SASSO Guide de Management 2022 EN
SASSO Guide de Management 2022 EN
GUIDE
These changes are a unique experience for our team and our products, an opportunity to challenge our knowledge
in terms of rearing and commercial hatching.
These developments have strengthened our desire to be closer to our partners, our client focus. As a result of your
questions, our discussions in the field, and our technical inspections we have gathered an enormous amount of
information that is useful for all brood stock farmers, all hatcheries producing 1-day old chicks, and all users of
SASSO genetics.
It is with great pleasure that we are able to share this new SASSO Rearing Guide with you. This technical
reference is the fruit of the collaboration between our commercial and technical teams, with the expertise of
Jean-René Grelier and illustrations by Ezhvin Bellec. This document will enable you to express the entire potential
of our products and genetics.
1 - APPLIED ANATOMY������������������������7 2 - DESIGN AND HYGIENE CONTROL 4 - REARING FUTURE BREEDERS�����57 5 - PRODUCTION�������������������������������� 81
1 - The beak 8 OF THE SITE AND PRODUCTION 1 - The atmosphere 58 1 - Transfer 82
2 - The comb 9 BUILDINGS�������������������������������������29 A - Gases 59 A - Transfer of the roosters 82
3 - Feathers 10 C - Ventilation 59 A.1 Management of sexual maturity 83
A - Heat regulation 10 1 - Zoning 30 B - Humidity 59 B - Transfer of hens 84
B - Colours 12 2 - General hygiene 32 D - Dust 60 2 - Light programme applied to breeders 84
C - Feather plucking 13 3 - Flows 33 E - Temperature 61 3 - Nutrition for roosters 85
D - Wing sexing of end products 14 A - Vehicles 33 F - Microbial infection 61 4 - Nutrition for hens 86
E - Effect of reproduction activity 15 B - Equipment 33 G - Droppings and litter 61 A - Laying peak 86
4 - Feet and legs 16 C - People 34 2 - Density 62 A.1 Quantity of feed 86
A - Role in reproduction 16 D - Waste 35 3 - Light 63 A.3 Meal duration 86
B - Pododermatitis 17 4 - C leaning, disinfection and depopulation 36 A - Light programme for females 63 A.2 Reminder :
C - Colour 17 A.1 - Light duration 63 Protection of the liver 86
5 - The skeleton 18 A.2 - Light intensity 67 B - After the laying peak 87
6 - The digestive tract 19 3 - STARTING OF CHICKS������������������� 41 B - Light programme for males 68 B.1 Nutritional requirements
A - Water consumption 20 4 - Weight management for future breeders70 of breeders 88
B - Nipple or bell drinkers? 20 1 - Reception of the chicks 42 A - Weighing 70 B.2 Watering of breeders 89
C - Feed consumption 21 2 - Starting of chicks 43 B - Feed 71 5 - Control of production 90
D - The liver, a sensitive organ 22 A - The starting zone 44 Feed quality 71 A - Control of the weight of the animals
7 - The reproductive system 23 B - Litter 45 Feed quantity 71 and sorting of roosters 90
A - The hen's reproductive system C - Temperature 46 B.1 H
ow should the feed ration B - C ontrol of the weight of the eggs
at sexual maturity 23 D - Light 50 be developed? 71 and laying rate 90
B - Mating and the sperm storage tubules 23 E - Water 50 B.2 H ow can uniformity be improved? 6 - Different types of nests 91
8 - The egg 24 F - Feed 52 Grading72 A - So-called manual nests 91
A - Formation 24 3 - S ummary: the chronological stages B.3 How can growth be rectified? 73 B - Nests with automatic collection 92
B - The shell 25 of starting 54 Feeding on 5/7 days 74 7 - Specific behaviour in production 94
C - Abnormalities 26 5 - Watering 76 A - Floor egg 94
A - General data 76 B - Brooding layers 95
B - Water rationing 77 C - Positive behaviour 95
6 - Recording during rearing 77
APPENDIX����������������������������������������� 98
In this section we will review the different systems and organs in roosters,
hens and chicks. Here our purpose is not to provide an exhaustive description
of the anatomy or physiology of the bird, but rather to identify the elements
1 - APPLIED ANATOMY
to which the livestock farmer must pay attention during the animal's life.
ANATOMY
1 - The beak A male with a very red comb and wattles, and bright eyes,
is mature and ready for reproduction. A large comb attracts
In birds the beak plays a very important role in the exploration females and the more pronounced the red, the greater the
of the environment. It allows touching, gripping, feeding and stimulation. Finally, a beautiful comb is quite simply a sign
drinking. In the chick its tip has an egg tooth, a small horny of good health.
piece used to break the shell when hatching.
Beak trimming removes the tip of the beak on which the
egg tooth is fixed so that the animals do not injure each
other during the course of their lives. This operation must
comply with the regulations in force in your country and
be performed by someone who is well trained in poultry
handling and aware of animal welfare issues. Trimming the Figure 1: The bluntness must be clean and precise. Only the tip
beak too much will obstruct food intake and therefore harm should be cut at an appropriate angle.
the growth of the animal as well as its well-being.
TECHNICAL TIP
TECHNICAL TIP
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As technique
a precaution we advise giving Vitamin K the day
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before beak trimming, on the day of the operation When the hen is suffocating, as can happen in severe
technique
and on the following day. Giving a little extra feed heat, stress or overcrowding, she struggles for oxygen
the day before is recommended because on the day and the comb becomes darker to the point where it
of beak trimming a slight reduction in consumption is appears blue. Animals that are too fat are particularly
observed. sensitive to this risk. It is therefore important not
Beak trimming is only performed in animals in good to panic the animals, to make sure they are always
health, which are fully recovered from their transport at target weight, to control the atmosphere in their
to the farm. As with any operation this causes mild building and to avoid overcrowding situations.
stress and for this reason we do not recommend
performing another procedure such as a vaccine at the
same time, at the risk of reducing the quality of the
Figure 3: In the case of the bare-necked male Ruby N, the crop
Figure 2: A properly blunt beak allows normal feeding and immune response. also turns red at sexual maturity (the area is highly irrigated
reduces the risk of injury. with blood).
A - Heat regulation
Feathers play an important role in the regulation of the
bird’s body temperature. Contrary to what one might think
the down is a poor heat insulator. This is why it is important
to control the temperature at which starting is conducted
correctly. As the animal develops its feathers it improves its
ability to retain its body heat.
Figure 7: The Ruby N has only a few feathers on the chest and none on the neck, which makes it much easier to lose heat.
Figure 4: The down lets the heat out, the legs have a large Figure 5: Feathers are a good insulator, temperature exchange is
surface area and get cold very quickly. mainly on the head and legs.
TECHNICAL TIP
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Thetechnique
so-called “naked neck” strains such as the Ruby N
In the case of severe heat the feathers, which are a good heat
resist high temperatures better: the feather density is
insulator, do not allow efficient release of body temperature.
less or even none at all on the neck and heat is more
The heat transfer areas that allow cooling are essentially the
easily evacuated. These strains are ideal for hot
areas without feathers (comb, wattles, feet) and the mucosa
countries!
(particularly in the mouth).
This is why the birds pant: with the beak open and the
tongue raised they expose the wet mucosa to the open air
and ventilate by breathing to encourage the evaporation of
bodily fluids (a phenomenon that evacuates the heat). OBSERVATION POINT
Point
Ind’observation
extreme heat conditions hens can increase heat
evacuation by moving the wings away from the
body slightly and ruffling their feathers (making the
Figure 8: Observed here in Burkina Faso in Africa, these hens fight
insulating layer of the feathers less compact.
against high temperatures by evacuating heat through their
Figure 6: By panting, the hen actively removes heat beaks (panting) but also by ruffling their feathers.
through the oral mucosa.
TECHNICAL TIP
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Sexing errors
technique
TECHNICAL TIP
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In the case of our SA51A and SA31A hens, sexing errors In the case of feather plucking, it could be advantageous
technique
are quite easy to detect because the brothers of our to distribute cracked maize or whole wheat with grit to
hens have abundant white feathers. As soon as the occupy the animals, regulate their nervous behaviour
chick develops its feathers, it is easy to detect the and purify the litter.
brothers and remove them from the batch.
Figure 12: No feathers are visible on the litter and the black
Figure 11: Sexing errors can be easily spotted because their plu- feathers at the tip of the tail are damaged. This may indicate
mage is white and spotted with black. a deficiency which the hens try to compensate for by eating
feathers.
FLIGHT
FEATHERS
COVERT
FEATHERS
Figure 17: The male wears out the tips of his tail feathers by Figure 18: The rooster finds its balance with its legs and beak.
Figure 13: Seen from above, Figure 14: Seen from above, the Figure 15: Seen from above, the ticking and the female gradually loses feathers in the areas When in position, it tilts its tail to position its cloaca against the
the primary remiges are lon- primary remiges are the same primary remiges are shorter where the male clings. female's. The operation only takes a few seconds.
ger than the cover feathers: size as the cover feathers: this than the coverts: this is also a
this is a female. is a male. male.
OBSERVATION POINT
TECHNICAL TIP
Point
Animals with
d’observationslow feathering have areas that are not
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covered with feathers at an advanced stage in their When there are too many males, mating becomes too
technique The fertility of SASSO males is excellent. We recommend
growth. On the lower part of the back pin feathers are frequent. The hens therefore lose their feathers fast and progressive introduction up to 10% of males and then
observed and the tail is not very developed. This should are sometimes injured (particularly on the flanks). adjusting, depending on the observations, by progressively
not be confused with feather plucking which is shown by The male/female ratio must always be adapted depending withdrawing males.
the presence of scabs, wounds or even fresh blood. on what is observed and the fertility results in the hatchery.
Figure 16: This hen has a slow feathering because there is a zone
not covered with feathers.
Figure 21: Pododermatitis is localised on the pads and is often Figure 22: Healthy pads are a sign of good litter quality and an
caused by excessively wet or abrasive bedding. important marker of animal welfare.
C - Colour
Depending on the strain, poultry may have yellow, black,
blue or white skin and feet, depending on their ability to bind
dietary pigments in the skin, adipose tissue (fat) and muscles.
For example, when the strain has yellow feet and skin, it is
the carotenoids in the maize feed ration which will provide
the colour. This concerns the end products in particular.
Figure 19: The rooster's legs should be straight so that mating Figure 20: On some animals you can see twisted fingers. There
is easy. A cock with crooked legs will not tick well and must be are several reasons for this, including poor starting conditions Figure 23: A good expression of the yellow colour of the legs is
removed. and vitamin B2 deficiency. allowed by a diet rich in pigments such as corn.
B - Nipples or bell drinkers? are empty before renewing the feed ration to prevent any
deficiency.
An “ad libitum” regime does not mean that the feeders should
Modern systems tend towards generalising the nipple fountains make it possible to keep easy access to the nests be filled excessively but rather that the feed rations should be
system, perhaps easier to maintain (disinfectants, whilst facilitating drinking. In addition, the nipples system renewed after the feeders are completely empty.
treatments for limescale and biofilms) and protecting the is difficult to regulate when bantam strains (like the SASSO
water more. However, it has been observed that the animals females) and non-bantam strains (like the SASSO males) are We recommend starting with a crumble feed for the first
often “play” with the nipples, which can cause significant reared at the same time. Figure 30: Crumbs are often used in the early stages of develop- weeks of rearing, and then at about 4 weeks making the
water losses and deterioration of the litter. We therefore recommend the poultry fountain system when ment as they facilitate feeding and prevent deficiencies.
transition to mash feed to ensure that sufficient emptying of
Generally, SASSO strains take much longer drinking via a the building has automatic nests. the feeders is respected.
nipples system compared with a standard system. A hen that
is busy drinking doesn’t lay...
Furthermore, the rows of nipples block access to the
automatic nests on the slats when they are used. Poultry
ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED
Erreur
It may be tempting to keep crumble or pellets as
feed ration when it is hot, as the poultry have little
appetite. However, be careful, because the feed is
quickly consumed and quickly digested in the form of
crumble and pellets, it occupies the animals for less
time and they will then consume a lot of water. This
risks causing the production of droppings which are too
liquid and likely to deteriorate the litter.
Figure 31: The advantage of pellets is that they can be used up
quickly and sorting is not necessary.
Figure 28: The animals stand along the row of nipples, which makes it difficult to access the nests.
TECHNICAL TIP
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Lubrication
technique of the cloaca may make it shiny in the
light. As hens are curious by nature, they may poke
the cloacas of their neighbours with their beaks when
they reflect the light (particularly in communal nests).
Correctly performed beak trimming may resolve this
problem if it occurs.
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In order to prevent any problems, we recommend applying Within the sperm storage tubules the gametes can survive
technique
the following protocol: for more than a week before migrating to fertilise an ovule.
This is why a hen can continue to produce fertile eggs several
- reach 20 weeks with the target weight recommended A hen at target weight or just below will not normally days after the last mating.
by SASSO have liver problems during the period when the feed
- as soon as the first eggs appear, add a liver protector ration is increased. If a change to the strain of males is desired, the first roosters
for three weeks are removed and then a new strain is introduced. It is
- repeat the use of a liver protector every 6 weeks. preferable to introduce the new males just before the light is
turned off so that the transition is easier. For several days the
Figure 36: Mating only takes a few seconds. A rooster can tick
spermatozoa will come from one or other of the two strains.
almost every hour.
CUTICLE
INFUNDIBULUM
SHELL
PORE
EGG
EGGSHELL
MAGNUM MEMBRANES
WHITE (ALBUMIN)
PASSAGE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS
ISTHMUS
PASSAGE OF GASES
Figure 38: The cuticle is a very effective natural barrier against the entry of pathogens. On the other hand, this protection allows gases to
circulate very well (CO2 escapes and O2 enters).
UTERUS
The colour of the shell does not depend on the feed but on
genetics. Our hens offer a slight variability in colour in cream
tones.
The shell quality depends on feed intake and age. Over time,
VAGINA the egg calibre increases and the shell becomes more fragile.
It is necessary to ensure that the phosphorus and calcium
intake is sufficient.
CLOACA
Figure 37: From the moment the egg enters the pinna until the TECHNICAL TIP
egg is laid, it takes about 25 hours. The longest stage, almost 21
hours, is the synthesis of the shell. Astuce
Distributing
technique oyster shells (heat-treated so as not to
risk introducing a pathogen to the farm) at the end
When an egg has just been laid it is damp. The substance covering it will of the day is an excellent means of ensuring that the
dry quickly and form a cuticle which is a natural barrier to micro-organisms. requirements are adhered to whilst promoting animal
A cracked egg or one that is scrubbed to remove droppings may have a welfare (stimulation of pecking).
damaged cuticle and is likely to allow various bacteria to enter which could
alter the hatching rate in the hatchery.
For this reason we recommend making sure that the laying nests are clean and Figure 39: Some genetics offer almost white eggs, others a deep
designed so that the eggs remain intact or that collecting them (automatic or red, depending on market taste. SASSO hens lay cream-coloured
otherwise) does not damage them. eggs of varying shades.
Figure 40: A "double egg" is an egg containing two yolks. It will Figure 41: On these small eggs, the shell is soft and there is no
not produce chicks. This phenomenon is favoured by a sudden white.
increase in light intensity during the laying period and by the
rapid rise in feed.
Figure 42: A wrinkled shell may indicate a Figure 43: A lack of calcification should be Figure 44: A dirty egg should draw
pathology or a defect in calcium synthesis. of concern to the farmer and, depending attention to various problems (diarrhoea,
on the frequency of this anomaly, should bleeding, poor bedding and floor laying,
lead to an investigation of the ration or etc). Avoid scratching the dirt too hard as
possible pathogens. this may allow bacteria to enter the egg.
Figure 45: This egg has a cracked shell, which may be due to a Figure 46: These small eggs can occur at the beginning of the
lack of calcium in the diet for example. The eggs of hens at the laying period.
end of their production are also more fragile.
PRODUCTION BUILDINGS
PATHWAY
TECHNICAL FENCED CONCRETE
ROOM SPACE HARDSTANDING CLOAKROOM
1 - Zoning
During the design of the production site the farmer should:
LIVESTOCK
1 Prevent the introduction of pathogens on his farm BUILDING
3
1
2
Figure 48: Here, illustrated by a free-range chicken farm, the use
of signs prevents new arrivals from crossing a fence without care
or permission. PUBLIC SLAUGHTER BARRIER FENCE
ROAD BIN
Figure 50: Vegetated areas provide coolness but are ideal for During culling, if the site has several buildings and if these
many creeping animals. It is important to maintain them very are not emptied simultaneously, the driver must not enter
frequently. the site with his vehicle in order limit the hygiene risk of
introducing a pathogen.
Figure 53: In this picture taken in Nepal, a technician washes his
breeding shoes in a rotoluve. The rotoluve is used to disinfect
vehicle wheels. It must be regularly renewed to ensure its
effectiveness.
B - Equipment
Each building’s equipment must be specific to that building to limit the contamination risk. Entry of external equipment should be
limited to the maximum.
Before entering the livestock building, it is compulsory for any equipment to be disinfected (washed before disinfection if possible).
A disinfection cloackroom is provided for this at the entrance to the building or the site.
Figure 51: Rodents can squeeze through extremely small Figure 52: Concrete or gravel surfaces are easier to control and
openings because of their great flexibility. It is imperative to fill limit the proliferation of insects and rodents. On the other hand,
in these openings and to check the watertightness of the they reflect a lot of sunlight and easily increase the temperature
building by means of regular trap inspections. of the room.
Figure 54: This cloakroom is used to mark a sanitary boundary between the
public and professional areas. Showering should be compulsory and include
hair shampoo.
PHYSICAL SEPARATIONS
If the installation does not make it possible to
take a shower and change clothes completely, it
is desirable to provide at least overalls specific to
D - Waste
the building and a water point for hand washing. Waste is one of the main disease vectors in farming. The cadavers must be stored in a freezer placed in each
When a livestock site is designed it is essential to plan for building before being put in the rendering bin just before the
waste removal. butcher comes.
In order to avoid the slaughter truck entering the production
There are many sorts: site, the rendering bin should be located outside the site.
Figure 55: Each livestock area should be considered as an entity with its
own health status, and therefore be provided with an cloakroom. The use
of colour-coded outfits makes it easy to see if the limits are being correctly
respected.
depopulation
1,000,000
This step is essential in the hygiene conduct of the livestock building. It is performed immediately after the departure of the breeders
for culling.
CLEANING
After the departure of the animals, whether it is floor rearing - Washing of rearing equipment 2ND DISINFECTION
or not, the principle remains the same: outside the building on a concrete hardstanding fitted with 10,000 10,000
a system for collecting the washing water TION
- Insect control treatment in the hour following the departure DEPOPUL A
of the breeders - Inspection and servicing of rearing equipment
In fact, numerous parasites, such as mealworm beetles,
will go and hide as soon as the litter cools. So they must - Entry of clean rearing equipment into the building 100 100
be dealt with when the livestock environment is still warm,
i.e. just after the departure of the animals. Furthermore, - Washing of the building surrounds, TIME
cleaning and disinfection must be suitable for each type of of all the concrete surfaces and the water drainage pipes
parasite (coccidia, worms, lice, etc.). LAST BATCH NEXT BATCH
- Control of the building impermeability
- Placement of pest control bait (control of intrusion by rodents and other pests) Figure 57: Illustration of the importance of cleaning and disinfection steps in reducing germ pressure in the environment.
The time is right because there is no other feed present in
the building at this stage. - Washing of work clothing specific to the production building
- Dismantling and removal of rearing equipment - Liquid disinfection of the pipework for water
(drinkers, feed chains, weighing equipment, etc.) outside
the production building on a concrete hardstanding. - Once the building is dry, disinfection of the building and all
the equipment inside (disinfection of the space by thermal
- Removal of work clothes not used fogging or fogging)
for cleaning the building
- Closure of the building for a minimum of 24 hours
- Draining of water circuits then airing, followed by depopulation for at least 21 days
(closed building)
- Removal of droppings and/or litter TECHNICAL TIP
- Disinfection of the site surroundings
- Washing Astuce
of walls, floors, ventilation and heating systems, pipework, - New placement of pest control bait As technique
everywhere in biosecurity, washing is essential
water containers, silos because it is the most important operation for
decreasing the microbial load. Generally, it should be
- Maintenance of the interior of the building Throughout the entire depopulation period, access to the remembered that disinfection is only satisfactory on a
(pipework and watering systems, ventilation and aeration, livestock building is prohibited. correctly washed surface.
feed system) The succession of washing, disinfection and depopulation
makes it possible to decrease the microbial load in the Figure 58: Wear and tear, accelerated by the use of disinfectants,
building. can affect the cleanability of the equipment. A surface made
porous by rust, for example, will be more conducive to the multi-
plication of pathogens and more difficult to clean properly.
The starting of chicks is probably the most important stage for the success of the production
period. It involves acclimatising the chicks to their living space, i.e. to make sure that
the chicks find by themselves water, feed and a comfortable living area.
Because the needs of a chick change over time, it is important to regulate the atmosphere
parameters intelligently day after day. During this period rearing the males and females
separately is recommended in order to fully express the potential of SASSO strains.
In this chapter we will start with a reminder of the procedure at reception as far as the carrier
is concerned. Then we will list, parameter by parameter, the technical recommendations to be
followed so that starting is a success. Finally we propose as the form of a timeline a summary of
3 - STARTING OF CHICKS
the different stages which must be not missed.
STARTING VENTILATION
OF CHICKS GAS
O2, CO2, NH3, ETC.
- Position the truck so that the chicks remaining in boxes are - Record these weights on the rearing form and calculate
protected from draughts. the uniformity of the batch to approximately 10%. The
uniformity must be recalculated seven days later. If the
- Indicate your sampling protocol to the driver should need to uniformity has deteriorated, the causes of this must be Figure 59: The well-being and development of a chick depends on many parameters that need to be accurately assessed.
perform them. Make sure the samples are taken in the truck identified (heating, water, feed, etc.). A weighing grid is
and not on the unloading area. available in the appendix to facilitate the calculation.
- Carry out unloading as quickly as possible by aligning the - Remove the chicks from the boxes and place them in the
box at a sufficient distance from radiant heaters so as not starting zone, under the radiant heaters and close to the
to overheat the chicks. drinkers. So as not to miss any step we will detail, for each
important parameter, the procedure to follow and the
errors to avoid. Each parameter must be prepared before
the chicks are received.
Figure 65: On a warm litter the chick keeps warm. Figure 66: On a cold litter the chick cools down by losing heat
Figure 60: Here an area of the building has been marked out for Figure 61: The area around the pen should be checked regularly
through its legs.
start-up. to avoid trapped or lost chicks.
Litter should be thin (1 cm is enough) and flat to not bother Furthermore this makes it possible to facilitate drying of the
the chick to explore its environment. disinfectant (the building should also be well ventilated).
Such thin litter is optimal for good starting but requires The litter may be of wood chips, rice husks, by-products of
preparation. various plants, etc.
We recommend preheating at 20°C from 72 hours before the It is important for the litter to be absorbent and non-abrasive
chicks are received. The radiant heaters should be turned so as not to injure the chickens or irritate the foot pads.
on at a moderate heat to increase the temperature of the
building progressively, and they should be lowered to heat
the concrete in depth whilst avoiding condensation under
the litter.
Figure 62: It is important not to allow access to the corners, Figure 63: A chick lost in a corner of the building calls its fellow
so that if they are grouped together, the risks of suffocation and chicks, who in turn come and get lost. In this way, they are not
isolation are minimised. fed or watered and can also cool themselves away from the
radiators.
The walls of the pen should be rounded so that the chick does
not find itself blocked in a corner. Once alone, the chick calls
by chirping and this attracts the other chicks. These chicks
remain huddled together as they are gregarious by instinct
and no longer leave to find feed and drink.
On the 8th day the barriers of the living area can be removed
to allow the chick to discover the entire building. This can be
done progressively, by initially enlarging the living area and
then, two days later, by removing the pen completely.
Similarly, at about 8 days, a progressive move is made from
Figure 64: The custom-made walls make the pen impassable the starting equipment to the rearing equipment in order to Figure 67: The litter does not need to be thicker than 1 cm if the Figure 68: Before the chicks arrive, the temperature of the litter
(here, the paper prevents the pen from exiting through the feed ensure that the animals have time to adapt. concrete is properly heated in advance. should be checked. If you feel the ground is cold, the chicks will
chains). feel it too.
Figure 69: The chick's body temperature changes from day to Figure 70: An overhead radiant heater does not radiate heat
day, so it is important to adjust the temperature provided by the like a radiant heater close to the floor. Beware of temperature
heaters. Remember to check it in at least three places. variations.
THERMOMETER Figure 75: Away from the radiant the chick will be
exposed to a temperature of only 33°C.
Figure 74: Ground temperature away from the radiant
= minimum exposure temperature for the chick.
34°C
It should be remembered that hot air rises and it is therefore
possible to have a building that is colder on the floor than at
the farmer’s height.
THERMOMETER
Ambient temperature objectives 5 to 6 hours before the
arrival of the chicks.
Figure 71: It is important to understand that with a radiant Figure 77: At human height the temperature is
heating system the temperature is not uniform throughout the 34°C. This should not be relied upon and it should
building. The most important one is the one located at litter Figure 76: Temperature at man's height = be careful not to be borne in mind that some areas on the ground
level, as this is the living area of the chicks. deduce the ambient temperature for the chick. are only 33°C (figures 71 and 72).
Figure 78: The chicks are all at the edge of the pen, they move Figure 79: The chicks do not sit in the centre, under the radiator,
away from the radiant because it is too hot. because it is too hot.
Figure 80: The chicks gather as close as possible to the radiant Figure 81: These chicks clustered under the radiant are looking
heater because it is not warm enough or the building is poorly for warmth. This prevents them from getting food and drink.
heated.
FOOT TEST
The chick must be at a temperature of about 39-40°C. If the
chick does not warm up sufficiently, its feet will be cold and
you will feel it by placing the foot pads on your cheek. After
3 hours of starting, perform several tests of this type to
assess the condition of the chicks.
Figure 82: A draught can disturb the distribution of heat, which Figure 83: The chicks are more or less evenly distributed, the
can be seen in the position of the chicks. A disturbing element radiant heater offers a correctly regulated temperature.
perceived as a threat (a noise, a moving object) will have the Figure 85: The leg test ensures that the chicks are warming up.
same effect.
On the first day the light is cut off for 1 h in order to let the TECHNICAL TIP TECHNICAL TIP
chicks to rest a little and to learn that the light goes on and
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off. After the 5th day, we recommend putting an 18-hour
technique
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Wetechnique
strongly recommend stimulating consumption
night in place before returning to the normal light by letting a small trickle of water run in the drinkers
After that, each day one hour of night is added to reach 5 h of programme. This long night enables chicks with or letting a little water run via the nipples over some
night on the 5th day (refer to the light programme provided at difficulties in digesting to regain a normal digestive paper. These gestures must be repeated regularly (at
the end of this guide). transit whilst resting the most fragile chicks. reception and every hour for 2-3 h) until the chicks,
attracted by the noise of the water in the nipples, learn
to drink alone.
E - Water Figure 92: This device allows water to be collected in a cup from
the nipples, making it easier to access the water. If the nippless are multidirectional, this must remain
Water is the chick's first food. It is crucial to provide it the case throughout the life of the animal because once
with clean water, at an appropriate temperature and in the use of the device is learnt it is difficult to move to a
abundance so that it can hydrate itself from the time of its fixed nipples system.
arrival. The water quality control plan in the laboratory must
take into account the water quality at the outlet of the nipples
or the pipes to the drinkers and not that in the tank in the
technical room.
ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED
Before the chicks’ arrival the water should have all traces of
disinfectant removed. In fact, disinfection by heat fogging Erreur
If chicks are reared with nippless, the production
leaves dried disinfectant on the walls of the drinkers and it phase may be conducted via nippless or bell drinkers.
will also be found in the nipples lines. Ingestion of this type Conversely, if chicks are reared with bell drinkers this
of product may irritate the digestive tract of the chick and device must be kept in the production phase because
Figure 89: The water is allowed to run long enough to ensure that Figure 93: Chicks are curious and explore their environment with
cause diarrhoea (responsible in turn for dehydration ) or the birds will not know how to use nippless!
it no longer contains disinfectant. A dye can be used to ensure their beaks. These cups attract them and allow them to find the
problems assimilating nutrients.
that the water has been sufficiently replenished. nippless nearby.
Figure 94: Starter trays allow the feed to be protected from the
litter while still being accessible to the chick.
Once the chicks have quenched their thirst they can start to
eat. For two hours the chick is encouraged to come and eat
by allowing a little feed to drop onto the starter trays or by
CROP TEST
tapping the bottom of the tray with your nails. The noise of After 3 h 90% of the chicks should have a full crop. When
the feed on the surface of the tray is a very good stimulant palpating the presence of a paste, a mixture of feed and
for the chick. To be repeated regularly until each chick knows water, should be felt between the fingers. However: Figure 98: This tray is obviously too full. At weighing, 890 g of
how to find and consume the feed. feed is counted, which represents 18 g per chick: useless,
expensive and leaves the feed to deteriorate in the open air.
- if the crop is empty then the chick has difficulty finding the
At one day an SA51A chick consumes only 6 to 7 g of feed in feed and water
Figure 95: The trays are not identical between brands and
models. A maximum height of 1.5 cm is recommended (left-hand
24 hours (7 to 8 g for an SA31A chick). Depending on the time
tray). of arrival and the meal time the next day, a suitable quantity - if the crop is full but very soft, then it is full of water and this
must be given. means difficulty accessing the feed
- if the crop is full but hard, then it is full of feed and this means
TECHNICAL TIP
difficulty accessing the drinking water. Astuce
It istechnique
always necessary to try and refill the feed once
- if the crop is full and supple without being too soft or too hard, the tray is empty to ensure the chicks eat all their feed
then it contains a mixture of water and feed. This means ration and so receive all the nutrients they need. This is
that the chick has drunk and eaten, which is the objective said to be ad libitum with emptying of the plate.
sought!
Figure 96: During the first 24 hours, a SA51A chick consumes only Figure 97: In this example of setting up at 3pm, for feeding the
7 g of feed (one tray for 50 chicks, i.e. 350 g of feed here), next day at 8am (17 hours later) it is sufficient to put 0.3 x 17 = Figure 99: By gently palpating the crop with the thumb and Figure 100: On naked neck strains, the volume of the crop can be
i.e. 0.3 g of feed per hour 5g per chick in the feeder (remember: a chick consumes about forefinger you can assess its consistency and volume. assessed even more easily! Here this Ruby TN chick has eaten
0.3g/h). well.
SPREAD RINSE
LITTER DRINKERS
REPEATED STIMULATIONS
+
CROP/FEET TESTS
At the end of the starting period, the chicks are self-sufficient in finding their water and feed.
They are capable of exploring their environment and less vulnerable to temperature differences.
Rearing, which lasts about 20 weeks, enables the chick to develop its skeletal framework, soft
tissues and muscle mass harmoniously. This growth depends on many factors which we will list.
It is important to handle them all so that the animal arrives at the production period with the
REARING FUTURE
BREEDERS C - Ventilation
Whether dynamic or static, ventilation makes it possible to
renew ambient air:
The figure opposite specifies the various elements involved in the welfare of future breeders. In contrast, any draught can influence the thermal comfort
of the future breeders by acting on the heat transfers set up
VENTILATION by convection. Generally hens and roosters detest draughts.
GAS
O2, CO2, NH3, ETC.
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY Figure 103: In countries with occasional heavy rain and wind, it is NATURAL
useful to be able to control the opening of the shutters to protect VENTILATION
DUST the animals. This also sometimes protects the birds from direct
DRINK sunlight, which can make them aggressive.
Figure 102: The various environmental parameters influence each other. Knowing their respective effects helps to solve certain technical pro-
blems.
TECHNICAL TIP
TECHNICAL TIP Astuce
At technique
certain times in the life of the flock, such as days
without feed during rearing, it can be useful to
Astuce
Hens are very curious animals. A small opening, a
technique distribute cracked corn or whole wheat to the animals,
small hole in the roof or in a wall may create a ray of in order to occupy them or stimulate scratching of
light in the building. The hens will be attracted by the the litter, and thus its natural maintenance. A small
light source and the dust in suspension. In some cases quantity of cereals is enough but it is important to add
this may create nervousness or even suffocation. grit to them to facilitate digestion. To be carried out
It is important to fill these small openings in closed regularly. This activity promotes animal welfare and
buildings. Figure 106: The litter should be crumbly and dry between the
also that of the farmer!
Figure 108: The temperature in the chick's living area should be
fingers. monitored from the start and throughout the rearing period.
7-8 hens/m2
in an open building
This duration must never be less than 10 h or more than 14h to Here we will give three examples of lightning program for
leave the farmer with a margin of action in his management the different installation dates. In temperate countries the
of the farm. In fact, he could need to reduce the duration duration of natural day varies widely over the course of the
of the day or increase it to control sexual maturity, but year and requires an appropriate light programme. Your
without exceeding the limits which could deteriorate batch SASSO technician is able to provide you with the right light
performance. programme for each batch.
In countries near the Equator the duration of the day does
From Week 1 to Week 10, depending on the Week 10 light not vary much during the year (about 12 h) So it is possible
duration objective, the farmer determines the rhythm of the to use the same light programme for all the SASSO batches
time change. For one added hour of night we recommend received.
adding 30 minutes in the morning and 30 minutes in the
evening.
It is important to make the artificial night phase coincide the
natural night as much as possible.
1 10 19 21 1 10 19 21
TIME TIME
STARTING REARING START PRODUCTION (WEEKS) STARTING REARING START PRODUCTION (WEEKS)
OF LAYING OF LAYING
Figure 111: Light programme if the daytime duration at the transfer is about 12 hours. Figure 113: Lightning program if the daytime duration at the transfer is about 16 hours.
W12 10 14 W27 16 8
Figure 116: Too much natural light can cause discomfort to the Figure 117: Coloured strains such as SASSO strains absorb a lot
Figure 114: Light programme if the daytime duration at the transfer is about 8 hours. animals, and the building can become very hot. By using curtains of light, so be careful to find the right intensity for activity in
that are humidified by a sprinkler system, the chickens can be relative calm.
LIGHT DURATION 23H NIGHT DURATION cooled and protected from direct sunlight.
IN BUILDING IN BUILDING
In sum, the aim of the lightning program for females is to When laying starts at about 21 weeks, then the hens should
DAY OF
ACCLIMATISATION
allow optimum growth (good development of the bony be encouraged by rapidly increasing the feed ration and by
skeleton and muscle mass) and to reach sexual maturity at sending a positive light signal: increase of one hour per week
16H 8H the right time (generally about 21 weeks of age). before arriving at the optimum production duration (16 h and
At about 10 weeks the light duration stabilises to a value increase in light intensity).
which depends on the natural light conditions at transfer.
TRANSFER The rearing light intensity must allow females to express CASE OF SA31L:
DAY DURATION their natural behaviour whilst preventing serious agitation. The indications developed in this part are valid for the dwarf
AT TRANSFER
STIMULATION In some rearing systems sexual maturity is reached too early strains SA51A, SA31A and SA51N. The maturity of these hens
8H OF LAYING and, if nothing is done, the hens will start to lay too early is often early and one of the aims of the lightning program is
(about 18 weeks) with eggs that are too small to be incubated. to delay the start of laying so as not to produce eggs that are
6H 18H
too small. In the case of the SA31L it is the opposite: without
LONG NIGHT Maturity should be controlled by the feed (not having adequate stimulation the first eggs will only arrive at Week
OF REST overweight hens) and light. At 17 weeks it is, in fact, 24 or 25. The general principle of the lightning program for the
possible to push laying back by 10 days by reducing the light SA31L is the same as for the dwarf strains but the stimulation
duration by 2 h. This sends the following signal to the hens: per light duration should occur at about Week 19 (or even 18).
1 10 19 21 “It's not the right season, you need to wait! “. This stimulation must go along with a sudden increase in the
STARTING REARING START PRODUCTION TIME feed ration (see next section).
OF LAYING (WEEKS)
Figure 115: Light programme if the daytime duration at the transfer is about 8 hours.
females and when it is felt that laying is imminent the males D11 16 8 75 lux
are stimulated. One week later the males and females are D12 15 9 75 lux
placed together in the production building (as the males D13 15 9 75 lux
need more time to adapt to a new environment they are D14 14 10 60 lux 10 16 19 20 21 22 23 24 AGE
transferred before the females). (IN WEEKS)
D15 14 10 60 lux
D16 13 11 60 lux 1.5 LUX 90 LUX
LIGHT
D17 13 11 60 lux STIMULATION
TESTICULAR GROWTH REPRODUCTION
D18 12 12 60 lux TESTICULAR GROWTH
SLOWED ACCELERATED
D19 11 13 60 lux
D20 10 14 60 lux Figure 119: The testicles are asleep until light stimulation.
D21 9 15 60 lux
W4 8 16 45 lux
W5 8 16 30 lux
W6 8 16 15 lux
W7 8 16 1.5 lux
W8 8 16 1.5 lux
W9 8 16 1.5 lux
W10 8 16 1.5 lux
Figure 120: Building under 90 lux measured Figure 121: Building under 30 lux measured Figure 122: Building under 1.5 lux measured
W11 8 16 1.5 lux
(starting intensity). (female breeding intensity). (male breeding intensity).
W12 8 16 1.5 lux
W13 8 16 1.5 lux
W14 8 16 1.5 lux
OBSERVATION POINT
W15 8 16 1.5 lux Point
Several studies show that the hen is an animal that is very Furthermore, the noises around (wild birds, human
W16 8 16 1.5 lux d’observation
sensitive to light, even at low intensity. A so-called “dark” activity, insects, etc.) are picked up very well by the hen
30 lux
Rapid increase building often allows in enough light for the hen to consider and interpreted as signs of a diurnal period even if the
W17 (e.g. 10 h) (Start of stimulation
2 weeks before transfer) it to be daytime (including when there is a full moon, i.e. building is dark.
Rapid increase about 0.4 lux). All these elements should be remembered in the
W18 (e.g. 11 h) 60 lux
management of the animal’s maturity.
Figure 118: Light programme to control testicular development.
Female 90 lux
Female
W19 duration (e.g. duration TRANSFER. Same light
12 h) programme as for the females
breeders
the most regular growth curve possible, as close as possible At this stage observation of the batch is mandatory.
to the SASSO weight recommendations, in order to express
ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED
A - Weighing Feed quality
Erreur
From the first week the farmer must check and manage the Above all do not think that animals in a pen can be
growth of future breeders. chosen randomly. The large animals are easier to spot Uneaten feed will be removed in order to prevent any In order to guarantee optimum hygiene quality monitor the
and it is easier to trap them as they cover the small humidification and the development of fungi or mycotoxins. storage conditions for this decontaminated feed and the
This control is performed each week by weighing a sample ones. To compensate the farmer may then choose the The feed chains or hoppers must be empty before the light hygiene of the feed supply lines. By using two silos you have
of fasting animals. For this control to be effective, the smallest. In all these cases there is a bias. is turned out. the potential to empty, wash and disinfect each silo whilst
farmer always weighs the animals on the same day of the We recommend penning the animals and weighing allowing normal distribution of the feed.
week, at the same time, preferably on the day when feed 100% of the penned animals. If it is thought that there Feed is one of the vectors for the introduction of salmonellae
is not distributed so that they are fasting, or before feed are too many it is better to open the pen and close it in the rearing of breeders. The recommended method for Dividing orders is recommended so that you always have
ration distribution when using the 7/7 system. Making this again on a smaller number (minimum 1% for females) decontaminating the feed is short-term heat treatment. fresh feed (by preventing damp from forming blocks in the
day as close as possible to that of their arrival in rearing is rather than stopping during weighing, at the risk of Today feed manufacturers offer a range of products storage containers or the feed overheating).
recommended (ideally a day without feed is this day). having taken the largest as a priority. generally including feeds that are thermally decontaminated
and offering satisfactory safety. These days, feed manufacturers offer feed cycles including
Method of performing the weighing: three or four phases: starting, growth, pullet as a minimum.
- Group together 1% of the females (minimum of 60 subjects)
For each weighing the table must be filled in using, for the
and 10% of the males in a trapping pen always placed in the
first column, a series of weight values around the objective
same location.
to be achieved (one weight every 10 g for example for young
- Weigh the females individually, then the males noting the
weights and the number of individuals measured in order to
calculate the average weight of the batch, the coefficient
animals, every 20 or 30 g for older animals). Each animal is
weighed and its weight is recorded by a cross in a box on Feed quantity
the corresponding line. As weighing progresses the most
of variation and uniformity to plus or minus 10%. All the
penned animals must be weighed.
represented weights in the sample are seen. If the curve B.1 How should the feed ration be developed?
obtained is close, this means that the weights do not vary
much around the majority value, which is good (uniform If there was only one rule to remember in this chapter it would be this:
batch). It is important that these weights are close to
SASSO targets. Conversely a relatively wide curve shows
TECHNICAL TIP low uniformity and must show concerns on the conduct of
“FEED RATION IS FUNCTION OF GROWTH”
rearing (feed distribution, grading, etc.). Our objective is that
Astuce 80% of the animals are about target weight, to plus or minus
When weighing, if you observe a deterioration in
technique 10% (e.g. for a target weight of 800 g, 80% of animals should
uniformity the animals must be divided into pens have a weight between 720 g and 880 g). You will find a blank This means that our recommendations for the feed quantity This work may be carried out in collaboration with the SASSO
according to their weight. This is grading, detailed in table to print at the appendix to this guide for each weighing are very theoretical and are general indications for the first team, don’t hesitate to ask their advice.
the next section. performed. batches. In no circumstances should they be applied to the The feed quantity increases over time in the rearing period. It
letter, especially from 3 weeks of rearing. is important that his animals are weighed regularly in order
Weight uniformity monitoring table (example) The farmer should assess the growth of the batch regularly to control weight change (weekly weighing).
Weight Population and adapt the feed ration as a consequence. His rearing
(g) 5 10 15 20 25
The average weight obtained enables you to find your 600 system, the formulation of his feed and the geographical When a batch exceeds the weight objectives it is necessary to
position in relation to the theoretical weight curve provided 20 area where he is will quickly help in determining the correct bring it back to the theoretical curve by reducing the increase
40
by SASSO. It enables you to ration future breeders by 60 feed quantity enabling him to achieve the recommended in the feed ration or even by keeping the same quantity of
80
adjusting the quantities of feed distributed. 700 x x x x x weight objectives. feed for several weeks in a row. An animal in full growth
20 x x x x x x x x
40 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x After approximately the third batch, the farmer will have will gain weight even if the feed quantity remains constant.
Feed rationing is an essential step in rearing future SASSO 60 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x sufficient experience to determine what is suitable in terms Some cases require a reduction in the feed quantity but we
80 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
breeder hens. By rationing you obtain pullets with a correct 800 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x of feed for his case. He could then break free from SASSO recommend you ask your SASSO partner in order to estimate
20 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
body composition at the start of laying, with a good size and 40 x x x x x x x x x recommendations for feed quantity and use his own feed the quantity to decrease correctly.
no excessive fat. 60 x x x x x x programme to reach the weight objectives.
80 x x x x
900 x x x
20 x x x x
WEIGHT
FEMALES: MALES CASE 1: ANIMALS TOO HEAVY
WEIGHT OBJECTIVE
We recommend sorting the females according to their Generally we recommend rearing the males separately from PROGRESSIVE RETURN Figure 123: When you notice that
weight from 4 or 5 weeks-old. the females, in a different building. If this is not possible, it is TO THE OBJECTIVE your weight is slipping away
from the recommendations, you
At least three categories must be distinguished: preferable to rear them in a separate pen. This is especially
should slow down or even stop
animals close to the weight objective, those too light and important for the heavy C and X strains, Only the light the weekly increase until the
those too heavy. T strains can be reared with the females, but it is necessary weight returns to the target.
to add feeders that are only accessible to the males from
Each category will receive a feed ration suitable for its 10 weeks. EXCESSIVE
GROWTH
condition so that light animals catch up, those at the right
weight remain within the reference objectives and the
animals that are too heavy have their growth slowed.
In fact, the “small” animals and the “too heavy” animals will TECHNICAL TIP ADJUSTED
BLOCKED FEED
be subject to competition suitable for their size during the FEED
meal, which will enable them to return to the curve if the Some
Astuce
livestock farmers choose to raise the males from
technique
feed ration is correctly adapted. light lineages (T) in the same enclosure as the females. NORMAL FEED
In this case hoppers specifically dedicated to roosters
Beyond the 15th week, catching up is difficult. should be added from the age of 11 weeks to meet their TIME
In fact, all the tissues (bone, muscle and fat) do not form at higher dietary requirements. IDENTIFICATION OF EXCESS
the same time or the same speed. In the first 10 weeks, it is WEIGHT
mainly the skeleton that develops. → REACTION
Animals that are too light must catch up. Before the age of 10 weeks the increase in the feed ration may be fast because the ration will
Between 10 and 20 weeks fat synthesis is important and hens For males reared separately, between 4 and 8 weeks, the mostly be converted into muscle mass. However, after this age a feed ration that is increased too quickly will result in an excessive
receiving too much energy through the feed (hens that are uniformity of the flock can be improved as follows: synthesis of fat. So from the age of 10 weeks it is necessary to increase progressively.
too heavy) risk developing hemorrhagic livers.
So in this period, if too much feed is given to a hen that is - Make two pens WEIGHT CASE 2: ANIMALS TOO LIGHT WEIGHT OBJECTIVE
“delayed” on the curve she will not convert her feed ration - Sort the males into two categories (one per pen):
into muscle but rather fat and could damage her liver. large and small. Figure 124: When it is noticed
This is why it is necessary to anticipate deviations from the - Remove those with rickets or those having significant that the weight is insufficient,
curve and adapt the feed ration as early as possible in the growth retardation the ration should be increased
PROGRESSIVE
animal's life. - Feed these two pens differently. The objectives are as RETURN TO THE more rapidly until the weight
follows: OBJECTIVE returns to the target.
- Progressively reduce the growth of the heaviest
ADJUSTED
individuals. FEED
- Progressively increase the weight of the lightest
individuals.
TECHNICAL TIP - Repeat the operation every week. INSUFFICIENT GROWTH
Astuce INCREASE GREATER THAN
Roosters
technique have a tendency to ingest clean litter, which RECOMMENDATIONS
forms fibrous blockages in their digestive tract! They
then consume a lot of water to try to move it down
but this generally does not work. Distributing grit (50 NORMAL FEED TIME
kg for about 500 roosters) makes it possible to resolve
this problem.
IDENTIFICATION OF A WEIGHT DEFECT
→ REACTION
Week Day Feed quantity/ Feed quantity Week Day Feed quantity/ Feed quantity
day (g) /week (g) day (g) /week (g)
4 Monday 33 231 4 Monday 33 231
4 Tuesday 33 4 Tuesday 33
4 Wednesday 33 4 Wednesday 33
4 Thursday 33 4 Thursday 33
4 Friday 33 4 Friday 33
Figure 128: The animal stands on its toes Figure 129: The neck is twisted to reach the Figure 130: With the neck normally straight
6-R
ecording
and stretches its neck too far, the nipples
is too high.
teat, the nipples is too low. and the legs flat on the ground, the height
of the nipples is optimal.
during rearing
Manuel élevage SA31A
Breeding manual | Manual crìa
Semaine Âge Poids Aliment Durée de lumière Aliment / Eau Conseils techniques
essential data for monitoring the batch on the rearing form: Edad
(en días)
Peso
teórico
Alimento
Cant. teór. g
The quantity of water distributed is defined depending on: During the first two weeks the drinkers are cleaned daily. 6
7
36 à 42
43 à 49
558
653
46
49
- the hardness of the crop when the water is cut off: a crop that Then the frequency is reduced to reach a minimum of It is important to use the forms for filling in supplied by 8
9
50 à 56
57 à 63
749
844
51
53
is too hard may indicate that watering is insufficient and cleaning once a week. SASSO during rearing and production. The explanatory
La durée de lumière à ce moment
doit être égale à la durée de
lumière naturelle au transfert
Objectif « haut de courbe »
min 10h max 14h
a crop that is too soft means that watering can be reduced technical data sheets are all available on our website: The duration of light at this time
should be equal to the duration of
pour développer la carcasse
Objective “top of curve”
10 64 à 70 940 55 to grow body
a little. Throughout rearing, the farmer must control the water https://www.sasso-poultry.com daylight at transfer min. 10hr
max. 14hr
La duración de luz en este
Objetivo “alto de curva” para
desarrollar la carcasa/
weather. In winter it is about 1.5-1.6 and rises to 1.8-2 in be controlled in order to prevent any waste (max. 1 cm). 11
12
71 à 77
78 à 84
1030
1105
57
59
- the condition of the litter: litter that has deteriorated too In addition to the quantity of water distributed, its quality 15
16
99 à 105
106 à 112
1340
1410
65
67
Augmenter quantité d’eau pour
much is the consequence of droppings that are too liquid must be monitored by the farmer. « phase hiver »
Diminuer la durée de lumière
développement grappe ovarienne
Increase water to grow the egg
Visite obligatoire du techniciene
Compulsory technician visit
17 113 à 119 1485 68 de 2h
and this is sometimes explained by excessive watering. If To do this he can; “winter phase”
Reduce light duration
cluster
Aumentar la cantidad de agua para
el desarrollo de la grapa ovariana
Inspección obligatoria del
técnico
by 2 hours
the crops are hard, watering should nevertheless not be - check its potability. It may be necessary to use chlorine to 18
19
120 à 126
127 à 133
1540
1595
69
70
”fase invierno”
Bajar duración de luz Au transfert, distribuer l’aliment en 7/7
Période de transfert
reduced even with deteriorated litter (it is better to change improve the potability 20 134 à 140 1650 71
de 2 horas
At transfer period switch to 7/7 feed
Al transferencia dar alimento
Transfer period
Período de transferencia
the ventilation parameters). - prior to vaccinations via the drinking water, check there
en 7/7 días
Au 1er œuf on arrête
l’alimentation 5/7
is no chlorine or any other disinfectant substance in the 21 141 à 147 1730 75 At the 1st egg, stop 5/7 feed
Al 1er huevo, parar el
alimentación en 5/7
The water supply is closed at night to limit the development drinking water. If necessary, use a neutraliser. Figure
148 à131: This type of data sheet, available on the website,
Commencer stimulation Début de ponte
22 154 1790 94 Begin stimulation Start laying
of undesirable micro-organisms in the drinkers outside the allows you to have the SASSO standards for weight objectives,
Comenzar estímulo Inicio de puesta
consumption phases. ration evolution, light program.. SA31A - Normes techniques Technical data Datos tecnicos 3
The success of production depends mainly on starting and the rearing phase.
It is now too late to correct the animals’ weight. If all the recommendations have been followed
there is no reason why production should not be well done. A hen in good health, at the right
weight and the right stage of sexual maturity will be a good layer. A male in good health and with
adequate testicular development will be a good breeder.
In this section we will see how to move from rearing to production and how to reach a laying
peak as high and sustainable as possible. We will also deal the the subject of male fertility
and its optimisation.
5 - PRODUCTION
Management Guide 2022 - SASSO
Furthermore we encourage the roosters to find the feeders
as follows:
PRODUCTION
are rationed, it is necessary to add hoppers as in the previous environment is explored during the first day.
point.
Transfer causes disruption to the hen’s habits and several As the roosters are in the presence of the hens and cannot
hours may elapse before she can have access to water. It endure the 5/7 regime, it is important to move the females The roosters must be maintained at the correct weight, i.e. ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED
is important to promote rehydration of the hens by only onto 7/7. in the interval described in the SASSO recommendations.
offering feed 2 to 3 hours after the transfer to leave them the In order to facilitate adaptation to a new environment the The weight should be sufficient to allow good carcass Erreur
As SASSO hens are bantams (apart from SA31L) many
time to drink. quantity of the 5/7 ration can be kept each day for one or two development and good sexual maturity when the time comes. farmers are worried about the idea that mating will not
days before distributing the 7/7 ration. take place properly and they prefer to ration the males
By increasing the duration of lighting on the first day
to limit their weight gain as much as possible. Mating or
(24 hours) we ensure that the hen discovers her new Example: hens on 5/7 are transferred at 20 weeks. Up until
To provide the males with a sufficient quantity of feed in the treading is brief and take place correctly if the animals
environment correctly, drinks and feeds correctly. In fact, then they received a feed ration of 98 g on the days with feed.
presence of the females, additional feeders are place at a are on a stable support.
hens are very sensitive to various changes. High stress After transfer 98 g of feed every day is kept for one or two
encourages panic reactions and therefore suffocation days and then they have 70 g of feed distributed each day. height for the roosters.
situations.
If the hens are overweight it is preferable to keep the 7/7
quantity after transfer.
TECHNICAL TIP
Feed consumption will be stimulated by allowing the feeders
Astuce
to empty between meals (in order to prevent the finest part To technique
prevent males developing the habit of eating in the
of the ration being routinely left), by limiting the number feeders for the females, thus depriving them of their
of distributions and using a suitable, so-called “pre-laying” feed ration whilst exceeding the weight objective (which
formula. deteriorates their fertility), railings which only allow
the heads of females to pass through must be used.
2 - Light programme
applied to breeders
When laying has not started (less than 0.5% laying) the light This duration should be stabilised at 16 h of lighting per day
duration remains equal to the duration of natural light at throughout the entire production of a batch. Here also it
20 weeks. is necessary to make the duration of artificial day and the
duration of natural day coincide as far as possible.
From transfer at 19-20 weeks the light intensity is increased to
the maximum. Keeping a low light intensity increases the risk
of floor laying.
The feed ration must never increase to the point where the TECHNICAL TIP
A - Laying peak empty feeder duration is less than 3 h.
Astuce
This limit is generally reached when approaching peak To technique
know when to give each part of the feed ration the
A.1 Quantity of feed production. Each day the feed ration is increased by one gram exterior temperature can be taken into consideration
and we ensure that the empty feeder duration is sufficient. (especially in an open building). A feed ration consumed
Throughout the rearing period the feed ration is given - The feed ration increases by about 5 g/day from 0.5% to 1% in the morning when it is cool stimulates consumption
depending on growth. It is therefore the body weight which daily laying and with the objective of 120 to 125 g of feed per and allows digestion when it is hottest. The other part
When the limit is reached, increasing the feed ration is stopped
is the main indicator for the calculation of the quantity of day between 30% and 40% laying (for our SA51, SA51A, SA51N of the meal could be taken at the end of the day.
(this should be close to 130 g of feed depending on the strain,
feed to be given. and SA31A strains).
the feed formulation, the climate and the rearing system).
Once laying has started the daily ration is given depending on
the laying rate. The body weight is no longer such a relevant - The feed ration increases by about 1 g/day as soon as 85%
indicator and, furthermore, it is too late to change it. laying is reached, until 130 to 135 g/d is reached at the peak.
The quantity of feed must increase each day. On the one
hand the hens must be encouraged to lay by sending a signal Whatever the scenario, distributing the feed should be
of abundant resources and, on the other hand, enable them TECHNICAL TIP avoided:
to cover their needs linked to egg production.
The following objectives should be adhered to: Astuce - when the hens are mainly in the nests.
To technique
facilitate mating and scratching as well as
preventing annoyance and suffocation, each day - if the feed chains are not empty,
the farmer distributes heat-treated whole wheat or
cracked corn once or more often during the afternoon. - during very hot weather.
Grit must always be provided to facilitate the digestion
ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED A.2 Reminder : Protection of the liver of these cereals. When the climate exposes the animals Peak laying generally ends 4 to 5 weeks after the start of
to high temperatures it is however not recommended laying. Then, week after week, a progressive decrease in the
Erreur
Oftenly SASSO recommendations for the rapid change When the feed consumption increases the liver is under
to encourage activity by these distributions. laying rate is observed. The objective is that this reduction
in the feed quantity are not followed. In many cases in greater stress. It is important to ensure that it is in good
health to prevent any problems. should be as slow as possible.
fact it is seen that the increase in the feed ration is too
slow. The consequence of this is obtaining a laying peak We recommend applying the following protocol:
that is maybe correct but cannot be maintained.
As the hens produce one egg per day in this period, if the - reach 20 weeks with the target weight recommended by
feed ration is insufficient they will draw on their own SASSO
reserves and cannot maintain the laying frequency. In - as soon as the first eggs appear, add a hepato protect for
three weeks
fact, at this stage almost all the feed ration energy is
used for laying. - repeat the use of a hepato protect every 6 weeks. B - After the laying peak
As laying is increasing and until the peak, the increase in the It is very important that the development of the egg weight
feed ration makes it possible to support laying activity. This is regular, i.e. in parallel with the egg weight evolution curve
decreases progressively during the entire life of the animal provided by SASSO.
in a natural way. The feed ration should be adapted to limit
fattening of the breeding hens, which would accentuate the So an egg weight slightly below the objectives must not be
reduction in laying. brought up to standard but should develop at a regular rate.
A.3 Meal duration TECHNICAL TIP
Even if the peak has not been particularly high, it is important In practice, an evolution of +1 g of egg weight leads the feed
With the increase in the feed ration, the hen will take longer to slow the decrease in laying as much as possible to collect ration to be decreased by -1 g.
Astuce
and longer to finish her meal. It istechnique
importantto give 50% of additional feed ration the maximum number of hatching eggs over the whole
When the average duration of the meal exceeds 3 h, the feed the day before the first day when the feed ration is production period. For example, let us take the case of 39-week SA51A hens with
ration should be split into two (morning and evening). split into two. In fact, the hens will be less surprised a daily feed ration of 124 g of feed and an egg weight of 60.1 g.
to only receive half a feed ration at the first meal if THE PARAMETER TO BE MONITORED HERE TO At 42 weeks the egg weight is 61.1 g so the feed ration must
they have eaten more the previous day. In this way CONTROL THE FEED RATION IS THE EGG WEIGHT. be adapted and moves to 123 g per day.
stress and floor laying due to waiting at the feeder
are avoided. The weight of the egg increases naturally with the animal's
age as well as with the feed ration.
Here we offer you a feed formula Nutrient levels in laying period for the SA51A breeder
suitable for SASSO breeders.
Breeder hens 1 Breeder hens 2 Male TECHNICAL TIP
22/23 - 38 weeks > 38 weeks
Age Average egg weight < 61 g Average egg weight> 61 g Astuce
Hens and roosters have a strong gregarious instinct and
technique
Recommended presentation Mash Mash Mash it is not unusual to see them in groups around a single
This theoretical formulation is not feeder or drinker (nipples here). However, it is always
always available. A SASSO batch Metabolisable energy (ME) kcal/kg 2700/2750 2700/2750 2650 necessary to make sure there are enough drinkers for
may be reared correctly with many Proteins % 16.5 16 12-13 all the flock and that these operate correctly.
formulations by adapting the quantities Lipids % > 3.5 2.8 3.50
to growth and taking care not to create Fibres % <6 < 6.5 >8
deficiencies. Digestible amino-acids
Lysine % 0.68 0.65 0.66
Methionine % 0.34 0.3 0.32
Methionine + Cysteine % 0.6 0.54 0.60
Threonine % 0.52 0.49 0.55
Tryptophan % 0.16 0.15 0.14
Linoleic acid % > 1.8 1.3 0.80
Calcium % 3.2-3.4 3.4-3.6 0.80
Available phosphorus % 0.38-0.4 0.35 0.40
Sodium % 0.15-0.16 0.15-0.16 0.16-0.18
Figure 136: Incorrectly adjusted drinking troughs (in this case, Figure 137: Chickens are gregarious animals, which can lead to
Chloride % 0.18-0.25 0.18-0.25 0.18-0.22 nipples) interfere with the animals' water consumption and lead high densities in various places, such as here at the watering
to wastage and a deterioration in the quality of the bedding. hole. However, enough space should be provided for watering
Figure 135: Nutrient levels during the spawning period for the SA51A breeder.
troughs to optimise breeding and production.
A - Control of the weight of the animals and sorting of roosters - nests with automatic collection.
As in the rearing phase, the farmer weighs 10% of the males The weekly control of the females’ weight is essential up to
and 1% of the females weekly. 35 weeks. Beyond that a monthly control is sufficient.
A - So-called manual nests 2
The weekly control of the roosters’ weight is compulsory if During an animal weight control, it is essential to reproduce
you want to manage their sexual activity (males that are too the weighing in similar conditions each week: same day, same Wooden nests must be soaked in chlorine during the cleaning
fat will be less fertile). time. and disinfection of the building phase.
Sorting of roosters must be performed during the whole The perch on the level at the bottom of a manual nest must
reproduction phase (as during the rearing period): make it possible to access the top level, which itself should
- remove the lightest males be easily accessible.
- pen them. 1
- feed them with a rationing plan higher than that of males Example: 3 bars for the perch on the bottom level to enable
located in the middle of the hens. taking flight comfortably and a minimum of 2 bars on the
- never feed the males ad libitum. upper level to allow good reception (see figure opposite).
B - Control of the weight of the eggs and laying rate open all the nests before laying.
ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED To produce eggs with good hygiene quality and good TECHNICAL TIP
REMINDER: When the peak is passed and the laying rate commercial chicks, it is essential to control the cleanliness of
Erreur
Do not weigh only the potential hatching eggs. All the starts to decrease, it is the egg weight which determines the the nests and the floor. To do this it is necessary: Astuce
To technique
prevent the hens perching on the nests, several
eggs (apart from the double-yolkers, the very small change to the feed ration and no longer the weight of the hen. - to remove the droppings from the nests every morning systems can be put in place like rollers, thin cables or
eggs and completely broken eggs) must be weighed, The evolution of these two weights must be progressive. The before laying starts
SASSO egg weight curves are precise and any increase in egg mobile pallets 2 .
which in particular includes the dirty and cracked - to put shavings or straw in the nests once a week
eggs. In fact, it has been observed that the potential weight should be accompanied by a suitable reduction in the - to empty the nests and refill with litter if broken eggs
hatching eggs are on average 1 gram heavier compared feed ration. For one extra gram of egg weight recorded, the are found or if the nests are soiled. Never leave a nest
with the total average daily feed ration should be reduced by one gram. without litter.
ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED Figure 139: The females are hidden under the nests, the males The dimensions of an automatic nest compartment are
cannot come and disturb them. The females take advantage of 45 cm deep with a length of 1.15 m. For these dimensions
Erreur
When the buildings are open (as is often the case in this shady and quiet refuge to lay eggs on the ground and the visiting frequency is 53 hens for the dwarf strains
tropical areas) care must be taken so that the nests incubate them. The nests should be raised further or lowered so (SA51A, SA31A, etc.) and 43 hens for the non-dwarf strains
are not placed along the building near the openings. that even the females cannot get through. such as SA31L.
Sunlight could heat the nests (particularly metal nests)
6.25 M
and dissuade the hens from using them.
The ventilation air circuits must never be directed onto
the nests because the hens hate draughts, particularly
when laying.
Figure 140: Organisation of a building with automatic nests and rooster feeders 1 , bell drinkers 2 and hen feeders 3 .
The optimal width of a laying building is 12.5 m in order to by a grille as mentioned earlier). A second row of female
allow good transverse ventilation. feeders is laid out and then slats with a maximum height of
40 to 45 cm.
The rooster feeders are located against the walls, raised and A row of additional female feeders and a line of drinkers may
Figure 28: The animals stand along the row of nipples, which Figure 29: The spaces between the siphon troughs are clear, covered with a protective gutter. Then a row of drinkers and be set out on the slats. The drinkers will be preferably bell
makes it difficult to access the nests. allowing easy access to the nests. feeders for females is arranged (protected from the roosters drinkers so as to leave easy access to the nests.
in production
hens must be checked when the batch reaches peak laying.
- in the evening for manual nest boxes. The farmer counts
the presence of broody hens in the laying nests.
Amongst all the phenomena that may deteriorate laying Conversely some behaviours should be encouraged to - when feed is distributed for automatic nest boxes. The
quality is floor laying and the phenomenon of brooding promote the welfare of your animals. farmer checks whether there are hens in the nests or
layers. grouped on the floor or on the slats.
A - Floor laying
There are many reasons for this phenomenon:
During the eversion of the oviduct, which occurs during - insufficient collection of eggs on the floor (the hen finds her
laying, the hen needs to isolate to avoid any risk of aggression egg on the floor, she continues to lay on the floor and thus - floor laying (main cause)
and to feel safe. The nest, whether individual or collective, causes her contemporaries to do so) - hens that are too heavy
should protect her during this delicate phase. - presence of eggs in the nests in the evening in manual
- feeding and watering durations too short creating a waiting collection nest boxes
However, numerous phenomena can cause floor laying: behaviour in the female which therefore does not lay. - nests closed too early in automatic collection nest boxes
- stress of any kind (disease, heat, etc.)
-
starting laying in the rearing building before transfer - draughts: for example in winter a draught on the slats will - at start of laying, insufficient feed ration between 30% and
to the reproduction building (this may happen when dissuade the hens from accessing the nests. Generally the 40% of laying: the hens are hungry and wait, which may
the light programme is not adhered to or the intensity birds will always seek to remain as close as possible to the cause broody behaviour.
recommendations for rearing have not been applied floor to protect themselves from cold.
(insufficient light intensity)
When floor laying is observed, it is possible to place fencing The behaviour of these hens can be improved. Ask advice Figure 141: This hen is a brooder: she does not move away when
- period between transfer and start of laying too short, less around the floor laying areas in order to prohibit access, from your SASSO technician. the breeder passes by, she ruffles her feathers to look imposing
than 2 weeks. In particular, the transfer should not be made but it is necessary to ensure that this does not hinder the and keeps her eggs which she incubates all the time.
after 20 weeks. movement of males and females in the building.
Ruby TN
Thunder X
Rainbow X
Gris Cendré
T44NI
T55NPB
Ruby N
Rusty
Ruby T Ruby XL
Mamba N
SA51A SA31A
2.200kg
Rainbow T
Ruby C
Mamba
SA51N SA31L Gold
Population ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Weight (g)
5 10 15 20 25 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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