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SAMPLE TASK 1

Question 1

Actual answer IDP 9998

The bar chart compares how much money five organizations gave to developing
nations annually between 2008 and 2011.
Overall, there were distinct trends in the financial support provided by the examined
organizations. While Organization 2 markedly increased its assistance to
economically disadvantaged countries, Organization 5 kept cutting back on its
subsidies. The funding allocated by the other organizations fluctuated by varying
degrees. It is also clear that Organization 2 exceeded Organization 3 to claim the first
spot for the latter half of the period.
Organizations 2 and 3 were the ones that subsidized developing countries the most
throughout the period. In the first two years, the latter topped the chart, giving $1.5
billion in 2008 and around $1.8 billion in 2009 to less developed nations. These
figures were around $200 million higher than the corresponding numbers for
Organization 2. However, in the latter half of the timeframe, financial aid coming
from Organization 2 far surpassed that from Organization 3, as the former surged to
around $2.4 billion in 2010 and further to $2.6 billion at the end. Organization 3, in
contrast, had reduced its support to $1.4 billion by 2010, and this was followed by a
slight recovery that brought its number back to its initial level.
It is noticeable that the funding pattern of Organization 5 stood in stark contrast to
that of Organization 2. Initially, Organization 5 allocated roughly $1.2 billion to
supporting developing nations. Yet, this figure had dwindled steeply to only $0.4
billion by 2011, representing a threefold overall decline, which is the most
pronounced change rate in the chart. Regarding Organization 1, at first, it provided the
lowest financial assistance at approximately $0.6 billion. However, shortly
thereafter, it overtook Organizations 4 and 5 to claim the third place, with its aid
package soaring to nearly $1 billion in 2009, followed by a slight decline to $0.7
billion at the end.
Finally, except for the year 2008, Organization 4 consistently displayed the lowest
figures. Commencing at $700 million, the amount of money that this organization
gave to developing countries had halved by 2009 and further declined to $250 million
by the end of the period, despite a recovery in 2010.
Word count: 363 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 2

The pie charts compare the production of different kinds of energy in France in the
years 1995 and 2005.
Overall, there were slight increases in the production of energy coming from coal and
natural gas, whereas that from petrol dwindled significantly. This was a tradeoff for
the growing popularity of nuclear and alternative energy sources. Despite this, France
was heavily reliant on fossil fuels in both years surveyed.
Regarding fossil fuels, in 1995, the contributions of coal, gas, and petrol to energy
production were almost even, with each accounting for roughly 30% of the total. By
2005, there had been increases, albeit rather negligible, in the exploitation of the
former two energy sources, whereas petrol's contribution had shrunk by a third,
settling at 19.55%. Despite these changes, the pecking order remained the same: coal
led the way, trailed closely by gas, with petrol taking the third spot.
The decline in dependence on petrol was counterbalanced by significant upticks in
energy derived from nuclear and other, unspecified sources. Specifically, the shares
of nuclear and other energies almost doubled, rising from 6.4% and 4.9% in 1995 to
10.1% and 9.1% in 2005, respectively. Despite showing the most significant growth
rates, they remained minor sources in the country surveyed.
Word count: 206 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 3

The table below shows population figures for four countries for 2003 and projected
figures for 2025 and 2050.

Band 8.5 - Graded by Tony Grace

The table provides demographic information about Argentina, Indonesia, Italy, and
the Republic of Korea in 2003, as well as predicting how their populations will have
changed by 2025 and 2050.

Overall, if predictions are correct, all countries will see their populations increase,
with the exception of Italy, whose numbers will decrease slightly, and Indonesia will
remain by far the most populous country throughout.
Looking first at Indonesia and Argentina, the former had the highest population of
nearly 240 million in 2003, whereas that of the latter country was the lowest, at only
34 million. By 2050, according to projections, the Indonesian population will have
reached 312 million; meanwhile, Argentine resident numbers will experience the
greatest growth, doubling to 62 million.

Turning to the other nations, there were 48 million people residing in the Republic of
Korea in 2003, and this country’s population is anticipated to increase to 52 million
by 2025 and level off there until 2050. In contrast, the Italian population is predicted
to observe a slight decline, from 54 million in 2003 to 47 million 22 years later, and
this downward trend will likely continue until 2050, at which point this country will
reportedly have a population of 45 million.

Word count: 202 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 4

The table illustrates how many barrels of oil were produced on a daily basis in
Nigeria, Chad, Congo, and Somalia between 2000 and 2004.

Overall, all examined countries witnessed increases in their production, with the
exception of Congo, whose numbers dwindled significantly over the period shown.
Notwithstanding this, Congo was generally the largest oil producer throughout the
period, leaving aside the year 2004, which saw Nigeria surpassing Congo to claim
the first spot.

Congo and Nigeria consistently produced significantly higher quantities of oil

compared to the other countries. The former commenced with the highest figure in
the whole chart, at 275,000 barrels per day (bpd), while the latter trailed behind,
producing 205,000 bpd. Thereafter, however, Congo’s output embarked on a
downward trend, bottoming out at 203,000 bpd. In contrast, the amount of oil
produced in Nigeria, after slight falls between 2001 and 2002, had increased to
213,000 bdp by 2004.

Turning to the remaining nations, they were consistently the smallest producers,
despite registering the most pronounced growth rates. Specifically, the Somalian
oil production expanded tenfold from 5,000 to 50,000 over the period. The increase
observed in Chad was even more significant. Although this country was the only one
to start producing oil in 2003, with a modest 8,000 bpd, its production had rocketed to
match Somalia's at 50,000 bpd by the end of the period.
Word count: 225 – Written by Thanh Nguyen
Question 5

The line chart shows average attendance at the cinema among various age groups in
the US from 2000 to 2011.

Band 8.5 - Graded by Tony Grace

The line graph illustrates cinema attendance rates of people in four age brackets in
the US between 2000 and 2011. Overall, all examined age groups showed significant
rises in attendance rates, with 15- to 24-year-olds registering the most pronounced
increase, and this group also had the highest rates throughout.

Looking first at the younger groups, namely the 15-24 and 7-14 ones, the former
commenced with the highest cinema attendance rate of nearly 18%, which was nearly
double the figure for children aged 7 to 14, at 10%. Thereafter, despite slight falls,
attendance of the 15-24 age bracket increased significantly, peaking at nearly 60% in
2010, before ending up at slightly over 50%. Following a roughly similar upward
trend, the proportion of cinemagoers aged between 7 and 14 had tripled to 30% by
2011, after reaching 2009’s peak of roughly 40%.

Turning to the other older groups, 25-to 35-year-olds, whose initial figure stood at 5%,
saw their rate increase steadily until 2007, from which point it fluctuated mildly and
eventually ended up at the same level as the 7-14 age cohort’s. Finally, going to
movie theaters was by far the least popular among those aged over 35, although by
2011, attendance of this demographic had risen rapidly to about 15%, up from only
2% in the first year surveyed.

Word count: 218 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 6

The table presents the prevalence of bicycle usage among the population of a
particular town in 2011, grouped by five age brackets.

Overall, females were more inclined to use bicycles than males across all age
segments. This difference was most pronounced in the 10-17 age group.
Furthermore, bicycle usage generally declined with age, though an uptick was
observed in the oldest age category.

Looking first at the younger cohorts, children below the age of 9 showed the highest
bicycle usage, with just over half of them riding bicycles. Among those between 10
and 17 years old, the cycling rate for females was 42.2%, which was about double the
figure for their male counterparts, at 24.6%.

Turning to the older groups, 17.1% and 12.3% of women aged 18 to 39 and 40 to 59
were reportedly bike users, outranking men, at only 9.7% and 8%, in that order.
Interestingly, for those aged 60 and above, bicycle usage saw a minor resurgence:
18.5% of women and 13.2% of men in this age category reported cycling.
Word count: 180 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 7

The charts below show the number of people in Europe who were affected by four
different types of noise by day and by night in cities and rural areas in 2007.

Band 8.5 - Graded by Tony Grace

The bar charts illustrate how many European people in cities and the countryside were
impacted by different kinds of noise in the daytime and nighttime in 2007.
Overall, noise levels were higher during the day, and city dwellers were more
affected compared to their rural counterparts. It is also reported that traffic was the
largest source of noise pollution in both examined types of location.

Looking first at the two major noise sources, namely traffic and trains, the former
affected 64 million city residents during the day and 48 million at night. The numbers
being impacted by this noise in rural areas were half as high, at 34 million in the
daytime and 24 million at night. The disparity between urban and rural
demographics was far smaller in terms of train noise pollution. Specifically, 10 and 8
million people living in cities were reportedly disturbed by noise from trains in the
daytime and at night, respectively, and this was the case for 8 and 6 million rural
inhabitants.

Turning to aircraft and industry, noise from flights was a problem for 4 million
individuals in cities and 2 million in the countryside in the day. These numbers fell
significantly by night, both to 1 million. Finally, industrial noise impacted more than 1
million city dwellers in a day, while not affecting anyone in rural locations.

Word count: 224 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 8
Band 9 - Graded by Tony Grace

The table outlines the average annual income in various sectors for the year 2004,
alongside the percentage change from the previous year, while the pie chart reveals
the distribution of graduates across these sectors.

Overall, the public service sector was the most popular sector for graduates and also
the best paid, and the agricultural one paid the least, although it was the second most
popular sector. Meanwhile, people in wholesale and retail trades saw the highest
year-on-year pay rise.

Public services topped the income scale in 2004, providing an average annual
income of $92,000, which was a 3.7% increase from the previous year. This sector
also absorbed the most graduates, constituting 30% of the total. Conversely, the
sector with the lowest income was agriculture, offering an average income of $40,000,
a modest 2.31% increase from 2003. This sector, however, employed a significant
25% of graduates.

The financial sector saw a minimal income increase of 2.9% from 2003, with the
average salary being $83,000 in 2004. Despite the high income, this sector accounted
for only 5% of the total graduate employment, the lowest among all sectors.
Meanwhile, manufacturing managed to employ 20% of the graduates, despite having a
much lower average income of $52,000 (a 4% increase from 2003).

In the transportation sector, the average worker earned $81,000 in 2004, representing
a 4.5% increase in income compared to 2003. Notwithstanding such a high pay rate,
this sector could only attract 10% of the graduates. A similar graduate employment
rate was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, which offered an average
income of $77,000, showing by far the highest percentage increase from the previous
year at 8.4%.

Word count: 290 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 9
The table illustrates demographic changes across different age cohorts in New
Zealand between 2011 and 2012.

Overall, while the total population increased, its composition shifted, with a minor
decrease in the younger age brackets and an expansion in the senior citizen
demographic.

The overall population witnessed a slight uptick of 0.6%, increasing from 4,381,269
in 2011 to 4,410,284 in 2012. This general increase, however, did not manifest
uniformly across all age groups.

The most significant change was observed in the senior demographic of 65 and
older. This age group experienced noticeable growth of 4%, with its size rising from
573,946 to 596,903. Meanwhile, the cohort of 40 to 64-year-olds mirrored the
overall population trend, experiencing a modest increase of 0.6% from 1,331,907 to
1,339,898.

In contrast, the younger segments of the population, characterized by those under 15

and within the 15-39 bracket, registered a mild decline of 0.2% each, with the
numbers declining from 898,160 to 896,364 and from 1,577,256 to 1,574,102,
respectively.

Word count: 182 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 10
Band 8.5 - Graded by Tony Grace

The table illustrates the proportion of first-year students on three different courses
who bestowed a 'very good' rating on the various resources provided by their college
in three different courses.

Overall, while commerce students were mostly pleased with all resources, economics
and law students exhibited more varied approval rates. In particular, teaching and
tutor services were generally well-received across all courses, while other resources
garnered more diverse opinions.

Commerce students generally expressed the highest satisfaction across all resources,
with the proportions rating them 'very good' uniformly above 80%. These students
found teaching and pre-course information most impressive, with 95% positive
feedback for both. Tutor services were also highly appreciated by 93% of the students,
whereas print and other resources garnered slightly lower, yet still substantial,
approval rates at 86% and 81% respectively.

In contrast, the satisfaction rates among law students were noticeably lower. Their
highest appreciation was shown for 'other resources', at 80%, while the teaching
aspect of the course saw the lowest approval, at 62%. Other aspects, namely pre-
course information, tutor services, and print resources were rated 'very good' by
between 70% and 76% of the students.

Economics students, while expressing high satisfaction with teaching and tutor
services at 95% and 90% respectively, demonstrated less enthusiasm for other
areas. Pre-course information and other resources were approved by about 60%, while
print resources secured an 81% satisfaction rate.

Word count: 228- Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 11

The table below shows the percentage of adults in urban and rural areas who took part
in four free time activities in 1990 and 2010.

1990 2010

Urban Rural Urban Rural

Reading 61 71 78 78

Animated play 10 18 10 14

Playing 21 26 14 26

Photography 7 14 17 24

The table compares the participation rates of adults in both urban and rural regions in
four recreational activities in 1990 and 2010.

Overall, a predominant pattern across all activities and both time periods is the
consistently higher participation in rural areas than urban ones, except for reading in
2010, where the percentages were identical. It is also reported that reading was by far
the most popular pastime in both years surveyed.

When examining the reading activity, it is evident that the urban and rural figures
converged in 2010, at 78%, from initial differences of 61% and 71%, respectively.
This convergence was a result of a significant increase in urban readership and a
modest growth in rural areas. Meanwhile, the pursuit of photography saw a substantial
increase, as adult participation rates in urban and rural areas increased markedly from
7% to 14% and from 14% to 24%, in that order.

Regarding the remaining activities, the figure for urban participation in animated play
remained at 10%, whereas its rural counterpart saw a decline from 18% to 14%.
Playing - the generally second most preferred activity, on the other hand, exhibited
contrasting trends. Urban participation in this pastime experienced a stark fall from
initially 21% to 14% in 2010, while rural rates stayed unchanged at 26% across both
years.

Word count: 215 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 12

The chart below shows the annual rice production in four countries in 1995, 2005, and
2015
The bar chart compares the annual rice production for four different countries -
referred to as A, B, C, and D- in 1995, 2005, and 2015.

Overall, the surveyed countries exhibited diverse trajectories of rice production

over the period, with Country A demonstrating a consistent upward trend, Country B
fluctuating, and Country C maintaining a relatively stable output with a slight dip
towards the end. Notably, Country D saw the most pronounced growth rate, albeit
from the lowest base.

Over the given timespan, Country A consistently led in rice production, and
demonstrated a gradual upward trend. Commencing at approximately 45 million tons
per year (MTPY) in 1995, production of this nation had slightly increased to 50
MTPY by 2015 (the highest figure in the chart). Country B, on the other hand,
displayed a somewhat erratic pattern. The production rose from initially 35 MTPY to
reach parity with Country A in 2005, producing around 47 MTPY. However, the
trend inverted in 2015, as production of Country B descended to about 42 MTPY.

As opposed to A and B, Countries C and D had far lower rice production. Country C's
output was relatively stable over the period shown, despite a minor increase from
about 5 to 7 MTPY between 1995 and 2005, before eventually reverting to the initial
level. Meanwhile, Country D’s production was stagnant at approximately 2 MTPY in
1995 and 2005, but experienced a surge to 5 MTPY by 2015, equalling Country C's
output for that year.

Word count: 234 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 13

The bar chart shows the percentage of adult male smokers in seven countries along
with the world average in 2000 and 2015.
The bar chart presents data on the portion of male smokers in seven different countries
in the years 2000 and 2015. This is presented alongside the world mean.

Overall, except for Egypt and Lebanon, whose figures increased, the other categories
witnessed declines. It is also reported that among the seven countries given, Armenia
had the highest proportions of male smokers in both years given.
There was a 10% decline in male smoking worldwide, dropping from 45% in 2000 to
35% in 2015. However, this trend was not universal. Egypt and Lebanon, for
example, bucked the trend with increases in male smoking of 10% and 15%,
respectively. By 2015, five out of the seven countries analyzed had male smoking
rates higher than the global average, a shift from 2000 when only Armenia,
Bangladesh, and Cuba exceeded the average. Yet, even with the spikes in smoking
rates in Egypt and Lebanon, they still lagged behind Armenia and Cuba, where over
half the male population smoked.

Most other countries show decreases in smoking, with Bangladesh leading the way
with the most significant drop, falling from 65% to 40%. In contrast, Cuba's decline
was the most modest, with a reduction of just around 2%. Both Australia and Mexico
experienced roughly a third reduction in their smoking rates, mirroring the global
trend. However, it is worth noting that the percentage of Australian male smokers
remained about 15% below the global average in both years surveyed.

Word count: 241 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 14

The table outlines key details of six global underground train systems, encompassing
aspects such as network size, ticket pricing, and the annual volume of passenger trips.

Overall, every subway system listed accommodates over a billion passengers

annually and operates more than ten lines. Yet, there is a pronounced variance in
ticket prices and significant differences in the lengths of the subway networks across
these cities.

Tokyo and Beijing lead the pack in terms of utilization, boasting twice as many
annual trips compared to most other systems. Economically speaking, they are
among the more affordable options; only the Mexico City Metro edges them out in
affordability, with a fare of 23 cents – a stark contrast to Paris, where a ride costs
almost ten times as much.

Despite its high ticket price, the Paris metro's infrastructure is relatively compact,
spanning just 127.4 miles. This is a mere fraction compared to New York's
expansive 659-mile system. However, Paris surprisingly operates 16 lines, outpacing
most other cities. Meanwhile, the London Underground, with the fewest lines, sees 1.2
billion trips yearly, the lowest ridership of the group. To add to its distinctions, it is
also the priciest; a single ride costs $7.30, nearly three times the fare of New York's
subway, which ranks as the second most costly.
Word count: 216 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 15

The graphic provides insights into visitors entering the UK from abroad. The line
graph charts the expenditure of these visitors in the UK over three decades, while the
pie charts detail the reasons people visited in both 1980 and 2010.

Overall, the amount of money that foreign visitors spent whilst in the country
increased significantly over the period surveyed. It is also reported that there was a
shift in the reasons for people coming, with the proportions going for business and
visiting friends or relatives increasing at the expense of declines in those visiting for
holiday and other purposes.
From the line graph, it is evident that despite variations throughout the period, there
was a general upward trend, with visitors in 2010 spending over 2 billion more than at
the outset. A significant spike occurred in 1996, with visitor spending reaching a high
of 12 billion pounds, the most substantial sum within the observed time frame.

Delving into the reasons behind the visits, vacations were the predominant
motivation for travel to the UK. However, this figure saw a decline of five percent,
dropping from 44.1% to 39.1% between the two years surveyed. The category labeled
'other' also experienced a decrease. In contrast, visits driven by business or to see
friends and family increased, with the former rising from 20.7% to 22.8%, while the
latter saw an almost 10% increase, to 28.2% in 2010.

Word count: 238 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 16
The diagram provides a detailed look at the process of recycling glass. Overall, this
cyclical process can be divided into six main stages. We can also see that there is no
limit to how many times glass can be recycled and reused.

Initially, consumers need to segregate used glass bottles from regular household
waste, placing them into dedicated recycling bins. These bins are then picked up by
waste collection trucks and transported to a recycling facility.

At this facility, the initial action involves washing and sterilizing the collected glass
using specialized equipment. After being cleaned and sterilized, the glass undergoes
another phase where it is crushed and subsequently melted. This molten glass is then
molded into new glass items using a shaping machine. Once manufactured, these new
glass bottles are ready to be filled and distributed to retail outlets for consumer
purchase. Following use, these bottles can enter the recycling loop once more.

Word count: 153 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 17

The diagram illustrates the process through which uranium is utilized to generate
nuclear power.

As is evident from the picture, the procedure encompasses six main stages, from
extraction to disposal, with an option to recycle certain portions of the material rather
than committing them to permanent underground storage.
Initially, uranium is extracted from the earth and then subjected to a series of
refinement and conversion processes. The culmination of this phase is the production
of fuel pellets known as U-235. These pellets serve as the primary fuel source in
nuclear power plants. Remarkably efficient, these pellets can sustain energy
production for up to four years before needing replacement. After this duration, there
is an opportunity to reprocess some of the spent pellets for further use.

Nevertheless, not all used pellets are suitable for recycling. Those that are not are
securely sealed in specialized containers and then buried underground for safe
disposal.

Word count: 151 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 18

The two diagrams depict the water cycle in both a forested environment and a
developed urban area.

Overall, each illustration consists of six stages, beginning with rainfall and concluding
with runoff. Both areas receive an equivalent amount of rainfall. However, urban
regions display notably less water evaporation and ground absorption compared to
rural landscapes.
On the surface, it is evident that in forested environments, a larger fraction of the
water evaporates from both the ground and trees compared to urban settings.
Conversely, in urban areas, a significant amount of water runs over the surface, often
collecting pollutants as it courses through the city. While the level of erosion is not
displayed in the forested area diagram, this phenomenon increases in cities.

Subterraneously, forests showcase a substantial volume of water seeping through

both topsoil and subsoil. In contrast, urban areas witness less water penetration into
the subsoil, resulting in a decreased baseflow. Consequently, the water table sits
noticeably higher beneath woodland regions than beneath metropolitan areas.

Word count: 165 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 19

The two maps depict the development of Lynwich College from 2006 to its present
state, highlighting significant facility expansions, though at the cost of some natural
spaces.

At first glance, it is evident that the college has undergone substantial

infrastructural development over the years, leading to a more densely constructed
campus. This development, however, has encroached upon the previously green
spaces that existed in 2006. Additionally, there have been notable improvements in
transportation options for students. The car park has been downsized, making room
for an expanded bicycle storage area.

The college's library has been relocated, paving the way for the construction of a
cafeteria and a sports center in its place. This new cafeteria now serves as a central
hub, bridging the academic section in the south-west with the sports facilities in the
south-east, and connecting to the improved transportation facilities in the north-east.

Back in 2006, the college seemed to primarily cater to students arriving by car.
However, the recent modifications reveal a shift in this perspective. Apart from the
added bicycle area, there is now a designated bus parking bay situated on the northern
edge of the campus, complemented by a new pathway leading into the college
grounds.

Overall, Lynwich College has seen extensive developmental changes over the years,
enriching its sports, dining, and transportation amenities. Interestingly, while these
areas have been enhanced, the academic facilities of the college appear to have been
left untouched.

Word count: 238 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 20

The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995
and present.
The diagrams showcase the transformation of a coastal village named Ryemouth since
1995.

Overall, the village has witnessed the rise of new residential houses and apartment
complexes, complemented by improved sports amenities. This expansion, however,
has come at the price of green spaces, the local fishing industry, and agricultural
plots, signaling Ryemouth's evolution into a modern, residential hub.

Focusing on the village's northern section, the northwest quadrant has seen the
addition of new houses, with four situated on the left and five on the right. While the
central residential square, housing four dwellings, remains intact, the western road
has been extended to accommodate two additional houses. To the right, the previous
agricultural land adjacent to the forest park has been repurposed into a golf course,
along with two tennis courts.

Shifting our attention south from the golf course, a new parking area emerges, placed
to the east of an already existing hotel. Directly across from these establishments and
by the beach, the café stands as it did in 1995, untouched by the wave of
development. Moving westward along the beach road, beyond the T-junction, the
original five shops have transitioned into restaurants. Directly across from these
dining venues, four modern apartment buildings have risen, occupying the land
where the fish market once stood. The adjacent fishing port has since been
dismantled, restoring the beach to its pristine form.

Word count: 228 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 21

The illustration provides a detailed look into the evolution of stone cutting tools used
by early humans.

In general, the most striking difference between the tools of the two periods is their
size, with the later version being notably larger. Additionally, the tool from 0.8
million years ago showcases a more sophisticated design than its predecessor from
1.4 million years ago.
Looking back to 1.4 million years ago, the cutting tools of that era measured
approximately 8 centimeters in length. Their design seemed rudimentary: the two
sides were distinctly shaped, with a rough texture evident on its surface.

Fast forward to 800,000 years later, the tools used during that period exhibit
significant improvements. Their size increased to around 10 centimeters in length,
and they adopted a more streamlined, tear-drop design, being broad at the base and
narrowing sharply towards the tip. This contrasted with the blunter design of the
earlier tools. However, despite these advances, a similarity persisted between the two:
the front side of both tools retains a rougher texture, while the back side is noticeably
smoother.

Word count: 182 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

Question 22

The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.

The diagram provides a comprehensive look at the components of a hot air balloon
and explains how it operates.
Overall, the hot air balloon primarily consists of three essential components: the
envelope, the basket, and the burner. Additionally, the balloon's ascent and descent are
governed by regulating the temperature of the air inside.

The dominant feature of the hot air balloon is its large envelope, shaped much like an
inverted teardrop. The top houses a 'parachute valve', a self-sealing mechanism
designed to control the release of hot air. Below this valve, the envelope consists of
large vertical sections termed 'gores', which themselves are composed of smaller
panels. The envelope narrows down to a section called the 'skirt' at its base. This skirt
connects to the basket with ropes, and directly above the basket sits the burner.
Propane tanks, stored within the basket, supply the fuel for the burner.

In terms of its operation, the burner mixes ambient air with propane, heating the air
within the envelope. As this air warms, it becomes lighter, causing the balloon to rise.
To initiate a descent, the internal air is allowed to cool, increasing its density, which
in turn pulls the hot air balloon downward.

Word count: 220 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

SAMPLE TASK 2

9.5.2023

As housing is a basic need for people, the government should provide free
housing for everyone who can’t afford it. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

There are those who believe that governments should provide free housing for
individuals who find it economically elusive. While acknowledging the importance of
ensuring that every citizen has a roof over their head, I would contend that this
proposal could do more harm than good.

Proponents of government-sponsored housing argue based on the principle of

social welfare. They argue that governments, which derive their authority and
resources from the masses, have an inherent duty to protect their most vulnerable.
These advocates often cite examples from countries like Finland, where innovative
housing-first policies have considerably reduced homelessness. Furthermore, a
stable home environment can potentially decrease crime rates and enhance public
health, reducing the burden on public services such as shelters and emergency medical
care.

However, advocates of the blanket provision of free housing by the state often fail
to consider the following problems. Firstly, funding such a project would necessitate
either a diversion of resources from other critical sectors or a substantial increase in
taxes, which could hamper economic growth and place additional burdens on the
working populace. Also, there is the issue of sustainability; as populations grow, so
would the demand for free housing. This could lead to a situation where supply
cannot meet demand, resulting in inferior housing conditions. A practical example
of this is the poorly maintained public housing projects in cities like New York,
that often fall into disrepair due to overwhelming demand and limited resources.
Worse still, providing free housing could inadvertently disincentivize work, as
individuals might perceive a safety net irrespective of their employment status. That
being the case, the provision of free housing could result in economic stagnation.

In conclusion, while the government has a responsibility to ensure the well-being of

its citizens, I am strongly convinced that offering free housing to all individuals who
cannot afford it would come at the expense of more serious problems. Therefore,
governments should not adopt this idea.

Word count: 325 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

11.5.2023

Only government action can solve housing shortages in big cities. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?

The ever-expanding housing crisis in major cities is a subject of much concern and
debate. Some opine that government intervention alone holds the key to remedying
this dire situation. While that government effort irrefutably plays a pivotal role in
addressing urban housing shortages, I would argue that it would be imprudent to
downplay the contribution of the private sector and individuals to this undertaking.

Indeed, governments possess the vast resources, regulatory authority, and the
mandate required to effectively address housing shortages. They can enact policies
that promote affordable housing, such as providing tax incentives to developers
who embark on low-income housing projects or rezoning areas for residential
development. Moreover, the government can directly invest in public housing
projects, ensuring that a significant portion of the population, especially the
marginalized, has access to decent accommodation. A prime example is Singapore,
where government-led housing programs have resulted in over 80% of the
population living in state-built residences.

However, to solely rely on government actions would be to overlook the immense

potential of collaboration among individuals, non-profits, and the private sector.
While the government can set regulations and provide foundational structures, the
innovation and efficiency of the private sector can expedite housing solutions
tailored to diverse needs. Crowdfunding, community-led housing cooperatives, and
partnerships with non-profits can lead to creative solutions that may not always be
feasible through government channels alone. Furthermore, the involvement of
residents in urban planning and housing projects can lead to more sustainable,
community-centered environments. The transformation of empty office spaces in New
York City into affordable housing units by private developers is a testament to the
potential of such collaborations.

In conclusion, while government actions form the backbone of solutions to the

housing crisis in major cities, I strongly believe it is the amalgamation of efforts from
all sectors of society that can truly provide holistic remedies.

Word count: 308 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

12.5.2023

Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a
successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after
school. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

The debate surrounding the significance of tertiary education in securing a

promising career path has been persistent for years. Many consider university or
college education as the best pathway to a thriving career, whereas others argue that
diving straight into the workforce after high school can be more fruitful. Though
both perspectives have their merits, I firmly believe that the road to success is
multifaceted, and there is not a one-size-fits-all approach.
Proponents of tertiary education often cite the manifold benefits it confers upon
graduates. Firstly, a university degree can open doors to higher-paying jobs that
mandate specialized knowledge or qualifications. For instance, professions like
medicine, engineering, and law require in-depth study and training that only tertiary
institutions can provide. In addition to this, university experiences are not just limited
to academic learning; they offer a holistic environment for personal development.
Here, students hone critical thinking skills, establish networks, and foster lifelong
friendships, all of which can significantly impact one's career and personal growth.
However, the other school of thought emphasizes the merits of gaining hands-on
experience immediately after high school. They argue that real-world experience,
which is not encapsulated within university walls, can be invaluable. For instance,
someone who starts working early gets a head-start in understanding industry
dynamics, networking, and accumulating savings. This early exposure can be
instrumental in entrepreneurial pursuits. Bill Gates, who dropped out of university to
co-found Microsoft, serves as a testament to the potential success awaiting those who
choose the less-trodden path.
In my perspective, while both avenues have their distinct advantages, it is important to
understand that success is subjective and multifarious. It is determined not just by
one's educational or professional choices but by perseverance, adaptability, and
passion. Some individuals thrive in academic settings and find that it propels their
careers forward. At the same time, others are driven by on-ground experiences and
the lessons they offer. It is thus essential to recognize and respect individual journeys
and choices.

Word count: 329 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

14.5.2023

Some people think that instead of preventing climate change, we need to find a
way to live with it. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

It is true that the impact of climate change is becoming increasingly palpable, leading
to a vigorous debate about how to respond to this pressing issue. Whilst some people
believe that we should learn to acclimatize to climate change, I would argue that we
should go to great lengths to address it.
Granted, it is justifiable for some to claim that we should adapt to changes in climatic
patterns, rather than finding ways to tackle it. Perhaps for them, climate change is an
irreversible phenomenon, so the amounts of money as well as effort expended on
solving it would eventually be rendered futile. According to this viewpoint, our focus
should shift towards finding measures to coexist with climate change. In the face of
rising sea levels, for instance, it becomes paramount to construct sophisticated flood
defenses and implement effective water management systems.
Notwithstanding the aforementioned arguments, I am convinced that efforts should be
made to solve, instead of simply adapting to, the problem of climate change. First, the
fact that climate change may not be completely reversible does not imply that we
cannot take steps to mitigate its effects. Such simple changes in our lifestyles as
riding public transport or transitioning to hybrid vehicles can considerably lower our
carbon footprint, which is undeniably a major contributor to climate change. The
argument for such a mitigation approach is further strengthened by our moral
responsibility to future generations. In other words, if we came to terms with
climate change, it would be tantamount to bequeathing a hostile and uncertain world
to our descendants, an outcome that we cannot justify morally.
In conclusion, whilst there are good grounds for acclimatizing to climate change, I
firmly side with advocates of proactive measures to combat it, believing that
mitigating the implications of this environmental crisis is feasible and that it is our
moral obligation to secure a sustainable future for generations to come.
Word count: 318 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

16.5.2023

Many people believe that the current system of both teachers and students in the
classroom will no longer exist by the year 2050. To what extent do you agree with
this opinion?

Advances in technology have undoubtedly revolutionized many aspects of life, with

one of these being education. The integration of computers and other technologies
into education has made some believe that the traditional model of teachers and
students in the classroom will be rendered obsolete by 2050. Though this thinking is
somewhat valid, I would contend that the role of teachers will still remain
indispensable.

On the one hand, there are clear reasons why many anticipate a revolution in the
standard classroom model. The rapid development of technology, especially with
the rise of artificial intelligence and virtual reality, has led to innovations like virtual
classrooms, online courses, and personalized learning modules. These platforms
provide greater flexibility, allowing learners to proceed at their own pace and
convenience. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic forced a sudden pivot to
remote learning, making many question the need for physical classrooms altogether.
This swift adaptability to an online mode of instruction serves as a testament to the
potential redundancy of the traditional classroom.

However, despite these technological strides, the essence and role of a teacher cannot
be marginalized. Teachers bring more than just academic instruction; they instill
values, foster critical thinking, and cultivate a sense of community. Clearly, no
digital platform can emulate the empathy, understanding, and mentorship that a
teacher provides. A machine might be adept at delivering content, but it lacks the
human touch necessary for emotional and moral development. For instance, in
complex discussions around literature or ethics, the nuances, debates, and perspectives
brought forth by a teacher are invaluable and irreplaceable.

In conclusion, although technology can enhance, supplement, and even transform

many facets of education, it cannot replace the holistic mentorship, guidance, and
human connection that a teacher offers. By 2050, the format might evolve, yet the
heart of education - the teacher - will continue to be its driving force.

Word count: 306 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

20.5.2023

The use of social media, e.g. Facebook and Twitter, is replacing face-to-face
contact for many people in everyday life. Do the advantages of this development
outweigh the disadvantages?

The rapid advances of technology and communication tools, specifically social media
platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, have transformed how we communicate,
veering from traditional face-to-face interactions to online exchanges. While this
change offers certain benefits, I would argue that the drawbacks are substantially
more pronounced.

On the one hand, the shift towards communicating via social media platforms is
advantageous to a certain extent. One prominent advantage is that it bridges
geographical gaps, allowing people to connect, regardless of location. For instance,
families split across continents due to work or education can still be part of significant
family events via live streaming or instant photo sharing. Aside from this, social
media platforms act as a potent tool for expression and information dissemination.
The Arab Spring of the early 2010s, for example, was significantly propelled by
social media, demonstrating its capacity to mobilize movements and disseminate
ideas on an unprecedented scale.

However, I am convinced that the aforementioned benefits pale in significance when

compared to the dire repercussions of this digital shift in interpersonal interaction.
One major problem relates to the erosion of genuine human connections. In-person
communications allow individuals to perceive non-verbal cues, including gestures,
body language, and intonations, which are vital components of meaningful
communication. Digital platforms severely truncate these aspects, leading to possible
misinterpretations and shallow exchanges. Worse still, even as social media
promises connectivity, it more often than not intensifies feelings of isolation. This is
because online interactions normally lack the emotional richness of in-person
meetings. Another growing concern is the impact on mental health. The constant
pressure to curate a perfect online image, coupled with issues like cyberbullying and
the inevitable comparisons that platforms encourage, can exacerbate mental health
problems, including anxiety and depression.

In conclusion, while the rise of social media in our communication landscape offers
convenience and global reach, it brings along more substantial challenges. The
potential erosion of deep, genuine human connections and the toll on mental well-
being make this trend not a worthwhile tradeoff.

Word count: 332 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

23.5.2023

Nowadays more and more people want to get things done instantly (services,
information, tasks). Is this a negative or positive development?

In today’s world, there is an undeniable surge in the desire for immediacy. Be it

services, information, or the completion of tasks, people today are increasingly
inclined towards obtaining results in the blink of an eye. Though this trend has
certain drawbacks, I would contend that it can confer greater benefits overall.

On the one hand, the drive for immediate results comes with certain disadvantages.
One of these is that the impatience accompanying this trend can lead to a reduction in
the quality of outcomes. For instance, in journalism, the rush to break news first can
sometimes result in inaccuracies or misrepresentations. This can erode trust and
spread misinformation. Worse still, the culture of instant gratification may hinder
the development of virtues like patience and perseverance. When individuals are
accustomed to immediate results, they may become averse to endeavors that require
sustained effort over time, like mastering a musical instrument or cultivating a skill.
However, when viewed from a broader perspective, the benefits of this trend are more
significant. One of the foremost advantages is the enhanced efficiency in various
sectors. In healthcare, for example, rapid diagnostic tools and instant online
consultations can significantly speed up treatment processes, potentially saving
lives. The immediacy with which information is disseminated also enables quick
decision-making in other critical sectors, like finance and disaster management.
Furthermore, this shift towards instantaneity plays an instrumental role in
propelling innovation. The demand for faster services prompts businesses and
researchers to devise cutting-edge solutions, from instant payment platforms to real-
time language translation apps, all of which improve user experience and drive
economic growth.

To summarize, while the contemporary yearning for instant solutions does present
certain challenges, particularly concerning quality and the potential devaluation of
patience, I believe that the benefits it brings, especially in terms of efficiency and
innovation, make it a welcome development in society.

Word count: 307 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

24.5.2023

It is important for all towns and cities to have large public spaces such as squares
and parks. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

It is often proposed that every town and city should feature large public areas, such
as parks and squares. While acknowledging the reasons for this proposal, I believe
that it seems more idealistic than practical.

Proponents of expansive public spaces argue based on multiple benefits. First, public
areas like parks serve as the lungs of a city, offering a respite amidst concrete
jungles, which aids in mitigating pollution and providing citizens a touch of nature.
London’s Hyde Park or New York’s Central Park exemplify this, becoming verdant
oases in otherwise bustling metropolises. Beyond the environmental benefits, open
spaces like squares play a pivotal role in fostering community bonds. They serve as
venues for public events, spontaneous gatherings, and are often symbolic of a city's
identity. Piazza San Marco in Venice, for instance, has historically been a hub of
gatherings, celebrations, and even political events.
However, mandating every town and city to have such extensive public spaces is not
without challenges. For space-strapped cities like Hong Kong or Tokyo, every
square foot comes at a staggering premium. In such densely populated areas,
designating large plots solely as public spaces could exacerbate housing challenges
or skyrocket real estate prices, making living conditions even more cramped. By
the same token, in historical towns, with ancient infrastructure and narrow alleyways,
retrofitting public spaces might be tantamount to demolishing heritage sites, thus
eroding the very character that defines them.

In conclusion, while the values of spacious parks, squares, and other public spaces are
undeniable, I would contend that the idea of universally embedding them in every
town or city’s blueprint is not always viable.

Word count: 269 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

25.5.2023

Some people think that it is a waste of money for countries to host big sporting
events like the world cup, while others think the opposite. Discuss both these
views and give your opinion.

International sports competitions undeniably captivate vast global audiences. While

many nations vie for the privilege of hosting these events in hopes of accruing
benefits, others deem the endeavor a misuse of resources. This essay will closely
examine both views before showing my final thought.

On the one hand, it is understandable why some consider hosting grand sporting
spectacles as a waste of public funding. These detractors often underscore the
exorbitant costs involved. Infrastructure development or improvement, which
normally includes the construction of stadiums, transportation facilities, and
accommodation, often requires billions of dollars. For example, the Sochi 2014
Winter Olympics reportedly cost over $50 billion, making it the most expensive
Olympics ever. Critics argue that such enormous sums could be better diverted to
more immediate social needs like education, healthcare, or welfare.

On the other hand, I side with those who say that staging international sports
tournaments can confer substantial benefits upon host nations. First, the
infrastructure investments made in anticipation of the event typically outlive it and
serve the local populace for years. The improved transportation systems and facilities
can invigorate local economies and lift up the quality of life for residents.
Furthermore, hosting such events can significantly elevate a city's or country's global
profile, drawing a surge in tourism. For instance, after hosting the 1992 Olympics,
Barcelona metamorphosed from a relatively lesser-known European city into a
leading tourist magnet. The surge in tourists, which often continues long after the
event ends, translates to considerable economic gains.

In conclusion, though the immediate financial burdens of organizing major sports

events are undeniable, I am convinced that the long-term infrastructural, economic,
and social benefits make it a worthy long-term investment. It is not merely a game
or a short-lived spectacle but an investment in a nation's future, fostering development
and global integration.

Word count: 299 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

26.5.2023

Every day, millions of tons of food are wasted all over the world. Why do you
think this is happening? And how can we solve this problem?

Recent years have witnessed a disturbingly large amount of food being thrown away
in many countries. This essay attempts to outline the underlying reasons behind this
phenomenon before proposing some viable solutions to alleviate it.

In developing countries, the primary reason for increasing food waste is inefficient
supply chains. Due to inadequate storage facilities and poor transportation networks,
a significant portion of agricultural produce is lost before it even reaches consumers.
This can be seen in India, which reportedly loses nearly half of its fruit and vegetable
production because of lacking appropriate storage and transportation methods. In
developed countries, on the other hand, stringent aesthetic standards for food
products often result in substantial wastage. Supermarkets often reject produce that
does not meet their size or shape criteria, even though these products are perfectly
edible.
Addressing the problem of food waste would demand a comprehensive approach.
In regions plagued by supply chain inadequacies, investing more in infrastructure like
cold storage units and better transport networks is a necessity. Of course, this would
inevitably strain the government coffers of developing countries, yet international
support can ease this burden. The United Nations’ ‘Save Food Initiative’ is a perfect
example, having dedicated billions of dollars to assist countries in strengthening
their food distribution networks. In tandem with pouring more money into
improving infrastructure, it is also important to alter consumer perceptions about
food aesthetics, especially in developed countries. Supermarkets and retailers can
spearhead this change by embracing and promoting produce irrespective of its
appearance. This approach has been successful in France, where the supermarket
chain Intermarché saw not only reduced food waste but also a substantial increase in
store traffic after launching its ‘Inglorious Fruits and Vegetables’ campaign.

In conclusion, the rising tide of global food waste is mostly driven by supply chain
inefficiencies and misaligned aesthetic standards. Therefore, solutions lie in
infrastructure investment, changing consumer and retailer practices.

Word count: 314 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

28.5.2023

It is the responsibility of schools to teach children good behavior in addition to

providing formal education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

It is argued by some that besides imparting academic knowledge, schools should

also be responsible for teaching children how to behave appropriately. While the role
of schools in molding children’s behavior is irrefutable, I am of the opinion that
parents should also share this responsibility.

Indeed, the onus is on schools to teach young students good behavior. Given the
substantial time children spend in schools during their formative years, schools
provide an excellent framework for character development. Here, students learn
crucial skills such as teamwork, discipline, and conflict resolution. For example,
group projects teach cooperation, while adhering to school rules instills an
understanding of boundaries and respect for authority. Moreover, schools offer
children a chance to interact with a diverse set of peers, promoting qualities like
tolerance and empathy. In essence, schools act as miniature societies, mirroring the
larger world's behavioral expectations.

However, it would be an overreach to assign the entirety of behavioral education to

schools. A child's foundational behaviors are largely cultivated at home, drawing
from family values and parental examples. Parents are the first role models a child
encounters; they shape core principles like honesty, kindness, and compassion. A
child who observes mutual respect between parents, for instance, is more likely to
reflect such behavior in their own interactions. While schools can provide a broad
framework of appropriate behavior, the depth, nuances, and consistent
reinforcement largely come from home. A collaborative approach, where parents
and schools work in tandem, offers the most effective strategy to nurture positive
behavior in children.

To summarize, while schools play a significant role in influencing a child's behavior,

the role of parents cannot be sidelined. A concerted effort from both parties ensures a
comprehensive behavioral education for children.

Word count: 286 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

3.6.2023

Some believe that younger family members should be legally responsible for
supporting older family members when they become physically, mentally and
financially unable to look after themselves. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

The age-old tradition of younger generations caring for their elders is deeply rooted
in many cultures. Recently, debates have emerged about turning this cultural
obligation into a legal responsibility. While the intent behind this shift is
commendable, I would argue that implementing it could lead to numerous challenges.

Supporters of legalizing this responsibility posit that it is a continuation of the cycle

of care; many elderly individuals were once primary caregivers for their younger
family members. Their stance becomes particularly poignant given the rising
instances of elder neglect globally. By making it a legal responsibility, not only could
it reinforce family bonds, but it could also alleviate pressure on state-funded elder
care facilities. In fact, there are many countries that have already adopted such
measures, like Singapore, citing the strengthening of familial ties and shared
responsibilities.

However, making this ethical duty a legal one is fraught with complications. First
and foremost, not all families have the financial bandwidth to support their elderly
members. By legally binding them, it could push households further into economic
distress. Furthermore, there would be a challenge of defining the extent of the
support: whether it should merely be financial or should encompass emotional and
physical care. If both, it would also raise the question of how to effectively measure or
standardize it. Another point to consider is the potential for misuse. Legal mandates
could pave the way for familial feuds, where the elderly might feel compelled to take
legal action against their kin, straining relationships even further.

In conclusion, while the idea of legally binding younger family members to care for
their elders appears noble and just, its implementation and repercussions are not
straightforward. A more nuanced approach, which blends policy with emotional
intelligence and social understanding, may be the key. After all, we should bear in
mind that laws can govern actions, but they cannot always mandate genuine care or
love.

Word count: 314 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

9.6.2023

Some people think that the main benefit of international cooperation is

protection of the environment. Others believe the main benefit is the world of
business. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

In today's increasingly interconnected world, international cooperation has grown

paramount in shaping our global society's trajectory. Two spheres that notably benefit
from such collaboration are the environment and the business sector. While some
advocate for the environment, citing it as the most crucial area of global cooperation,
others emphasize the burgeoning world of commerce. This essay will closely examine
both views before showing my final thought.

Environmental enthusiasts often view international collaboration as the bedrock of

global environmental protection. Challenges such as climate change, deforestation,
and marine pollution are not constrained by geographical boundaries, demanding a
cohesive global strategy. The restoration of the ozone layer, thanks to the Montreal
Protocol, serves as a testament to the power of collective action. Pooling
technological advances, research, and resources allows nations to tackle
environmental challenges more robustly than could any individual nation.

On the other hand, business advocates point to the remarkable economic benefits
stemming from global alliances. The unfettered exchange of goods, services, and
capital, facilitated by international cooperation, has carved out a conducive
environment for businesses to flourish. Pacts like the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) have catalyzed economic growth, job generation, and
technological innovation. Furthermore, global platforms like the World Economic
Forum serve as vital arenas for nations to discuss trade and investment, reinforcing
the significance of collaborative efforts in commerce.

In my opinion, however, the realms of environment and business are intricately

linked, and it is reductive to view them in isolation. For instance, green technologies,
a product of international research collaborations, drive both environmental
preservation and business opportunities. By the same token, sustainable tourism,
which relies on international partnerships, simultaneously boosts economies and
promotes conservation. Therefore, the very essence of international cooperation is its
multifaceted benefits, and it seems both impractical and unnecessary to designate one
as superior.

In conclusion, both environmental conservation and global commerce undeniably

benefit from international cooperation. One addresses the planet's pressing
environmental issues, while the other accelerates economic growth. Recognizing
their intertwined nature negates any need to rank them in order of importance.

Word count: 339 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

10.6.2023

Historical objects should be brought back to their country of origin. To what

extent do you agree or disagree?

The debate over the repatriation of historical artifacts to their countries of origin
has been long-standing and deeply divisive. While I understand the reasons why some
advocate for repatriation, I hold reservations about its practicality and broader
implications.

Those in favor of repatriation often emphasize the principle of cultural justice. A

case in point is the Elgin Marbles, currently housed in the British Museum but
originally from Greece. Many Greeks believe that these artifacts are essential to their
national identity and history. This sentiment is not unique to Greece but resonates in
various corners of the world. Returning such artifacts can be seen as a way to redress
historical wrongs and show respect for cultural heritage.

However, the concept of repatriation becomes murkier when we dive into the
intricacies of determining an artifact's "origin". Many historical items, like those from
the ancient Persian Empire now found in various European museums, come from
regions that have experienced significant geopolitical shifts over time. Identifying the
rightful owner in such situations is not just challenging but might also inflame current
geopolitical disputes.

Moreover, there is a practical argument to consider: the preservation and

dissemination of knowledge. Artifacts, when housed in renowned international
museums, are often meticulously maintained, studied, and displayed to vast
audiences. For instance, the Elgin Marbles, under the guardianship of the British
Museum, have been well-preserved and have garnered global attention. This broad
exposure can lead to a more profound and widespread appreciation of the culture they
represent.

To summarize, while the moral argument for repatriation is compelling, I would

contend that the logistical challenges in determining artifact origins and the benefits of
keeping them in internationally recognized institutions make the issue far from
straightforward.

Word count: 284 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

11.6.2023

In some countries, ordinary citizens are allowed to keep a gun in their houses.
Some people think this is a good idea, while others disagree. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
Whether the public should be entitled to own a gun at home has been a topic of
vigorous debate, with some fervently advocating this idea. Others, myself included,
however, believe that private gun ownership would come at the expense of many
serious consequences for society, and should thus be banned.

Granted, proponents of the right to bear arms might argue that everyone has the right
to protect themselves and that it would be perfectly justifiable to have a gun for self-
defense in the face of threats. Prohibiting personal firearms, they say, could instill
in citizens a sense of resentment, which might even escalate into social unrest on a
grander scale. This can be seen in the US, where the attempts to control private gun
ownership have sparked vigorous controversy among the populace. In some states,
the situation is even more extreme, with thousands joining protests to challenge the
authorities.

Notwithstanding the aforementioned arguments, I side with opponents of giving

people freedom to possess a gun at home. The primary reason is that ensuring a sense
of security among the populace does not necessitate the entitlement to firearms.
Strengthening the rule of law and increasing surveillance through widespread
implementation of CCTV systems are viable alternatives that can improve public
security. Vietnam is a perfect example of this. Despite its prohibition on private gun
ownership, this country consistently ranks as one of the safest countries in the world,
highlighting the effectiveness of alternative security measures.

Another reason for my stance relates to the potentially catastrophic consequences of

private gun ownership. The US, for example, has witnessed a disturbingly high rate
of gun-related violence. Mass shootings, facilitated by easy access to firearms, have
tragically claimed thousands of lives over the years, and the cost of this self-defense
'privilege' seems unjustifiably high.

In conclusion, while there are theoretical justifications for allowing individuals to own
guns at home, I am against this policy, given its detrimental repercussions. Prioritizing
alternative means of ensuring public security, such as strengthening legal frameworks
and implementing surveillance systems, presents a more viable route to safeguarding
public safety.

Word count: 347 – Written by Thanh Nguyen (Actual answer BC 9999)

12.6.2023 (2)
Some people believe that the government should take care of old people and
provide financial support after they retire. Others say individuals should save
during their working years to fund their own retirement. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.

The welfare of the elderly has always been a topic of debate. Some advocate for a
government safety net, ensuring that all elderly citizens receive financial support.
Others, however, assert the virtues of self-sufficiency, emphasizing the importance of
individual saving throughout one's career. This essay will first closely examine both
views before showing my final thought.

Proponents of government support for the elderly argue from a moral and social
perspective. They believe that after contributing to society—often for several decades
—senior citizens deserve to retire with dignity and without financial stress. There is
an innate social responsibility to care for those who once shaped the nation's
backbone. For instance, in countries like Sweden, extensive welfare systems ensure
that the elderly are well-taken care of, leading to higher life satisfaction ratings
among senior citizens. This approach not only supports the elderly but also reduces
the financial burden on their families.

On the other hand, those favoring individual responsibility for retirement funds
argue from an economic standpoint. They posit that individuals are best placed to
understand their financial needs and should, therefore, take it upon themselves to
prepare for retirement. By saving diligently throughout their working years, they
argue, individuals can ensure a comfortable retirement while reducing the strain
on national coffers. For example, in nations like Singapore, the Central Provident
Fund mandates that individuals set aside savings from their monthly salaries for
retirement, fostering a culture of self-reliance.

In light of the aforementioned considerations, I believe a hybrid approach would be

most effective. While individual saving should be incentivized, a government safety
net is essential to ensure that no elderly person falls through the cracks. Not only
can this blend promote financial responsibility among the working population, but
it also guarantees that society's most vulnerable members are protected.

Word count: 296 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

14.6.2023
Some people say that the increasing business and cultural contact between
countries is a positive development. While others think that many countries will
lose their national identities as a result. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

In an increasingly globalized world, the surge in business and cultural interactions

between nations has sparked diverse opinions. Some individuals contend that this
interconnectivity is diluting national identities, while others, including myself, argue
that it contributes positively to the global community.
On the one hand, it is understandable why some people fear that the burgeoning
contact between nations will gradually erode national identities. The influx of
foreign products, services, and cultural artifacts, they say, might overshadow local
traditions and values. By the same token, global media networks can exert a
dominant influence, potentially sidelining indigenous cultures and languages.
However, this thinking overlooks the fact that interactions can actually provide
platforms for cultures to shine, rather than causing them to recede. When countries
engage in cultural exchanges, they often showcase their traditions, art, and values.
Events like the Olympics or World Expos are a testament to this, where nations
proudly display their heritage.
I side with those who say that increased business and cultural contact between
countries is predominantly advantageous. From an economic perspective, such
interactions facilitate the sharing of best practices, leading to more efficient and
innovative industries. South Korea's technological boom, for instance, bears
testimony to its successful adaptation of technologies and business practices from the
West. Aside from this, cultural exchanges promote mutual respect and
understanding, dispelling/breaking down stereotypes. The global popularity of K-
pop, for example, has sparked interest in Korean language and history, encouraging
cultural appreciation rather than appropriation.
In conclusion, while the concerns of cultural identity erosion are valid to an extent,
the myriad advantages of cross-border interactions cannot be overlooked. When
embraced judiciously, these interactions do not diminish national identities but
instead offer them a global stage to be celebrated and respected. Also, they can
confer a heap of socioeconomic benefits upon nations, making them a positive
development overall.
Word count: 302 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

17.6.2023

Some people say that in the modern world, getting old is entirely bad. Others
believe that old people’s life nowadays is much better than in the past. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.
While some argue that growing old in today's world is riddled with disadvantages,
others believe that the elderly experience today is significantly improved compared to
the past. This essay will first examine both viewpoints before concluding that I agree
with the latter.

On the one hand, it is understandable why some view aging in contemporary society
as a negative experience. They often argue based on the rapid technological
development. To explain, the elderly often feel left behind or overwhelmed in our
tech-centric world, unable to keep up with the pace of digital progress. For
instance, simple tasks such as online banking or even using a smartphone can appear
daunting to someone who spent the majority of their life in a pre-digital era.
Additionally, urbanization and the breakneck pace of modern life can lead to
feelings of isolation among the elderly, as tight-knit communities become rarer and
families are often dispersed.

However, when compared to the past, it is evident that the quality of life for older
individuals has seen significant improvements. Firstly, advances in healthcare mean
that many ailments and diseases that were once fatal or debilitating can now be
managed or even cured. Life expectancy has increased, and more importantly, the
quality of those extra years has improved. Today's seniors are more active and
engaged, with many taking part in community activities, traveling, or even pursuing
new educational endeavors.

It is also important to note that technology, while being a challenge for some, has also
opened doors to unparalleled conveniences and connections. Seniors can video call
their grandchildren living continents away, attend virtual classes, or even engage with
communities online, breaking down physical limitations. Moreover, modern society,
recognizing the value of its older citizens, has seen a rise in organizations and
initiatives aimed at promoting their well-being, from senior-friendly workout classes
to community centers dedicated solely to them.

In conclusion, while there are challenges associated with aging in the modern world, it
is essential to recognize the immense strides made in ensuring that the elderly lead
fulfilling, healthy, and connected lives. Compared to the past, where limited medical
knowledge and lack of elderly-focused initiatives prevailed, today's seniors
undoubtedly have a richer tapestry of experiences and support at their disposal.

Word count: 370 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

20.6.2023

Some believe technology has made our lives too complex and the solution is to
lead a simpler life without technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The exponential advances in technology in recent decades have drastically

transformed our lives. Amidst this technological boom, some people lament that life
has become overly complex, advocating for a simpler life devoid of technology. In
this essay, however, I will challenge this school of thought.

Granted, proponents of the belief that technology has overly complexified our lives
might cite the problem of information overload. With the advent of the internet and
social media in particular, individuals today are constantly bombarded with an
overwhelming amount of information, leading to stress and decision fatigue.
However, it is crucial to recognize that technology is not inherently detrimental;
rather, it is the way we utilize it that determines its impact on our lives. By learning to
manage and filter the information we consume, we can effectively harness the power
of technology while mitigating its potentially negative effects.

Instead of rejecting technology, it is important to acknowledge the numerous ways in

which it has simplified and enriched our lives. From enhancing communication and
connectivity to streamlining work processes and facilitating access to information,
technological advances have indisputably made our lives much more efficient and
convenient. The advent of smartphones, for example, has revolutionized our daily
routines, enabling us to stay in touch with loved ones, navigate unfamiliar territories,
and manage our schedules with remarkable ease. If we rejected smartphones in
pursuit of an ostensibly simpler life, we would face innumerable difficulties in
communicating, navigating, and scheduling, among many other problems.

To summarize, while technology may have introduced certain complexities into our
lives, it has also conferred upon us numerous benefits. Instead of reverting to a
technology-free existence, we should focus on employing technology judiciously to
mitigate its potential negative effects. By doing so, we can continue to reap the
rewards of technological advances without sacrificing our well-being.

Word count: 303 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

21.6.2023
Some people think that children should be taught at school to recycle materials
and avoid waste. Other people believe that children should be taught this at
home. Discuss both opinions and give your own opinion.

Given the mounting environmental problems we are facing, the importance of

teaching children recycling and waste reduction cannot be understated. While some
individuals advocate for this education to take place within the school environment,
others feel that it should be a lesson taught at home. This essay will discuss both
views before showing my final thought.
Proponents of introducing recycling education in schools present several persuasive
arguments. Schools, by design, are institutions dedicated to education, shaping young
minds and preparing them for the future. In schools, lessons on recycling can be
structured and standardized, ensuring that every child gets consistent information.
Moreover, schools provide a practical environment for recycling practices. For
instance, students can participate in recycling drives, learn to segregate waste, or
even visit recycling plants on field trips. These hands-on experiences tend to leave a
lasting impression on young minds.
On the other hand, those who emphasize home-based teaching have equally
compelling reasons. Recycling, at its core, is a habit, and habits are most effectively
formed and reinforced at home. Parents and family members can serve as role
models, demonstrating real-world applications of waste management. Besides, the
home offers a personalized learning environment, where children can be taught
recycling's nuances, tailored to their local community or even specific household
needs. To illustrate, parents can show their children how kitchen waste can be
composted in the backyard.
While both views have merit, I believe the responsibility for teaching children
recycling and waste avoidance should be shared by both schools and homes. While
schools provide structure, uniformity, and hands-on experience, homes offer real-
world applications, habit reinforcement, and personal examples. Just as reading or
math skills taught at school are practiced and honed at home, recycling should follow
a similar model. A synergistic approach ensures that children receive consistent
messaging, both theoretically and practically, maximizing the chances of them
becoming environmentally responsible adults.

Word count: 312 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

21.6.2023 (2)
Some people think that environmental problems need to be addressed on a global
scale, while others believe that it is better to address them at the national level.
Discuss both points of view and give your opinion.

Environmental issues are undeniably among the most pressing challenges of our
time. While there is widespread consensus on the urgency of these problems,
opinions differ on the scale at which they should be tackled. Some advocate for a
national approach, feeling that nations should independently handle their
environmental concerns. However, others, myself included, would argue that these
issues, given their magnitude and interconnectedness, mandate a global response.

On the one hand, those supporting a national approach offer several compelling
arguments. They posit that each nation has unique environmental challenges, best
understood and managed by local experts and policymakers. For example,
deforestation might be more pressing in Brazil, while water scarcity might be the
dominant issue in parts of Africa. Moreover, local solutions can be more efficient,
tailored to specific cultural, social, and geographical contexts. Lastly, national
policies can be implemented more swiftly without the bureaucratic hurdles that
international agreements often entail.

However, it should be recognized that environmental challenges, especially those of

monumental scale like climate change, do not respect national boundaries. Rising
sea levels, for example, threaten numerous countries, especially island nations. Also,
pollution in one country can affect air and water quality in its neighbors. The global
nature of such problems necessitates collective action. International collaboration
can pool resources, share knowledge, and drive technological innovation at a scale
that individual nations might struggle to achieve. The Paris Agreement, for instance,
represents an international commitment to combat climate change. Such global
initiatives not only set shared goals but also foster a sense of global solidarity in
facing common challenges.

In conclusion, while national initiatives play a pivotal role in addressing specific,

localized environmental issues, the magnitude and interconnectedness of many
environmental challenges require a more unified, global approach. By coming
together as a global community, we can harness our collective resources and expertise
to protect the Earth.

Word count: 308 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

24.6.2023

Some people think the money spent on developing the technology for space
exploration is not justified. There are more beneficial ways to spend this money.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Much has been debated over the allocation of resources for space exploration, with
some arguing that the expenditure on developing technology for this purpose is
unwarranted and that there are better ways to invest these funds. While
acknowledging the reasons for this thinking, I would contend that it would be
impolitic to overlook the benefits of investing in space exploration.
Granted, critics of space exploration might argue that the enormous sums of money
allocated to this endeavor could be better spent on addressing pressing global issues
such as poverty, limited access to healthcare and education, and environmental
problems. Investing in these areas, they say, would have a more immediate and
tangible impact on people's lives, leading to a more equitable and prosperous society.
For instance, the resources devoted to space exploration could be redirected towards
developing sustainable energy solutions, combating climate change, or enhancing
social welfare programs that support vulnerable populations.
However, it should be noted that investing in space exploration is nowhere near
unjustifiable, as this field has yielded numerous scientific advances and technological
innovations that have profoundly benefited humanity. The development of satellite
technology, for example, has revolutionized communication, weather forecasting, and
navigation, improving the quality of life and safety for millions of people worldwide.
What’s more, space exploration also fosters international collaboration and drives
scientific curiosity, encouraging nations to work together towards a common goal.
In conclusion, while it is true that there are many crucial areas that require financial
support, I believe this is not to say that the investment in space exploration is wasteful,
given how fruitful the latter can be in terms of scientific discovery, technological
innovation, and international collaboration.
Word count: 276 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

25.6.2023

The best way to solve the traffic and transportation problem is to encourage
people to live in cities rather than suburbs or countryside. Do you agree or
disagree?
The increasingly congested roads and overburdened transportation systems in
many parts of the world have led some to advocate for urban living as the most
effective remedy. These people assume that by encouraging people to move to cities
from suburban or rural areas, traffic and transportation problems would be
significantly mitigated. While acknowledging the reasons for this thinking, I would
contend that there are more holistic solutions.

Arguments in favor of the efficiency of city living are often exaggerated. It is believed
that city dwellers typically have access to extensive public transportation networks,
such as subways, trams, and buses, which can reduce the reliance on private
vehicles. Moreover, city infrastructure is generally designed with close proximity to
amenities, thereby reducing the need for long commutes. However, this perspective
somewhat simplistically presumes that city infrastructure can effortlessly
accommodate a rising populace. Overcrowded cities like Mumbai or Bangkok are
testament to the fact that an influx of residents does not automatically translate to
reduced traffic. Instead, it can exacerbate congestion, strain public transport
systems, and lead to urban sprawl.

Given the aforementioned limitations, I believe the following strategies will be more
effective in countering traffic and transportation problems. One such approach is
investing in advanced and expansive public transport systems in suburban and rural
areas, which can greatly reduce the dependence on private vehicles. This can be seen
in Japan, where the extensive Shinkansen network connects not just major cities, but
also smaller towns, promoting efficient movement without congestion. Another
viable measure involves the promotion of flexible working hours and telecommuting,
which can reduce the volume of peak-hour traffic. The COVID-19 pandemic
showcased the feasibility of remote work, with cities like San Francisco observing a
noticeable reduction in traffic congestion as more people worked from home. Lastly,
city planning that incorporates mixed-use zones, where residential, commercial, and
recreational spaces coexist, can drastically reduce the need for daily long-distance
commuting.

In summary, while incentivizing migration to cities can offer some solutions to traffic
and transportation challenges, it is far from the best solution. A combination of
improved transportation networks, modern work arrangements, and thoughtful urban
planning will likely yield more sustainable results in addressing these vexing issues.

Word count: 360 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

25.6.2023 (2)

People nowadays tend to have children at older ages. What are the reasons? Is it
a positive or negative development?

There has been a trend towards individuals having children at later stages of their
lives. This can be influenced by several factors. While some view it with skepticism, I
contend that postponing parenthood is predominantly a positive development for
both the parents and the child.

The increasing age of first-time parents can be attributed to two main factors. One
of these is a shift towards prioritizing higher education and establishing careers
before embarking on the journey of parenthood. Modern society places a
premium on financial stability, pushing individuals to secure their economic futures
before introducing a child into the equation. In addition to this, advances in medical
science have also made it possible for individuals to safely conceive at older ages,
removing the biological pressure that once existed.

While this trend might be seen as a departure from traditional norms, there are definite
advantages to having children later in life. Older parents typically possess greater
emotional maturity and life experience, equipping them with the wisdom to navigate
the complexities of parenthood. Also, financial security, achieved from years of
working, ensures that the child can be provided with quality education and
healthcare. Moreover, older parents, having fulfilled a significant portion of their
personal and professional aspirations, can often dedicate more time and focus on their
child's upbringing. For instance, older parents might have more flexible work
schedules or even the possibility of early retirement, allowing them to be more
present during their child's formative years.

In conclusion, the decision to have children later in life stems from an evolving set of
social and personal priorities and medical advances. I am convinced that the
increased emotional maturity, financial stability, and dedicated focus that older
parents can potentially offer make this trend more of a positive development.

Word count: 294 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

26.6.2023
Some people think that too much money has been spent looking after and
repairing old buildings, so we should knock down old buildings and build
modern ones instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The increasing costs associated with the preservation and repair of ancient buildings
have ignited debates, with some individuals contending that it would be more
economically feasible to replace these old structures with modern ones. I disagree
with this proposal, despite acknowledging the reasons for it.

Advocates of the demolition and replacement of older buildings might argue that the
costs tied to their maintenance can be exorbitant. Many old structures, due to their age
and the materials originally used, require specialized care which often comes at a
premium. Also, in cities with escalating real estate prices, the land on which these
edifices stand is valuable, and could be used more profitably. Constructing modern
buildings, tailored to current needs and built with modern materials, is often believed
to offer more utility and be more energy-efficient, potentially leading to long-term
cost savings.

However, this perspective overlooks the intangible assets these venerable buildings
represent. Historical structures are testaments to a city's past, serving as tangible
links to bygone eras, cultures, and architectural styles. They also give cities a unique
identity, setting them apart in an increasingly globalized world where modern cities
are looking more and more similar. Moreover, these buildings can be tourist
magnets, generating significant revenues for the state. For instance, cities like Rome
or Kyoto draw millions of tourists annually, captivated by their rich history and
ancient architecture.

The argument for preserving old buildings is further strengthened by the fact that their
loss would be irrevocable. Once gone, the stories, craftsmanship, and heritage they
embodied disappear with them. Replacing them with modern structures might meet
current utilitarian needs, but at the expense of erasing a segment of cultural history.
It is also noteworthy that with advances in preservation techniques, the costs of
maintaining these edifices can be optimized over time.

In conclusion, while there are valid economic arguments for replacing old buildings
with contemporary ones, the cultural, historical, and aesthetic value of these ancient
structures is immeasurable. Their preservation ensures that future generations can
glean insights into their heritage, making the investments in their upkeep not just
worthwhile, but essential.

Word count: 344 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

30.6.2023

Intelligence is the most important quality to be a leader. Do you agree or

disagree?

It is believed by some that intelligence sits at the pinnacle of leadership qualities.

While intelligence is crucial for effective leadership, I strongly believe that it alone is
not sufficient to encapsulate the essence of a great leader.

Granted, it is justifiable why some people extol intelligence as the foremost

contributor to effective leadership. These advocates often point out that intelligent
leaders are quick thinkers and adept problem solvers. They can swiftly analyze
complex situations, foresee potential outcomes, and make informed decisions.
Aside from this, intelligent leaders are often well-read, knowledgeable, and have a
broad understanding of various subjects, helping them gain the respect of their
peers.

However, viewing intelligence as the sole or even primary determinant of effective

leadership is a short-sighted perspective. Leadership, in many regards, goes beyond
cerebral capabilities. For one, emotional intelligence – the ability to understand,
manage, and respond to emotions, both of one's own and of others – is paramount to
leadership. A leader might possess an astute analytical mind but could fail miserably if
they cannot relate to, empathize with, or inspire their team. Moreover, qualities like
resilience, adaptability, and integrity, though not directly tied to intelligence, are
fundamental for a leader. This can be seen in figures like Nelson Mandela, whose
leadership was grounded more in resilience and integrity than purely cognitive
intelligence.

Furthermore, communication skills, the ability to collaborate and foster team spirit,
and a vision that motivates and galvanizes people are all integral leadership
attributes. These skills do not necessarily stem from intelligence but rather from
interpersonal understanding and the capacity to connect with diverse individuals. A
leader could be a genius, but if they cannot communicate their ideas effectively or
foster trust within their team, their leadership would likely falter.

In conclusion, while intelligence undoubtedly plays a pivotal role in leadership, it is

merely one facet of a multifaceted gem. True leadership is a synthesis of several
qualities, each as vital as the other, working in harmony to inspire, guide, and effect
positive change. To place intelligence above all else is to oversimplify the intricate
tapestry of leadership.

Word count: 347 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

3.7.2023

More and more people are becoming seriously overweight. Some people say that
the price increase of fattening foods will solve this problem. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?

In light of the increasing obesity rate, there have been calls for levying higher prices
on fattening foods. I disagree with this proposal, despite acknowledging the reasons
for it.

Granted, proponents of raising fattening food prices might argue that it could
discourage regular consumption of food of this kind, while potentially encouraging
the shift towards healthier, possibly more affordable alternatives like wholesome
food. The implication of this would be a reduced number of those having overweight
problems. However, this perspective overlooks the busy nature of the modern
world, which makes such fattening foods as fast food an unavoidable option,
especially for those with hectic schedules. This means even if this kind of food were
made more expensive, many people would still choose it for its convenience. That
being the case, the problem of obesity would remain virtually unsolved.

The argument against increasing the cost of fattening foods is further strengthened by
the potential social problems it could cause. In fact, these foods are cheaper compared
to healthy ones, and thus more suitable for middle- and low-income earners. For this
reason, raising the prices of fattening foods alone could only give rise to more
financial burdens on this group of people, and might further exacerbate the problem
of social inequalities on a grander scale.
Rather than interfering with fattening food prices, the government should turn to
other measures to tackle the rising obesity rate. One such approach is raising public
awareness of the dire health repercussions attached to excessively consuming
fattening foods. People, once fully cognizant of these consequences, would be more
cautious about their food choices, thereby becoming less susceptible to obesity. Such
a measure should be executed in tandem with providing more subsidies for healthy
foods to make them more financially accessible for the general public. This could
incentivize people to have healthy diets, without having to worry about the price tag
of healthy foods.

In conclusion, for the reasons elaborated above, I would doubt the efficacy of
adjusting fattening food prices upward in countering the problem of serious
overweight in the general population. Instead of intervening in fattening food costs,
the government should ramp up its efforts to educate the public and promote
inclusivity of healthy foods. By doing so, the number of individuals having
overweight problems could be reduced.

Word count: 383 - Written by Thanh Nguyen (Actual answer BC 8999)

4.7.2023

Some people argue that spending a lot of money on wedding parties, birthday
parties and other celebrations is a waste of money, however, others believe that it
is important for individuals and for society. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.

In modern society, the scale and expense of festivities, ranging from weddings to
birthdays, have escalated significantly. Some believe that splurging on these events is
nothing more than an unwise expenditure, while others, myself included, argue that
these celebrations have pivotal importance both personally and socially.
Perhaps the foremost reason why some individuals argue against extravagant
celebrations would be the financial burden these events place on families. Weddings,
for instance, can cost the equivalent of a year's salary or more, leaving many couples
in debt at the very outset of their marital journey. Similarly, birthday parties, with
their escalating demand for unique themes, venues, and gifts, also drain the pocket,
sometimes for mere ephemeral enjoyment. Critics often advocate for spending on
more lasting investments, such as property, education, or even vacations which
provide memories without one-time excessive costs.
However, this perspective fails to take into account the profound personal and social
importance these celebrations carry. From a personal angle, such events often mark
milestones in one’s life. A wedding is not merely a day's celebration; it is a public
affirmation of a couple’s love and commitment. It brings together families,
symbolizing not just the union of two individuals, but also of two families. Birthday
parties, particularly for children, play a pivotal role in shaping their self-esteem and
understanding of social dynamics. The joy, the memories, and the bonding that such
occasions foster cannot be quantified in monetary terms.
From a broader social standpoint, these events promote community cohesion.
Celebrations are often grounds for reunions, rekindling relationships and
reinforcing social bonds. Additionally, they have a significant economic impact. The
events industry, which includes planners, caterers, photographers, and myriad other
professionals, relies heavily on these celebrations for their livelihood. A reduction in
such events would inadvertently harm the economy, leading to job losses in these
sectors.
In conclusion, while the idea of economizing and avoiding overspending has its
merits, it is important to recognize the deeper implications of celebrations. They are
not just about the money spent but about the memories created, the bonds reinforced,
and the social fabric strengthened.
Word count: 348 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

6.7.2023

Many students find it difficult to focus or pay attention at school nowadays.

What are the reasons for this? What can be done to solve this problem?

In recent times, a growing concern among educators and parents alike is the apparent
struggle students face in maintaining their attention during classroom sessions. This
essay aims to explore some reasons behind this trend and suggests possible remedies.
One primary reason students often find it challenging to concentrate is the
overwhelming presence and influence of digital devices. With the ubiquity of
smartphones and tablets, students are constantly bombarded with notifications from
social media, games, and other online distractions. This can fragment their attention,
making sustained focus on a single task, such as listening to a lecture or reading,
increasingly difficult. Worse still, modern lifestyles have led to inadequate sleep
patterns among many students. They often sacrifice sleep for late-night study
sessions or social engagements. Lack of rest can severely impair cognitive functions,
making concentration during classes a daunting task.
Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach. First, it is imperative that
schools integrate digital literacy and self-control as a part of their curriculum.
Instead of banning digital devices, educators can teach students how to use them
responsibly. An example would be implementing "tech-free zones" or designated
times when students are encouraged to disconnect from their devices, fostering an
environment where deep concentration can take place. This measure should be
executed in tandem with restructuring the academic day. A later start time might be
beneficial, as research suggests that adolescents have a natural inclination to sleep
later. This shift can ensure students are better rested and, therefore, more attentive
during classes. This has proven successful in many educational institutions in the U.S,
which have witnessed improved academic performance and reduced tardiness
among students after adopting later start times.
In conclusion, while the modern era presents various challenges to student
concentration, they are not insurmountable. By understanding the root causes of these
distractions and by adapting to the changing needs of students, educators can create an
environment that is conducive to learning and attention.
Word count: 322 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

7.7.2023
Some people say that music plays an important role in society while others
believe that it is simply a form of entertainment for individuals. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Much has been debated over the role of music in society, with some seeing it as a
mere source of individual amusement, while others believe it plays a profound
role in shaping society. I am inclined to support the latter perspective, asserting that
music holds a significant place in social structure and influence.
There is no denying the appeal of music as a source of individual entertainment.
Many people turn to music as an escape, a way to detach from the hustle and bustle
of daily life. With the rise of personal listening devices, from the classic Walkman to
modern-day smartphones, music has become an intensely personal experience. For
these individuals, music is a companion during commutes, a backdrop for workouts,
or a way to unwind at the day's end. Such a view is supported by the vast and varied
genres available, catering to every emotional need, preference, and mood.
However, to confine music to the realm of personal entertainment would be an
oversight. Historically, music has been a social glue, binding communities with
shared melodies and rhythms. For example, national anthems foster a sense of
patriotism and unity among citizens. Religious hymns and chants played pivotal roles
in ceremonies and celebrations, forging a collective identity. Also, music has the
power to prompt social change. The 1960s and 1970s, for instance, witnessed the
emergence of rock and roll and its role in the anti-war and civil rights movements.
Artists like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez used their platform to address social issues,
sparking conversations and influencing public opinion. These arguments underscore
the fact that music has, time and again, a potent tool for social commentary,
mobilization, and transformation.
In conclusion, while music undeniably serves as a personal source of solace and
entertainment for many, its broader role in shaping social narratives and values
cannot be understated. Its ability to unify masses, instill social values, and even
catalyze change underlines its integral place in the fabric of society. It is, thus, not
just an art form but also a powerful social influencer.
Word count: 341 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

8.7.2023

Many people use social media to get in touch with other people and know about
news events. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Social media platforms have undoubtedly transformed the way people communicate
and access news stories. While the integration of such platforms into our daily lives
has brought forth some notable benefits, I believe that the disadvantages are more
pronounced.
The advantages of social media are evident in the areas of connectivity and real-time
information dissemination. As for the former, platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram have revolutionized global communication. A person in New York can
instantly get in touch with someone in Tokyo, breaking geographical barriers and
fostering relationships. This immediacy can strengthen long-distance relationships
and forge global friendships. Aside from this, social media allows for the rapid
spread of news. Events that occur in one part of the world can be broadcast globally
within minutes, if not seconds, ensuring that people stay informed about current
events.
However, while the above benefits sound compelling, they come with caveats.
Regarding connectivity, its ease can also lead to superficial relationships. With the
click of a button, one can have hundreds of "friends" or "followers," but the depth
and authenticity of these connections often remain questionable. Regarding the
speedy dissemination of news, this can be a breeding ground for misinformation.
Without proper checks and balances, unverified news can spread like wildfire, leading
to panic, misinformation, and even detrimental real-world consequences.
Furthermore, heavy reliance on social media for communication and news is riddled
with a host of problems. One major concern relates to the erosion of privacy.
Personal data is often harvested and sold, leading to users being constantly
bombarded with targeted advertisements or, worse, having their data misused. Worse
still, the continuous intake of news, especially if it is negative, can lead to
psychological distress. During the 2020 pandemic, for example, many individuals
reported feeling overwhelmed and anxious due to the barrage of constant COVID-19
updates on their social media feeds.
In conclusion, while social media presents undeniable advantages in terms of
communication and news dissemination, I am convinced that these are trumped by the
drawbacks associated with superficial relationships, misinformation, privacy
concerns, and mental health implications.
Word count: 343 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

12.7.2023

Many young people today change their jobs or careers every few years. Do the
advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

It is widely recognized that many young individuals switch careers or jobs with a
frequency previously unseen in older generations. From my perspective, the benefits
of this trend substantially overshadow its associated drawbacks.

To begin with, one significant concern regarding this job-hopping trend is the
potential lack of depth in one's expertise. Consistently switching professions can
prevent individuals from achieving mastery in a particular field. This lack of deep
specialization might make them less attractive candidates for roles that require
profound expertise. Another potential disadvantage lies in the perception of
instability. Frequent career changes might give potential employers the impression
that the candidate is fickle-minded or lacks commitment, thereby making them
hesitant to invest in training or providing opportunities that demand continuity.

However, I am convinced that the aforementioned drawbacks pale in comparison to

the advantages of this trend. Firstly, by exploring various roles, young individuals can
identify their true passions and strengths, leading them to a career where they are
genuinely satisfied and more likely to excel. This self-awareness can lead to a more
fulfilled workforce, benefiting both the individual and their eventual long-term
employers. For instance, someone who has worked in both marketing and software
development might find their ideal role at the intersection of these fields, like product
management.

From a societal perspective, having a workforce that is versatile can be incredibly

beneficial. Such individuals bring diverse experiences to the table, fostering
innovation and promoting a multidisciplinary approach to problem-solving. In an
era defined by rapid technological advances and global challenges that require out-of-
the-box thinking, this diversity of experience is indeed invaluable.

In conclusion, while frequently switching careers can have certain setbacks in terms of
perceived commitment and depth of expertise, the broader advantages for both the
individual's personal development and society's innovative potential are undeniable. In
an age that champions adaptability and resilience, it might be wiser to view these
frequent career changes as strategic adaptability rather than fickle indecision.

Word count: 324 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

15.7.2023

Schools are no longer necessary because children can learn through the Internet
as well at home. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

The rapid advances of the internet have ushered in an era, in which most, if not all,
information is at our fingertips. This has led some to believe that schools will be
rendered obsolete. Whilst acknowledging the benefits the internet can confer upon
children’s learning, I would argue that schools will remain irreplaceable.
Opponents of retaining brick-and-mortar schools often emphasize that the amount
of information the internet can provide for children far exceeds that in any textbook.
With this reservoir of knowledge, they say, children can easily self-study at home
and no longer need to attend school. Yet, herein lies the rub: not all online content is
reliable, and unauthenticated information is rampant on various virtual platforms. For
young, impressionable minds, frequent exposure to fake news or toxic perspectives
can give rise to distorted worldview. This is why we will still need schools, which
employ certified educators to curate, interpret, and deliver knowledge, forming a
structured foundation upon which pupils can erect their understanding.
Moreover, schools are not just a vehicle for transferring academic knowledge, but
also a mini-society wherein children can develop socially. Daily interactions with
peers and teachers can help children learn how to communicate, interact, and behave
in different social settings. If schools disappeared, these opportunities would be
limited, and this could likely take a toll on children’s social development. This can be
seen in the COVID-19 lockdown period, when students had to study remotely, and
after returning to school, many of them were reported to experience awkwardness in
a face-to-face setting. This example is a testament to the importance of schools in
developing children’s social skills.
To summarize, I am totally against the notion that the internet will marginalize the
role of schools, considering the indispensable role of schools in facilitating
children’s comprehensive development.
Word count: 299 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

21.7.2023

Some people think that employers should not care about the way their employees
dress, because what matters is the quality of their work. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?

Much has been debated over the importance of workplace attire, with some believing
that employers should turn a blind eye to dress codes, focusing instead on work
output. While acknowledging the reasons for this thinking, I would contend that an
employee's appearance holds significant weight in the professional realm.

Proponents of relaxed dress norms often emphasize that in today’s world, where
creativity and individualism are increasingly championed, enforcing stringent dress
codes is regressive. As long as employees discharge their duties efficiently, they say,
their attire is a moot point. This sentiment finds resonance especially in sectors like
the tech industry, where companies like Google have thrived despite adopting a
relaxed dress regulation. For them, the quality of work, innovation, and tangible
outcomes are the yardsticks of an employee's worth, not their clothing.

However, overlooking the impact of work attire would be a mistake. First, uniform or
standardized clothing can instill a sense of unity and belonging, contributing to a
cohesive corporate culture. This benefit can be absent if staff members are allowed
to sport whatever they want. In addition to this, for roles that involve direct client
interaction, employees essentially become the company's representatives. In these
situations, their clothing choices can be seen as a reflection of the company's values
and level of professionalism. Imagine a bank where employees dressed
haphazardly; despite their competence, customers might question the bank's
credibility based on appearances alone.

To summarize, while the primary measure of an employee is undeniably their

performance and output, the significance of workplace attire in shaping perceptions
and fostering a cohesive environment cannot be overlooked. It is thus crucial to
strike a balance between individual expression and the broader objectives of an
organization.
Word count: 283 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

21.7.2023 (2)

The best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the cost
of fuels. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

It is often proposed that raising fuel prices is the foremost method of solving
environmental problems. I, however, would challenge this thinking by showing its
limitations as well as better solutions.

Granted, proponents of increasing fuel costs might argue that it could drastically
reduce demand for fossil fuels. This, as a result, would lead to a reduction in the
emission of carbon dioxide, which is one of the chief culprits behind major
environmental issues like global warming. However, this perspective fails to factor in
our current heavy reliance on fossil fuels, as evidenced by the fact that most vehicles
still use gasoline. In other words, modifying their prices would have a negligible
bearing on demand for them and, by extension, the environmental status quo. It is
also noteworthy that many environmental problems like deforestation are largely
unrelated to fuel consumption, so increasing fuel prices could hardly improve the
situation.

Given the aforementioned limitations, I am convinced that the following measures

would be more effective in countering environmental problems. First, it is imperative
that greener alternatives to fossil fuels be developed and made more commonplace.
This can be key to lowering our reliance on the latter as a source of energy, leading to
reduced volumes of CO2 emitted. Such a measure should be executed in tandem with
introducing more stringent environmental regulations. For example, illegal loggers
should receive life sentences rather than a fine or a few months in prison. Such drastic
actions could go a long way towards deterring other people from causing damage to
the surroundings, thereby protecting the environment without having to interfere with
the energy market.

To summarize, I would contend that levying higher prices on fossil fuels would fail
to produce a discernible change in environmental issues, and that these problems
can be addressed more effectively by the government immensely investing in green
energy and imposing stricter regulations on environmental protection.
Word count: 315 - Written by Thanh Nguyen (Actual answer IDP 9999)

27.7.2023

It has become easier and more affordable for people to travel to other countries.
Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?

In recent years, traveling across borders has become significantly more convenient
and cost-effective for many. While some raise concerns regarding the environmental
implications of this trend, I firmly believe that it represents a positive shift in global
dynamics.
At the forefront of the debate, many argue that the surge in international travel,
especially by air, poses serious environmental concerns. The aviation industry
contributes a substantial percentage of global carbon emissions, and the rise in flights
exacerbates this issue. Worse still, popular tourist destinations face the threat of
overtourism, where an influx of visitors strains local resources and potentially
damages fragile ecosystems.
However, it is essential to recognize that the aviation sector is keenly aware of these
issues and is actively seeking sustainable solutions. Advances in green aviation
technology, such as biofuels and more efficient aircraft designs, promise to
significantly reduce the carbon footprint of flights. Additionally, many nations are
adopting sustainable tourism policies. For instance, some countries like Greece and
Iceland promote off-season travel or advocate for visits to less popular areas to
distribute tourist numbers more evenly. With proper management, it is plausible
that the negative environmental impacts can be substantially mitigated.
Turning to the broader picture, the ease of international travel offers numerous
benefits that make this trend predominantly positive. Firstly, it can promote
intercultural understanding. When individuals experience new cultures firsthand,
they are more likely to break down stereotypes and foster mutual respect. For
example, a person who spends a week in another country learning about its customs
and traditions is more likely to appreciate and understand that culture's nuances than
someone who has not traveled. Moreover, affordable travel can stimulate economic
growth. Local businesses, especially in developing nations, can thrive on the influx of
tourists, leading to job creation and improved infrastructure.
In conclusion, while the environmental concerns related to the increased ease of
international travel are valid, they are far from being insurmountable. With the
aviation industry's moves toward sustainability and countries' strategies for
sustainable tourism, these concerns can be addressed. More importantly, the cultural
understanding and economic opportunities arising from this trend far outweigh the
negatives. The rise in affordable and accessible international travel is, on balance, a
commendable development.

Word count: 366 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

30.7.2023

Companies should pay higher salaries to CEOs and executives compared to other
workers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Much has been debated over whether CEOs and top executives should earn
significantly higher salaries than other staff members. While some argue that this
wage disparity is unjustified, I firmly believe that the unique responsibilities borne
by these executives warrant their elevated remuneration.
A prevalent argument against towering CEO salaries is the perceived injustice in the
vast income disparity. Critics opine that this wage gap exacerbates the problem of
social inequalities, as workers on the lower rungs often struggle with living
expenses, whereas CEOs earn many times their salaries. For instance, a cashier at a
multinational supermarket chain might find it challenging to make ends meet, while
the CEO of the same company takes home millions. This stark contrast, they argue,
can demoralize employees and be the breeding ground for resentment.
While the concerns about social inequalities are valid, it is essential to understand the
vast differences in responsibilities and pressures between these roles. CEOs and
executives often bear the weight of an entire organization's success on their
shoulders. A single strategic error can lead to massive financial losses, or worse, the
downfall of the company. Furthermore, their decisions impact not only the company's
stakeholders but also its employees and sometimes even entire industries.
The argument in favor of higher pay for CEOs and executives is further strengthened
by the fact that they often have a vast reservoir of experience and a proven track
record of leadership and decision-making, which is not easily replaceable. This can be
seen in the tech industry, where leaders like Tim Cook or Sundar Pichai not only
possess technical acumen but also show stellar management prowess, enabling
companies like Apple and Google to stay ahead in a fiercely competitive market.
Their salaries, therefore, are not merely for their current roles but as recognition for
years of commitment and accomplishments.
In conclusion, while the disparity in pay between CEOs and other workers is striking,
it is justified, given the unparalleled responsibilities and pressures associated with
these roles. It is vital to recognize the invaluable contribution of every worker, but it is
equally crucial to compensate individuals based on the magnitude of their
responsibilities and the impact of their decisions.
Word count: 363 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

2.8.2023

Most companies nowadays sponsor sports as a way to advertise themselves. Some

people believe this would bring benefits to the world of sport. Some people
disagree. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

In recent years, a significant number of corporations have turned their attention to the
sporting arena, seeing it as fertile ground for advertisements through sponsorships.
While this trend is hailed by some as a boon to the world of sport, others express
worries over potential negative ramifications. This essay will closely examine both
viewpoints before concluding that I agree with the former.
On the one hand, detractors of corporate sponsorships in sports often voice
concerns over the potential for the commodification of sports. For them, the
essence of sports lies in its spirit, camaraderie, and the pure joy of competing.
Injecting a commercial element, they believe, might lead to undue pressure on
athletes to conform to brand images or messages, possibly eclipsing the true
values and ethos of the sport. Furthermore, there is a fear that these sponsorships
may lead to an unequal distribution of resources, favoring more popular sports or
teams and leaving others in the lurch. This can be seen in football, where certain
elite clubs, with significant sponsorships, have far superior resources than their less-
endowed counterparts.
However, I am convinced that corporate sponsorships confer far greater benefits upon
the world of sports. Primarily, corporate sponsorships provide much-needed
financial support to teams, athletes, and events. This funding gives them the means
to train better, access improved facilities, and compete on bigger stages. The 2012
London Olympics, for instance, had a host of corporate sponsors, and the funds
generated were instrumental in its execution – from infrastructure to the support of
athletes. Also, corporate sponsorships can lead to increased visibility and popularity
for certain sports. When a well-known brand associates itself with a sport or athlete, it
can attract a new audience, thereby broadening the base of fans and participants.
This can be especially beneficial for niche sports that struggle with viewership, such
as curling or water polo.
In conclusion, while the concerns about commercializing sports through corporate
sponsorships are legitimate, I would contend that these sponsorships bring about
greater benefits overall.
Word count: 332 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

3.8.2023
Some parents nowadays put more pressure on their children to succeed. Why is
this the case? Is it a negative or positive trend?

It is widely recognized that many parents place an inordinate level of pressure on

their children to achieve success. This can be attributed to a myriad of factors.
However, upon reflection, I assert that this trend leans more towards being detrimental
than beneficial for children's overall development.

The reasons behind parents imposing such pressures are multifaceted. First, the
globalized world presents a more competitive environment, with opportunities
appearing scarcer and more sought after. Parents, often reflecting on their
experiences, may believe that pressuring their children will equip them with the
necessary skills to face these challenges head-on. Besides this, the impact of social
expectations should also be taken into account. With the proliferation of social
media, achievements, be them academic or extracurricular, are more frequently
broadcasted, leading to an inadvertent comparison amongst peers. Consequently,
parents may feel the onus to ensure their child is not 'left behind' in this race.

While the intentions might stem from a place of genuine concern and aspiration for
their child's well-being, I would argue that the consequences can be
counterproductive. Continual pressure can lead to mental health issues in children.
Instead of fostering a genuine love for learning or pursuing a passion, they might
associate these activities with stress, leading to a potential aversion in the future. A
poignant example can be drawn from Japan's rigorous academic system, where
students often face burnout, leading to a growing concern over their mental well-
being. Furthermore, children under constant pressure might not develop crucial life
skills such as resilience, adaptability, or the ability to cope with failure. After all, if
they are always pushed to succeed and not allowed to fail, they might not learn how
to rise after a fall, a skill imperative for real-world challenges.

In conclusion, while parents' intentions in pushing their children might come from a
place of love and concern, the repercussions of this pressure are often adverse. It is
essential to strike a balance between guiding children towards their potential and
letting them explore, make mistakes, and learn at their own pace. Only then can they
truly grow into well-rounded and resilient individuals.

Word count: 352 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

5.8.2023

There are several factors that motivate people to stay in the workforce, and
money is the most important factor. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The role of compensation in motivating individuals to remain actively engaged in

their professions is a widely debated topic, with many arguing that financial rewards
are the paramount factor keeping people tethered to their jobs. Although money
undeniably plays a significant role in job retention, I maintain that other factors can
be equally, if not more, influential in one's decision to remain in the workforce.
Undoubtedly, a competitive salary can be a strong enticement for many individuals.
For one, rising living expenses, coupled with aspirations for a comfortable lifestyle,
necessitate a stable income. Financial security, after all, allows individuals to meet
basic needs such as housing, food, and education for their children. Moreover, in
many capitalist societies, wealth is often equated with success, and for those who
subscribe to this notion, a hefty paycheck can be seen as a symbol of personal
achievement and social status. This can be seen in the allure of high-paying roles in
the financial sectors of cities like New York or London. Many are drawn to these
roles primarily for their lucrative salaries and the prestige they bring.
However, looking beyond mere monetary gains, there exist myriad reasons that
might anchor an individual to their profession. Job satisfaction, derived from a sense
of purpose or passion for the work, is a potent motivator. For instance, many
educators, despite often modest salaries, remain in their roles due to the intrinsic
reward of shaping young minds. Additionally, the social interactions and
camaraderie forged in a workplace can be a compelling reason for many to stay. An
environment where colleagues evolve into friends can make even mundane tasks
enjoyable. Furthermore, opportunities for personal growth, skill development, and
career progression can serve as powerful incentives, often independent of monetary
rewards.
In conclusion, while financial compensation is undeniably a crucial motivator for
many in the workforce, it is reductive to consider it the most significant factor. The
intricate tapestry of motivations—ranging from personal passion and satisfaction to
social connections and professional growth—underscores the multifaceted nature of
our ties to our jobs.
Word count: 343 – Written by Thanh Nguyen

6.8.2023
Some scientists think that there are intelligent life forms on other planets and
messages should be sent to contact them. Other scientists think it is a bad idea
and would be dangerous. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

In the vast expanse of the universe, the idea that Earth is the only planet housing
intelligent life has been a topic of debate among scientists for decades. Whilst some
advocate sending messages in the hopes of establishing contact with extraterrestrial
beings, others voice concerns about the potential risks. In this essay, I will discuss
both perspectives and explain why I lean towards caution, deeming such endeavors
potentially perilous.

Proponents of reaching out to intelligent extraterrestrials highlight the scientific

and philosophical significance of such an endeavor. They say, by establishing contact,
humanity can gain invaluable insights into advanced technologies and methods that
may solve numerous challenges faced on Earth. This indeed makes the idea of
learning from civilizations potentially older and wiser than our own compelling.
Moreover, on a philosophical front, making contact can redefine our
understanding of life and our place in the cosmos, thereby answering age-old
questions about our existential significance.

However, venturing into such uncharted territories brings with it a multitude of

unknowns. Historically, when civilizations with disparate levels of technological
development have interacted on Earth, the less advanced societies often suffered,
sometimes even facing extinction. Drawing a parallel, if humans were to contact a
significantly more advanced extraterrestrial civilization, the consequences could be
dire. This is not merely about physical harm or invasion. The limited knowledge of a
vastly superior civilization could disrupt our societies, leading to social upheaval
or even collapse.

The argument against reaching out to aliens is further strengthened by the fact that
sending messages without understanding the cultural and behavioral context of the
recipient can lead to misunderstandings. Even on Earth, misinterpretations arising
from cultural differences have resulted in conflicts. Extrapolating this to an
interstellar scale, without a shared history or frame of reference, the potential for
miscommunication becomes infinitely greater.
In conclusion, while the excitement of potentially communicating with intelligent life
beyond our planet is undeniably appealing, I would contend that the risks associated
with such endeavors are far more pronounced.

Word count: 330 - Written by Thanh Nguyen

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