Business Research Methodology Lab (BBA 213)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of Bachelor of Business Administration

(BBA)

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi Session 2021-24

Under the Guidance of Submitted by

Ms. Megha laroia khushi
(Assistant Professor) BBA-III Sem
Enrollment No- 0232550172

JIMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT TECHNICAL CAMPUS

48/4, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida-201306 (U.P.)

Lab Manual of Business Research Methodology Lab

 Page
S.NO. Topic
No.

1 INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL

Basic Information 1
1.1

1.2 Basic Information of Ribbon 2

1.3 Create New Spreadsheet 3

1.4 Managing The Spreadsheet 5

1.5 Benefits of MS EXCEL 7

2 EXCEL FORMULA

2.1 AVERAGE 10

2.2 PERCENTAGE 12

2.3 SUM 13

15
2.4 MEAN

16
2.5 MEDIAN

17
2.6 MODE

2.7 CORRELATION 19

SUMIF 20
2.8

2.9 MAX 22
2.10 MIN 23

2.11 COUNTIF FUNCTION 24

2.12 OR FUNCTION 26

AND FUNCTION 27
2.13

3 PIVOT TABLE

3.1 Creation of PIVOT TABLE(Columns, Rows, Values, Filtering) 28

3.2 Fields & Layouts 31

LOOK-UP
4

VLOOKUP 35
4.1

QUESTIONNAIRE
5

Advantages of Good Questionnaire 37

5.1

Characteristics of questionnaire 38
5.2

Sample Questionnaire 39
5.3

Creating of Google Form 43

5.4
 INTRODUCTION TO SPSS
6

6.1 What is SPSS? 46

6.2 What are the Core Features of SPSS? 47

Industry Use Cases 48

6.3

Types Of Alternative software 50

6.4

Advantages Of SPSS 52
6.5

Limitations Of SPSS 52
6.6
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INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL

MS-EXCEL is a part of Microsoft Office suite software. It is an electronic

spreadsheet with numerous rows and columns, used for organizing data,
graphically represent data(s), and performing different calculations. It consists of
1048576 rows and 16384 columns, a row and column together make a cell. Each
cell has an address defined by column name and row number example A1, D2, etc.
this is also known as a cell reference.
Cell references: The address or name of a cell or a range of cells is known as Cell
reference. It helps the software to identify the cell from where the data/value is to
be used in the formula. We can reference the cell of other worksheets and also of
other programs.
• Referencing the cell of other worksheets is known as External referencing.
• Referencing the cell of other programs is known as Remote referencing.
There are three types of cell references in Excel:
1. Relative reference.
2. Absolute reference.
3. Mixed reference.

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The Ribbon in MS-Excel is the topmost row of tabs that provide the user with
different facilities/functionalities. These tabs are:

1. Home Tab: It provides the basic facilities like changing the font, size of
text, editing the cells in the spreadsheet, autosum, etc.
2. Insert Tab: It provides the facilities like inserting tables, pivot tables,
images, clip art, charts, links, etc.
3. Page layout: It provides all the facilities related to the spreadsheet-like
margins, orientation, height, width, background etc. The worksheet
appearance will be the same in the hard copy as well.
4. Formulas: It is a package of different in-built formulas/functions which
can be used by user just by selecting the cell or range of cells for values.
5. Data: The Data Tab helps to perform different operations on a vast set of
data like analysis through what-if analysis tools and many other data
analysis tools, removing duplicate data, transpose the row and column,
etc. It also helps to access data(s) from different sources as well, such as
from Ms-Access, from web, etc.
6. Review: This tab provides the facility of thesaurus, checking spellings,
translating the text, and helps to protect and share the worksheet and
workbook.
7. View: It contains the commands to manage the view of the workbook,
show/hide ruler, gridlines, etc, freezing panes, and adding macros.

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Creating a new spreadsheet:

In Excel 3 sheets are already opened by default, now to add a new sheet :
• In the lowermost pane in Excel, you can find a button.
• Click on that button to add a new sheet.

• We can also achieve the same by Right-clicking on the sheet number

before which you want to insert the sheet.
• Click on Insert.

• Select Worksheet.
• Click OK.

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Opening previous spreadsheet:

On the lowermost pane in Excel, you can find the name of the current sheet you
have opened.
On the left side of this sheet, the name of previous sheets are also available like
Sheet 2, Sheet 3 will be available at the left of sheet4, click on the number/name
of the sheet you want to open and the sheet will open in the same workbook.
For example, we are on Sheet 4, and we want to open Sheet 2 then simply just
click on Sheet2 to open it.

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Managing the spreadsheets:

You can easily manage the spreadsheets in Excel simply by :
• Simply navigating between the sheets.

• Right-clicking on the sheet name or number on the pane.

• Choose among the various options available like, move, copy, rename,
add, delete etc.
• You can move/copy your sheet to other workbooks as well just by
selecting the workbook in the To workbook and the sheet before you want
to insert the sheet in Before sheet.

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To save the workbook:

1. Click on the Office Button or the File tab.
2. Click on Save As option.
3. Write the desired name of your file.
4. Click OK.
To share your workbook:
1. Click on the Review tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the share workbook (under Changes group).
3. If you want to protect your workbook and then make it available for
another user then click on Protect and Share Workbook option.
4. Now check the option “Allow changes by more than one user at the same
time. This also allows workbook merging” in the Share Workbook dialog
box.
5. Many other options are also available in the Advanced like track, update
changes.
6. Click OK.

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Benefits of Microsoft Excel

1. The Best Way to Store Data
Even if you don’t use any of the options or any tool which Excel offers you, it is
the best way to store data. Why I’m saying this because Excel is a kind of
application that is used by millions of people.

So when you store data in Excel and then share it with others, they can access it
easily.

2. You can perform calculations

What makes Excel the best spreadsheet application on the planet is its ability to
perform calculations. In Excel, you have a complete list of functions that you can
use for the calculations.

Basically, an Excel function is a predefined formula that returns a specific result

based on the values you specify.

But apart from that, you can also create your own formulas by combining two or
more functions or just by performing calculations using operators.

3. All the tools for data analysis

The core motive of having data is to analyze and get insights out of it. The good
news is Excel has some of the most powerful tools to analyze data.

Imagine you have data with thousands of rows, you can insert a pivot table out of
that data and create a summary table.

4. Easy to Create Data Visualizations with Charts

In Excel, you have all those options to create charts and present your data in a
visual way.

All those major types of charts that you need to use to present your data are already
there and you can insert them with a single click.

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If you go to the Insert Tab, in the charts group, you can find all the charts which
you can insert.

Not just that, there’s also a button called recommended charts that you can use to
let Microsoft Excel recommend you the best possible chart to use for the data you
have in your worksheet.

5. You can Print Reports Easily

Even if you are a person who likes to save trees but there could be a point where
you need to print reports to share with others or present them to someone.

Well, Excel allows you to print with a lot of customization where you can change
the margin, paper size, orientation, etc.

There are a whole bunch of options that you can use for page setup before printing
a report.

6. You can code to automate

Microsoft Office has its own coding language which is called VBA (visual basic
for applications) and it allows you to write code for almost all the activities that
you perform manually in Excel.

You can automate all kinds of activities from simple (make a text bold) to complex
(insert a pivot table) using a VBA code.
7. Transform and clean data
If you are one of those people who work with data a lot or you know someone who
works, there are a lot of situations where you need to deal with messy data which
you need to clean before you use it.

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The process of cleaning and transforming data takes a big chunk of your time and
it can be a tedious process.

For this, Microsoft has introduced the power query which is a data transformation
and cleaning engine well you can load data from multiple sources, transform it,
and then load it back to the worksheet.

8. Store data with millions of rows

Well, there is no limit to data, but Excel has a limit in terms of rows and columns.
So that’s why Microsoft came up with Power Pivot where you can store data with
millions of rows and then you can perform calculations within Power Pivot.

9. You can work with Excel online + mobile app

As most companies these days are moving to the cloud and Microsoft Excel has
its own web version. It has so many features, like functions, pivot tables, and pivot
charts just like the desktop app.
And recently Microsoft has launched its all-in-one office app that you can use to
work on spreadsheets and mobile as well.

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Average
The most universally accepted average is the arithmetic mean, and Excel
uses the AVERAGE function to find it. The Excel AVERAGE function is used
to generate a number that represents a typical value from a range,
distribution, or list of numbers. It is calculated by adding all the numbers in
the list, then dividing the total by the number of values within the list.
MS Excel’s AVERAGE function is a statistical function. The average function
calculates the arithmetic mean of a series of data. That is, it adds all the
values of the variable we are analysing and divides them by the number of
values added.
=AVERAGE (number1, [number2], …)
The AVERAGE function has the following arguments
• Number1 – Required. The first number, cell reference, or range for which
you want to calculate the average.
• Number2 – Optional. Additional numbers, cell references, or ranges for
which you want to calculate the average. The max count is 255.
• Formula used: =AVERAGE(D4:D13)

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Percentage:
The "PERCENTAGE" function in Excel is used to convert a decimal number to a
percentage. The syntax for the function is =PERCENTAGE(decimal number,
decimal places), where "decimal number" is the number you want to convert to
a percentage and "decimal places" is the number of decimal places you want the
result to have.
Percentages can be calculated using the formula =part/total. As an example, if
you're trying to apply a discount, you would like to reduce a particular amount
by 10%. The formula is: =Price*1-Discount %. (Consider the "1" as a substitute
for 100%.
The Percentage is a mathematical operation that involves multiplying the
fraction by a hundred. The word percent belongs to the Latin language, where it
was called "Per-Cent."

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Summation:
The SUM function in excel adds the numerical values in a range of cells. Being
categorized under the Math and Trigonometry function, it is entered by typing
“=SUM” followed by the values to be summed. The values supplied to the
function can be numbers, cell references or ranges.

The quickest and easiest way to sum a range of cells is to use the Excel AutoSum
button. It automatically enters an Excel SUM function in the selected cell. The
SUM function totals one or more numbers in a range of cells.
The SUM Function Setup
Instead of using the AutoSum command to insert the SUM function, you can
type the function manually.
The SUM function setup (syntax) is: SUM(number1, [number2],...).
• It has one required argument: number1
• It also has optional arguments (enclosed in square brackets): [number2],..
These arguments can be cell references, or can be typed into the formula.

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Formula used: =SUM(D4:D13)

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Mean
Question 4: Create a table in MS-EXCEL and apply the Mean formula.
Solution:
Arithmetic mean, also referred to as average, is probably the measure you are
most familiar with. The mean is calculated by adding up a group of numbers and
then dividing the sum by the count of those numbers.
Formula used:
harmanic mean: =HARMEAN(sum!D4:D13,sum!E4:E13,sum!F4:F13) geometric
mean: =GEOMEAN(sum!D4:D14,sum!E4:E14,sum!F4:F14)

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Median
which is the middle number of a group of numbers; that is, half the numbers
have values that are greater than the median, and half the numbers have values
that are less than the median. For example, the median of 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, and 10 is
4.

Formula used: =MEDIAN(sum!D4:D13,sum!F4:F13,sum!E4:E13)

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Mode
The MODE Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions. MODE will
calculate the most frequently occurring value from a list of supplied numbers. If
there are two or more most frequently occurring values in the supplied data, the
function returns the lowest of the values.
In financial analysis, the function can be useful in calculating mode for a given
dataset. For example, for a dataset of a million people, we can assign numbers
to individual purchases such as TV=1, iPad=2, Cell Phone=3. The data can serve
as an important and valuable marketing tool. Using the function, we can see how
frequently consumers bought each of the above gadgets.
Formula
=MODE(number1, [number2], …)
The function uses the following arguments:
1. Number1 (required argument) – The number arguments are a set of one or
more numeric values (or arrays of numeric values) for which we want to
calculate the mode.
2. Number2 (optional argument)
For the MODE function, remember that:
• Arguments can either be numbers or names, arrays, or references that
contain numbers.
• If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty
cells, the values are ignored by this function. However, any cells with the
value zero are included.
• Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into
numbers cause errors.

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Formula used: =MODE(E3:E12)

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Correlation
The CORREL function returns the correlation coefficient of two cell ranges. Use
the correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between two
properties. For example, you can examine the relationship between a location's
average temperature and the use of air conditioners.
▪ If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty
cells, those values are ignored; however, cells with zero values are included.
▪ If array1 and array2 have a different number of data points, CORREL returns
a #N/A error.
▪ If either array1 or array2 is empty, or if s (the standard deviation) of their
values equals zero, CORREL returns a #DIV/0! error.
▪ As much as the correlation coefficient is closer to +1 or -1, it indicates
positive (+1) or negative (-1) correlation between the arrays. Positive
correlation means that if the values in one array are increasing, the values
in the other array increase as well. A correlation coefficient that is closer to
0, indicates no or weak correlation.

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Formula used: =CORREL(D3:D12,E3:E12)

Sumif
You use the SUMIF function to sum the values in a range that meet criteria that
you specify. For example, suppose that in a column that contains numbers, you
want to sum only the values that are larger than 5. You can use the following
formula: =SUMIF(B2:B25,">5"). If you want, you can apply the criteria to one
range and sum the corresponding values in a different range. For example, the
formula =SUMIF(B2:B5, "John", C2:C5) sums only the values in the range C2:C5,
where the corresponding cells in the range B2:B5 equal "John."

The SUMIF function is a premade function in Excel, which calculates the sum of
values in a range based on a true or false condition.
It is typed =SUMIF:
=SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])
The condition is referred to as criteria, which can check things like:
If a number is greater than another number > If
a number is smaller than another number <
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If a number or text is equal to something =

The [sum_range] is the range where the function calculates

Formula used: =SUMIF(G5:G14,">60000",G5:G14)

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Maximum Function
The MAX Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions. MAX will
return the largest value in a given list of arguments. From a given set of numeric
values, it will return the highest value. Unlike MAXA function, the MAX function
will count numbers but ignore empty cells, text, the logical values TRUE and
FALSE, and text values.
In financial analysis, MAX can be useful in calculating the highest score, the
fastest time, the highest expense or revenue amount, etc. Formula used:
=MAX(G4:G13)

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Minimum Function
The MIN Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions. MIN will
return the minimum value in a given list of arguments. From a given set of
numeric values, it will return the smallest value. Unlike the MINA function,
the MIN function ignores numbers, text, and logical values TRUE and FALSE
and text values.
In MS Excel 2007 and later versions, we can provide up to 255 number
arguments to the MIN function. However, in Excel 2003 and earlier
versions, it can only accept up to 30 number arguments.
Formula used: =MIN(G4:G13)

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Count if
The COUNTIFS Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions. COUNTIFS
will count the number of cells that meet a single criterion or multiple criteria in
the same or different ranges.
The difference between COUNTIF and COUNTIFS is that COUNTIF is designed for
counting cells with a single condition in one range, whereas COUNTIFS can
evaluate different criteria in the same or different ranges.
When doing financial analysis, COUNTIF helps in doing a quick analysis. For
example, we are given a list of tasks to be completed by a department, and the
dates and priority of each task. In such a scenario, we can prepare a table showing
the date, count of each task, and their priority using the COUNTIFS function.
The given criteria can be any of the following:
1. It is a numeric value. It can be an integer, decimal, date, time, or logical
value.
2. A text strings. It may include wildcards. Wildcards can be a? (Question mark)
or an * (asterisk). A? matches any single character, whereas, * matches any
sequence of characters. If we wish to actually find the? (Question mark) or
* (asterisk) character, we need to type the ~ symbol before this character in
our search.

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Formula used: =COUNTIF(D6:D15,"mobile") =COUNTIF(G6:G15,">

25000")

OR function
The OR Function is categorized under Excel LOGICAL functions. The function will
determine if any of the conditions in a test is TRUE.
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In financial analysis, the OR function can be useful in comparing two statements

or two values. For example, A1 for either “a” or “b,” use =OR(A1=”a”,A1=”b”).
The function can be used as the logical test inside the IF function to avoid extra
nested IFs, and can be combined with the AND function.
The function uses the following arguments:
1. Logical1 (required argument) – This is the first condition or logical value to
evaluate.
2. Logical2 (optional argument) – The second condition or logical value to
evaluate.
Formula used: =OR(C3<35,D3<35,E3<35)

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And function
The OR Function is categorized under Excel LOGICAL functions. The function will
determine if any of the conditions in a test is TRUE.
In financial analysis, the OR function can be useful in comparing two statements
or two values. For example, A1 for either “a” or “b,” use =OR(A1=”a”,A1=”b”).
The function can be used as the logical test inside the IF function to avoid extra
nested IFs, and can be combined with the AND function.
The function uses the following arguments:
1. Logical1 (required argument) – This is the first condition or logical value to
evaluate.
2. Logical2 (optional argument) – The second condition or logical value to
evaluate.
Formula used: =AND(C3<35,D3<35,E3<35)

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Pivot Table
Pivot Table: You can use a PivotTable to summarize, analyse, explore, and
present summary data. Pivot Charts complement PivotTables by adding
visualizations to the summary data in a PivotTable, and allow you to easily see
comparisons, patterns, and trends. Both PivotTables and Pivot Charts enable you
to make informed decisions about critical data in your enterprise. You can also
connect to external data sources such as SQL Server tables, SQL Server Analysis
Services cubes, Azure Marketplace, Office Data Connection (.odc) files, XML files,
Access databases, and text files to create PivotTables, or use existing PivotTables
to create new tables.
A PivotTable is an interactive way to quickly summarize large amounts of data.
You can use a PivotTable to analyse numerical data in detail, and answer
unanticipated questions about your data. A PivotTable is especially designed for:
▪ Querying large amounts of data in many user-friendly ways.
▪ Subtotalling and aggregating numeric data, summarizing data by categories
and subcategories, and creating custom calculations and formulas.
▪ Expanding and collapsing levels of data to focus your results, and drilling
down to details from the summary data for areas of interest to you.
▪ Moving rows to columns or columns to rows (or "pivoting") to see different
summaries of the source data.
▪ Filtering, sorting, grouping, and conditionally formatting the most useful
and interesting subset of data enabling you to focus on just the information
you want.
▪ Presenting concise, attractive, and annotated online or printed reports

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How a PivotTable Works

PivotTables have four main components:

1. Columns

Columns are vertical tabular data.The column includes the unique header,
which is on the top.The header defines which data you are seeing listed
downwards.In this example, D5(Sum of Attack) is the header.

D6(110), D7(100), D8(50), D9(73), and so on are the data.

2. Rows

Rows are horizontal tabular data.Data in the same row are related.In this
example, A8(Alakazam) is the Pokemon name.

B8(500), C8(55), D8(50), E8(45) represents the pokemons

stats.The type of stats is read in the header in the columns.

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3. Filters

Filters are used to select what data you see. In this example, there are two
filters enabled: Generation and Type 1..The filters are set
to Generation (1) and Type (Psychic).We will only see
Generation 1 pokemonm that is Type 1, Psychic.All pokemon in the table
below the filter are of this generation and type.

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4. Values

Values define how you present the data.You can define how you Summarize
and Show values.In this example, values are defined for the range
B5:E5.The range B5:E5 has all the same value setting: Sum The Sum is
summarized in the range B14:E14.

Values settings view:

You can change the name and settings of the values.

Fields and layout

The Table Pivot is displayed how by your settings..The PivotTable Fields panel
is used to change how you see the data.The settings can be separated in two: Fields
and Layout.
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1. Fields

The checkboxes can be selected or unselected to display or change the

property of the data.

In this example, the checkbox for Speed is selected.

Speed is now displayed in the table.

You can click the downwards arrow to change how the data is presented.

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2. Layout

Drag and drop fields to the boxes to the right to display data in the table.

You can drag them to the four different boxes that we mentioned earlier (four
main components):

1. Filters
2. Rows
3. Columns
4. Values

In this example, we will drag and drop Sp. def to Values.

Sp. Def is now displayed

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The settings of the fields that you have moved to the right side can be
changed.

Click the downwards arrow to access the settings.

This is possible in the four areas (Filters, rows, columns and, values).

Lab Work -

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VLOOKUP
The VLOOKUP Function in Excel is a tool for looking up a piece of
information in a table or data set and extracting some corresponding
data/information. In simple terms, the VLOOKUP function says the
following to Excel: “Look for this piece of information (e.g., bananas), in this
data set (a table), and tell me some corresponding information about it
(e.g., the price of bananas)”.
To translate this to simple English, the formula is saying, “Look for this piece
of information, in the following area, and give me some corresponding data
from another column”.
The VLOOKUP function uses the following arguments:
1. Lookup value (required argument) – Lookup value specifies the value
that we want to look up in the first column of a table.
2. Table array (required argument) – The table array is the data array that
is to be searched. The VLOOKUP function searches in the left-most
column of this array.
3. Col index num (required argument) – This is an integer, specifying the
column number of the supplied table array, that you want to return a
value from.
4. Range lookup (optional argument) – This defines what this function
should return in the event that it does not find an exact match to the
lookup value. The argument can be set to TRUE or FALSE, which means:
o TRUE – Approximate match, that is, if an exact match is not found, use
the closest match below the lookup value.
o FALSE – Exact match, that is, if an exact match not found, then it will
return an error.

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Formula used: =VLOOKUP(B14,B2:F12,4,FALSE)

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Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions (or
other types of prompts) to gather information from respondents through survey
or statistical study. A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended
questions and open-ended questions. Open-ended, long-term questions offer the
respondent the ability to elaborate on their thoughts. The Research questionnaire
was developed by the Statistical Society of London in 1838.
Although questionnaires are often designed for statistical analysis of the
responses, this is not always the case.
Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of survey tools in that
they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or
telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to
compile data.
However, such standardized answers may frustrate users as the possible answers
may not accurately represent their desired responses. Questionnaires are also
sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions
and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups surveying by
questionnaire may not be concretely feasible.

Advantages of a good questionnaire design

• With a survey questionnaire, you can gather a lot of data in less time.

• There is less chance of any bias creeping if you have a standard set of
questions to be used for your target audience. You can apply logic to
questions based on the respondents’ answers, but the questionnaire will
remain standard for a group of respondents that fall in the same segment.
• Surveying online survey software is quick and cost-effective. It offers you a

rich set of features to design, distribute, and analyze the response data.
• It can be customized to reflect your brand voice. Thus, it can be used to

reinforce your brand image.

• The responses can be compared with the historical data and understand the

shift in respondents’ choices and experiences.

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•Respondents can answer the questionnaire without revealing their identity.

Also, many survey software complies with significant data security and
privacy regulations.
Characteristics of a good questionnaire
Your survey design depends on the type of information you need to collect from
respondents. Qualitative questionnaires are used when there is a need to collect
exploratory information to help prove or disprove a hypothesis. Quantitative
questionnaires are used to validate or test a previously generated hypothesis.
However, most questionnaires follow some essential characteristics:

• Uniformity: Questionnaires are very useful to collect demographic

information, personal opinions, facts, or attitudes from respondents. One of
the most significant attributes of a research form is uniform design and
standardization. Every respondent sees the same questions. This helps in
data collection and statistical analysis of this data. For example, the retail
store evaluation questionnaire template contains questions for evaluating
retail store experiences. Questions relate to purchase value, range of
options for product selections, and quality of merchandise. These questions
are uniform for all customers.
• Exploratory: It should be exploratory to collect qualitative data. There is no
restriction on questions that can be in your questionnaire. For example, you
use a data collection questionnaire and send it to the female of the
household to understand her spending and saving habits relative to the
household income. Open-ended questions give you more insight and allow
the respondents to explain their practices. A very structured question list
could limit the data collection.
• Question Sequence: It typically follows a structured flow of questions to
increase the number of responses. This sequence of questions is screening
questions, warm-up questions, transition questions, skip questions,
challenging questions, and classification questions.

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Questionnaire

Hello,,I am Khushi, student of JIMS , IPU university and I would really appreciate it if you complete this survey with your honest
opinion about Hira Sweets. Note that the survey will be strictly confidential, your identity will stay anonymous . The survey
consists of 17 questions it will take you 5-7 minutes. I would like to thank you in advance for participating on my survey.

(a) Gender - (b) Age

1. How often do you visist Hira Sweets?

● Daily

● Once a week

● Once a month
● Never

2. I rate the average cleanliness of Hira Sweets outlet that I have been to?
● Not clean
● Somewhat clean
● Clean

3. What do you like about Hira Sweets?

● Taste

● Popular place for sweets

● Service quality

● Quality sweets

● Low prices

4. What can Hira Sweets do to improve?

● Exceed customers expectations
● Make cheaper prices

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● Offer special types of products regularly

5. I rate the quality of Hira Sweets compared to other brands (Ex Haldirams) to be?

● Very bad
● Bad
● Average
● Good
● Excellent

6. How satisfied are you with the employee service at Hira Sweets?

● Satisfied
● Neutral
● Unsatisfied

7. I would rate the ambience of Hira Sweets to be?

● Very bad
● Bad
● Average
● Good
● Excellent

8. I rate the friendliness of the employee?

● Very bad

● Bad

● Average

● Good

● Excellent

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9. Do you think Hira Sweets has enough food options

● strongly disagree
● disagree
● neutral
● agree
● strongly agree

10. In general, do you think Hira Sweets has improved its performance compared to the first couple of times
you’ve been there?

● Yes
● No
● Maybe

11. I think Hira Sweets should start advertising.

● Strongly disagree
● Disagree
● Neutral
● Agree
● Strongly agree

12. How important is the price to you when choosing Hira Sweets?

● Important

● Unimportant

13. I think the quality of the products is worth the prices

● Strongly disagree
● Disagree
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● Neutral
● Agree
● Strongly agree
14. How would you rate your product satisfaction?

● Satisfied
● Neutral
● Unsatisfied

15. I rate the quality of the products:

● Very bad

● Bad
● Average
● Good
● Excellent

16. What do you think Hira Sweets needs to improve the most?

● Customer service
● Product Quality
● Amount of product variation

17. How likely is it that you recommend Hira Sweets to your friends?
• Unlikely
• Somewhat likely
• Likely

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GOOGLE FORM - Google Forms is a free online tool from Google which
allows users to create forms, surveys, and quizzes as well as to collaboratively
edit and share the forms with other people. Educators can use Google forms to
assess their students at the beginning of the class and gauge pre-existing
knowledge. Furthermore, Google forms can be used to give feedback to and
receive feedback from students and parents. Similarly, students can use Google
forms to assess their own learning and set the learning goals as well as to
collect data for their research projects.
Steps To Create a new form:-

Choose an option:
From forms.google.com, click Blank or choose a template.
From drive.google.com, click Newand thenscroll to Google Forms. Next to
Google Forms, point to the Right arrow "" and click Blank form, Blank quiz, or
From a template.
Name your form: In the top-left corner, click Untitled form or the template form
name and enter a new name.

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(Optional) Do any of the following actions:

Add a description: Under the form name, add your text.
Add a header: change the theme and background color, or font style:
Click Customize Theme: and then choose your options.

Add questions
If you’re using a template, you can skip to Edit questions to edit your form.
Note: Changes are automatically saved. To preview your changes any time, at the top
right, click Preview "".

1 Click Untitled Question and enter your question. You get suggestions based on your
type of question.
2 (Optional) To change the question type, click the Down arrow "" and choose an
option.
3 Add response options (if applicable for your question type).
4 To add a copy of the existing question, click Duplicate
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5 (Optional) To specify if people must answer the question, click

Required.
6 To add a new question, click Add question "".
Edit questions
You can add things like images and videos to a question at any time.
You can also reorder and delete questions.
Select a question and do any of the following actions:

1 Drag to reorder a question. You can also drag and reorder answers.
2 Delete a question.
3 Click More "" to: Add a description or hint. Shuffle the answer order. 4 To shuffle
the question order, click Settings. Next to Presentation, click the Down arrow ""and
then turn on Shuffle question order. 5 Add an image to a question. You can also add
images to answers or forms.
6 Add a YouTube video.

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SSPS – Statistical Package for Social Sciences

• IBM SPSS Statistics is a cloud-based data analysis engine that helps individuals and
enterprises by providing statistical foresight to improve efficiency across the business.
Designed for businesses of all sizes, it offers solutions including fraud mitigation, risk
management and enterprise data offloading.

• IBM SPSS Statistics enables optimization of hiring processes through big data and machine-
learning algorithms. Its database management module allows users to scale transaction
processes and store information as structured and unstructured data. It provides additional
services such as business intelligence, predictive analytics and financial performance
oversight.

• IBM SPSS Statistics provides data governance and enables businesses to build integration
tools to replicate information. Further, Its SPSS modeler module helps users to manage
complete data science cycle. Support is extended via phone, email and documentation and
pricing is available on request.

• Its ease of use, flexibility and scalability make SPSS accessible to users of all skill levels.
What’s more, its suitable for projects of all sizes and levels of complexity, and can help you
and your organization find new opportunities, improve efficiency and minimize risk.

• Within the SPSS software family of products, SPSS Statistics supports a topdown, hypothesis
testing approach to your data while SPSS Modeler exposes patterns and models hidden in
data through a bottom-up, hypothesis generation approach

Features of SPSS
• The core functionalities offered in SPSS are:

1. Statistical program for quantitative data analysis – It includes frequencies, cross-tabulation,

and bivariate statistics.

2. Modeler program that allows for predictive modelling. It enables researchers to build and

validate predictive models using advanced statistical procedures.

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3. Text analysis helps you derive insights from qualitative inputs through openended

questionnaires.

4. Visualization Designer allows researchers to use their data for a variety of visual

representations.

Apart from the above four functionalities, SPSS also provides data management solutions. Its

data management solutions like FHIR enable researchers to perform case selection, create

derived data, and perform file reshaping.

• SPSS is a popular tool for research, experimentation, and decision- making. It is one of the

most widely used statistical software worldwide in the world for its attractive features.

Here are some of them:

1. Using SPSS features, users can extract every piece of information from files for the

execution of descriptive, inferential, and multiple variant statistical procedures.

2. Thanks to SPSS’ Data Mining Manager, its users can conduct smart searches, extract

hidden information with the help of decision trees, design neural networks of artificial

intelligence, and market segmentation.

3. SPSS software can be used to solve algebraic, arithmetic, and trigonometric operations.

4. SPSS’s Report Generator feature lets you prepare attractive reports of investigations. It

incorporates text, tables, graphs, and statistical results of the report in the same file.

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5. SPSS offers data documentation too. It enables researchers to store a metadata

directory. Moreover, it acts as a centralized information repository in relation to the

data – such as relationships with other data, its meaning, origin, format, and usage.

Importance of SPSS

1. Data Transformation: This technique is used to convert the format of the data. After changing
the data type, it integrates same type of data in one place and it becomes easy to manage it. You
can insert the different kind of data into SPSS and it will change its structure as per the system
specification and requirement. It means that even if you change the operating system, SPSS can still
work on old data.

2. Regression Analysis: It is used to understand the relation between dependent and

interdependent variables that are stored in a data file. It also explains how a change in the value of
an interdependent variable can affect the dependent data.

3. ANOVA (Analysis of variance): It is a statistical approach to compare events, groups or

processes, and find out the difference between them. It can help you understand which method is
more suitable for executing a task. By looking at the result, you can find the feasibility and
effectiveness of the particular method.

4. MANOVA (Multivariate analysis of variance): This method is used to compare data of

random variables whose value is unknown. MANOVA technique can also be used to analyse
different types of population and what factors can affect their choices.

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5. T-tests: It is used to understand the difference between two sample types, and researchers
apply this method to find out the difference in the interest of two kinds of groups. This test can also
understand if the produced output is meaningless or useful

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Alternative software used

1. JASP: JASP is considered one of the strongest competitors for SPSS, it has a user-friendly
interface, supports many data formats, and provides Frequentist and Bayesian analysis.
JASP is available for Windows, Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, RedHat, and any distro that
supports Flatpak) and macOS (Sierra and later). JASP is also available to run in within the
web browser by using rollApp platform but with limited features.
2. Jamovi: Jamovi is a free lightweight statistical analysis package, it comes with seamless
integration with the R language and complete spreadsheet editing options. Jamovi is
another open-source alternative for SPSS but with a fancy easy-to-use interface and
smooth learning curve for students and beginners. Jamovi offers installable executable
packages for Windows, macOS, Linux (flatpak package), and ChromeOS (flatpak package).
3. GNU PSPP: GNU PSPP has been the official GUN open-source alternative for SPSS for
years, It provides similar features to SPSS but with support for ODFs (Open Document
Formats) like OpenOffice, LibreOffice. It has extensions for independent spreadsheet
programs like Gnumeric. GNU PSPP support for over 1 billion cases & over 1 billion
variables. It provides a compatible syntax to SPSS, a terminal users-interface and GUI
interface.

4. Sofa Statistics: sofa statistics is an open-source lightweight statistical package for

Windows, Linux & macOS. Sofa provides powerful database support for multiple
engines include SQLServer,
MySQL (MariaDB), PostgreSQL, SQLite, and
Microsoft Access. Though it does not support NoSQL databases, it supports tab-
separated values (TSV), comma- separated values (CSV), Excel files, OpenOffice Calc
and Gnumeric files, and reads the Google spreadsheets online files.

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5. ASCEND: Ascend is a small open-source package to solve small to very large mathematical
models. It can solve systems of non-linear equations, linear and nonlinear optimization
problems, and dynamic systems expressed in the form of differential/algebraic equations.
ASCEND provides installable packages for Windows, macOS, and Linux (Fedora, Ubuntu).
6. Gret1: Gret1 is a free libre statistical package for Windows, Linux, & macOS. It provides a
simple UI, complete R integration, and has a powerful integrated scripting language
(Hansl) that allows developers to extend its functionalities. Gretl is written in C and comes
with features that support advanced analysis like parallelization, data exchange with R,
GNU Octave, Python, Ox and Sata.
7. BlueSky Statistics: BlueSky Statistics is a rich analytic workbench for R programming
language. It comes in different editions: a free open-source full-featured edition (AGPL
3.0), a commercial desktop edition and a commercial server edition. BlueSky statistics has
a simple graphical user interface, several modules to ease the workflow while creating
and using statistical programs, powerful R integration with automatic R script syntax
generation, and runs R commands, scripts. BlueSky supports exporting to HTML, PDF and
many data formats, It offers a command editor to build and execute R commands, custom
output viewer and a diagram designer.

8. RKWard: Rkward is an open-source interface for R statistical language from KDE desktop.
It has a powerful spreadsheet editor,code editor, plot and graphs viewer, workspaces
browser, and R packages management similar to RStudio. It supports multiple data files
formats including SPSS, Sata & CSV. RKWard does not work only on Linux (KDE) desktops,
but it works on Windows and macOS as well. Here is a quick video interview about
RKWard.

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ADVANTAGES:
The advantages of using SPSS as a software package compared to other are:
• SPSS is a comprehensive statistical software.
• Many complex statistical tests are available as a built in feature.
• Interpretation of results is relatively easy.
• Easily and quickly displays data tables.
• Can be expanded.

LIMITATIONS:
• SPSS can be expensive to purchase for students.
• Usually involves added training to completely exploit all the available features.

• The graph features are not as simple as of Microsoft Excel

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