lots~
if'UiR (~3°~3°) improvement. t
4 . I bought many/ lots ofI a lg_
, The little/The few of books.
-----v------.J1 s. No one is much interested,
When some information is given about 6 He has a lot of money.
the noun; the comes with 'little & few' • with
Note:- 'Much' does not coJlle
desirable adjective iiiiiiiill
KD LIVE
• -FWiliiili!·IFiikfb....-
 PREPOSITION 22
Words related to Position

•
m - . Into Upon

.
~ er ~er Under Beside
,..
-~
on ,.I!::· '.

-
Across Behind in front of through
_,
inside
,>

~·- ~• ll
Between towards along up down

I. ~
ti) Above mark,
,_.., .
T
upto
,...... standard
@ Below or level
Beneath Around
Against

1. He is sitting _ _ _ the chair/ stool/ bench.

2. He is sitting _ _ _ the bed/ arm chair.
3. He is sitting _ _ _ the tree.
4. He is sitting _ _ _ the shade of the tree
S. The tiger jumped _ _ _ the deer.
6· He fell _ _ the well.
7· He jumped _ _ _ his horse and rode away.
8.
Class Notes l'lH POSl ["I( >N

'

!fi1f:j~,--."'· -··
 9. He walked _ _ _ the road.
10. Come _ _ _ me.
11. Put a blanket _ _ _ the sleeping baby.
12. The fan is just _ _ _ your bed.
13. A bridge was built the river.
14. A bridge was built the river joining the two villages.
15. The train passed the tunnel.
16. He ran _ _ _ the dense forest to his village that was situated th
forest. - e
17. He slept _ _ _ the car.
18. I came car/ road/ air/ bus/ flight.
19. I came foot/ shanks' pony.
20. I came bike/ scooter.
21. Birds live trees/ nests.
22. Delhi is situated _ _ _ the bank of Yamuna.
23. The rivers are flowing _ _ _ the danger level due to incessant rain.
24. The snake is hiding _ _ _ the bricks.
25. Indira point is _ _ _ the South of India.
26. Sri Lanka is _ _ _ the South of India.
27. Don't lean _ _ _ the wall.
28. The train is _ _ _ platform number 8.
29. I am _ _ _ home
30. I am _ _ _ my office.
31. He climbed _ _ _ the tree.
32. Don't park your car _ _ _ my gate.
33. He climbed _ _ _ that branch of the tree.
34. The police produced him _ _ _ the court.
35. The protesters assembled and marched _ _ _ the railway station.
36. You are _ _ _ arrest.
37. He entered _ _ _ the hall.
38. They entered an agreement/ pact/ alliance/ MoU/ argument.

KDLIVE Class Notes : PREPOSITlON

~ :-;-.v • ., ~

r
this hall is prohibited
9 tntrY--- . .
~: cbildreD can get free education ___ the age of 14 _
fbe earth 111,oves _ _ _ the Sun.
41· ·"' terrorism.
1
42· ,.- -fell
uee -_ - __ the railway line.
43.
fbe 121atter is _ _ _ the jurisdiction of the court.
44.
sbe is better he.
45,
40· sbe is senior _ _ _ him.
. Sbe is better and senior _ _ _ him.
47
4S, S i t _ the sofa.
, Tbe PM went _ _ _ the U.S.
49
, The bus is heading _ _ _ the town.
50

1, OD
2. in
3, under
'
2O.on
21.in
22.on
Answers
38.into
39.into

23.above 4O.upto
4, in
5. upon 24. beneath/ undemeath 41.around
6. into 25.in
42.against ($ fcRq)
7. onto 26.to
8. along 27.against 43.across
9. along 28.at 44. (i) beyond (t" ilTR)
l0.along with/ with/ to 29.at
(ii) within ($
11.over 3O.in
12.over · 31.up/down 45.than
13.over 32. in front of
46.to
14.across 33.upto
l5,through 34.before 47. than, to
16,through, near/ 48.on
across/ beside 35. towards / to
17,in 49.to
36.under
18,by
37. No Preposition 50. towards.
19,on

KD LIVE

- Class Notes : PREPOSITION

 Preposition with Place

• In Delhi (In + City)

In India (in + Country)
Examples
• 1. I live in Delhi.
• In the Suburbs
• In the desert 2. I live in India.
3. She lives in the sub
d~#Hii 4. Several species
Urba.
• -At,Dwarka
V
in Delhi.
,- deserts. are found
iii the
relatively small place 5. I live at Mukherjee N
agar in l>elhJ.

In + Place of work
iii!:ii4Miii%flSH:fu§,ifu .,.
1. In office On the fann
1. Jima
2. In a restaurant 2. Q!! an estate
3. In a factory
4. In the hotel Examples
At + Particular place , 1. That man works in a resta
IUant.
2. I am waiting for you at the R hini
1. At platform number 10 Metro Station. 0

2. At Dilshad Garden Metro Station 3 . The train is at the station.

3. At the station 4. The farmers are working on the
4. At a public library farm.

See the prepositioii~)~}~e,following sentence

1. The tourist resorts of Garhwal hills in Uttrakhand attract the tourists.
2. He works in the Manuscript department of the British Museum.

Preposit~'ci#;~~~ji itate changes

1. Water changes into ice on cooling

2. The milk turned into curd.
3. Translate it into English.
4. Translate it from Hindi to English.
5. The milk turned ~ sour.

KDUVE
ml Class rsiotes PREPllSITl1 i\

• . .

. ,·•.',: .=~>Ji''· . .-·

 Mode of Payment
I trill pay ~ card.
trill pay cheque.
1
trill pay !.!! cash.
1
I trill pay through net banking.

Send/ receive etc + on + Media

Isa• it 2!! T.V.

It "as 2!! facebook.
I got it 2!! my WhatsApp.
}.re you 2!! Instagram?
Hi• MMS went Viral .Q!! all social media.

CONFUSING.·PREPOSITION

mistakes as we get confused in the following cases

we~ake ~-,rl,:~ - : : , •
(P,confuse ~iiit~Hi ~@a cases ~~itR"ih5a~I)

l,

2.
- J~ )Q
Verb of Motion Adv
on Sundays.
Nouns
• ,-->---,.
He goes to Ram's/ his home on Sundays.

3. I am a~ ho~ e. , __ ,
ath ome · ·
Noun --..,,;-
'ER tR'
4. He is home by 7 pm. •
.... r.\\N9t~: at home also
,, :;::'· means ·comfortable

~lanation to sentence 1: Verb of motion like go, come, bring, return etc do
not take any preposition if followed by word 'home'. Here Home is 'Adverb'.

v~ b t ion to sentence 4: This sentence means 'He returns home 7pm'. The
er of in0 t' .
ion 1s hidden here hence no preposition has been used.

Class !\rJtes · PREPOSITIO:--:

 Between Among Both'between'and•
with Countable N0 lllnong, co
una, tile

1. There is no love lost between him and her.

2. The teacher distributed the sweets among the children.
3. There are trade agreements between India and China.
4. There are trade agreements among all the developed natio ns.
S. MP is located in between Gujarat, Maharashtra, Chattisgarb,
Rajasthan and U.P
Explanation

1. 'No love lost' means 'enmity' (~ir.ft}.

S. to express location, we use 'in between'.

Used for both Countable and uncountable Nouns.

6. The bill was passed amid pandemonium.

7. I came here amid heavy rain .
8. Nothing went amiss in between.

6. 'Amid' with U. N means during

'Amid' with plural C.N. means among
8. 'go amiss' means 'to occur' (inappropriate incident)

By ·. . & .·. With

comes with 'doer' comes with instruments/ weapons

,~t-m) (3ITTJR"~ tlTJ11l

1. We cannot catch a big fish with a small rod.

2. He was killed his servant with a knife.
3. The paper was signed him.
with a pen.
in red ink.

KD LIVE

,,
. . ,·, .~d .: . ·.::/f~>:
y. . -
~ , .
J

fbe birds filled the air their sweet notes.

\\1rite !ri.tl! a pen (Here 'a pen' means 'an instrument')
!!_it!! a pencil (Here 'a pencil' means 'an instrument')
!!! ink (Here 'ink' means 'material')
!!! pencil (Here 'pencil' means 'material')

with relatively with relatively

small place big place

1. I live ill Delhi.

2. I live at/in Dwarka.

3. I live at Dwarka in Delhi.

4. I live at Rathdhava in Sonipat, Haryana

- '--y----1 L..y--J "----y--J
village district State

Of · " &

to express the possession ~m-cli"

of non-living sense i

1. The problems of Delhi are increasing day by day. Explanation

2. We disposed of the furniture. 2. 'Dispose of' means
3. Keep your dog off the flower beds. 'to get rid of'.
3. 'Off' means 'away
4. Switch off the light. from'.

Beside :>: & Besides

cl;- if1l'il' i cl;-31erm
(by the side of) (Apart from)

1. He sat beside me.

2.
~sides being foolish, he is egoist too.
3.
~Ce)!! Ram, everyone came. Ram was absent)
4.
~sides Ram, everyone came. Ram came late

Ko LIVE
Class Notes : PREPOSITION

.
•

'.tj:i;t· '.'· D:•·~ u-,, ...-.

1
 Before In front of
& __________ & •·J4i4MiM &
• $'~
facing each
·*~
• ago changes
other
1. The train arrived before time.
into before in
Indirect 2. He was produced before the court.
Speech
3. Look before you leap.
4. Don't park your car in front of my gate.
5. She sat opposite me and I saw her face
c 1early.
6. Anushka was cast opposite Shahrukh in h
er first lllo
7. Autocrats cannot tolerate views o pposite t Vie,
- ~-....;;;;.::=:...-~o theirs.
8. I had come before the guests arrived.
9. He said, "I came two hours ago." (Change in d'
I n irect speech)
Ans. - He said that he had come two hours b ..
e,o!1t:
10. He went in the opposite direction .

INSTEAD & .::jNSTEAD OF

(Adverb} (Preposition}
1. I asked him to study but he played instead.

2. Use CNG instead of petrol.

Round & & About

1. I entered the hall and looked around. ~-3tR')

2. The Earth moves arou n d the Sun. (around 't1'm

3. He looked around. ~-3tR'}

4. He wandered around in search of water. ~-3Ull

5. A fence was built around the park. (arou n d 1li' 'i1m cR'tli

6. It costs around/ about Rs. SO. (around

KDI IV!·
1111

.
 fbeY sat around the table. (around mu tR'Q'i) 1::,
1,
Thi• tree blooms all year round. II' I' ,

8,
kJIOW ru,out him. (about t" illt il°)
1
9.
It is ru!out/ around 6 kms away from Delhi.
10,
(about/ around approximately)
Be is ,ru,out to come.
11,

& Made from

(cli -.rr pn) . use 'made from' when
when form does not change form changes
;I
1. Tbe table is made of wood. 3. Bread is made from wheat.
I
I
I
4 . Shoes are made of leather. I !l
2. Curd is made ft2!!! milk.

Deal in & & Deal out

to do business t o handle / tackle/ to distribute

to cope with

1. Be deals in garments.
Note Cope up with (x)
2. I can deal with any problem.
Cope
3. I could not cope with the excessive heat.
4. The time table has been dealt out.

In Active Voice - no preposition.

Marry
{ In Passive Voice - 'to' come.
1. Ram married Sita.
2.
Sita married Ram.
3.
Ram was married to Sita.
4.
King Dashrath married his son to Sita.

KD Ll\"E

- Class Notes : PREPOSITION

 Born in Born of Born to
family, place
and month
1. He was bom in Delhi.
in May.
17tl' May.
2. He was bom in a rich family.
3• He was bom to poor parents.
4. Misery is bom of poverty.

Need of & - Need for

lacking when something addition
1. The poor man is in need of warm clothes.
2. There was a need for further explanation so we googled it.
Key to & <·.·-·. Key of
when key is virtual when key is actual/ real
1. Where is the key of my Almirah?
2. Hard work is the key to success.

Die from Die of ' &

reason given disease / hunger place
1. He died of cancer.
2. He died of hunger.
3. He died from exhaustion.
4. He died in harness. (Idiom- chi4chiiil ~fflr.r~ (to die while in service)
5. Soldiers die for their motherland.
6. He was killed in an accident. Whe n the death is
unnatural we use 'kill'·
7. He died in Delhi.

Differ with Differ from

disagree (3Hi811n

I 1.
2.
Amphibians differ from reptiles.

-
I differ with you on this issue.
t.,
.'t·
,. . ~s .
.
illl"~-
 t_' ~
l \1,,1
I
d'W•hlil·I ,. Compare with , l

th are completely different

fbtll 1>0 ____
Life is compared to a journey.
1· Co!IJ.pare Jio Airtel.
2,
At the beginning In the beginning (initially)

In the end (3fd'd':) (ultimately)

at the end.
They play the National Anthem at the beginning of the show.
1. We have a farewell party at the end of our final semester.
2. Everything seems good in the beginning.
3,
Truth triumphs in the end.
4.
Partake in & - Partake of
Participate to take one's share
(3ITJT~ fartrarr-3{tr.{T ~)
1. We will partake in the event.
2. They partook of the refreshment.
Reconcile· with~, & :· Reconcile oneself to
:a1t$i'tc1i

1. Be reconciled ~ his rival company.

2. She reconciled herself to their demands.

& -_- Attend to

to be present to deal with / serve

(3 qff'ticf ~ ) "/'~ (~qc:m) (terr~)

1. I attended ~ the class.

2. The nurse attended to the patient.
3. I have many issues to attend !Q,
Meet &
Meet with

ffnir-rr to encounter something

1. Be met ~ me.
2. Be met with an accident.
3. Bis performance was met with\de: ~n_:,

KD 11\ F:

- Class '\otes PRE POSITIO'\

 Sick of Sick for
tired o f ~ Ill With
8
Uffer frolb
1. I am aick of his tantrums.
2. Re la aick for his home and family.
3. Re la lllffering fever.
4. Be la ill !!!!!! Jaundice.

Count
Count on

1. Be counted ~ the eggs.

2. You can count 2-!! me.

Qualify
Qualify for
to pass
to be eligible for
1. Rima Das has qualified for the Olympics.
2. Re qualified PMT and took admission in a medical college.
Free of &

1. I got it &ee of cost.

2. Be is &ee vices.
Victim of &
1. She is a victim of dowry system.
2. Be fell victim to reservation policy.
Suffer - -Suffer from
~ ,: ·~. ( ~ t)
1. Re suffered loss.
2. Re is suffering from fever.
Change of - Change in
replacement modification
1.
A change in climate has been noted.
2.

-
A change of place is advisable.
r

Decline in
Decline of

1,
lie decline~ ~ my offer.

2, The declinefl'I of Mughal Empire started.

3, A decline(IIJ in temperature has been noted.

I•
Resign from Resign oneself to
to accept because you can't change it

1. lie resigned from his job.

2. lie resigned himself to his fate.

PHRASE PREPOSITION

1. Under arrest fJHlfiiFt 8. At the speed c€t 'lJfc!t t

Eg:- You are under arrest. Eg:- The train is running at the speed
of 60 kms/hr.
2. Under construction
Eg:- This building is under 9. At the rate t"~t
construction.
Eg:- 100 oranges have been bought at
3. Under trial the rate of Rs. 30 per dozen.
Eg:- He is under trial and has i.ot been 10. According to t" 3l'imTt
convicted. ,/)

4. By the way (A phrase used for Eg:-According to the WHO, COVID 19

adding something to a is a pandemic.
conversation on a new subject) 11. In accordance with t"
Eg:- By the way, you are late.
Eg:- In accordance with your request,
5. According to me. (><) I am sending you a copy of the
In my ~fct:trR't FIR.
Eg:- In my opinion, he is efficient. 12. On
6. Under treatment. Eg:- 50 passengers were on board.
Eg:-The patient is under treatment.
l3. Above board honest
7, At watt
Eg:- My accountant is above board.
Eg:- His life is at risk.

KDU\"[
1111 Class Notes · PREPOSITION

1., . •
 4
1 .
In vain ffR" * .
k d hard in vain.
Eg:- This book is good
typographical lllis:~ept for 80
Eg:• I wor e riR" 26. For good ~ IT cl;- ~ s. Ille
15, In debt .
(pe rmanently)
Eg:- He is in debt. cl; . . R'
16 With regard to Eg:- She left India for
good
Eg;. He made enquiries with regard to 27. For
my staff. .. '1t Eg:- He took his wife t
or grant
17. In connection with "" • 28. For the sake cl;-~ ed.
Eg:- The police are interrog~~g him Eg:- Do not fight just for th
in connection with a cnmmal money. e Sake of
case. 29. In lieu ~t
lS. Under observation f.l7mi:ft'
Eg:- The patient is serious and under Eg:- He surrendered his bik~
observation. the pending rent. n lieu of
19. In relation to cl; ffi °R' 30. On behalf cl; 3ttt t
Eg:- I am trying to understan d Eg:- I went to collect the p
Literature in relation t o History. behalf of my sister. ayinent on
20. Out of order mTil' i (1R'Rra .f:t 31. In no way 3ft 11iir il' iftt
Eg:- In n o way, can we allow
Eg:- The lift is out of order. corru ption to flourish.
21. For m~t 32. no f.\illhftgn;rJt
Eg:- We have been celebrating Diwali
for ages. Eg:- On no •condition, shall I let YOU
22. By mistake m;rc:fi t come 1n.
Eg:- I sent this message by m istake. 33. On no flnlfl'aftntt"~t.rtt
23. Out of stock Stock 'R' ilffi i Eg:- On n o account, let him know we
Eg:- Volume 1 is out of stock now. are h ere.
24. For sure f.!lfi'ira 34. Of ~ ~t3ll'31fifiT
Eg:- She is in problem for s ure. "
Eg:- Now you are of age. You can
25. Except for ~~<Ii'{ marry a nyone of your choice.

• We use preposition with certain verbs just beca use we are habitual of
translating the sentence. We will not use any preposition with the following
verbs in Active Voice.
preposition cfiT ifiu verbs t' mt.I' q;«l' f cfm' iii!
ffi .f:t 3fTGtf ~I 'Pf Active Voice* fol.hrt fi:l@t a verbs cl;' lJ1tf preposition
<fir"~ ilffe ~,
Stress (~ a;rr) Investigate (<1t14i'lcfilcf ifir.lT)
Emphasise (~ a;rr) Consider (Cfi' cRtl' Jl'r.r.IT)
Accompany (Cfi' mtr ;;n;rr/ 3Jral') Violate ( ~ cJRolT)
Comprise (t iJifT tniIT) Discuss (~-fcrm~ cfir-IT)

KO LIVE
 pel'\'ade (WIT~) Resist (~ <A'iIT)
,.. precede (cli 3'Tiff) Attack (3Tlii1JtJT <A'iIT)
.:. ieach ( ~ • lR) Resemble ( ~ ~ ~)
.;. order (~T Enter (3'G{ Jfr.IT)
,•. fell ( ~ Eschew (;;n.;-~ iii"{ ifiu mt il'lr-IT)
" .,,
,;. peJJ18.Dd (JITTT w.1T) Direct (~r ~ )
control (ltilit ~) Join (Qnfm;r ~ )
Describe (aur.r Sign ( ~ ~ )
Ridicule ( ~ ~ Affect (JRR' ~ )
succeed (t' ifTG 3'Tiff, opposite of Ensure ( ~ ~ )
precede) Board (mm~)
Invade ( ~ ~ )
( Examples ]
1, He accompanied _ _ _ me.
2. You must control _ _ _ _ your children.
3, Have some control _ _ _ _ your children.
4. He stressed/ emphasised _ _ _ the use of generic medicines.
s. He laid stress/ emphasis _ _ _ the use of generic medicine.
6. I will discuss _ _ _ the problem and will describe _ _ _ the
consequences.
7. The police investigated _ _ _ the matter.
8. He boarded _ _ _ the bus.
9. They demanded _ _ _ their right.
10. The demand - - - a referendum increased subsequently.
11. He attacked her.
12. An attack her has been reported.
13. You resemble _ _ _ your mother.
14. He signed _ _ _ the papers.
lS. He deboarded _ _ _ the bus.
16· SO pauengers were _ _ _ board.
17· Ireached _ _ _ home/ the station/ my office.
18· We reached _ _ _ agreement/ a conclusion.
19 1
· consider you _ _ _ my brother.
20
· This play comprises _ _ _ three acts.

Kil 11\ I

- Clnss Notes : PRFl'OSITION

 Answers
1. X
12. Ans
with = accompany )it(
~ + x, ~ +on
Verb
Verb Verb
2. X
13. Ans
,co~tro11~ (<F;tR~~
look like = resemble~
Verb 14. Ans
sign) (
3. on 15, X
Control+ on
4. X
get down from = deboard
16. Ans
emphasise (V) / stress (V) = lR On board = lR
17. x
5. on
reach + no preposition +
Emphasis (N)/ Stress (N) + on destination
6. X
18. Ans
discuss/ describe + reach + at + agreement/
7, conclusion
look into = investigate 19.
8. X
consider/ call/ appoint/
get onto = board) ( name/make /choose/ ~ t ~ k
9. X
+as/ like
10.
ask for = demand~
for
20. Ans X
Consist of = comprise of (in Active
11. X Voice)
(lR cfir.IT = attack~

1.
PREPOSITION vis-A-vis DIREc,-r &\:3·'iNtfxiiEcT

He gave me a pen.
Y'=-y---1
Answer to what
../~-~'-;-t · '."r: : ·

(<RT cfiT ~ } ·'

·t

5.
· -
·oBJEcT
··.- ;

She gave the ~

----
Answer to whom
( ~ cfiT ;;rcmf)

Id.O D.O ld.O D.O

2. He gave as~lo y 6. She gave,bis~uits, to the ~
D.O ld.O D.O ld.O
3. He presented a~ toy Meaning is confusing so 6 is a better
D.O ld.O
choice. The two meaning of 5 are as
4. He presented me with a watch. follows: -
y L-y--J 5. (i) 3lr.t biscuits ft1rrl
Id.O D.O (ii) m.,~
crrerr biscuit ft1rrl
KDLIVE - . Class Notes · PREPOS ITJO\
 lied/ provided the ~at~rial1to ,him,
11uPP '--y-'
1, D.O Id.O I,
,upplied/ provided ~ with the,mat~riat.1
I,

1 il·1'·'
S, Id.0 D.O I1 I'

Se 1,estowed the ~ upon ~

9. D.O Id.O
Se bestowed ~i~with the ~tl~
10, -y-- -Y-
Id.O D.O
He entrusted certain ~esponsyibilities 1to T
him.
o
11·
D.O I .O
He entrusted me with the responsibility.
12. Y \
-y-------J
Id.O D.O

PREPOSITION + SOMEONE/ SOMETHING

A-ee !!!!!! someone.
1. Pf,• 11. Vexed at something.
2. Agree to something. 12. ,Fa~ liar1 to someone.
3, Agree !!n some point. trftf<ra
4. Annoyed with someone. 13. Familiar something.
s. Angry with someone. 14. Part from someone.
6. Disgusted with someone. 15. Part with something.
7. Ve'f,~ with someone. 16. ,Take ~eave1of someone.
im1lif
8. Exasperated with someone.
9. Ann~ d at something. 17. Take leave from some place.
10. Angry at something.

1. I didn't agree your him soon.

manager. 7. I am not familiar this
2. She agreed my place.
proposal. 8. I cannot part you.
3. She didn't agree
certain 9. I would like to take leave
points. you.
4.
She was annoyed the 10. I took leave that
5, Dlisnianagement. strange place the very next day.
The niother was angry 11. She cannot part her
her children. jewellery.
6,
You will get familiar 12. The teacher is vexed _ _ us.

KD I !\'I· Class Noll's . PREPOSITION

 1. with 2. to 3. OD 4. at s.
9. of 10. from 11. With
7. with 8. from

Note
>
1. (A) Pay heed to (tAJlif ~)
(B) Heedless of (t ~4,tqlg")

2. (A) Listen !.2 <wr.rr) (B) Worth listening (wr.t

3. (A) Consist of made of (B) Consist in present inside it

4. (A) Admit to accept (B) Admit

(~~)
s. (A) By dint with the help of (effort, hard work etc)
(B) By virtue with the help of (power, authority etc.)

6. UiitilP' (1) Blind in love/ hatred.

(2) Blind to his flaws/ drawbacks.
(3) Blind in one eye.
(4) Blind of both the eyes.

( Examples ] Answers
1. (A) I pay heed _ _ _ traffic rules. 1. (A) to
(B) He drove heedless _ _ _ the warnings of the traffic
police. (B) of

2. (A) I listen _ _ _ music when I am free. 2. (Al to

(B) This song is worth listening _ _ _ . (Bl )(

3. (A) This block consists _ _ _ ten fiats. 3. (Al of

(B) Morality consists _ _ _ your character. (Bl in
4. (A) I admit my mistake. 4. (Al )(
(B) I will admit him a good school. (Bl to
5. (A) He passed by dint hard work. s. (Al of
(B) The judge passed the order by virtue his (Bl of
power.

KD Ll\'E
 SUPERFLUOUS CASES

1. Go into Enter ~
2. Wait for Await ~
t~ Beyond :M:::
3. t3'R" ) Above ~
4. Ask for ) Demand )!(:
5. Say to ) Tell ~

If the same Noun is repeated before and after the prepositions, the Noun will be
used in singular form and you should pay attention to the preposition too.
(311R' Preposition t" 3fi't t' iiITG ~ame Noun 3rrV err~ Noun Singular form '#
3fit preposition cfiT 3ft t<1r.r ffl)
1, Door to door.
2. Step !!I step. !1
1
3, Word for word (means 'verbatim', 'same words repeated')

4. By and by (means 'slowly')

5. On and on (means 'continuously')
6. One !!I one (means 'one at a time')
7. One on one (means 'between two people without anyone's interference')

Many times Pr~'p~~ttf~:~. changes with parts of speech

,, >-' ; ~-}:-:;;;;, : > ;1

-·"
NOUN ADJECTIVE NOUN

1. Capacity of/for 1. Capable of 1. Lack of 2. Want of

2· 3. Answer to 4. Substitute for
Confidence in 2. Confident of
3• Desire for
s. Talk with 6. Result of
3. Desirous of 7. Pride in
4· Ambition for 4. Ambitious of
5• Affection for
5. Affectionate to VERB

VERB 1. Lack ~ 2. Want ~

ADJECTIVE 4. Substitute with
3. Answer ~
1. Fill with 5. Talk to 6. Result in
1. Full of
2. Eq~ 7. Pride 2!! , Pr~ud ,
2. Equal to

-
Adjective

KD Ll\'E Class Notes : PREPOSITION

 EXAMPLES

1. {AJ This hall was filled to capacity.

{BJ What is the capacity of this hall?
(CJ I am capable of solving this problem.
{DJ Our capacity for providing free lunch to the poor ia liznited
2. (AJ J have confidence in my abilities. ·
(BJ J am confident of his result.
3. (A) He has no desire for money.
(B) He is desirous of a government job.
4. (A) He has no ambition for money.
(B) He is ambitious of a good post .
s. (A) Mother Teressa had affection for children.
(B) Mother Teressa was affectionate to the destitute.
6. (A) Fill the jug with water.
(B) The jug is full of water.
7. (A) Nothing can equal ~ mother's love.
(B) Nothing is equal to Mother's love.
8. (A) There is a lack of confidence in her.
(BJ She lacks confidence.
9. (AJ This room is in want of white wash.
(BJ I want a new assistant.
10. (A) I have no answer to your question.
(B) I cannot answer your questions.
11. (A) There is no substitute for Mother's milk.
(B) Mother's milk can't be substituted with anything else.
12. (A) I had a talk with him.
(B) I will talk to him.
13.
(A) This book is the result of my hard work.
(B) Reckless driving results in accidents.
14.
(A) I take pride in my skills.
(B) His father prides .Q!! his success.
(C) I am proud of you.

KD LIVE
 yJX:ED PREPOSITION 23
Level-I
gesort ( ~ - to
1, E9· He reso,:ted to crime.
(1)
(2)
The police resorted to unfair means
wait(~cfivfl') - for .
2, E9· (1) I waited for you.
(2) She is waiting for her result.
Approve ( ~ t-n') - of
3, Eg, (1) He approved of my project.
(2) I don't approve of such pressurizing tactics of police.
Deal ( ~ ~ ) - in
4· Eg. (1) He dealt in garments.
(2) We deal in food grains.
Deal (f.!tq'z;rr} with
s. Eg. (1) He dealt with problems.
(2) We cannot deal with naughty boys.
6, Differ (t 3fif1T ~) - from
Eg. (1) Amphibians differ from reptiles.
(2) This p roject differs from that one.
7, Different (t 3m'1flif) from
Eg. (1) Amphibians are different from reptiles.
(2) This proposal is different from that one.
s. Differ (t 3Jif1T Jrcf' ra;rr) - with
Eg. (1) I differ with you on this matter.
(2) India differs with the UN on the matter of POK.
9. Depend (q"{ fit3R' iRill) on
Eg. (1) I depend on you.
(2) The government dep ends on the executive.
10. On Monday - ~~cl;~
Eg. (1) I came at 7 O'clock on Monday.
(2) She reached Delhi at quarter past 8 on Tuesday.
11. In 2015 ~lffiil'cl;~
Eg. (1) I came in 201 0.
(2) India became independent in 194 7.
l2. InMay _ ~~cl;~
Eg. (1) I came in May.
(2) I completed the course in August.
13
' On the 7th of November- cnfuJ cl;~
Eg. (1) I came on the 7th of November.
14 (2) Teachers' day is celebrated on September 5.
' At 7 O'clock ~cl;~
She came at quarter to seven.

-
Eg. {l)
2 The meetin started at 10 minutes ast.
r

15. In swnmer
)It blooms in summer.
Eg. ~;) It is foggy in winter.
At sunriae - • I go to temple at sunrise.
16.
At sunset _. Cattle return to their shelter at suns
At noon _. I will come live on facebook at noon. et.
At midnight _. We heard his cries at midnight.
At bed time _. My son listens to fairy tales at bed ti
At -i«ht _. She check s the locks at night be"ore nte:
:1' going to
17. In the morning _. I go to temple in the morning. bed,
In the evening _. I return home in the evening.
In the aftemoon _. I come here in the afternoon.
18. on Tuesday aftemoon _. She returned home on Monday 'ft
On Wednesday evening -• We will finalize the deal on Fri: ernoon,
On a holiday _. We met our friends on a holiday~y evening,
On weekdays -• I work for ten hours on weekday
s.
On weekends - • I sleep for twelve hours on weekends
Eg. We w ill orgtanize a party on Sunday evening
19. Injurious (tUf.lcfiFlcfi) - o ·
Eg. (1) Smoking is injurious to h ealth.
(2) Drinking is injurious to your liver.
20. Part (fcRft ll' 3fiim' - fro m
Eg. (1) I cannot part from my friend.
(2) S he cannot part from her mother.
21. Part (fcRft ll° 3fiim' - with
Eg. (1) He cannot part with his book.
(2) I cannot part with my belongings.
22. Cope (ll f.lqeifl) with
Eg. (1) I cannot cope with hot weather.
(2) She could not cope with the m odem technology.
23. Filled (ll° ml) - wit h
Eg. (1) The bucket w as filled with water.
(2) I filled the mug with coffee.
24. Full (ml) of Cope with
Eg. (1) The buck e t was full of water. Deal with
(2) Life is fu ll of responsibilities. Tackle
25. Deprive (ll' ciftra) _ of Handl~
Eg. (1) He deprived me of my rights. . , t
(2) The police deprived t he fam ily of performing the girls 1as
rites.
26. Bereft (ll' ciftra) of
Eg. (1) He was bereft of h is rights.
(2) They are bereft of basic h uman rights.
27. Superior (ll' - to
Eg. (1) He is superior to you atter of
('2••., I am superior to most · of my classmates in the nt
technology. iii !II'
---
._. · •mwnz:tJifo•c:r:r•
........... ,.
 oferior ct ~ - to
I (1) This is inferior to that brand.
&9· (2) This brand of cement is inferior to our brand.
oJor(~ . - to
se (l) She is senior to me.
&9· (2) He is senior to most of us.
uoJor (~ to
30, J (1) He is junior to her.
&9· (2) Rohan is junior to my brother.
ptior (t ~ to
E!J· (1) The train arrived p rior to time.
(2) They constructed the flyover p rior to the deadline.
Talk {V• t tra' iRil1) - to
Eg. (1) I will _talk to you.
(2) We wtll talk to the manager regarding this issue.
Talk {N· a,ah•M) - with
33, Eg. (1) The talk with Pakistan/ailed.
(2) The PM had a talk with the CM of UP.
34,
Listen (wr.n> - to
Eg. (1} Please listen to me.
(2) I listen to old songs.
suggest (~ t-1T) to
35,
Eg. (1) I suggested to him.
(2) My teacher suggested to me to read books.
36, Agree (~ ~ t ~ ) with
Eg. (1) I agree with you.
(2) She agreed with her mother.
37. Agree (~ ;rra t QJ«J) to
Eg. (1) I agree to your proposal.
(2) She agreed to the idea of destination wedding.
38. Avail (imf3olifl) of
Eg. (1) I availed myself of the opportunity.
(2) Please avail yourself of this golden chance.
39. Annoyed ( ~ t wit h
Eg. (1) I am annoyed with you.
(2) People are annoyed with such opportunists. _ _ _ _ _'""
40. Annoyed (~ ilra' t at Cacaphony
Eg. (1) I am annoyed at your idiocy. -1,~
(2) We are annoyed at t he cacophony.
41.
Angry(~ ~ t ~ - with
Eg. (1) I am angry with you.
42.
(2) She was angry with her children.
Angry (~ilra' t - at
Eg. (1) I am angry at the mismanagement.
(2) We are a ngry at the late delivery.

KfJ LIVE Class Notes . FIXED PRFPOSITION

 43. Adapt(~ - to
Eg. fl} we adapt ourselves to the environment.
(2) She could not adapt herself to a different cult ure.
44. A~acent ($' .mr) - to
Eg. (1) Your house is adjacent to mine.
(2) China is adjacent to Ladakh.
45. Surprised (31R~ - at
Eg. (1) I am surprised at the result.
Audacityt
(2) She was surprised at your behaviour.
= Bolctneaa
46. Amazed (31R~ - at
Eg. (1) She is amazed at his audacity.
Aggressi,;,et
(2) I am amazed at his aggressive behaviour. · =~
47. Astonished (31R~ - at
Eg. (1) He was astonished at her misdemeanour.
(2) We are astonished at China's Brazenness.
48. Abide (31'2,qiiitii cfir-fl) by
Eg. (1) I abide by the traffic rules.

49.
Eg.
(2)

(1)
with
I comply with the law of the land.
r---------
We have to abide by the law of the land.
Comply (31'2,qiiitii ilir.JT)
Misdemeanour
(2) Please comply with all the rules. ,1,
fll'
so. Marry1A.v.1(~ntl' ilir.JT) No preposition a wrong act.
Eg. (1) She married him.
(2) She married an army officer. Brazenness
51. Married1P.VI (~ntl' to ,1,
Eg. (1) He was married to Rohini. Undue bravery(~
(2) She was married to an IAS Officer.
52. Favourable ( ~ to
., "
Eg. (1) CET seems favourable to the students.
(2) Black soil is favourable to the growth of cotton.
53. Conducive ( ~ to
Eg. (1) This climate is not conducive to my health.
(2) This attitude is not conducive to the development of the
country.
54. Prefer (ll' ffi ilir.JT) to
Eg. (1) I prefer tea to coffee.
(2) I prefer_ death to slavery.
55. Obliged(~/ Q(i<tli-tlfdi) - to
Eg. (1) I am obliged to you.
(2) People are obliged to the government f or free electricity.
56. Deficient(~ "-'1') in
Eg. (l} This soil is deficient in Nitrogen .
.(2) It is deficient in vitamins.
57. Lack(~ No preposition
Eg. (1) You lack common sense.
(2) We lack basic amenities.

KD LIVF . l'Rl pOSI I \(l\

CLtss Nnt,•s I !XI D
 I,
- at ' ;
"101(VI (1) He aimed the pistol at her.
&9· (2) I aimed my effort at my goal.
uffer - from
S (1) He is suffering from Cancer.
eg. (2) She is suffering from severe headache.
Note: she suffered heavy loss.
succeed (tfitlt41• - in
eg. (1) I succeeded in my first attempt.
(2) She succeeded in her motive.
Note: Jahangir succeeded Akbar.
fired (tfifi ar.lT/ - of
Eg. (1) I am tired of this lockdown.
(2) She is tired of the problems.
Prevent ( ~ from
Eg. (1) They prevent~d me from entering the hall.
(2) I prevented him from boarding a running train.
Fond {tRra°) of
Eg. (1) I am fond of sweets.
(2) I am fond of classical songs.
66, Sick (t fflt1il) of
Eg. (1) I am sick of h is tantrums. Tantrums
(2) I am sick of this lockdown now. {,
67, Laugh (tit ftrirr/ at .rat
Eg. (1) Don't laugh at the monkeys.
(2) He laughed at me.
68, Consist {t IRT) of
Eg. (1) This compartment consists of ten rooms.
(2) The book consists offifteen chapters.
69. Good(3Jl;UI) at
Eg. (1) I am good at writing essay.
(2) She is good at singing.
70. Confident {ftflcflll' of
Eg. (1) I am confident of my performance.
(2) I am confident of your result.
71. Equal (Adj) (iR'R'{) to
Eg. (1) 12 to the power 2 is equal to 144.
(2) His value is equal to yours.
72,
Equal M (iRTiR') No preposition Generosity
Eg. fl) Nothing can equal mother's love. {,
73, (2) You can't equal your parents' generosity. '3ctRnT
Proud (111~41Pcid) - of
Eg. (1) I am proud of you.
74, (2) We are proud of Sachin's achievements.
Essential for
Eg. (1) Calcium is essential for strong bones.

-
(2) Your presence is essential or our happiness.

(.1...,,,.

f '.t' ;>!
1 1
~l!;•.n•-
75. Belong~~ - to
Eg. (1) This luggage belongs to me.
(2) It belongs to the common people.
76. Negligent {NN{4 18 - of
Eg. (1) He is negligent of his duty.
(2) The police officers were negligent of th i
81. Accompanied (t lITlr - by e r duties.
Eg. (1) He was accompanied by his friend.
(2) The PM was accompanied by the Home Mi
82. Accuse (31RN - of nister.
Eg. (1} They accused him of robbery.
(2) The police was accused of malpractices. l\iaipract·ices
83. Afraid (RI) - of
Eg. (1} I am afraid of darkness.
t
(2} We are not afraid of you. ~.1fotn'nr
84. Aware(t3Jcr.ll'n) of
Eg. (1} We are aware of our rights.
(2) She was aware of the danger.
85. Beware (t .ff(qij(..f) of
Eg. (1) Beware of dogs.
(2) Delhi is a good place but beware of pollution.
86. Busy ( ~ - wit h
Eg. (1) She is busy with his work.
(2) The government was busy with the Lok Sabha election.
87. Capable (mf11') - of
Eg. (1) I am capable of doing anything
(2} I am capable of lifting this box.
88. Close (ili to
Eg. (l} We are close to our destination.
(2} You are close to fulfill ing your dreams.
89. Compare ( ~ t cftiJirr) wit h
Eg. (1} Don't compare me with him.
(2) Compare Jio w ith Airtel.
90. Compare (3ra1nil' t ~) to
Eg. (1) Life is compared to j ourney.
(2) Life is compared to a stage.
91. Conscious (t 3lcli@') or
Eg. (1) I am conscious of my drawbacks.
(2) She is conscious of her duties.
92. Contrary ( t ~ - to
Eg. (1) He spoke contrary to the norms.
(2) Don't behave contrary to the law of the la nd ,
93. Convicted ( ~ or
Eg. (1) He was convicted of murder. . and
(2) The four accused were convicted of raping
murdering Nirbhaya.
. . . ll PIH pn,11 111\
KD Ll\'E Jass Notes H\I
 (lfcfQIRT) - to
oeat fl} Life is dear to everyone.
eg. (2) Self respect is dear to all.
sire~ - for
l)e
eg. (2)
(1) He has no desire for wealth.
I have a great desire for knowledge. "I
I' ,

J)eSitOUS
(1)
- Of
He is not desirous of wealth.
I I
111
l1'•·
eg. (2) She is desirous of a government job.
prealll~ttr-11) - of
eg. (1) I dream of a big house.
(2) She dreams of marrying a prince.
l)Ue ($' afiRVfl to
Eg, (1) Hefaile~ due to his laziness.
(2) The accident was due to your negligence. Negligence
,I,
s,cape (ll' ITlilT) - from
Eg. (1) He escaped from the jail. vijq.(411\
(2) She escaped from getting punished.
Envious <ll' of
Eg. (1) She is envious of your beauty.
(2) I am envious of his success.
101. Grateful~ to
Eg. (1) I am grateful to god.
(2) We must be grateful to our parents.
102. Thankful(~ I ~ - to
Eg. (1) I am thankful to you.
(2) She is thankful to him for his advice.
103, Obedient (311 .fflcfii:fl) to
Eg. (1) She is obedient to her parents.
(2) Be obedient to your teachers .
104, Object (ili~ - to
Eg. (1) I objected to his proposal.
(2) I objected to his advancements.
105. Responsible (QrMcU<) for
Eg. (1) He is responsible for the bank robbery.
(2) You are responsible for all your actions.
106. stare ('f{<ill) at
Eg. (1) He is staring at me.
(2) The terrorist stared at us.
107. Satisfied .:, with
Eg. (1) I am satisfied with your performance.
(2) She is satisfied with the result.
108, Think(~ - of
Eg. (1) He thought of a plan.
(2) Think of a new idea.

- Cla,, '\nre, FIXED PREPCJS!Tlr),

109- Worthy($~ - of
Eg. (1) She is worthy of a reward.
(2) You are worthy of a comfortable life.

Some Phrase Preposition

According to ($ as stated by

•••
1.
According to the t erms and condit ions, he will have t tl
days. o niah it ht t\9o

,•••••
2. By dint of (t" il1il'" 'q'{ ) by force of, because of
I passed the exam by dint of hard work.

,••
3. In case of (3f1R') in the event of
In case of emergency, call 100.
4. By virtue of ($ il1il'" 'q'{) by t he aut hority of
The ju dge can pass the order by virtue of his powers.
s. Owing to ($ due to
'Owing to' means 'due to' but there are a few differences.
'Owing to' 'Qtf 'due to' 3"t1fVctit)"t1 Mt"iftq~: cJ aicR't-
(1) q'f'cR~ \R"'"3tra' 'Owing to' t~ 'due to' t~
(a) A sentence should start with 'owing to' and not 'due to'.
Due to heavy rains, I could not come. (><)
Owing to heavy rains, I could not
(Note: SSC accept s that a sentence can start with 'due to')
(oITc: SSC 'due to' t~~\~~~m;rcft t1)
This rule is not important as far as modem English is concerned.
Note: 'Due t o' comes after different forms of 'be'
(oITc : 'Be' t' M aft form t" 'due to' cf;T ~~ti
The accident~ owing to heavy rains.(><)
Form of be

,••
The acciden~ due to heavy
Form of be
• With reference to in context of
With reference to (cfi' your letter, dated 27th July 2020, I
hereby submit my reply.
• In order to (a,1$) for the purpose of
We vacated t he premises in order to avoid litigation.

KDUVE
mJ
 See the difference
d according to your order.
I IIcte
1 l• t d in accordance with your order.
I 11c e
er Teresa had affection for an.
ioth .
2, ?,{other Teresa was affectionat e to all.
se ha& a1J1bition for fame.
3·
ge 1•s a1J1bitious of fame .
J IIJII capable of doing hard work.
4· ba-ve capacity for doing hard work.
1
bll"Ve confidence in myself.
5· 1 llJJl confident of his performance.
1
Se bas desire for money and fame.
6,
}le is desirous of money and fame.
Fixed Preposition
·: ~;) ..:;,,·:::(,':.-,..._, _., . ·~
--:

'To' COl!J.~~,1~~t,h :-~~~ ·following words :

;. ~- •r, Sc '>. '>-' 0 •, r

[ Words ] Meaning in English

II Meaning in Hindi j
Abhorrent to causing or deserving strong dislike ftrilt.rr
...
Access to reach
obliged to accept responsibility 3«1,(cU~
Accountable

l
to

Accustomed to usual or regular lmfr~

Addicted to unable to stop using, habitual iffi iPl'ilT

Adhere to to cause to stick fast tffiilil'q;,(ilT,~~

A~acent to sharing a border mpr

Affectionate to feeling or showing love and affection

Agreeable to ready or willing to agree Q1ra

Allegiance to loyalty to a person, country, group, etc.

f;f'lc5f

Alternative to
substitute

KD LIVE
m Class Notes : FIXED PREPOSITION
 -----71rc_ _ ,--MM;eai;n~tn~.~ln~ Bn~-~l1~h~~=
-_:__-_-JfM.-..a.
[!orcll uired to explain actions or decisions to
Answerable to req e
someon
a substance that stops the harmful effects
Antidote to
ofa poison
notice, interest, or awareness
Attention to
to bring into harmony
Attune to
having a feeling of dislike
Averse to
producing good or helpful results or effects
Beneficial to
unable to see (fault etc)
Blind to

Comparable to
being similar or about the same

Complement to complete something else or make it better

to
Conform to to obey or agree to something
Detrimental to causing damage or injury ~lf;\cfit,(cfi

Devoted to completely loyal

Disgrace to to cause to lose respect or be humiliated
Due to because
Enmity to a very deep unfriendly feeling
Equal ro same
Equivalent to almost same
Essential to extremely important and necessary
Exception to a case where a rule does not apply
Favourable to showing approval
Given to habitual

Hannful to causing or capable of causing damage or

harm
Heir to
a person who has the legal right to receive cnftlf
the property of someone who dies
Immune to
not capable of being affected by a disease
Important to
RMltJ
havtng serious meaning or worth
,nwru11·rrr
, .,,,
-

,,__
~ i;_ lle•nfna fij !!ftah
having serious meaning or worth
JtUPo'....,. to
happening as a minor part or result of 311cfi~cfi
incidental to something else
owing something (such as money or thanks) :fit1fr
indebted to to someone or something
not interested in or concerned about
1t1different to
something
produced, living, or existing naturally in a ~fr
JrtcllgeOOUS to
particular region or environment
causing injury ti If.:I cfiF( cfi
JrtjurfOUS to
to make something correspond to
KeY to something else
anticipated with satisfaction
Look forward
to
having or showing complete and constant f.:I 661 cl li1
Loyal to support for someone or something

Obstruction to
something that blocks

Opposite to not agree

a note or series of notes added at the end of
Postscript to
a letter, article, or book
an introduction to a book or speech t;1,Rilclo1I
Preface to

Prefer to to like (someone or something) better than

someone or something else

Preferable to better or more desirable

Profitable to producing good results or effects
Prone to likely to do. have. or suffer from something t '1Jttf
~3tlclo11

Reduced to
to make (something) smaller in size, cfi)" qi1f
amount, number, etc.
Relevant to ',ll~fd'lcfi
relating to a subject in an approp~ate way
Repugnance to a strong feeling of dislike or disgust
Res1gn oneself to accept something reluctantly because
to
you cannot change it
Class Notes : FIXED PREPOSITION
 H Meaning tn Engtls_h_ _ --.1JC
Sensitive to likely to cause people to become upset ~ftt;r
Sequel to a book, movie, etc. , that continues a story tfiT 3lTlT
begun in another book, movie, etc.

Similar to almost the same

Stick to to hold to
Submission to something that is submitted
Submit to yield or accept to a supertor force
Subscrtbe to to pay money to get a publication or service
regularly
Succumb to to stop trying to resist something
Supplement to to add something to (something) in order to
make it complete
Surrender to to give the control or use of (something) to
someone else
Susceptible to easily affected, influenced, or harmed by
something
Swing to to move with a smooth, curving motion
Taken to to begin to like something
Tantamount to equal to something in value. meaning. or
effect
Temptation to a strong urge or desire to have or do
something
True to faithful

·SSB lServl°ce Selection Board)

•t ~I\. :i..•7,~~-~~.

KD DEFENCE BRIGADE Join Best

Coaching lnstlblt8

•
to11-m23111
KDLIVE
ma Class Notes · FIXED PR EPOSJTIO\
"
 ~11 ·· :ila
!

I ' '
l ·,,
Fixed Preposition

'
f't':'O:I'IWU'tffl
--=:--J[ ll~aning in Bngliah "Ji Meaning ln Hlndl i

Abhorr o
strong hatred !
I
one charged with an offence
Accused of Jlfti"!cfd I

filled with fear

Afraid of 'ffl prr
having a desire of lit (I €-cl iifi itft"
AJllbitious of

AfUOOUS of
causing or showing fear or nervousness

Ashamed of
feeling shame, guilt, or disgrace

Assurance of
the state of being sure or certain about JITl~
something
knowing that something (such as a rcrml'
Aware of
situation, condition, or problem) exists

Bereft of no longer having it, deprived

Beware of
to be careful

Boast of a reason to be prou d !m'Jnr-n

Capable of able to do something lftm

Cautious of careful about avoiding danger or risk

not having any doubt about something 'q'ffl~

Certain of

Charge of to make a person responsible for something $' 'CJ1Tit

Composed of calm and in control of your emotions •rin

Consist of to be made up of (som ething) t ..n pr

Confident of showing that you have confidence 3m~~

Klll l\T . Class Notes : FIXED PREPOSITION

 Conscious of aware
lleuly bl Bqllah
------.1j ~~
Convicted of to prove or find guilty
~~sl!r
Convinced of to cause (someone) to believe that
something is true
Deprived of not having the things that are needed for a
good or healthy life
Devoid of lacking

Diffident of lacking confidence

Disapprove of to officially refuse to approve or accept

(something)
Dispose of to get rid of something
~'Gli!T
Embarrassed ashamed ~rfflGT
of

Envious of feeling or showing a desire to have what

someone else has
Formed of organized in a way characteristic of liVing cl:;
matter
Frightened of to cause to become afraid cfi1"

Get lid of to become free from something tflilT

Guilty of responsible for committing a clime or doing 3ftrotfr

something bad or wrong
Lack rNJ deficient cli1fi'

Need (N) to require

Proof of something which shows that something else

is true or correct
Scared of to be frightened or worrted 'ffl

Shortage of a condition in which there is not enough of cli1fl'

-
something needed
IWl!\lf
 I '9JI

~ •(
.-a:sce
: rtain 1
~~-=-
: .:: ]• ~• ~• -;: •~bl!Mn
~ i att
!!•~h-=--=--=--=--=--~:l""pl-~- •-an-1~
-, -ln- Hln
_ di_ ]

sl}ft of
null or containing nothing ft1fcf
void /tfl
to need (something)

marked by being cautious

Vla!Y of
deserving respect, attention
wortbY of
Fixed Preposition

'For' comes with the following words :

J[ Meaning in English_ _ _ _.._M_e_ani

_ ng
_ ln
_ H_ln
_ di__,
Al;f for a feeling of liking for someone or something ffrv

feeling or showing love and affection

Affection for

a particular goal or aim ll(Cfcilcfiiffl

Ambition for

fear or nervousness about what might ffiaT

Anxiety for
happen
Appetite for a physical desire for food Ill"
Contempt for a feeling that someone or something is not 3141ililill
worthy of any respect or approval
Canvass f or to ask (the people in an area) what they 11(1'1!111i1T
think about a candidate, project, idea, etc.
Craving fo r a very strong desire for something crurr
Desire for to want or wish for (something)

Hope for expect 3'Rl1'

Llking for a feeling of regard or fondness ffl~

Yearn for to desire very much fil"v ernmr clililT

L1.1ss Notes : FlXED PREPOSI rION

KO l l\'I
'
I
r
I
i
I
Fixed Preposition

FiM,li+i,,iiiAON!:ii@fhAi,i&i·if I
l•o~
Abstain from
IJ Meaning In Bnglloh ]~
to choose not to do or have something

Abstinence from the practice of not doing or having

something that is wanted q¢;rili{.fr

Debar from to officially prevent (someone) from having

or doing something
Derive from to take or get (something) from (something
else) t f.tctill'filT
if;r.lT
Descent from an act of coming or going down in location
or condition *ilnl' ar.rr
Desist from to stop doing something
if;r.lT t.rr
Deviate from tent or to be different from what is usual
or expected (m=a Ri1T)
Emerge from to become known or come from
31mfT
Escape from

Exemption from
to get away from a dangerous place or
situation
permission not to pay or do something
~-.;ir.rr
1!c"
Prevent from to stop (something) from happening or
existing ffliirr
Prohibit from to order (someone) not to use or do
something
Protect from to keep (someone or something) from being 'i('ij1;l'J
harmed
Recover from to become healthy after an illness or injury

Refrain from to stop yourself from doing something q$1'~

Resign from to give up (a job or position) in a formal ~t,n
manner
Respite from relief
ma
1\lll.l\'I· >RFPOSifION
Class Notes : FIXED I
 Fixed Preposition

'ON' comes with the following words :

~ [ Meaning in English J[Meaning in Hindi
to make a statement about someone or
corninent something
to think about or discuss something very ~cfilifT
n,,}i'-"rate
vv "" on care fu 11y m
. ord er to make a d ecision
to be subject to determination by the
pepend on situation
to live in a particular place
!)Vlell 011
to begin a journey
Ernbark 011
to gradually move or go into an area that 31fc!hfi1tOI cfilifT
Encroach 011
is beyond the usual or desired limits
to cause (something, such as tax) to
Jrnpose 011
affect someone or something by using
your authority
to demand that something happen or 3rn1J cfilifT
Insist 011 that someone do something
to come or go into a place where you are 31 Rhtilt Oj cfilifT
Intn1de on
not wanted or welcome
Trample on
to cause damage or pain by walking or ttt cfi'i:hii-1
.:,
I
stepping heavily on something or
someone

Absorbed in
having one's attention wholly engaged or ~Ii
occupied
Accomplished in very skillfu l, having or showing the skill
of an expert
Assiduous in very hard working

Bigoted tn. blindly devoted to some creed, opinion, or

practice
Dabble in to take part in an activity in a way that is
not serious
Deficient in not good enough, lacking
Diligent tn. showing steady and earnest care and
hard work
Excel tn.
to be better than others

KO LIVE Class Notes : FI XED PRE POSITION

 [ivorcls ]t Meaning in English ] ~
having knowledge or skill in a particular
Experienced in
field
Indulge in
to allow (yourself) to have or do something ftrta
as a special pleasure
Interested in
wanting to learn m~re about _something or
to become involved m something
Involved in
connected with something

Persist in
to continue to occur or exist beyond the
usual, expected, or normal time
Presevere in to continue doing something though it is
difficult
Proficient in good at doing something

Remiss in not showing enough care and attention

Versed in skilled in something

Fixed Preposition

'~
-!W
_o
_r_d_
s --- . . ; ; ;1::__
;
·?s·ti
P11&!if:lliB.RGt:ff·11w
Meaning in English IM ~ in ~
'i

~· Acquaintance with Knowledge as a result study or experience

Afflicted with caused pain or suffering

Alliance with a union or association

Associate with to combine or unite with another for

mutual benefit
Bear with to suffer

Beset with to cause prob lem s or d ifficulties

for (someon e or somet h in g)
Busy with full of activity or work

Clash with a short fight

Coincide with to happen at the same time as something 1lili irt Pf
I I
else
Compatible with capable of existing together in harmony
Compliant with inclined·to agree with others 311411ciirft
Quarrel with to fight
KD LIVE
ID
 ·111:
! I
I '
I

~ L ........ ln..!!ftah
tj.
j[ Meanlal la 111n
....!!!.] I
~
fle!llons
- to disagree and argue or complain about
something
',!
Replete rnth
having much or plenty of something II
1

5at1ated rnth
to satisfy (a need, desire, etc.) fully 1I
to cause (someone) to be happy or
1 I
I,
I
5at1sfied rnth pleased I
to feel sorry for someone who is in a bad
syinpathtze ivitb
condition
,ti(;loj~

Exercise-1
10 tJJroUlb tbe chapter Preposition given in
pJea#e _ 1 aDd tben attempt tbe questions given below. Answers
y~UID . r----1-=:..:.:.~__.\-
Cbeese is made - milk.
1
' The table is made _ wood. 1. from
2. of
i
3, He deals - garmen t s.
3. in
cannot deal _ you.
4 1 4. with
' Amphibians differ _ reptiles.
s. differ _the authority on this point. 5. from
6. 1 6. with
7_ You can depend _ me. 7. on
8.
You cannot depend solely __ this book. 8. On
9. My coming depends __ whether I get a ticket to 9. upon
Calcutta or not. 10. of
10. He is the best student __ my class. 11.in
11. Delhi is the best city _ _ India. 12.on
12. The exam will start _ _ Monday. 13. to
13. Smoking is injurious _ _ health. 14.at
14. Open your book _ _ page 40. 15. of
15. He died cancer. 16.of
16. He died _ _ hunger. 17.in
17. He died harness. 18. in
18. He was killed an accident. 19. No p.teposition required
19. He could not succeed despite _ _ working hard. 20. of
20. In spite _ _ working hard, he failed. 21. for
21. We are waiting _ _ the result. iti required
22. Nu p.teposnon
22. The result is being awaited _ _ . 23. from
23. I cannot part _ my parents. 24. with
24• The miserly merchant could not part __ his 25. beside
money. 26. Besid es
25• He sat_ me as the seat next to mine was vacant. Z'/. No p.teposition required
:~· - being a coward, he is fickle-minded too.
· 1 can cope _ with any problem.
KO LIVE Class Notes · FIXED PREPOSITION
 28. There is no co-operation __ the students of our
class.
29. Bi-lateral talks will surely improve the relation
India and Pakistan.
30. The boy fell _ the well.
31. We were sitting _ the classroom when the boys 28. among
came the room. 29. between
30. into
32. All the students stood _ respectfully when the
31. in, into
principal entered the classroom.
32. up, no preposit"
33. The architect entered _ _ an agreement with required eqt!ired 1011
the contractor. 33. into
34. The bill was passed _ _ pandemonium. 34. into
35. upon
35. The lion jumped _ _ the deer.

LI
Word with Explanation in Explanation in Enmples
suitable English Hindi
preposition

1. Made from When the form ~~~;;mr Ex. Bread ts made

changes. from flour.

2. Made of When the form cfiT Ex. Shoes are

does not change. l$rr~ ~ . , ~ made of leather.
3. Deal in To buy and sell iRa,T Ex. He deals in
particular books.
4. Deal with To manage with M~m Ex. The court will
someone m:ci t f.:rtfca1T deal with the
culprit.
5. Differ from To be different Ex. His brother
from differs from her In
habits.
6. Differ with to disagree with Ex. He differed
someone. 3wm~~ with his employees
regarding tbe
consequences of
GST.
7. Depend on Put trust in some Ex. His parents
person with depend on hiJll.
confidence.

KO LIVE

- Class Notes
. PREPOSI I ION
FIXED '
 ....,.... ,......
.,..
r -m
Put trust in a Mq@t1tf.:rm Ex. I depend on
pepend on
thing with
.., this book for
8, English.
confidence

When an action Ex. I can go to

pepend the movie but it
9, depends on some
up<>n condition. depends upon
whether my
parents will let
me go or not.

'Days' 'on' mt!' cfiT Ex. He reached

we use 'on' with
12. On days. i;r$r~t1 Mumbai on
Monday/Tue Saturday.
sday etc.
Ex. Drinking is
Injurious to to have bad effect.
13. injurious to
health.

Ex. He died of
When a disease is
14. Died of brain tumour.
the cause.
Ex. He died
Died from when some
15. from thirst.
reason is the
Ex. Indira
16. Die in A phrase that
Gandhi died in
harness means 'to die
harness.
while in service'.

cfil~cfili4 C..., Ex. Indira

17. Die in A phrase that Gandhi died in
harness means 'to die
harness.
while in service'.

o'Uc: Accident Ex. Ramesh was

18· Killed in an Note: In an
'Killed' ~li4 cfiT killed in a plane
accident accident, a
person is killed. tifT 'died' crash.
'Died' is a wrong ~I
word here

Class Notes : FIXED PREPOSJT!O:s;

KD Ll\'E
 ,.
,.."'
-~

19 .
--·-· J1 =--
L!IZ IG llldtable

Despfte
Bngliah

'Inspreclmeans 'Insptte of mi'

does not
talce 'of.
'desptte'. Srre both despite cfiT n •~ Ex. Despite
nran the same, we ~l~sITT"~ betng late h
scnd.ln0 wrongly 'Despite il1G 'of was au ' e
ta.k owed to
use cl With 'desptte'. AA ethe ~
Syrn-:tyms:
cfiT cf;'{
rn.
Notwithstanding
20. Wait for Wait for someone
Ex. He Is
Waiting for hi8
reply.
21. Waited for = 'Awaited' does not 'Awaited' il1G 'for•
awaited take for because cfiT Ex. The latest
Waited for= news is being
awaited awa.1ted.
22. Part from to go away from ~~~3iWT
someone. Ex. You should
not Part from
him in anger.
23. Part with to seperate from ~cl@~ 3iWT
something ~ · .:, Ex. I don't want
to part With any
of my books.
24. Beside By the side of
Ex. He sat
beside me.
25. Besides Apart from 3w!icTT Ex. Besides
being
intelligent, he is
laborious too.
26. Cope with To handle Note: fo'l q c.crl I Ex. She can
'Cope up with' is cope with the
wrong. present
situation.
27. Among Refers to the m Ex. He
association or in distributed the
company of more sweets among
than two. the students of
the school.

KD LIVE i-:posmoN
Class Notes : FIXED PR .
 1

u]~ rr:~~pa1.:;:l~;;;
, =;;..Oll
1
=-==1n- 1 ::
r-::I :---::a-
_ tlo_n_ln__\ - · -__

A,nlong Refers to the m 3®cf; $ .fl'iT Ex. He

zs. association or in distributed the
company of more sweets among
than two. the students of
the school.

aetween Refers to the m$ .fl'iT Ex. There is no

29- association of two love lost
between Rahul
and Ramesh.

Fall tnto 'into' shows 'into' 1:ffnftnoft Ex. He fell into

motion $ 3k;t .,-;;m:rr the pit.
pr ~mrr i,
in l!.J Ex. Rajnl was
31.
Sitln sitting in
into--£) the room
come into
To go or come in Ex. The goons
32. Enter does
entered the
not take
bedroom and
preposition
shot the
'tnto' if it
politician dead.
means to
·come into'.
to make oneself a Ex. He refused to
33. Enter into
party to an enta- into an
agreement. ~ w i t h his
tenant

Amid means Ex. 1) His is cry

34 'Amid' can
'during in case of for help
come with
uncountable drowned amid
both the noise.
countable noun and 'among'
2) My wallet fell
and in case of
countable noun. amid the
uncountable
fighting.
nouns.
Ex. The robber
35. upon When
jumped upon
something/someo
the running
ne strikes the
train.
surface of the
other while in

-
motion.

KD LIVE
Clu,s Nole, r IXED l'RLPr JS! I Jr J'\
 th books
36. Put all e
37 I told the truth -
· filled
-
the table.
his face.
wonder•
Exercise-2
-----
Ant'\lll'el'I-
36. on
38. With 37· to
40 by
.
41. of
3 9 · for

38 · I Wd uld it word_ wo rd . 42. to

39. Yoi~ •hhalfo past eight my watch. 43. Under, on
40. It uo · d th-;;rchant his belongings 44. in
41 The king deprive e . - -
· the north of India. 45. to
42. China is - a cemented platform.
43 1 sat the tree - 46. froni
· t- the shade of the tree. 47. into
44, Isa - ours
45 . My watch is superior - - Y ine · 48. to
4 6 Hi• dress is different - - m · 49. with
47,• The matter -111 wUA
be looked - by the committee. 50 • to
48 1. will talk _ _ you later. 51. to
49, We had a talk - - them. 52. with
50. Please listen - me. . 53. to
51. I provided money - - him. 54.
52 I provided him - money. no preposition
required
53 : 1 suggested _ _ him to take the exam.. 55 . to
54 My tmcbel' told me to solve the easy questions first. 56. to
• ff
55 · e prop osed - - me to take my children for a walk. 57 • no preposition
d - -to be upfront in
me · my a tt't u d e.
56 . ff es ai _ _ . 1
required
57• We reached _ _ Delhi last night at 9 p.m. 58. at
58. Both the parties reached _ _ an agreement. 59. no preposition
59. we go _ _ home at 8 p.m.
required
60. I left _ _ college at 10 a.m. 60. for
61. I agree _ _ you. 61 . with
62. I agree _ _ your opinion 62. to
63. I am annoyed _ _ him. 63. with
64. I am annoyed _ _ the mismanagement.
64. at
65. We must avail ourselves _ _ the opportunity. 65. of
66. She was angry _ _ her children. 66. with
67. She was angry _ _ his callousness. 67. at
68. Fishes are adapted _ _ life in water. 68. to
69. His bungalow is adjacent _ _ mine. 69. to
70. This serum is an antidote _ _ snake's poison. 70. to
71. I apologize _ _ you _ _ my mistake. 71. to, for
72. I have no appetite _ _ sweets. 72. for
73. We were not apprised _ _ his demise. 73. of
74. We were astonished his audacity. 74. at
75. I am averse _ _ smoking. 75. to
76. 1be management did not accede _ _ the workers' demand. 76. to
TT. I am acquainted_aD the places ofDelhi. 77. with
78. We must abkle __ tbe rules ofthe college. 78. by

KO LIVE
'f'J· 'Ne- c:J1lDPlY
~ -God_aDomdeeds.
;:,. ~eare 1,el'dl: anp.,aa:asfm
the mies clthe co1lege.
Answers
79. wit h
81• fie- the tide fl'll'trigM:bood _ _ him. 80. to, for
8'2, 'l'bequeen bim _ _ tbe tide clKnfg1 1d-,od. 8 1. of
83, 'l'be~news, be 1,ecamered_anger. 82. upon
84, :::;:. 111inutes five _ my _ _ watch. I 83. with
85, .,U1 reach there 5 p.m. 84. with
\rill stand_ you _ _ thick and thin. 85. to,by
1 86. by, through
96, Tbe cliff bangs_ the sea.
87· Thi& bus plies _Delhi and Noida. 87. over
88• Tbe 1110ney lender charges interest 9 88. between
99, percent per annum. 89. at
Cloth is sold _ _ yard. 90. by
90 · The man injured in the accident succumbed 91 . to
91. bis inJu rles. 92. with

92 '
we must immediately dispense the 93. no preposition
service of the dishonest clerk. required
RaJD married _ _ Sita. 94. to
93. Ram was married _ _ Sita. 95. to
94, This climate is conducive _ _ health. 96. to
95,
He is entitled _ _ a suitable reward. 97. to
96,
91, I prefer tea _ _ coffee. 98. to
98, There is no exception _ _ this rule. 99. to, for
99, I will be obliged you _ _ your help. 100.Of
I inquired _ _ him about the progress.

rr~M~
100.

Explanation in Explanation in Examples

suitable English Hindi
prepositio
D
/

36. on [J Touching the

s urface of
Eg. He sat on
the bench .

37. To directly/ openly Eg. He told the

truth to his
someone's
face.

38. When filled with Eg. He is filled

Fill with
(something) with grief.
something.
39. Word for Exact repetition Ex. He
word translated the
of the same
whole matter
words/verbatim
word for word.

KD LIVE

- Class Noles : FIXED PREPOSITION

 e-
40.
Wontwtth
saltable
prepoeltion
Depriv ed takes
fixed
1-
In Jtnafl•ll
I =--· JC
---n
'Deprived' (~ .ffirc:r
~) GfTG 'ofif;T Eg. He was
preposition 'of
tm,r ti deprived of eve
the baste n
necessities of
41. In m y life .
Note: 'b y'
w atch/on m y one's Eg. It is half
watch is watc h/clock is Past five by Ill
wro n g . correct. watch. Y
42. 'to· the
north/s outh Eg. Srt Lanka is
etc (to s how to the south of
d ir ection) . India.
43. Under t h e tree
Eg. After getting
On the tired, he sat
cem e n ted plat under the tree
from on the ground.
44. In the shade
Note: 'Under Eg. He satin
the s hade' is the shade of the
wrong. tree.
45. Adjectives -;,n- Adjectives 'ior' Eg. Superior,
ending in 'ior'
take
~ ~ t. 3a,c);-GfTG inferior, prior,
'to' q;r tm,r ti senior, junior
preposition
'to'. etc. take 'to'.

46. Different from Be unlike Eg. His nature

is different from
that of his
brother.
47. Look into (a To investigate Eg. Toe police
matter) will look tnto
the matter.
48. Talk (Verb) to Having a iffi, Eg. I talked to
(a person) conver sation him.

KDLJVE
ID C lass Notes
.
l· IXLD P
RI pO~I I 10,
.
 ~ ...--

~-tl
r1~-
,,.~
l r-
- -~
.,;Ith
(Noun) Having a conversation
1 --·- 1
llin Hindi

~cfiT
lampJH

Eg. I had a talk

I
49, (sorneone) with him on this
issue.

usten
Give someone's
attention to a sound.
r(t<mi Eg. He ts
listening to the
~.
smIDl ci the
p1est.

Provtde,mo~ Eg. She has

51. to I)irect obj.
always provided
help to her
children.
111dkect obj.

Provid~ to Eg. We cannot

I 52. Indirect obj. provide you
with any
wt~ information.
Direct obj.

Word with Explanation in English Explanatio Examples

s.No, n in Hindi
suitable
preposition
Provide and Other verbs that 'to' Eg. I suggested
53, after them when an
suggest take to him to take
object follows are- medicine on
say suggest. propose, time.
speak. reply, explain,
complain. talk, listen,
write report, pray and
describe.

54. Told' does not Verb that do not take Eg. 1 warned
take 'to' if 'to' when followed by him to stay
followed by an an object are- alert.
object Advise. tell, ask, beg,
command, encourage,
request, inform, thank,
welcome, warm, forbid,
order, compliment,
congra1 ulate, remind.

KD LJ\'E

- Class Notes : FIXED PREPOSITION

 - ¾.':(
L·il •--- lt =J~ ~
prepodtloa

57. 'Reach' does not Eg. 1) reach d

take any preposition Delhi. e
if followed by the 2) I reached
name of the horne late.
destination.

58. Reach at an
Eg. The
agreement Reach at
a conclusion. cornrnittee
tit~ reached at a
conclusion.
59. 'Go '/ 'come'
'arrive'/ 'reach' does Eg. I corne
not take any horne at 7 P-m.
preposition if
followed by 'home'

60. 'Leave for' some To depart for ~fi:rv~

destination Eg. He left for
gr.tr
Delhi at g p.m.
61. Agree with To have the
Eg. I corne
(someone) same Opinion
home at 7 p.m.
(with a person) t)
62. Agree to (a matter) To have th e g);rr Eg. He agreed to
same opinion. (~ tR) my suggestion.
63. Annoyed with (a To disturb or -rm;;rgr.rr Eg. We were
person) irritate annoyed with
someone him.
64. Annoyed at To get angry ;rm;;r gr.IT Eg. I was
(something) annoyed at his
behaviour.
65. Avail (verb) of To be of u se or 'ii1111'3c51ill Eg. I availed
advantage myself of the
opportunities.
66. Angry with Eg. Are you
(someone) angry with me?
(fcnit cmJ t)
KD LIVE
Bl Class Notes · FIXED P
REPOS!TIO\
 1~ •Uon ll- -.. ]
lnBlndl
Eg. She you
.AnJ!lY at (someone) angry with me?
o1- (~~"CR)

To make ~c):,- Eg. They

Adapted to adapted
68, (ctrcumstances) suitable to or
flt for a specific themselves to
use. the changes
quickly.

Lying near, Eg. The temple

Adjacent to is adjacent to
69, close
my house.

To lessen the ~Tcfi Eg. There is no

Antidote to (some antidote to my
10. effect of
poison) house.
poison.
atm1TT11i!T Eg. He
Apologize to To regret for
71. (<ffcffi t) apologized to
(someone) doing wrong.
To regret for atm 1TT1lilT me.
Apologize for He
doing wrong. (~~c):,- Eg.
(something) to
~) apologized
me.

A strong wish Eg. I have no

72. Appetite for for
or urge appetite
(something)
food.

~cRiTT Eg. The reporter

73. Apprised of To inform
was apprised of
about
the new
something
developments.

3tmira~ Eg. We were

74. Astonish at (one's To fill with
astonished at
misconduct) wonder
his behaviour.

Eg. Javed is
75. Averse to Having a 1ilfficf~
averse to
feeling of
drinking.
opposition or

-
dislike
( 'l.i ss No lt•s FIXl·.D l'Rl· l'OSl'I ION
I([) l !VI·
 --- -~
Wonlwltb
I=~ft.ID I lbplaaation
in Hindi
lbaniplee

77. Accede to Agree to a

Eg. He graciously
demand or ~nn.r acceded to our
request ;;rr.rr
request.
78. Acquainted
with
To make familiar
* m;rr Eg. We got
acquainted With each
other.
79. Abide by To follow a rule qn;r.r~
Eg. They promised to
abide by the rules of
the contest.
80. Comply with To act in t"lr.Rl'R'
... Eg. You are obliged to
accordance with il1ir.rr/ifir
comply with the order
rule, wishes etc
of the court.
8 I. Answerable to To explain one's <ITT
(somebody) Eg. The Delhi Police
actions
is department
Answerable To be responsible
for answerable to the
for something
Central Govt.
Eg. Customers are
answerable for the
damage they cause.
81. Bereft of Deprived of
something *cfflra Eg. They are bereft of
their life with dignity.
82. Bestow
to present as a 1ilGTircfi'r-lT
(something) gift Eg. The trophy was
upon (a lircmf'ilT bestowed upon the
person) winner.
83. Bestow
(someone) Eg. He was bestowed
with (some with the trophy.
thing)
84. Red with
anger A feeling of great
annoyance.
!;,! : -t1
Eg. He became red
with anger at her

-
Kill.IV!'
attitude.
t 'lass Notes · FIX[·. D PRL"POSITION
r-
 y

gl '#ltll
prePORtloD
I ..,.,,,ttoa
Bnglhh la l~ tlon I
la B.tndl Ezamplea

J
Ten roinutes . . Eg. It ts 5pm by
85- to five - 4:55 At is used to watch.
Ten mtnutes express exact Eg. I will reach at 5
past five - time. pm.
05:05

Stand by Support or Eg. Her relatives

86, remain loyal to always stand by her.
someone.

over Eg. The helicopter

87, hovered over my
Higher in •
position 0 house.
but not in
touch

Ply between To go or travel Eg. This train plies

88.
regularly between Delhi and
Panipat.

Sold by Eg. Oranges are sold

90.
yard/dozen by dozen.
etc.

91. Succumb to To give up ~/c;a=r Eg.He succumbed to

cTI's his injuries.

92. Dispense with To get rid of t 'QTilT Eg. Let's dispense

with the formalities.

95. Married Eg. He married her. I

(Passive voice) Eg. He was married
is followed by to her.
'to'

96. Conductive to Malting a certain Eg. A positive

attitude is conducive
to good health.

KD LIVE

- Class Not efi : FIXED PREPOSlTION

I
i.:.:t~.:
L prepoaltloa
Jl= .... l ~--=- ]._..
-------
97. Entitled to To give (a person) ifiT
Eg. He ls entitled to
a title, right or
a suitable reward.
claim to
something

98. Prefer to Like one thing

Eg. I prefer diamond
more than other. to gold.
99. Exception to A case where a Eg. I take strong
rule does not exception to your
apply
assessment of his
singing ability.
100. 'Inquired' is
Eg. I inquired of the
followed' by of clerk about the
departure time of
the tram.

Exercise-3 ··
101. He insisted _ _ going abroad.
102. He was bom _ _ a poor family. Answers
103. He was bom _ _ poor parent s.
104. Great men are indifferent _ _ pleasure or pain. 101. on
105. I am suspicious _ _ some illegal activities. 102. in
106. Junk food is deficient _ _ vit amins and 103. to
minerals. 104. to
107. He is not ashamed _ _ his misconduct. 105. Of
108. I could not assent _ _ his proposal. 106. in
109. We must aim _ _ excellence in whatever we do. 107. of
110. Wrongdoings beset our path _ _ difficulties. 108. to
111. Tea is preferable _ _ coffee. 109. at
112. He invited me _ _ tea. 110. with
113. He is addicted _ _ drinking. 11 1. to
114. A well balanced diet is beneficial _ _ health. 112. to
115. The example given by you is not relevant _ _ 113. to
the topic of discussion. 114. to
116. He is endowed _ _ great humour. us. to
116. with
117. Working in a carpet factory is detrimental _ _ To
health. 117.
118. You are not eligible _ _ this post.
u s. for
119, at
119. He scoffed_ the idea of indefinite strike. at
120.
120. They jeered _ _ him and his idea.
h i >11\"I
ml
 i
l "'ll
I
''

agreeJJlellt l• tantamount _ _ your 11:11 I

21, ::::ession to the conspiracy. 'I I

1
cannot confide _ you.
1 atlllosphere comprises _ _ many gases.
I l, I

122· fbe
123· iporance _ law is no excuse. 121. to I i
124· 'J'biS place is infested _ _ pests. 122. In
12:• aJll sick_ the whole matter. 123. No preposition I
1 of
12 • Akbar became an heir _ the throne at a very
127, early age.
124.
125.
126.
with needed
of
I I,
aJll indebted _ _ you _ _ your generous
128, 1 127. to
act, 128. to, for
_ bave no liking _ such novels. 129. for
1
129 _ He succeeded _ _ the throne.
130. to
130. He succeeded _ _ his motive. 131. in
131 132. with
. Do you have a pen to write _ _ ?
132 133. on
. They have no chair to sit _ _ .
133 134. The dint of
. l{e passed the exam with flying colours by _
134 135. to
hard work. 136. from
5, Where bad you been _ _ ? 137. of
13
136, We must desist _ _ doing anything wrong. 138. to
136. We must desist _ _ doing anything wrong. 139. from
137, I am tired _ _ waiting . 140. in
138, I intend _ visit my uncle's house. 141. of
142. in
139. I prevented him _ _ choosing difficult
143. for
subjects. 144. to
140. If you persist _ _ disobeying my orders, you 145. from
will be punished. 146. between
141. He is fond rice. 148. at
142. She excels _ _ painting. 149. in
143. He has a knack _ _ painting. 150. No Prep.
144. I admitted him _ _ a reputed school. needed
145, He cannot distinguish good __ evil as he is
very innocent.
146· Death does not distinguish the rich and
the poor. --
~::· He is blind - - one eye.
' The train arrived _ _ the station.
149
· We arrived _ _ India after our summer
vacation.
lSo. Onl
Y the results will tell us who is going to
succeed - the current Prime Minister.

KD LIVE

- Class Notes FIXED PREPOSlT!ON

101.
~ =-ill__-----~ ][:bl Bin&_]
Insist on to say something in q'{
a way that is very Eg. I don't kn
forceful you instst on t~~-~hy
about lt. """l\lllg
102. Born in (a
family place) Eg. (1) lie Was b
in India. 0m

L03. Born to brought into life by

(parents) birth Eg. lie was b0
noble Parents.
m to
L04. Indifferent to not interested in or
concerned about Eg. lie Was
something indifferent
problems. to rny
105. Suspicious causing a feeling
of that something is Eg. People are often
wrong suspicious of
strangers.
106. Deficient in not enough
Eg. A diet deficient In
calcium can lead to
weak bones.
107. Ashamed of feeling of shame or
guilt Eg. You should be
ashamed of yourself.
108. Assent to to agree to or
approve of Eg. He assented to
the proposal.
something
109. Aim' is to target some goal
followed by etc. Eg. You must aim at
'at' giving your best
performance.
109. Beset with to cause problems
Eg. Her marital life
or difficulties for was beset with
someone difficulties.
110. Beset with to cause problem s Eg. Her marital life
or difficulties for was beset with
someone difficulties.
112. Invited to to ask someone to Eg. Employees are
go somewhere invited to apply for
the new position.
113. Addicted to devoted to Eg. He is addicted to
something gambling.
obsessively
KDU\'E
ID Class :--iotes FIXED PRE
pQS!fill\
.
 '-/1"'
-- .1

,,
~ neBcial to
[...-
producing good or
JF - JI
t" Fol1f
=.
Eg. The new drug will
J
4. se helpful results be beneficial to many
11 people.

relating to some c); 1mr Eg. This topic is

Relevant to relevant to my
115- subject in ~Ft-ifJ'lcfi
subject.

to freely provide Eg. Some people are

Endowed endowed with both
116- someone with
with something. brain and beauty.

causing damage or t\l f.?I cfiF(cfi Eg. Hot and humid

DetriIJlental
117. injury. weather is
to detrimental to health.

able to be chosen c);~~ Eg. She is not eligible

Eligible for for this competition.
JJ8. for something.
(appotntmen
t/election
etc)
an expression of <1iilT Eg. The critics
J19. Scoffed at
scorn, derision or Hlra:rr~ scoffed at his
contempt. m painting.

to laugh at or ~m Eg. The people at the

120. Jeered at
criticize someone. back of the hall
jeered at the
Hlra:rr speaker.

equal to something c);~~ Eg. His angry speech

121. Tantamount
in value, meaning was tantamount to a
to
or effect. declaration of revolt.

122. to tell something to tfi)-~ Eg. I only confide in

Confide in (a
someone you trust. iffiTa,T my closest friends .
person)

123. 'Comprise' is to be made up of iia=IT Eg. This chapter

not followed comprises many
by any questions.
preposition
In Active
voice but by
'of in
Passive voice

hll i lVI

- Class Notes . FIXED PREPOSITION

 -~

LU~ lr---,, lf ~-11~

124. Ignorance of lack of knowledge
Eg. My ignoran
their nattve lance of
caused Problern~age
our communt In
125. Infested with to be in or over t 'J,ffif cauon.
some-thing in large Eg. The house is
number infested With
~)
cockroaches.
126. Sick of having a strong
dislike Eg. Hts soul Is Sick
solitude. of
127. Heir to One who inherits cfiT
(throne/prop Eg. He Is the on}
erty etc.) heir to his fatheJs
property.
128. Indebted to owing gratitude to i;© <fern
another Eg. He Was Indebted
to him for his
kindness.
129. Lildng for Fondess 1:ffi?; cfiT
Eg. He has no liking
for chocolates.
130. Succeeded to come after
(something) in a
3r.'rsli1l'
~., * Eg. Akbar succeeded
Humayun,
series
131. Succeeded to achieve the
in Eg. He succeeded in
desired result
his endeavour.
132. A pen to when a noun (for
wrttewtth Eg. The poor have no
eg.-pen) is followed
bed to sleep in.
by (an infrnitive (to+
v l) , a suitable
preposition follows
133. Chair to sit Same as above
on

134. By dint of By force of Eg. Sandeep passed

the exam by the dint
of hard work.
136. Desist from To stop doing $~ Eg. He advised me to
something desist from trustlng
flatterers.

I\D 11\'I

-
IW,l:.II l'lassNot,•s
, . Pl'! pp,! Ill l\
l· IXfll '
.,
_,J,- \
I.

-~ ][~~ ru-e<f of -
1 ~ 1 ----
t 'fct; Eg. I am tired of his
j
allegations.
137•

to plan or want to ~cfi'{ilf Eg. Harshit is

1ntend to intending to visit
138· do something
Paris.
to stop something Eg. The vaccine
Prevented
139, from happening prevented the
froill disease from
spreading.
to continue to do Eg. Praveen persisted
persist in in continuing his
140, something even
though when other studies.
people want to
stop.
To be better than N~ Eg. Mansi is fond of
142. Fond of playing Chess.
order

an ability, talent Eg. He has a knack

143. Knack for for playing football.
needed to do
something
to allow entry After getting injured,
144. Admitted to he was admitted to
hospital.

to differentiate one ~i@Ti!T Eg. I could not

145. Distinguish distinguish pure silk
xfromy from another
from mixed silk.

6@TilT Eg. Rama does not

146. Distinguish to make someone
distinguish between
between x different in some
the good and bad.
anyy way

147. Blind in (an unable to see 3mg' t Eg. He is blind in one

eye) eye.

KD U\'E

- Class Nntes FIXED PRFPOSI rIO:--J

Ur ~l ...ltl•..
148.
ealtole
pnJNNdtlon
Arrtved at
b,U•h
------
to reach a place
11 n In Hindi

(~
1 Enm,-
Eg. Passengers
tR)
arrived at th~ station
on time.
149. Arrived in to reach a country Eg. Suresh had
after travelling already arrived in
London by that time.
150. Succeed (to
Eg. He succeeded his
come 'Succeed'cfif father and inherited
after/as an .mt fortune worth
heir) is not millions.
followed by iii"~~
any m~folJ.llcif
preposition ~~.m
'preposition'

~,
cfiT

' . --~
Exercise-4 -' -
151. Can you please_ my website before I publish it?
(A) find out (B) go through
(C) set out (D) look up
152. His service has been dispensed _ .
(A) with (B) of Answers
(C) for (D) in
153. Jane is annoyed _ me. 151. (B) go through
(A) with (B) on 152. (A) with
(C) against (D) over 153. (A) with
154. I am not angry _ you, Paul. 154. (A) with
(A) with (B) on 155. (B) in
(C) at (D) over 156. (Bl in
155. The youth should believe _ God. 156. (B) in
(A) upon (B) in
(C) on (D) of
156. He was bom India.
(A) of (B) in
(C) of (D) through

I\D l l\'I
ml l ' l,iss N,11,,, l'l:'\Fll Plffl'L1:-l rl(l'i
 e convict tried his level best to justify
51. 'l'b self but the judge looked _ _ him and
1
l1iJl1 d hiD1 guilty.
foOllaround {B) at

~!ere
(A) thl'Ough {D) to
is nobody _ _ home.
1S8, (A) at {B) in
(C) 011 {D) inside 157. (C) through
I do not agree - - you. 158. {A) at
1S9, (A) for {B) with 159. (B) with
(C) against (D) in 160. {B) on
. Be switched the lights _ _ and we could 161. {A) in, at _
160 see much better. 162. (B) against
(A) off (B) on 163. (B) at,in
(C) out {D) above i64. (B) about
though she is very much interested 165. (B) in
161 · singing, she is not good _ it. in
166. {C)
(A) ill, at (B) about, in 167. (D) to
(C) on, in (D) of, about 168. (A) of
e have decided _ moving to London.
16,
2 W
(A) to (B) against
(C) towards (D) from
163. My father lives _ Kondapur, a small
village _ Andhra Pradesh.
(A) ill, in (B) at, in
(C) at, at (D) in, at
164. The mother was anxious _ the safety of
her son.
(A) on (B) about
(C) at (D) upon
165. Have you ever dressed _ black ?
(A) up (B) in
(C) on (D) with
166. Our ancestors had immense difficulty _
procuring books.
(A) for (B) of
(C) in (D) OD
167, Why do we always have to submit_ his
authority?
(A) under (B) with
1 (C) for (D) to
68· The master assured her success in the
ex.arnination.
(A) of (B) in
(C) for (D) with

KDUVE Class \otes FIXED PREPOSlTIO'.\

 169. There la still a need _ farther discussion.
(A) or in
(B)
(C) for with
(D)
170. I was surprised _ his result and it came
as a pleasant surprise for the whole family. IC) for
(A) by (B) at 170. IA.) by
(C) for (D) with

Word with Explanation Explanatio

suitable in English
Eumples
n in Hindi
preposition
151. Go through to examine Rl<>1Rl<>laR E.g: Please go
methodically
through this book.

152. Dispensed with to go rtd of

E.g: Let us dispense
with the fonnaitttes.
153. Annoyed with
E.g: I am annoyed
someone
with him.
Annoyed at
E.g: I am annoyed
something
mismanagement.

154. Angry with E.g: I am angry with

someone Angry at my cousin.
something E.g: I am angry at the
unpleasant
development.

157. Look through to examine E.g: He looked

through my notes
and appreciated my
efforts.

159. Agree with Mt Eg. I agree with my

someone Agree to ~"ITTi!T cousin.
something M il1o t E.g: I agree to the
~"ITTi!T new proposal.
KlJ 1 I\"!
UH Class "i,>tes ri:--;FD PR~ p()~I rll l\
. , ,:,,....

rr~fl~ ~ ---m
,attable
pre,o-ltiOD

1nterested in
in
h
Blndl

fat-tilftfr
ltumplu

E.g: I am interested
161. something Good m:m~ in music.
at something E.g: He is good at
singing.
Decide to move to ~Shiftmq;r E.g: I decided to
162, some place move to Mumbai as
Decide against Shifta'!Tm the climate of Delhi
moving to some qi!'~~ didn't suit me.
place E.g: I decided
against moving to
Mumbai as it is a
congested city.

163, When two places WR~~q;r E.g: I live at

are mentioned, 'at' m'ffl'ffl Mukherjee Nagar in
is used with ~~mt~t Delhi.
relatively small tITTT 'at' q;r
place and 'in' with WIT 3tR 'ffl1W
relatively big t tITTT 'in'
place. q i ! ' ~ WITI

169. Need of Lacking ct:r m~ E.g : He is in need of

Need for Require q;u;~cf:r~
.:,
some warm clothes.
ment of E.g: There is a need
more for further
explanations.

170. Surprised by E.g: I am surprised

someone/ somethi by your result.
ng Surprised at E.g.: I am surprised
someone/ somethi at his brazenness.
ng (when opposite
was expected)

KD LI\'E
1111 C\ ,1ss Notes FIXED PREPOS! r!ON
 Exercise-5 (DETECTING ERROR)
1. (A) The teacher /(Blaaid the class to open/(CI their books at
no error. Page 40,/(DI
2. (Al Mother Teresa asked a building/ (Bl where she and her worker
/(C)could care for the poor people./(Dlno error. 8
3. (A) "Can you cope up/(B)with all this work?"/(Clhe asked,/(D)no
4. (A) Shelley la/ (Bl superior than Byron/(C) in his vision of Dellt error.
no error. ocracy./(D)
5. (A) Several prominent figures/(B)involved in the scandal are re ui
/(C)appear to the investigation committee./(D) no error. q red to
6. (A) Due to heavy work /(Blin the office,/(C) I was unable to catch th
thirty train./(DI no error. e five.
7. (Al (AIThe board will /(Blappoint her as/(C) additional directior./(D)no
error.
8. (A) The child /(B)was run over/(C) with a private bus./(D)no error
9. (A) The heavy raina/(Blprevented us/(C) against going out./(D)n~ error
10. (A) 1/(B)met Jane /(C) in the way./(D) no error. ·
11. (A) The children were quarrelling between themselves /(B)when all of
sudden it occured to them that their teacher/(C)was watching thellt,/~Dlno
error.
12. (A) The teacher told to/(B)the students that/(C)they must attend school
regularly./(D) no error.
13. (A) I am extremely surprised /(B)and pleased with/(C)his result./(D)no
error.
14. (A) By whom/(B)is he /(C)known?/(D)no error.
15. (A) These tribesmen live within/(B)the customs of /(C)their tribe./(D)no
error.

Explanations
1. (B); Add 'to' after' 'said' or change 'said' into 'asked'. 'Say' is followed by
'to' if an object (me, him etc) follows.
2. (A); Change ' asked' ( ~ i@lilT) into 'asked for' [1!17T 'il'i{ilT (to demand)].
3. (A); Change 'Cope up with' into 'cope with' . 'Cope wit h' means 'to
handle'.
4. (B); Change 't han ' into to. Adjectives that end in 'ior' take 'to' and not
'than'.
5. (C); Change 'to' in to 'before'. Also change ' investigation' into . ,
'investigating'. We n eed an adjective to qualify noun 'Comnuttee ·
6. (A); Change 'Due to heavy work' into 'Owing to heavy workload'· A
sentence starts with 'Owing to' and not ' due to' though in modern
English 'due to' is also acceptable. SSC t oo h as given several .
sentences starting with 'due t o' and then 111-ark e d the option D 1.e.
answer was 'noerror'.
Remove 'as'. 'Appoint' is n ot followed by 'as' .
Change 'with' into 'by'.
KD LIVE 394 Class Notes : FIXED PREPOSiTIO'l
 II
. ."'....t:,
I 1 •

c hange 'against' into 'from'.

9. (C);
Change 'in' into 'on'.
10, (C);
11. (A); Change 'between' int o ' among' . For ' more t han two' ' among' is used
Remove 'to' . 'Tell' is not followed by 'to'. ·
12• (A);
13, (A); Add 'by' after 'surprised'. When two prepositions are needed with two
different wo~ds , both prepositions must be used.
14, (A); Change :b~' 1~t~. 'to'; •~own' takes preposition 'to' in passive voice.
15. (A); Change wit hin into by • 'Live by something' means 'to beh ave I
according to a particular set of beliefs or principles' . I I
Preposition (Practice Set) I
I thought I'd die _ _ the pressure.
1.
He died ___ exhaustion.
2.
3.
A nine-years-old child died _ _ rabid bat
bites in the hospit al.
4.
Soldiers die ___ their m otherland, some
of us die ___ over-eating.
s. He died _ h arness. 1. from
6. Paul Walke r was killed _ _ a road 2. from
accident. 3. of
7. I differ ___ you ___ this issue. 4. for, from
s. The two theories differ _ _ each ot her in 5. in
many ways. 6. in
9. Go _ _ my books. 7. with, on
10. I saw _ _ your t ricks. 8. from
11. The train passed __ the t u nnel. 9. through
12. Don't compare boys _ _ _ girls. They are 10. through
different physically and emot ionally. 11 . through
13. Compare t he contents of this gram mar 12. to
book those of t hat one . 13. with
14. Life is compared _ _ _ a journey. 14. to
15. Do only one work _ __ a time . 15. at
16. The exam started __ t ime but the light 16. on,in,at,wit hin
went off the nick of t im e . This 17. in, by
happened _ times but I managed to solve 18. for, in
all the questions _ _ t h e allotted hours. 19. to, on,on,by
17. I will pay___ cash a nd n ot ___
cheque.
18, I do have a taste music but am not
a musician so I don't have a great tast e
_music.
19. They go ___ school _ _ _ shank's
mare and not_ _ _ bike or ___ car.

KD LIVE ED Class Notes · FIXED PREPOSITION

 20. He waa awarded _ _ _ Param Vir Chakra
Posthumously.
21. He will marry his daughter ___ a government
servant.
22. He married _ _ her.
23. He was married _her. 20.
24. (i) 21.
I cannot explain you this. (Improve the
Sentence) 22. x
23. to
(ii) She gave the dog biscuits. (Improve the
Sentence) 24. (i) I cannot
25. I will approach ___ him in this matter. explain this to
26. My approach ___ life is optimistic. you.
27. China is ___ the North-east of India. 24. (ii) She gave
28. Shahdara is ___ the East of Delhi. biscuits to the
29. Africa is ___ the south of Europe. dog.
30. Everything started falling ___ line ___ a 25. x
few years. 26. towards
31. _ __ I joined the Army, I haven't taken any 27. to
leave. 28. in
32. Promises were long ___ forgotten. 29. to
33. They have not talked ever _ __ they fought. 30. in,in/within
34. We have been friends ___ childhood. 31. since
35. Civilization flourished _ _ the Ganga. 32. since
36. There is no love lost ___ you 33. since
her.
37. Nothing went amiss ___ between. 34. since
38. Madhya Pradesh is _ _ Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar 3 5. along
36. between, and
Pradesh and Chattisgarh.
37. in
39. This agreement will strengthen the relation
38. in between
___ India, America and The United Kingdom. 39. between
40. There is a little difference ___ love,
40. between
infatuation and attraction. 41. Put in
41. He ___ a lot of work on that article.
42. at
(i) Put in (ii) Put on 43. in,with
(iii) Put over (iv) Put out 44. to
42. I was mad ___ him because of his idiocy. 45. x
43. He was madly __love _ her.
46. to
44. I thought ___ write an autobiography. (Note:
47. of
my autobiography is superfluous) 48. of
45. I gave ___ Sana the keys 49. on
46. I gave keys ___ Sana.
50. at
47. You soon get tired ___ those monotonous 51. over,at
activities.
48. I am sick ___ his careless attitude.
49. Shoes are lying the floor.
50. He threw the jar the sneaking shadow.
51. The Sun is exactly ___ us ___ noon.

KDLIVE
ml Class Notes FIXED pREP0,1110°"
 ·x

i,
f
fbe cheque was signed _ him_a gold pen _ I I
I

Answers
52· black ink. J
fbe thief jumped ___ the wall. 52. by,wit h,in
53· fbere was a restlessness all ___ the country 53. over/across
54· fbe dog was run ___ by a car. 54. over
55, put a cloth ___ the table. 55. over
56· ten thousand Yazidis were killed in Iraq56. over
57, ~an find them home alone _ __ night. 57. over/ about/ around
SS· I caJlle across a cruel robber___ the night. 58. at
59, lie stood ___ the table. 59. in
6(), lie was jumping _ __ the table.
60. on
61, Tbe roads were closed ___ account of heavy 61. upon / from
62, 62. on
rain•
It i s _ 200 kms from Delhi. 63. about, arou nd, over
63· It is _ finish. 64. about to
64, i 65. about or No prep
Itnow - hm.
65, vil
I am_ e · practices. 66. against
66, 67. against
Put the ladder _ __ the wall.
67,
He was born_ __ a rich family. 68. in
6,
8
, With a strength born _ _ _ __ desperation, 69. of
69 70. of
he forcefully opened the door.
70. Misery is born _ __ poverty. 71. for
71. He has knack.__ _ painting. 72. X
72, I admit_ my mistake. 73. to
73. I was admitted ___ a good school. 74. at
74, _ the time of inauguration, I gave him 75. at
some discount. 76. for
75, dusk, cattle return from pasteur. 77. for
76. - all his wealth he is a miser. 78. for
77. I am all___ selling my old SUV and buying a 79. for
new sedan. 80. for
The police are _ _ our safety. 81. at
78.
I bought four oranges _ __ Rs 20. 82. x, at
79.
I trust you.___ I know you well. 83. X
80.
81. We reached ___ a conclusion. 84. with
82. We reached Delhi ___ 4pm. 85. X
83. I met him. 86. to
84. He met ___ an accident. 87. on
85. She attended _ _ _ the class 88. of
86. The nurse attended___ the patient. 89. for
87. Delhi is situated ___ the bank of river 90. X
Yamuna. 91. on
88, She was cured cancer. 92. of
89, There is no cur_e__ AIDS.
90· Please count the eggs.
91. You can coun_t_ _ me at the time of need.
92 · 1 got this mu free
ED L'lass Not,•s · FIXED PREPOSl rlO N
 93. We are not free ___ vices.
94. Thia place la infested ___ peats.
95. Lack _ __ experience ruined her career.
96. She Jacka __ experience.
97. The village la devoid ___ basic faculties.
98. The Iraqis are bereft __ their fundamental
rights and even deprived _ Right to Life.
99. Thia fruit la deficient ___ vitamin C.
94 · --
Ans\V.;;
with
95. of
100. I waa taken___ when I saw his
96, in
brazenness.
97, of
101. The charge ___ robbery is too serious.
102. He waa charged ___ robbery. 98 of, of
99. in
103. India takes ___ Pakistan ___ Mohall
100. aback
_tonight.
101. of
104. I am not concemed ___ such useless day
102. with
to day activities.
105. He is concemed _ __ his health.
103, on, at, x
104. with
106. My manager congratulated/ complimented
105. about
my slater _ _ her success. 106. at
107. I congratulated/complimented him _ __
107. for
his new house. 108. with
108. He waa filled ___ despair.
109. of
109. He was full sorrow. 110 in
110 Ten jars are contained ___ t his box. 111. )(
111. This box comprises ___ ten jars. 112. of
112. Light consists ___ seven colours. 113. in
113. Morality consists ___ your charact er. 114. with
114. The streets were thronged _ __ 115. in
revolutionaries. 116. with
115. The monument was engulfed ___ t hick 117. x, to
cloud of smoke. 118. to
116. The suitcase was crammed clot hes. 119. for
117. The court summoned _ _ him prior _ _ 120. at
the fixed date. 121. of
118. Moderate climate is 122. in
conducive/favourable/ salubrious/ beneficial 123. of
health. 124. OD
119. Moderate climate is good ___ health. 125. at
120. I am good _ _ English. 126. away
121. I am confident _ _ _ success. 127. into
122. I have confidence _ _ _ you.
123. He is lame _ _ _ one leg.
124. Fate smiled _ _ _ him.
125. He laughed _ _ me.
126. Laugh _ _ your pain.
127. He fiew ___. a rage.

KD LIVE Class Notes F!Xr D PRI Pl 1' 1I II l\

d
 please get - work now. You have had
128, enough of fun.
I iJlquifed - him - - - bis health.
129• availed myself the golden chance.
130• 1v,e adapt ourselves the changing
131• cuinate.
acceded _ __ his proposal. 128. down to
132• 1v,e caved _ __ to their demand. 129. of, about
133· yielded ___ his demands. 130. of
1 131. to
134· He succumbed ___ the injuries.
13:· He asked _ __ a decent pay package. 132. to
137' He demanded _ __ bis dues. 133. in
1\ ' He has qualified _ __ tier-II which will be 134. to
13 · held on 22nd Jan. 135. to
. He bas qualified __ tier-II and will prepare 136. for
139 tier-III now. 137, X
J{edidn't emphasize/stress ___ the 138. for
140, 139. x, for
111atter.
He laid great emphasis/stress _ _ _ 140. X
1
14, 141. on
grammar.
l42, I thank _ __ God _ _ _ his kindness. 142. x, for
l43, We wrote _ __ a letter every day. 143. X
144, He wrote ___ me every day. 144. to
145, He is busy and engrossed in her work. 145. add 'with' after
(Correct the sentence) busy
146. I find this problem hard to deal _ _ _ 146. with
147. He finds sugar quite profitable to deal _ _ . 147. in 'busy'
148. He dealt __ the pamphlets advertising 148. out
149. to, in
great offers.
149. He has a beautiful house live _ __ 150. in
151. X
150. The poor have no bed t o sleep _ __ 152. to
151. They have no place to go _ __ 153. x, with
152. He presented a beautiful watch ___ me. 154. add 'for' after
153. He presented _ __ me ___ a beautiful 'sorry'
155. with
watch.
154. His parents are sorry and ashamed of his 156. to
157. for
conduct. (Correct the sentencet
155. God bas 158. In
provided/bestowed/ entrusted/ endowed 159. At
you ___ great power as well as duties.
156· They explained the matter ___ me.
157· This book is good except __ some
1 typographical mistakes.
58
15 ' - the end truth wins.
9·

-
-:-- the end of the class, I summarize the
points.
Class Notes · FIXED PREPOSITION

,
~ ,.~,.,..__
160 the end of the year, we take the final exam.
161.' --the t..Mnntng
-., all girl• are sweet but _ the
end you aee their true coloun.
162. _ _ the beginning or every sesafon, we have an
orientation programme.
163. Be remained an atheist throughout his whole life.
-
Anawera
-
(Correct the sentence)
164. Your cannot go near ___ the sun. 161. In, in
165. Blrda live ___ neats. 162. At
166. Blrda live_ _ fruits. 163. R.e01ove
167. We live ___ customs and traditions. 'whole'.
168. I am auff'erlng _ _ fever. 164. >t
169. They suffered ___ their mistake. 165. in
170. Be auff'ered.___ a great loss. 166. on
171. Be was ill ___ fever. 167. by
172. I am sick ___ my native village. I love my village 168. fro01
173. Be divided the money ___ four parts. 169. for
170. x
174. Be divided his property ___ his four sons.
175. She divided the sweets ___ his son and 171. with
daughter. 172. for
176. She will divided her legacy _ _ his sons and 173. into
daughters. 174. a01ong
177. I don't agree ___ you. 175. between
178. I don't agree ___ your opinion. 176. among
179. I don't agree___ this point. 177. with
180. I lived ___ Ooty for two years. 178. to
179. on
181. Be stayed_ the hotel for two days.
182. I am angry ___ you. 180. in
183. I am disgusted ___ my neighbour. 181. at
184. I am annoyed ___ my children. 182. with
183. with
185. I am vexed___ my arrogant colleagues.
184. with
186. She is exasperated ___ her mother-in-law.
187. I am angry ___ the mismanagement.
185. with
186. with
188. I am annoyed ___ the misuse of electricity.
189. I am vexed ___ the useless talks. 187. at
188. at
190. I am obliged/thankful/grateful /indebted _ _
you _ _ your kindness. 189. at
190. to, for
191. I complained _ _ the police_ the wrongdoer
_ the misconduct. 191. to, against ,
for
192. A complaint _ _ him was lodged _ _ the
police. 192. against, with
193. to, for
193. You are accountable/answerable _ _ god _ _
your conduct. 194. x, to
195. x, with
194. He supplied/provided _ _ the raw material _ _
us.
195. He supplied/provided_ us _ _ the raw

-
material.
l\1111\ I
l'l.t" N.,,,., I !'-:I 111 'l'l
' l'llS!liil-S:
.
 l r: ..
'
i: " ' -;

I I

d 111e the V
,,.
j,

tfllste - - -
I

,te eD iJ,itY•- - - the child ___ me.

~· ..,,pe,osi!ted
1 ,te eo.ttU
95
is the result ___ envy. 'i'
191· t1oJlaPPIJ1;ts unhappiness. Anawera
198· ,.,.~ res q u ~ mother's milk. 196. ><, with \
IfotidD' ~s equal - - mother's love. 197. ><,to
~- IfotJPO' ud 111y victory. 198. of
~- ge i J::s-===-111Y position.
5 199. in
IJ03· ge ~es pride - - 111y victory. 200. )(
'JO'· ge i ill 10 -ve - - and addicted _ __ 201. to
5 s11e s 202. of
'JO· ,_eets, opied the essay word ___word . 203. on/upon
~- a;ecarr1-ved - - the party ___ time. 204. in
'J01• arr1-ved _ _ a conclusion. 205. with, to
208• T:ey arri-ved _ India for the celebration.
206. for
'J,09, Tile train will arrive___ platform number 10. 207. at, on/in
21~· Tile Jllatter will come ___ this court. 208. at
:! : please sol-ve the questions one ___ one and
2 proceed step
209. in
210. at
. step.
. setter sol-ve your issues one ___ one basis. 211. before
213 pon't involve anyone. 212. by,by
14, His conduct is not ___ suspicion. 213. on
2215. May I take leave ___ you? 214. above
216. May I take leave ___ t he office? 215. of
217. Amphibians can live on land and water. (Correct 216. from
the sentence) 217. add 'in' before
218, Decline _ air pressure causes bleeding through 'water'.
nose. 218. in
219. The decline ___ the British empire started in 219. of
the early nineteenth century. 220, to
220. I am familiar ___ him. 221. with
221 · 1 am familiar ___ his habits. 222. off/from
222• He jumped - - the 4th floor 223. at
223.
22 He
H . jump d . •
e - - - the lucrative offer. 224, to
2 4' He Jumped - - - conclusion. 225, upon
25
226. I be alicted - - my advice. 226. in
· eeve 227, x
227 Itru - - go d . 228, in
228.· I h st/believe - - - you.
229. An:e c~mplete trust/belief you. 229, to
pinion opposite h-.-- 230, x
unacce t bl · - - - is was 231. to
230 M pa e.
· house 232, x
23 1. AY wen b is opposite
• - - - yours.
232, Insid alanced diet is essential___ health, 233, to
:aa, They~I the box were kept all the bottles, 234, from
34, He co; ong ~ - cattle class. ·
es - a middle class family.
di
Class Notes FIXED PRLPOSITION
 235. I want to talk _ you.
236. I had a talk __him. Ans,.era
237. This cue is _ _ the jurisdiction of the District 235. to
Court. 236. With
238. He didn't approve ___ my opinion. 237. beyond
239. They are head ___ heels in love. 238. of
240. Anushka played the lead role opposite _ _ 239. over
Shahrukh in her first movie. 240. ><
241. A change _ _ _ climate affects our health. 241 . in
242. A change ___ place may improve your health. 242. of
243. We can change this AC._ _ _ a better one. 243. for
244. He was let ___ by the court though everyone 244. off, of
was convinced _ __ his misconduct. 245. on
245. Take the next tum but not the one ___ your 246. through
left. 247. into
246. He jumped _ _ hoops and served mankind 248. about
throughout his life. 249. for
247. Heat changes ice ___ water. 250. of
248. I am anxious his health. 251. to
249. I am anxious ___ the results. 252. on
250. She is a victim ___ dowry system. 253. from
251. He fell victim ___ Dengue. 254. to
252. The title of Rai bahadur was conferred _ _ certain 255. to
sycophants. 256. rather than
253. He was restrained/ refrained/ debarred __ taking 257. to
the test. 258. ><
254. I prefer milk ___ tea. 259. for
255. I prefer riding ___ walking. 260. with
256. She prefers to ride ___ to walk. 261. for
257. Please listen _ __ me. 262. in
258. This music is worth listening. 263. of
259. We can take jaggery as a substitute _ _ sugar. 264. to
260. We can substitute sugar ___ jaggery. 265. of
261. There is no substitute ___ hard work. 266. He is a boy
262. He is negligent ___ his duty. capable of
263. He is neglectful _ _ _ his responsibilities. doing
264. He didn't pay heed ___ my warnings. anything.
265. He drove recklessly heedless _ _ _ the danger. 267. He is a
266. He is a capable boy of doing anything. (Correct the businessman
sentence) honest in bis
267. He is an honest businessman in his dealings.
dealings.(Correct the sentence) 268. ><
268. They heard _ _ _ a loud thud. 269. of
269. Have you heard _ _ _ any such miraculous child? 270. of
270. lnspite _ _ _ being ill, he attended the class. 271. ><, to
271. Despite __ exhausted, he sat from beginning __
end.
KD LIVE Class Notes : FIXED p RE
ros1noN
 '
i.
I
eat cbaJ11es ice __ water. Answers
'J,1'J· 8 bJlS turned ___ sour.
'J,73• Jililkservant has nm _ __ with my money. 272. into
'J,14• :i, 1,o0k deals _ _ _ the author's love for 273. x
274. off
'J,15•
JJlclia·
indu1try has come ___ ages. 275. with
'J,16, :ase write ___ me ___ this address. 276. through
'J,11• pJease send the letter _ _ _ my address. 277. to, at
'J,78, aJD di9appointed _ _ _ the exams. 278. to
'J,:• 1you are fortunate _ _ _ having an obedient son. 279. with
'J, ' you are fortunate___ have obedient son . 280. in
'J, 81· take pleasure ___ welcoming you. 281 . to
1
::2: They are required to appear _ _ the 282. in
3 283. before
in"e1tigating committee.
, I bad a test ___ mathematics this morning. 284. of
284 , wrote a book ___ grammar. 285.on
285 1 286. off
6, Do not write hi~ . . I feel he still has the
28 287. through
fire ,moldering m him.
, Pleaie go ___ m y b ook. 288. to
287 289. through
9, He wrote a book and added anoth e r feather __
28 290.on
bi• cap.
• I aaw _ his tricks. 291. on,by, through
289 292. back upon
290, He posted some defamatory materials _ _
293. into, away
facebook.
291. You can bank _ _ u s . I will stand _ _ you 294. in
thick and thin. 295. in/up
292. I make both ends meet. I have n o on e t o fall 296. from
297. upto
293. They broke _ _ _ her house and made _ __ 298. upto
with all her jewellery. 299. change 'meet'
294. Do not cut _ __ when I speak. into 'meeting'
295. The Marathas ultimately gave a n d the 300. up
Mughals became the supreme power. 301. aside/in
296. They were later ousted _ _ _ the power by the 302. off
British. 303. aside, down
297. He couldn't live _ _ _ his parent's 304. up

~=· expectations.
I look _ _ my mother as she is strong.
• I look forward to meet you. (Correct to Sentence)
300• The government hushed _ _ to scam.
301 · 1laid _ _ some money for the education of my
child.
302· Several employees were laid during
recession --
303. Layy b.
304, The our ooks _ _ and lie _ _ to rest.

-
issue of triple talaq came _ _ _ for
diBcussion.
Class Notes . FIXED PREPOSIT IO'.':

I\~ 1~.. :·.•--: ...,- ~-

"
 305. Be usually pleb _ _ fights _ _ hls neighbours.
306, The meeting wu called _ _ and it was raining An.wera
heavily. 305. x, With
307. I called ___ you but you were absent. 306. off
308. I called your office but you were in a 307.on
meeting. 308. at
309, You moat carry ___ my orders. 309. out
310. You must carry___ with the good work. 310. on
311, We will have to do away___ such evil practices. 311 . with
312. Cases drag _ _ _ for decades in India. 312. on
313. Corruption la eetiug the system. 313. into
314. Call ___ a doctor. He is bleeding. 314. in
315. I will call you ___ later. 315.up
316. Such rumours usually die ___ . Don't worry. 316. down
317. I consult hlm off and _ __ 317.on
318. He went on and and we were pissed _ __ 318. on,off
319. He is out and a rogue. 319. out
320. He will understand your value by and _ __ 320. by
321. It was _ _ _ and large a successful event. 321. by
322. Let bygones be _ __ 322. bygones
323. Move ___ Don't cry ___ spilt milk. 323. on,over
324. Look ___ you leap. Don't jump _ __ 324. before,to
conclusion without giving a second thought. 325.on
325. Please put ___ some make up. 326. off/ out
326. Her arrogance puts me _ __ 327.off
327. Take ___ your shoes before entering the 328. up with
temple. 329.off
328. I cannot put ___ the arrogant man anymore. 330.off
329. Desirous result didn't come _ _ despite my best 331. out
efforts. 332.off
330. The meeting was put _ __ 333 at
331. The fire was put._ __ 334.away
332. The bomb went___ suddenly. 335.off
336. out
333. He laughed_ me.
334. He laughed ___ his problems. 337. of
338.of
335. Hard work pays _ __
336. The government backed ___ at the eleventh 339. away
340. out
hour.
337. I wonder what has become certain film stars
of 1970s.
338. The judge has cleared _ _ his name and he is no
more in problem.
339. He passed _ _ last night and his wife is
inconsolable.
340. He passed _ _ due to excessive heat and
remained unconscious for an hour.
I 1\
l<I>l !VI·
IDB Class Nnl<'s I IX
r 3'1·
~ d Mm•~ - - as a Journalist and
se cbed the sensitive area.
,ea hal!I wom _ _ .
s''· ~e,an short _ money and we had to 341. off
343· fl rro• to keep the wolf _ _ the door. 342. off
bO e ptane took _ _ • 343. of, from
$44· : ran_ petrol and there was no petrol 344. off
345· usnP nearbY· 345. out of
~bil 111,achine hal!I wom _ _ . 346. out
346· Se is unconscious. Send ___ a doctor. 347. f'or
341, fie 111,ust stand _ _ the right cause. 348. f'or/by
348• The bolllb exploded and the building f'ell 349. apart
349, 350. without
~ o t d o ___ water. 351. out
3SO, ortve the cattle _ _ of' the field. 352. down
3Sl, You 111,ust cut ___ the intake of' salt. 353. out
:::: 1 8 111, cut _ f'or the profession of' 354. down
teaching, 355.down
You look run ___ . What happened? 356. into
354' Never r u n _ your friends in public. 357. by
5 I ran _
:~: my friend in the market yesterday
after a long time.
What's the time _ _ your watch.
7
35,
Prep~si!ion ln Idioms & Phrases

1. a stone's throw.
2, ~other feather _ _ one's cap.
3. To d i e _ harness.
4, sea. I Answers I
s. home. I

6, To take _ _ heels. 1. within 11.By

7. Beat _ _ the bush. 12.In
8. Give _ _ the ghost. 2. to
9. _ _ lieu _ _ .
13.through
3. in
10. Drink life _ _ the lees. 14.up
4. At
11. fits and starts. 15.over
12. _ _ cold blood. 5. At 16. off, on
13. To talk one's hat. 6. t o 17. off
14. To keep _ _ one's appearance.
15. To turn a new leaf'. 7. about 18.From, to
16._and_. 8. up 19. before
17. Paas oneself as. 20.up
18. _ pillar - post. 9. in, of
10.to 21.of
19. Put the cart the horse.
20. Trumped --
21. Gift _ _ the gab
hll 11\ I
IDB < l.1ss Nolt>s I !XI I) l' Hl I'( ISi I J( I'.'.
22. _ _the brink of.
23. Foam _ _one's mouth.
24. Bring__ light.
25. To blll'D candle_ both ends.
26. Run _ _ someone.
27. _ _ the spur of the moment.
28. To look_ _ one's nose. Answers
29. 22. On
(lt Take _ heart. (lit Take _ heart. 23. 32.
30. To put u p _ . at
24. 33.
31. to
the nick of time. 25. 34.
32. the cuff. at
26. 35.
33. _ _ hook o r _ crook. into 36,
27. On on
34. S i t _ on the fence. 37.
35. 28. down over
aixea and sevens. 38. out
36. Egg 29. (i)to (ii)>< 39.
30. with in
37. Haul_ the coals. 40.
31. In off
38. Toeke_ . 41. )(
39. A bird hand is worth two in the bush.
40. _hand.
41. Pick_ fight.

Meanings•
1. very near.
24. reveal.
2. another achievement. 25.
3. to die while in service. to squander, to work hard.
26.
4. confused. t~ meet suddenly, to come acroas.
27. with delay.
5. comfortable.
28. to hold in contempt.
6. runaway.
29. (i) to feel moved or affected by
7. not to come to the main topic.
8. to die. (ii) to receive courage.
30. to tolerate.
9. in place of.
31. exactly at the right time.
10. to lead a life of adventure.
32. without preparation.
11. irregularly, sporadic.
33. by any means.
12. bitterly, in anger.
34. to be impartial
13. to talk nonsense.
35. in disorder
14. to have an outward show of
prosperity. 36. to encourage / to instigate.
37. to scold.
15. to change for better.
16. OCcaaionally. 38. to supplement.
17. in the guise of. 39. Better to have a lesser but
18. to make a lot of eft'ort. certain advantage than the
19. doing things in a wrong way. possibility of a greater one that
20. to cook up may come to nothing.
21. oratory, articulation. 40. Without preparation.
22. on the verge of 41. To start a quarrel.
23. very angry.
!\[)\ lY!
l~lass Note,
· !'!XFD
· !'Rt Pll,ll Ii l\
 PH SAL VERBS 24
phrasal verbs Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
SL·
,\ccoU11t for To explain the reason for
l (SOllletbiJll)
you are accounted for your misdemeanor.

,\dd up To join or unite so as to

2 increase in size, quantity,
quality or scope
Add up these words to your word bank.
,\JlsW'er for To be responsible for
3
EX Jam not answerable for this mistake.
Ask after to make inquiries about the
4 health of (someone)
EX I met Alka and she was asking after you.

5 Ask for to demand M 1ITTr

(something)
Ex She was asking for a hike in her salary.

6 Attend on To serve
Ex Radhika has many semants to attend on her.

7 Back off To retreat/ to choose not to

take action
k Finally she backed offfrom her claim on the property.
8 Back out To withdraw from something t qnJ
before completion/to fail to ~, t .:,

keep promise .l
&: You should not back out from your promise.
9 ~(',14cil
Back up To support
&: I needed power back up in case the light went off
10 Bank upon/ To rely on
Count on
You cannot bank upon him as he may take you in any time.

KIJ LIVE

- Class Notes : PHRASAL VERBS

 Phrasal verbs Meaning in English
11 Beartlown To overthrow or crush by
force
We have to bear down our enemies.
12 Bearupon To be relevant

Ex Will the new law bear upon the outcome of the case?
13 Bearout To support the
truth/ substantiate
Ex This document will bear out your claim on this building.
14 Bearup
To withstand stress or
difficulty
Ex Everyone has to bear up some difficulties.
15 Bearwith
To tolerate with someone
Ex Our server is down. Kindly bear with us.
16 Become of To happen

Ex I wonder, what became of my old friends.

17 Boil down to To be reduced to its
essentials.

Ex Every business boils down to just one thing i.e profit.

18 Branch out To spread
Ex We are going to branch out our business soon.
19 Break down (of To stop working
machine)

Ex The bus broke down on the way so I could not reach the station in time.
20 Break down (of
To lose control (emotionally
person)
or mentally)
Ex We should not break down in adverse situation.
21 Break forth
To come to view/ to a ppear
suddenly

Chaos might break forth if the police Jail to control the situation.

-
Ex
 phrasal verbs Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
IJIII
22
sreakf.non To interrupt a conversation or
discussion/ to intrude.
srn;rr
I

The conversation between Ali a nd Sona was going on when Rahul broke in on
it \1I \
sreak into To enter or open a place or I
vehicle forcibly
The thief broke into the house.
Break off To stop suddenly/ to end a
relationship .
• He broke off in the_middfe of his lecture yesterday.
Ex • They broke off their business relationship

25

Ex
26
Break out To start suddenly (disease,
war etc.)
Dengue has broken out in Delhi.
Break up To end/disperse
lI
Ex Seeing the police the crowd broke up.

27 Break up To separate (of a relationship

Ex
etc.)
They have broken up and now marriage is not on the cards.
1
28 Breakthrough To discover a secret
Ex There is no breakthrough in the robbery case.
29 Bring about To cause to happen
k The sound economic policies brought about the revival of the company.
30 Bring along To take someone/ something
k Bring your son along with you when you come here.
31 Bring down To overthrow (a t fmr.:ITI *
government)/to reduce in cfiiR"
position
The sting operation, exposing the corrupt minister~, can bring down the
government.
32
Bring forth To give birth to/produce
Corru.'Pti'on brings forth poverty.

m Class Notes : PHR<\SAL VERBS

-
.3 3

Ex
Phrasal verbs

Bring forward
Meaning in English

To present

The judge asked me to bring forward some proof against him.

34 Bring in To produce, yield or earn

Ex Our company will bring in huge profit this month.

35 Bring off To carry to a successful

conclusion

Ex The government has brought off changes in the Land Bill.

36 Bring on To cause to happen cfiT cfiRlJT

Ex The new law will surely bring on positive changes in the society.
37 Bring out To present to the public/to cfivll/ciio
make some quality noticeable dllcrichlfl A°
Ex His evidence has brought out several facts.
38 Bring over To bring someone to one's side
Ex We should not try to bring him over as he is not a reliable person.
39 Bring round To bring to one's senses/to ~T mcril/ 3fCJa)' . ~
-•-.31-;n
make one agree to one's
opinion

Ex The Trade Union succeeded in bringing the management round to their point of
view.

40 Bring under To control

Ex The East India company brought many provinces under its control.
41 Bring up To raise/ to rear/ to increase

Ex She was brought up in a very poor family.

42 Call on To visit (a person) Jfollchk1 cRo1'f (M t)
.:>

Ex The PM will call on the flood victims tomorrow.

43 Call at To visit (a place)

Ex Last Sunday, I called at your home but you were not available.

KD LIVE
IIDI Class Notes PIIIV\SAL \ 'f RBS

111111
 phrasal verbs Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
To demand (answer,
- caJlfor explanation)
4'}

'['his ;n-esponsible behaviour calls for strict actions against her.

8% ca1l forth To produce (a reaction) elicit ,;i~fsfi./.ll

45
fhe arbitrary Bill called forth a strong reaction.
j,(
To summon/ send for
46
ca1l in
She is too ill to call in a doctor.
j,(
call off To cancel
47
pUt off To postpone

call up To recall
48
call up To make a telephonic call m~
BX The victim tried to call up the actual sequence of the incidents but she couldn't.
call upon/ on To invite to do something ~~~~~ft:lv
49

BX J call upon you to furnish the details of your income and expenditure.

5o Carry away To arouse too much emotion/ ~ / 3("(-IR!a

zeal
Ex Jwas carried away by the emotional scenes of the movie.

51 Carry off To execute cfiF4f;.qa

Ex He carried off the responsibility beautifully.

52 Carry out To complete or fulfill/to

execute
Ex We must carry out the order of the principal.
53 Come by To get
&: It is difficult to come by a good job nowadays.
54 Carry on To continue -;;rr-fr~
&: You must carry on your studies.
55 cany through To sustain/ to persist
&t 1carried through the feelings that I had for him to the present.

IDI Class Notes . PHRASAL VF.RBS

 -
56

Ex
Phrasal verbs

catch on
Meaning in English
To understand/to become
popular

• Work hard if you want to catch on the syllabus.

• The fashi.on will soon catch on.
57 catch up with To stop being behind
Ex Work hard to catch up with them.
58 Chance upon To meet/ get by chance

Ex I chanced upon one of my friends when I was going to market.

59 Clear of To free from blame
Ex He was cleared of the charges. 3m)tr~~

60 Close in
To encircle closely
Ex The police closed in on the suspect.
61 Come about To happen
Ex How did this huge loss come about?
62 Come acroBB
To find (unexpectedly) or
meet by chance
Ex I came across my childhood friend yesterday.
63 Come down
To become lower or ch eaper
Ex The price of petrol is supposed to come down soon.
64 Come forward To offer help

Ex Several people came forward to help the flood victims.

65 Close down
To stop operating
Ex The petrol pumps of Reliance closed down.
66 Come in for
To receive/subjected to
Ex His misdemeanor comes infor harsh criticism.
67 Come of
To originate, to be the result
of something
Ex Nothing came of his efforts though he tried his best.

;,,,
m Class Nntes ' \ r RB~
PIIRA,S,\I
 phrasal verbs Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi

Happen/ succeed
- co01eoff
68
fhe deal did not come off despite my best efforts.
8%
co01e out To come into public view
69
fhe investigate team must come out with the truth soon.
8%
CODle round To accept someone's opinion
70

He took some time to come round to my side but now he agrees to my opinion.

CoDle through To do what is needed or

71 expected or to become
communicated

The message of the PM came through loud and clear.

72 Come down To fall/ to pass by as

tradition

Ex These customs have come down from time immemorial.

73 Come to senses To gain consciousness or to

recover

Ex He came to his senses after a short while.

74 Come up Mooted or raised for

discussion

Ex The issue of safety came up twice during the meeting.

To meet by chance 3fqlo,cfi~

75 Come upon

Ex I came upon this beautiful piece of art while I was shopping.

76 Count on To depend on, to rely on fmc!RT 'l[f fam{

Ex I cannot count on them.

77 Crop up To happen unexpectedly 3fqTo,cfi

(usually problem)

A number of problems cropped up suddenly.

KD LIV[•. Class Notes : PHRASAL VERBS

-78

Ex
Phrasal verbs

Cut across
Meaning in English

to pass through the shortest

way/ to affect many.

The issue of health care cuts across all the strata of the society.

79 Cut down on To curtail cRair

Ex We need to cut down on the intake of salt.

80 Cutin to interrupt

Ex You should not cut in when your boss speaks.

81 Cut out for To be suitable for

Ex I am cut out for the profession of teaching.

82 Dawn upon To understand

Ex It dawned upon me that I had been cheated.

83 Deal in To have business of cfiT cfitaIT

something

Ex She deals in garments.

84 Deal with To handle

Ex I cannot deal with stupid people.

85 Die down Gradually disappearing, to

lose strength or power

Ex The rumours will die down.

86 Die for To have a great wish

Ex We die for those chocolate cakes now

87 Die out To get extinct

Ex Several species died out because of climate change.

88 Dispose of To sell off/ to get rid of ..,

~/occlm~

Ex I want to dispose of some old furniture.

~q;t~
89 Do away with To abolish
Ex We should do away with such evil practices.

KD LIVE
ml Class Notes : PHRASAL VERBS
 phrasal verbs Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
To manage without
- J)O "Without
90
cannot do without my books.
1
&1'
pragon To stretch
91
The court cases drag on for years.
&1'
ortve out To make someone run away
92
Drive out the cattle from the field.
&1'
Drop in To come suddenly
93
some guests dropped in yesterday.
Ex
l)well on To keep thinking or talking
94 about or rely on something

It is no use dwelling on your misfortunes.

Ex
95 Eat into To weaken
Ex Corruption is eating into our system.

96 Enter into To start or get involved in

Ex You are advised not to enter into this agreement.

97 Fall apart To break into pieces

Ex Every part of this movement is failing apart.
98 Fall back To retreat
k The invading army was f orced to fall back due to continuous firing.
99 Fall back on To use as a last resort

k I have no one to fall back on.

lOO Fall fiat Fail to produce any effect
k His advice fell fiat on us.
101 Fall for To fall in love with, to
becomes a victim of
He fell for her simple behaviour.

KD LIVE

- Class Notes : PHRASAL VERBS

-
102
Ex

103
Phrasal verbs

ran in
Meaning in English

To sink inward/ collapse

The roof fell in killing five people.
Fall in with To agree with
Ex Ifall in wi.th you on this matter.
104 Fall off To become less, decrease
Ex Stock prices have fallen off
105 Fall out (with) To quarrel with, to happen
Ex We should not fell out wi.th them wi.thout any rhyme or reason.
106 Fall through To fail
Ex The plans fell through due to your misdemeanor.
107 Feel like To be excited to do something M cflm qi)- cfiT
~marr
_,
Ex Ifeel like going to school.
108 Figure out To understand
Ex I am unable to figure out the meaning of his ambiguous statement.
109 Fish for To seek something by or as if
by probing
Ex The reporter tried to fish for some information.
110 Fly open To open suddenly
Ex The doors flew open when the storm came.
111 Follow up To pursue

Ex You must follow up this routine for better result.

112 Gain OD To come close to someone or . 3TTaIT ( ~. f3ra
something that you are SlllFt-Hd ~)
chasing
Ex I am gaining on them in my business.
113 Get about/ Spread, move around or be ~~.~-31R~
around socially active 'll'l ,HIJ-llf31<6

Ex

-
Good news about upcoming vacancies is getting about.
KD LIVE
 phrasal verbs Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
to understand, to reach
- oetat successfully
114
am doing my best to get at the truth.
1
t awaY with To do something wrong or
115 Ge illegal without getting caught
or punished

The thieves got away wi.th all my belongings.

Get back To return

116
will get back to you soon.
EX 1
il 7 Get along have smooth relations

EX He and his wi.fe are not getting along well these days.
To direct attention towards
118 Get down something

EX Please get down to your UJOrk.

!19 Get off To leave work with q;m 3Jclcmf

permission

Ex You can get an off tomorrow.

120 Get OD To make progress, to be on
harmoniou s terms

Ex He gets on well wi.th all his neighbours.

121 Get over To overcome

Ex Finally I got over the difficulties and court cases.

122 Get rid of To dispose of/to leave
Ex I want to get rid of my bad habits.
123 Get round (a To evade or avoid a problem
problem)

Ex He will get round the problems as he hardly cares.

124 Get round
To persu ade someone to do
(someone) what you want
You will have to get them round to join your team.
KD U\ 'E

- Clas, c\ote, PHR.\SAL \TRBS

-
125

Ex
Phrasal verbs

Get through
Meaning in English

To finish or assist in finishing ~cfir4'1l7T~

If you ux,rk hard, you wi.ll get through this task in a week.
126 Get up To rise from bed

Ex I get up at 6 am everyday.
To distribute, to reveal, to
127 Give away
betray
a;n- ,
~ en--
t'-41'(!11

Ex The chief guest gave away the prizes.

128 Give in To agree, to surrender, to

submit

Ex The daughter-in-law gave in to her in-laws' demands.

129 Give up To leave, to stop doing

something/ to yield

Ex She has given up smoking.

130 Go ahead To start or continue to do
something

Ex Go ahead if you are wi.lling to get success in your business.

131 Go along To cooperate

Ex I will go along with them on this iss ue.

132 Go at to attack especially with

energy

Ex The bull went at the audience and this led to stampede.

133 Go back on To break a promise

Ex Why did you go back on your promise?
134 Go by To work accordingly

Ex We should go by the traffic rules.

135 Go down To be accepted
Ex The theory of evolution did not go down well initially.
' Al \'l· RBS
l<DUVI·. Class Noles : PH RAS ·
 Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi

GO do\fll ill To get registered in history # il'l1f cfiWIT

136 J!,istotY
L- went down in History due to his religious UJOrk.
A5ho11-
t' GO for To attack, to try to attain, to 3ITsfiR1'T cfRi!T, qrot
13
1 choose cmfmr cfRi!T, m

(i) u;ill go for this dress. (ii) If you desire it, go for it.
1
t' ff explode
138 00 0

The bomb went off and people ran helter-skelter.

To continue doing something
139 Go on
She went on reading the book.
To gain acceptance
Go over
140
EX The film went over well.
Go through To pass through a time, to
141 read

EX Let me go through this book.

142 Go up
Increase
Ex Price offoodgrains went up due to famine.

143 Go with To select or choose

Ex I cannot go with this brand.

144 Hear of To get the news about
Ex I haven't heard of any such haunted house.
145 Hit on/upon To come to mind suddenly
Ex An idea hit upon me when I was reading the story.
146 Hold back To retain in one's possession,
to restrain oneself
Ex Please hold back your emotions.
147 Hold down ~.~cfRi!T
To prevent, to limit
Ex The militants were held down by the Indian army.
Class Notes PHRASAL VERBS
-148
Phrasal verbs

Hold on
Meaning in English

To maintain one's grip, to

continue to do something
despite difficulties, to wait for
something wanted or
Meaning in 1-Iindi

requested.

Ex Please hold on while UJe transfer your call to the executive.

149 Hold with Approve of/ agree with
Ex I cannot hold with them on this matter.
150 Hunt down To pursue successfully by
~ . ~cfifol;rr
diligent searching and
chasing.
Ex The militants t..Vere hunted down at the border.
151 Hush up To hide
Ex They hushed up this scam.
152 Impress (idea) To convince someone or
OD impart a strong impression in
the mind of someone
Ex She can impress upon the clients easily.
153 Iron out To ease a problem

Ex We need to iron out our differences .

154 Jump at To draw conclusion in a "1c>GGll;,ft
(conclusion) hurry fa:lcfiiclirf i
Ex You should not jump at any conclusion.
155 Keep on Continue
Ex He kept on talking.
156 Keep up to maintain
Ex Keep up your confidence in every situation.
157 Kick against To fight against people in
authority

Ex We cannot kick against the authority as we may be booked for sedition.

KDLIVE

- Class Notes : PHRA SAL VERBS

 Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
To wander about aimlessly
t/afOU!ld
- " 4 .J'II,,ck
1:iv abOu
some time to knock about.
rrieed
I,' c,ek 111eo11e To behave violently towards
80
59 :Out /afOU!ld someone
1
He cannot knock him about without any rhyme or reason.
1% JtsloCk d()1VD. To bring to the ground with a E ~• Ucfq;f qi{
160 blow ldl-ll c,.,,
He t,VQ,S knocked doum by a speeding car.
1% To receive very eagerly 3f?t=i 3R_!cfia, ij;"
161 1,ap up

Let us lap up the victory.

To make fun of
162 i,augb at
We should not laugh at others.
To make something seem less
1,augb off
163 important or serious

Et He laughed off his troubles.

l64 Lay aside/by To make savings for future
u se
Et Please lay some money aside for the rainy days.
To give up for future use or
165 Laydown
surrender
Ex There is no alternative but to lay doum your weapons.
a m ~ ( ~ ij;" fi:rQ')
166 Lay in To store for future use

Ex The ants lay in food f or the winter season.

167 Lay off To terminate the service of

Ex The company is going to lay off some workers.

l68 Lay out To arrange according to plans

Ex Lay out your plans before investing money.

169 Leave off' To stop, cease
I

-
We leave off as soon as the clock strikes five.

J
Class Notes · PHRASAL VE RBS
KD LIVE
-
170

Ex
Phrasal verbs

Leave/let alone
Meaning in English

to refrain from disturbing or

interfering

Leave me alone. I am sick of your inte,ference.

171 Let someone To disappoint someone

down

Ex Trust me, I will not let you dou.m.

172 Let on Share a secret

Ex No one will let on about the surprise party.
173 Let in Allow to enter
Ex We cannot let those people in.
174 Let something To make something such a
off bomb explode or fire a gun

Ex The police cannot let the bomb off, as the place is heavily crowded.
175 Let someone off To allow to get away without
the expected punishment

Ex The court cannot let them off as the crime is serious.

176 Let out To allow someone or ~cfifoloT
something to leave a place
Ex Who has let the dogs out?
177 Let up To slow down, to become less ~/ cfi1I' cfir.lr
severe

Ex We will stay here until the storm lets up.

178 Lie behind To be the hidden cause fu;trr f3iTcfiR11T~
Ex Every one knows what lies behind this cold-blooded murder.
179 Lie in Exist in something
k Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder.
180 Light on/ upon To think/find something
unexpectedly

k She lighted upon a new way of solving the problem.

- Cla,, \nte,
, L \ [RBS
PHR.\:--'
 Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
~•·1[f7'-, ....•··- To brighten/to become
,,......
i,tgllt u cheerful
181
od news will light up her face.
The go
bY Follow manners/ means in life J.t1Rlcil3rr~&la-ffi"
182 t,lfe

we should live by principles.

To live or act in accordance
Life upto with
183
couldn't live upto my parents' expectations.
1
BX To put up with, resign oneself
184 Live with
BX She cannot live with this tension for a long time.
To endure, survive
Live through
185
Ex He lived through the rainy days and this made him strong.
Take care of
6 LoOk after
18
Ex He looked after his ailing father.
To think of
187 Look back on

Ex I keep looking back on those happy days.

To regard as inferior
188 Look down
on/upon
Ex We should not look down upon the poor.

189 Look for To try to find

Ex I am looking for a suitable match for my son.

190 Look forward to Expect with pleasure
Ex I am looking f onvard to meeting you soon.
191 Look in OD To visit
Ex I will look in on you soon.
192 Look into investigate
Ex The police will look into the matter.
Class Notes · PHRASAL VERBS
KD LIVE
 -193
Ex
194
Phrasal verbs
Look on/upon
Meaning in English
To consider
She looked on this serious matter as a joke.
Look out beware/ watch out
Ex Look out, the train is coming.
195 Look To seek information about
something/
someone up
Ex I looked up the number of the hospital on Google.
196 Look to To expect
Ex I look to hear from her within a week.
197 Look up for search for
Ex I am looking up for a job.
198 Look up to To admire
tm?;~
Ex I look up to my teachers.
199 Look up To improve

Ex Even after the government has changed, things are not looking up.
200 Make do To manage with limited
means.
Ex They had to make do with limited resources.
201 Make for To make possible
Ex Internet makes for better communication.
202 Make of To understand, to produce or
construct from
Ex What do you make of this news?
203 Make off To run away with
Ex He made off with all my money.
204 Make out To understand t!J.1$1o11
Ex I cannot make out the head or tail of your statement.
205 Make over convert, redo, renovate qp_qfc1c1 / ~ioila-ci~o
Ex This place needs a complete makeover.
KDLIVE
m Class Notes : PHRA SAL VERBS
 Meaning in English Meaning in Hindi
To use to the greatest 3i5liIT
- Jl.ake.:e dlost advantage
2o6 of
•u make the most of this opportunity.
we !.l)L
,ke up Invent something like excuse
o7 ?ti or story/ to compensate for
2
ade up an excuse for coming late.
Hem
)fake up one's dlind Determine
208 You will have to make up your mind whether you want to accept the offer or
not.
with To experience or undergo
209 ?,feet -
He met with an accident.
Ex
the 1Dake In the process of forming
210 011
seeing this child artist, I can say that a very good actor is on the make.

Mess around To spend time without any

211 purpose on plan in a playful way
Ex They mess around at the park annoying the elderly people.

212 Mess up to make a mistake

Ex- They messed up and suffered a huge loss.

Mess To make something

(somethingt up disorderly or untidy
Ex They messed up my beautiful carpet.

213 Mess with To alter something improperly, to deceive or

confuse someone
Ex • Don't mess with the sitting arrangement.
• Don't try to mess with me
214 Move in To enter a new house/ place
business
&: I moved in but found the house not safe.
215 Move on
I To concentrate one's emotions or attention
on other matter in recovering from a setback
II or difficulty.

-
Control your emotions and move on in life.

KD LIVE Class Notes : PHRASAL VERBS

-
174
175
WORDS
Uniquely
Virtuous
MEANING IN HINDI
3fc-m~'q;'{
MEANING IN ENGLISH
Of different kind, unmatched
Good quality
11·76 ' Vocation , -t)'5f 311~ ·occupation
177 Vociferous Marked by an insistent outcry
H . •
,S tr~$e . e _. .

KDCa

.-qa: afrr llR,

3-Tq ~3IT

S SC (CGL, JE, AE, CPO, CHSL, MTS, Statistical, AAO)

Bank (PO, Clerk, Specialist Officer)
Delhi Police & other State Police
NDA,CDS, CAPF (AC) etc. i.

1997, Outram Lines Opp. Mukherjee Nagar,

Police Station GTB Nagar Delhi 110009
09555108888
h: D LIH :

- l ' las s :--.:ntL' S : SPEI.Ll:'\liS

 C

1. Still waters run deep.

PROVERBS
13. A little knowledge is a dangerous
El
*
tric=r trrrft' 3ft
qn;n 64\lct itlqd°lif
M ti tric=r
crnft' ~ I
thing.
~m~~mrrt,
2. To err is human, to forgive 14. A penny saved is a penny earned.
divine.
m-rcfi~~ fibct.((1 t, 1'1lli"~ 'Qqi"-'Qqi" w 3{N t en
cfrnlft1
~iR"~I
15 . A rolling stone gathers no moss.
3. Practice makes a man perfect.
3fRITTrc4\ldq;tfirqvrififraTtl 64\la 3l1flJI" chlcfT t fTicn chT
4. Prevention is better than cure.
~it1ft~,
16 . A stitch in time saves nine.
~t~~Mt1
5. All is well that ends well. t Fcf;m mrr ctim 3ttt
3rcf3ralmn3ra11 ~~t,
6. All that glitters is not gold. 17. A thing of beauty is a joy forever .
i:!Aifi-l cffiift IDiIT it1ft M1 .ffa<di c#i't" 'Qqi" cR=o fflft q;r ln<l
~!1
7. All work and no play makes Jack
a dull boy. 18. Absence makes the heart grow
fftt' cf;J1J iR.t t 3ttt
64\la ~ m ~ t 1
ml" *3ITJT iJT
fonder.

8. Too many cooks spoil the broth. 19. Silence precedes the storm.
~~~til7T"~(flcf;J1J~m
~t, ~t-~~~tm=ft't1
20. Familiarity breeds contempt.
9. No news is good news.
ch'ful"Jmtt~.(fq;j.(~t,
~liiR"iflftm, ffi~Ai-H-lif
t, 21. AU is fair in love and war.
10. A bird in hand is worth two in the ~~~*lnl'~t,
bush.
22. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a
3JTtr t- tmr t ifi'IAcft t tooth./ Tit for tat.
'1 ifiiif 3JTtr t- tmr iftft I t ~ctrrc1m
11. A friend in need is a friend
indeed. 23. As you sow ·so shall you reap.

~t, * cf;J1J 3frV ~ifi'lchct ~GIT~~ chlelit I /

3f<;fi
q;r.:ft,

12. A man is known by the company 24. Barking dogs seldom bite.
he keeps. ·fot;t cfra' iRlra' iftfl'I
3JJlT~tt ~~ttrar~t,
KD LIVE
Class Notes : PROVERB
25. Beauty lies in the eye of the ~t~~~cfOr.J'ctR"nTtl
beholder. 40. Beggars can't be choosers.
ara- 3100 .a«HcU .:,
t1 41if ~ ~ c l ; ' ~ ~ f1r.t ol@'I
26. Beauty is only skin deep. 41. Don't judge the book by its cover.
,11.flfiq; <tjcHdl fttq;~Mti
27. Better late than never.
~, Z4fld iiil~ltdl cfi1 3ticfi6t..f ifT
.:,

q;lft.:rt1'3".t~~at~3'1.rr~t1 42. Don't put all your eggs in one

28. Better safe than sorry. basket .
.ii q,:ah1 gr.rr ti ~gt6lla:Sl4 A°~f.rchriTT~I
29. Birds of a feather flock together. 43. Don't put too many irons in the
fire.
iffi"-iffi" mf I ~ ~ c f ; ) ' ~ ~ tR' 1l° 1ffi tinl
30. Brevity is the soul of wit.
qiT qfi:q:q acrr t,~ 44. Easy come, easy go.
3fralift fJr<;ft ff m.ft
mfftJ 1l" t ~t,
311:aiJI
.:,
31. Charity begins at home.
45. God helps those who help
41if Ul ~°R"
.:, 3°1 themselves.
32. Cleanliness is next to godliness. ¥ ,tti¢14<1i ctR"nT 3° ~<R'
fa:W.<11 q;r~~c\;cR'd'~3°1
.:, ,tti¢14<1i t,
33. Cowards die many a time, the 46. Honesty is the best policy.
brave die but once. $ltii14ifl ri~.ftfcl"t1
~iJ;l'ifRJRa3°1 cfttfttq;Q'cfi"'iTR"I 47. Hope for the best but prepare for
34. Do unto others as you would have the worst.
them do to you. ri~ 3,-:,ft4 ta" tR'
c\; ll11f 31N m gt 6llat¢1,< ctm' ~~lJI
mR cl;'

31rtr.3ftr.l:~~~I 48. If you can't beat them, join them.

35. Don't count your chickens before 3PTt 31N .:rt1'
they are hatched. ~tfl
qfio111t 3fl.t ilT3f qiT
49. You must endure what you
Jra cfR' tin I cannot cure.
36. Don't keep a dog and bark 31N .:rt1' ~I
yourself. 50. Keep your friends close, your
3JTGJfiif;)'~~c\;~TI1Tt,
enemies closer.
~t,miTT~I 4'"fa" cf;)' cfifur m-, ~Jr.f cf;)'
37. To let the grass grow under the ltttcfifurl
feet. 51. Like father, like son./ Chip off
iRiR'~~I the old block.
38. All good things come to an end. ~il'N. mm,~~~lttt
~aft~ ifr.;)" ten Qq; iTT ~fair~ '8<Ril,( StraT-itraf tR' 3°1
~~t,
39. A picture is worth a thousand
words.

Class Notes : PRO\'ERB

KDLIVE
 111111

;2. People who live in glass houses 65. Don't throw the baby out with the
should not throw stones.
,1n,~~*~~~1R~
~, -
~ bath water.
TcfiR' tirrm 3-qJ 3ft
~;:rrtftft;-1
53. The early bird catches the worm. 66. Don't wash your dirty linen in
~cfi<"liil crn;rr '1~i-t $1fttt-t ti public •
54. The grass is always greener on .a,a~~qi ~m
the other side. ifil'Qcfi'¢~ $~ci i1T3cfftl
pnrr~~~;l~fl 67. First impression is the last
55. Home is where the heart ii,. impression.
~~im~, UN 3'ftf Ai-tlcfilci if~ f
56. The squeaky wheel gets the U1tl' t1 .:,
grease. 68. Ignorance is bliss.
3fi1f 1'm c'3ft ~cfil,Qcl alffe 1-rl ii en fflT mat I
.:,
llifi~tl
.:, 69. When it rains, it pours .
p7. It takes two to tango./ It takes 3falcUoi ~acTTttftoart~cf;tacTTt1
two to make a quarrel.
70. There is no use crying over the
nn-ft~ spilt milk.
58. Do in Rome as the Romans do. 3Jif 4ocltQ i:f<fT tmt" fil\l:qi mr '1Tf
~~T,~&NI ~/ ifuft if@"~ q o;c11.-l cfilJ 3ft.:,tU1lt<"I
59. When the going gets tough, the .:,
tough get going. 71. Empty vessels make much noise.
t ffi' Jfolila 'iliiTT 'ilra" mfrl/ 1Ri a,Ql&I ~ITT'~
ra 'Cf@' t I" fl "
60. Where there is smoke, there is 72. Make hay while the Sun shines.
fire. .
c1i11f ctil
amr M tv '!* 3oar t1 -inl·
61. You can lead a horse to water but 73. Nothing succeeds like success.
you can't make it drink. ~q;("t('tf~~crn-~1
aft c1i11f 3Rra: ~fnr .:,

~ti .:, 74. You can't have your cake and eat
it too.
62. Blood is thicker than .water.
'ffir .:, iftft' cficll I
~err ~ffi Jfotilcl
~ti " 75. A drowning man will clutch a.t a
straw.
63. Fools rush where angels fear to
tread.
7 6. Look before you leap.
:ra c1i11f ctil f ~~aft
~~mf1 '4 .. ~"1 f3"aft~~~fflq"IDI
64. Cut your coat according to your 77 • Strike the iron when it is hot.
cloth. ~~t~~"CR~I
3cr.fT~rictR ~a.ft *1li:qa ~1

KD I.IVE

- ( 'l ass Nol, •s . l'I~( l\ ' I· 1{11

 LEGAL TERMS
Questions related to legal terms are asked in Sentence Improvement
and One Word Substitution. Here I have tried to collect all such
questions asked from legal glossary to form questions baaed on the
pattern in which questions are asked in different competitive exams.

1. He was hanged to death.

(A) hanged till death (B) No Improvement
(C) hanged for death (D) Hung till death
( Answers J
2. The agreement is valid as our law has always
1. .(A)
prohibited such a trade in India.
(A) invalid (B) null and void
2. (B)
(C) Illegitimate (D) Illicit
3. He refused having stolen my watch.
3. (A)
(A) denied (B) declined
(C) No Improvement (D) rebutted
Explanations:-

1. Sentence is grammatically right. ( r n ollicfi.COI ~-!fll< ti)

. . (1) He bled to death. ( ~ JR' -mIT I)
(2) He starved to death. (~~~JR' -mITI)
(3) He was smothered to death. (~me~ 3lt 'JfR h' inffl)
(4) He was strangled to death. (3WfIT m-rr me~ 3lt 'JfR h' ~I)
(5) He was beaten to death. (tfre"-tfre" cfi<' 3'ft'cfi'I" ~~at '1f$'I)
(6) He was bludgeoned to death. (mft tfre" 3'ft'cfi'I" ~~at '1f$'1)
In the given sentence the judge has to be precise that the convict must
be hanged till the time he is dead so use of 'till' is necessary. (~
clRifT ~ ~ a i l ' ~ q;nft- tR' t'tC:cfil41 .;mr~~ fcfi' <fl'
JR'if~I)
2. Valid k (having a legal force)
Explanations:- Invalid 3'cltr (without a legal foundation)
Null and void cfilrt.fl 31'11.-4 (amounting to
"
nothing)
Illegitimate rih:iti4~ ( ~ / 1fT7f' $c-<UR)
3. Refused JfiiU clRifT
Deny ~6'ra~ft,:ii:11$Cf;T'8s-f'qR.fT
Decline 3Ffc:ftcfi I< 'qR.fT, qa'if
Rebut 6'ra fti:.i:11$ Cf;T '8s-f
"
i.4'aW
 ..,
4. The marriage was void from the beginning. Answers
(A) Ab initio . (B) since inception
(C) since its setting up (D) No Improvement 4. (A)
'

5. He !!!! with the loot

(A) fled away (B) absconded 5. (B)
(C) No Improvement (D) flee
6. He was booked for helping to suicide. 6. (A)
(A) abetment (B) assisting
(C) persuading (D) coaxing . . 7. (A)
7. The misuse of power is the root cause of corruption.
(A) abuse (B) No Improvement
(C) absence (D) loops

Explanations:-

4. t
Ab initio means from the beginning. ('Ab initio' ifiT 3llt '~}l\ ~')
5. Ran away= fled= absconded= 3fm~/q;m-~~ .
'fled away' is superfluous.
6. Abetment The act of helping or encouraging someone to do
something wrong or illegal.
Assist
Persuade/ Coax
( ~ 3JtRttr t"
mtr a.rr,
-8{(4131 a.rr3cf>-8iotl m 3lrn -8t;4lc11 a.n,)
cRin'/ J.ioiiotf
7. Misuse
Abuse to use something in the wrong way. (~,t;q;q)ar cRorr)
to say rude things to someone ( ~ ~) .
to use something in a bad or dishonest way. (3Jtlot imf
t"~m-@"~f~J.iit'f ~ )
Loop
a round-shaped thing ( ~ )

8. His partner in crime has surrendered.

{A) accomplice {B) No Improvement
Answers
(C) friend (D) gang '
9. The guilty was acquitted. 8. (A)
(A) convict (B) acquit
9. (C)
{C) accused (D) No Improvement
10. The case was given a date as the defence 10. (C)
(A) postponed (B) advanced· counse1 was unwell •
(C) adjourned (D) prepone 11. (A)
{E) called off (F)" put off
11. The matters has been ]!reponed from 30th Jul
(A) advanced . (B) No Improvement Y to 15th July•
(C) postponed (D) called off
KO LIVE
 Explanations:-

8. Accomplice Partner in crime ( ~ cfiT lff'fi)

Gang Group of criminals ( ~ cfiT
Group of labourers (¥tac\_<) cfiT
9. Guilty
Convict
Acquit ~.rt)'~ aiv/ .rt)'~
Accused A person who has been blamed for something wrong
(Jtmtfi)
10. Postpone to put off (~Pia
Advance (m
to give a prior- date cCr' o1ft'« -a.rr)
Call off to cancel
11. Prepone is misunderstood as the antonym of postpone.
(Prepone postpone cfiT antonym '11if araT t 'lfiira' ti)
Although now prepone has come in dictionary due to repeated use yet it is
better to use antedate or advance.
((;i<'iiFc\i ilR'-'ifR' c\; t
Prepone dictionary* 3IT 1J1fl' antedate
advance 'TiG cfiT ~ ~ ~ t i )

12. The husband wanted to live with his wife and pleaded the Answers
court to restore his marriage rights.
(A) conjugal (B) No Improvement 12. (A)
(C) marital (D) matrimonial
13. His marriage life is at sixes and sevens. 13. (A)
(A) marital (B) conjugal
(C) No Improvement (D) Matrimonial 14. (A)
14. He was booked for adulteration as he had extra-marital affairs.
(A) adultery (B) No Improvement 15. (A)
(C) perjury (D) misconduct
15. His excuse of being out of India does not hold water.
(A) alibi (B) No Improvement
(C) absence (D) condone

Explanations:-

12. Conjugal/ Marital / Matrimonial Connected with marriage but usage is

different.
Eg. Conjugal right, marital status or marital life and matrimonial home or
matrimonial advertisements.
13. See 12.
14. Adulteration the action of making something poorer in quality by
adding something of poorer quality (~<'i14c
extramarital affairs (~41~@.(
Adultery
Perjury the act of lying in the court (c1rrt *
c\'; otra '@' iffiilirr)
Misconduct wrong doing (m«r ~ )

KOi IVE

- Class Nntes : LFt,:\L rFRI\\S

15. Excuse reason given for certain behaviour (ii((lcrti)
Alibi statement by someone that says that he is at a differe t
:lace at the time of crime. (3NUU t- cJ;"tft 3tlt 3G~a
'ifil~) ha i "d
accept or agree· to something t t s cons1 ered wrong
Condone ( ~ m;ra ffl :fcflcfil,{ cf;t cl;' mlfl a.tr)
Quantum of punishment .
the quantum of punishment is the calculation of how
much punishment should be given by the court. (r<ii<iltinf
cfi'r cfi'r 3fcriit)
-
-
16. Death resulting from burning a house is murder• Answers
(A) arson (B) No Improvement -
(C) arsenal (D) inciting . 16. (A)
17. _ _ _ of contract is an offence.
(A) Breach (B) Breaking 17. (A)
(C) Disrespecting (D) Disregarding
18. Marrying twice is a punishable offence. 18. (A)
(A) bigamy (B) monogamy
(C) polygamy (D) No Improvement 19. (A)
19. A crime for which the police is empowered to arrest without a
warrant -
(A) Cognizable offence (B) Non cognizable offence
(C) Criminal offence (D) Anticipatory

Explanations:-
16. Arson the crime of setting things on fire (.jtl31,;,l.ft)
Arsenal a collection of weapons (~.:,
:a,,nfl q;r HsR')
Incite to provoke (3cfi.fllcrti)
17. Breach to do something that goes against an
agreement, a law etc.
Disregard to treat something as unimportant (31l'tm cfi'liIT)
18. Monogamy practice of marrying once ('Qc1i' fttcrrtr)
Bigamy Practice of marrying twice (~ fttcrrtr)
Polygamy
practice of marrying many times (ir! fct'cm')
19. Cognizable offence
an offence in which a police officer has the
authority to make an arrest without a
<~ 3'lR1tr Ql-aA ftriIT me~ qm:e f11.cq:c11:r cfit
wa.;:,;t
t1) .:,
Non-congnizable an offence in which the police cannot arr~;{
the accused without a warrant ( ~ 3ftR1tll
ftrifT cJRc cli' Pl <lCfci R cfi'{ .a q;Jl I)
Anticipatory of or relating to a prior action that takes into
.__~~~=====~~~-- account or forestalls a later action (3t'f1l'1r)
1..:0 LI VE
•111:1 C lass Notes : LEGAL TERl\ lS
20. To live together under the aam.e roof
21. Compensation done with tbe 11en1e qf mo,al
rn Cohabit

obligation rather than because of any legal Ex-cratia

compulsion
Posthumous
22. Born/ awarded/ occurring after the death of the
originator
23. A blanket' abolition of an offence --
~'' _:.; Accrue
24. Growing or adding to (such as interest) on a debt m Arrears
25. Payment due
,i,. Alien
26. New to a country or place
Explanations:-

20. Co-habit living together

Co together
habitat r.tim
21. Ex-gratia given or done as a gift or favour not because there is a
legal duty but out of moral obligation ( ~ .rt.c@T cl;
h iffiifT 11'31TcraT)
22. Posthumous given to happeni:ig after somebody has died ('H0~4-<ia)
23. Amnesty a time when a government forgives political crime (.ff<cfii<
~h-mn-~Al~iit)
24. Accrue t;, increase over a period of time (~
25. Arrears Money that somebody owes and that he/she should have
paid earlier ( ~ )
26. Alien Belonging to another place or thing (3ra'irift)

27. One who is unable to pay one's ?~ }¼ Pauper/ Bankrupt/ Insolvent

debt
28. The act of leaving legacy/ property • Bequeath
after death --~
29. Without a Intestate
will
30. lnfact/ in ~ij De facto
reality
31. Any judgement must be read in
32. In good
faith
ttl Bona fide

33. Statement (written/ oral) to

defame a person

IWIIVI' l l.i ,•, N11l1 ·, I I 1 ,1\ 1 11· 1<1\1 ~

 Explanations:-
ry
27. Pauper t a ve Poor person
gh (ci;"II~)
money to pay your debt
Bankrupt/ Inso1ven Not having enou
v
28 . Bequeath
(faa1fi:1:q1)
to arrange for
th
after dea _
·n
mething to be given to somebody
if a.rr)
:; _.a(~
a.ffl;qa ili')
2 9. Intestate Without a w #
3 o. De facto In reality (ai+:da ) qJi) · .
31. Toto As a total or who~ ~ ) .
32. Bonafide Real or genuine ( ' t ment about somebody
8
33. Libel The act of printing a ~ : give 'r:,-;Kle a bad
that is not true a nd wo iJtJT ~3fT iffi' il&cri IA ifir.t
opinion or him/ her (~ .

Slander cl;' iirv) · b t someone that is not 'r.

A spoken statemedndt o:efame someone ( ~ q;)'
true and is inten e o .
il~ii 1'1 cl;' 1irv -mft 6ffcf)
34. Permanent residence Domicile
35. Mercy killing to Euthanasia
36. Transfer of an accused from one country . Extradition
another
37. Crime against one's own country · Treason/ Sedition
38. A person who lives in a particular place , Denizen
39. Done i n the interest of only one side in a case Ex-parte
40. Officially accusing someone of a crime Indict
Explanations:-

34. Domicile the place or country of residence which is legally or

officially recognized (f.la1:a l=tJlif)
35. Euthanasia mercy killing (~
36. Extradition
The act of making someone return from another country
for trial ('ikftqu1)
37. Treason
The criminal act of causing harm to your country (~~)
Sedition
Instigating people to act against the government (,t1;,,i(l$J
38. Denizen
a person, animal or plant that lives or is found in a
particular place (f.la1.fft)
39. Ex-parte
40. Indict
In the interest of one side only(1"ii'<i'lfll>r / 1liiiiH<lil)
officially charge someone with a crime (3ifmmr o1•11ot1)

Im I.IVI•:

Class Not es : LEGAL TERMS

 41. Place where arms are kept
- __ Arse nal/ Armoury
42. Telling a lie under oath
43. Following/ watching someone in a threatening Perjury
way is _ _ _ _ .
44. Crime of living on the street and asking people
m Stalking
for money is _ _ _ _ ._ J::} Vagrancy
45. A piece of unclaimed property is _ _ _ -•r.,,.• Waif
46. a homeless child or person is _ __
···,;t, Waif/ Foundling
47. Reading/ using message/ data without one's
knowledge ~3 Hacking
48. You _ _ _ _ if you plan together to do some
offence.
m hatch a conspiracy

'
Explanations:-
41. Arsenal/ Armoury a collection of weapons such as guns and explosives
(~ :S IJHft cfiT 3fs"R)
42. Perjury the act of telling a lie in the court or when under
oath (tfq'tf 3m ~)
43. Stalking "
to follow a person over a period of time in a
frightening or annoying way ( ~ ctiT tfio1' fc!fi"
st~ ffl11if ~)
44. yagrancy the state of being homeless (ffl c#:r' ~ )
45. Waif anything found but not claimed (<"i 1a 11':a ~.
$c-41R) .:,
46. Waif/ foundling a person especially a child who is homeless (ffl ~ )
47. Hacking to use a computer to get information stored in some
other computer without permission (ftr.:rr )ta1"1fc\
3JR" q;,1-c4u *miler~~~) .:,
" to do something that is usually
to make" a secret plan
48. Hatch conspiracy
illegal or harmful (tij~4cr:il ~ )

49. The Judge _ _ _ _ _ the verdict in the open court. liuf. pronounced
50. A legal document in which you state who shall the verdict
receive your property is _ _ _ _ . Will
51. A process of settling a disagreement by keeping
people from both sides or an independent person to
settle the matter is _ _ __
52. Payment made by husband/wife to his/her spouse m Alimony
after divorce is _ _ __ Pin money
53. Money given by a man to his wife for her own use/
money spent on inessentials is _ _ __ Legacy
54. The amount of money or property !eft to someone in
a will is _ _ __

K D 1.1\'E
- Class Notes : LEGAL T ERMS
 Explanations: -

49. Pronounce the verdict give a judgement (~.fh-11 <ljirflirfl)

a legal document mentioning who will inherit

50. WW
the legacy (a<tfl:tfrf)

51. Arbitration/ Mediation procedure in which a dispute is submitted by

agreement of the parties to one or more
impartial individuals ( ~ )

money paid to wife/ husband after divorce

52. Alimony
(dt'tlc6 cl; iTTG tfol~irfi)

53. Pin money a small sum of money for spending on

inessentiality (mt-mt -gm~~ cft' tt)

54. Legacy money or property that is given to someone

after a person dies (~-t.FtRT)

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