Structure of the Atom During the early part of the 20th century, the experiments. performed by scientists like Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist and Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, explained that the atom was mostly empty space with a minute central nucleus. Bohr's Model of the Atom Electron Orbit Nucleus The atom can be visualised as the Solar System with the nucleus (Sun) in the centre and negatively charged electrons (planets) revolving around it. The distribution of electrons in the various orbits is called the electronic configuration, Rutherford’s Model of the Atom Al The nucleus contains two kinds of particles: ‘An Atom is electrically neutral Protons, which are positively charged. In an atom: Neutrons, which carry no charge. Number of protons = Number of electrons Total positive charge =Total negative charge An atom is electrically neutral. In an atom the protons and electrons are equal in number. This means that the positive and negative charges are equal and opposite. Hence the net charge on an atom is zero. Orbits Electrons Size of the Atom The atom is extremely tiny. It may not make sense to say that its width ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers, but if you are told that one nanometer is about 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair, you may get an idea of how tiny an atom is. This means that if ten million atoms are placed side by side they would form a line measuring only about one millimetre. ha The nucleus is about tens of thousands of times smaller than the atom. Proton‘Modern Definition of an Atom Anatom is the tiniest or smallest part of an element that can exist and still have the properties of that element. Example: If the atom of iron were to be split up into its subatomic particles - the proton, neutron and ‘Atom of iron is attracted electron - then these particles would not show the co properties of iron. This means that an atom cannot —_‘!ron is attracted towards a magnet. The smallest be split up into simpler, similar particles. particle that can be attracted towards the magnet, is the atom of iron. Characteristic Properties of the Sub-atomic Particles Particle Property symbot _ | Electrical charge Mass (unit = 1.6 « 10-%)[ ama vane 1. Electron| Theseareparticles withnegligible |e e 4 r = Tunit Sear |e. 38 mass and unit negative charge. oe Nese eee 2, Proton | These have amass nearly equal | p P + Lunit 1 1.673 x 10 to that of a hydrogen atom and, : possess unit positive charge. 3. Neutron| Thesehave amass almost equal | 1 nil 1 Glo 10 to that of a hydrogen atom and do not carry any charge. Lamu = 1 atomic mass unit= 1.67 « 10g : te: Superscript denotes mass Atomic number and Mass number of an Atom “PF Super ‘Subscript denotes charge 1. Atomic number: Atomic number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. Example: The carbon atom has six protons. Therefore its atomic number is six. 2, Mass number: Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. © Protons = 6 @ Neutrons= 6 © Electrons = 6 Example: The carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. Hence, its mass number is twelve. ‘ The number of protons (P) in carbon atom is 6. Symbol for representing an Atom Therefore atomic number of carbon is 6. Let the letter ‘Y’ represent an atom. eae poe a Zis the atomic number and written as a carbon atom is 12. Therefore the mass number subscript of Y. of carbon is 12. Ais the mass number and written as a Superscript of Y. me ie Symbol of an Atom ‘Symbol of Carbon atom Given the symbol of sodium atom: ,,Na® 1, Number of protons (P) = 11 2. Number of electrons (E) = 11 Number of neutrons (N) = 12 (N= Mass number — Atomic number)Write the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the following atoms. Also write the electronic configuration of each. The first one is done for you. Neutrons 2. (4-2 1. Het Protons _2_ Electrons 2. Electronic configuration —________ 2. jNe®” Protons __ Electrons —_ Nee Electronic configuration 3. ,Be® Protons __ Electrons __ Neutrons — Electronic configuration 4. 4F'® Protons __ Electrons —_ Neutrons Electronic configuration 5. 0° Protons __. Electrons —__ Neutrons —__ Electronic configuration 6. ,B" Protons _ Electrons —_ Neutrons —__ Electronic configuration 7. ,sAP? Protons —_ Electrons __ Neutrons __ Electronic configuration 8. ,C? Protons __ Electrons Neutrons —_ Electronic configuration 9. ,,Mg** Protons —_ Electrons —_ Neutrons __ Electronic configuration 10. ,,P"" Protons —_ Electrons —_ Neutrons __ Electronic configuration 11. ,,CF” Protons Electrons Neutrons __ Electronic configuration 12. Li? Protons —— Electrons —_ Neutrons ___ Electronic configuration 13. Protons —— Electrons —_ Neutrons ___ Electronic configuration 14. jN* Protons — Electrons Neutrons __ Electronic configuration 15. Ar‘? Protons — Electrons __ Neutrons __ Electronic configurationElectronic Configuration se manner in which electrons arrange or distribute Tm pselves in the various orbits of an atom is called ther ectronic configuration, the elec rhe formula 2n® determines the maximum number of electrons that can ee Made to fit in a particular swt. In the formula 2n?, n denotes the orbit number, (y lfm = 1, then 2n?= 2(1)2 = 2 Maximum number of electrons that can fill up the first orbit is 2. Hydrogen: ,H' Helium: Het Electronic configuration: 1 Electronic configuration: 2 ji) Ifn = 2, then 2n? = 2(2)? ant = 2x4 ane = 8 Maximum number of electrons that can fill up the second orbit is 8. Neon: ,Ne* Electronic configuration: 2,7 Electronic configuration: 2,8 (ii) fn = 3, then 2n? = 2(3)? an? = 2x9 2n?7 = 18 Maximum number of electrons that can fill up the third orbit is 18. Chlorine: crs ‘Argon ,,Ar® — Plectronic configuration: 7 Electronic configuration: 2,8,8 Nes K L M N The orbits are also assigned letters where: K, orbit2=L, orbit 3=M, orbit4=N.... orbit 1 = Shell number Maximum no. of Electrons lorK am = 20) 2 2orL dnt = 227 = 8 30rM ant = 23% = 18 4orN 2m? = 24 = 32 Steps to draw diagram of an Atom The atomic number and mass number of an element enables us to draw the atomic structure of the element. (i) From the atomic number and mass number, find the number of protons, electrons and neutrons, (ii) Protons and neutrons are placed in the nucleus. The innermost circle represents the nucleus. Inside that, write thenumber of protons and neutrons. (iii) Electrons are represented as dots or number on the circles, as per Bohr - Bury scheme. SSAtomic Diagrams of Elements from Atomic Number 1 to 20 ® © Hydrogen tom: A=1;7= iydrogen atom: A=1;Z01 Lithium atom:A=7;2*3 Beryllium atom: A=9; 24 Boron atom: A= 11 Carbon atom: Nitrogen atom:A=14;2=7 Oxygen atom:A=16:2.-8 Fluorine atom: A= I Neon atom: A=20;7.= 10 Sodium atom: =23;2.=11 Phosphorus atom: A=31; 2-15 Aluminium atom:A=27; 13 sm: A=40;2= Potassium atom: ‘Argon atom:A=40;2.=18 sa Calcium atom: A—0; 2-29 Chlorine atom: A= 35:Electronic Configuration Complete the Following Table based on the Structure of Atoms of Elements having Atomle Number from 1 ~20. rilement | Symbol Mays rotons | Neutrons vyaoen | ue |] ——— | UE AE Helium Me | ——— J Eee eee Lithium Li eee eee cee : gusseensons [pees sosaet Beryllium | Bot | ——— | —___. psssessensice Boron Bn pasbisssssice Carbon e eee Nitrogen Ne gy) sf Oxygen 8 passsesiess Fluorine - Neon Ne® Sodium Nas | ———— Magnesium | ,Mg* | ———— |———— Aluminium | Ae? | ———— | ———— Silicon ‘sa. | —_— Phosphorus | ,,P ora a Sulphur a nnn sa? See Gli Hen i epi ea Te ee oe Potassium meee te eco ere cree tae BB Calcium, Fic eeeeeeecerecg | eeecegv Cree Erte ErreErEeet eeeValence Electron The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom is called the valence electron, The table below shows thi Present in the atoms of number from 11 to 18. valence electrons elements having atomic Element Electronic configuration Valence electron Valency nee Na 281 1 1 Metallic: Lose electrons with ease M ; to form electro-positive radicals Mg 2,82 2 2 (except Helium and Hydrogen). vAl 2,8,3 3 3 Si 2,84 4 ave P 2, eae : : +: Gain electrons with oS 2,8,6 6 2 ease to form electro-negative cl 28,7 7 1 radicals, wAr 2,88 8 -] & Inert: Does not lose or gain electrons. From the table it is seen that elements that have up to three valence electrons show metallic properties, while those having four or more than four valence electrons, are non-metals. Valence Electrons of Noble Gases Atoms of elements that have two electrons in their first and outermost shell, or atoms with eight electrons in their outermost shells are called noble gases or rare gases. Stable atoms z Configuration Helium [He] 2 2 Neon — [Ne] 10 2,8 Argon [Ar] 18 2, 8 8 Krypton [Kr] 36 2,8 18, 8 Xenon [Xe] 54 2, 8, 18,18, 8 Radon [Rn] 86 2, 8, 18, 32,18, 8 An atom is most stable when its valence shell is filled with eight electrons. A stable atom can exist by itself and does not combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. Such elements are monoatomic and exist as gases. Atom of Helium Atom of Neon Atom of Argonjn an atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. An imbalance between protons and electrons results in a charge on the atom. The charged atom is called an ion. If an atom loses one electron it means that: 4, The atom now has one proton number of electrons, one positive charge negative charges. more than the or, the atom now has More than the number of 2. Therefore the atom now carries an overall positive charge. The ‘positively charged atom’ is called a cation. If an atom gains one electron it means that: 1, The atom now has one electron more than the number of protons, or, the atom now has one negative charge more than the number of positive charges. 2. Therefore the atom now carries an overall negative charge. The ‘negatively charged atom’ is called an anion. + -le Sodium atom: Na Sodium ion: Na'* Electronic configuration: 2,8,1 Electronic configuration: 2,8 Chlorine atom: Cl Chloride "estrone configuration: 28,7 _Electronicconfiguratlon: 2,88 Atoms and Ions Cation and Anion Consider an atom with 11 protons (P) and 11 electrons (E). If it loses 1 electron, then it will have 10 electrons. Atom Ton P= + Peel E=/i E=- 10 net charge 70 st Ifan atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged and is called a cation. Consider an atom with 7 protons (P) and 7 electrons (E). If it gains | electron, it will have 8 electrons. Ton +7 Ifanatom gains electrons it becomes negatively charged and is called an anion. — Points to Note 1, Atomsareneutral. They donot carry any charge. 2. Tons are charged particles. 3. A cation has one shell or orbit less than its parentatom. Hence acation is smaller than the parent atom. 4. Ananion has the same number of shells as the parent atom, but more electrons than the parent atom. 5. The name of the anion is different from the name of its parent atom, Example: Chlorine —+ Chloride Fluorine —+» Fluoride Oxygen —+ Oxide Sulphur —+ sulphideSummary 'n 1807 the English Chemist John Dalton put forth his theory about the atom. According to this theon and can combine with Separated, combined or y the atom is indivisible, identical to all other atoms of i Same elemen ther atoms to form molecules. In a chemical reaction, atoms can he rearranged. pmZ@2s about the atom has evolved based on the work of several scientists, chief ‘among them being Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr. The atom is the smallest constituent Atoms are Composed of electrons and atoms are electrically neutral, Ato unit of matter that retains the properties of an element, a nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Al) number [2] is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Mass number [A] of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom of the element. Electronic configuration is the distribution of electrons in different orbits or shells or energy levels of an atom. Electrons hav © definite, fixed energy. The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the less energy it has. The maximum capacity of a ctrons is given by the general formula 2n?, where n is the serial number of the shell. of the element. * Elements with 1, 2, 3 valenc: 2 electrons in their atoms have a tendency to lose electrons and form cations and are electro} Positive. Electropositive nature is a characteristic of metals, Elements possessing four to seven valence electrons have a tendency to 9 form anions and are electronegative, Electronegative nature is a characteristic electrons and of non-metals, Atoms with eight valence electrons are inert non-metals. They do not lose, gain or share electrons. They are stable and do not form compounds or take part in chemic, al reactiong Atom Ton Atoms are electrically neutral since the |/ Ions are charged particles due to the unequal positively charged protons are equalin number || number of protons and electrons. to the negatively charged electrons. The outermost shell may or may not have a |} The outermost shell has a complete duplet or octet, complete duplet or octet. For example, For example, Ar=2,8,8 [complete octet] Na!" =28 uNa=2,8,1 [incomplete octet] Atoms may or may not be capable of free exis- || lonsare capable of independentexistence in solution, tence. — > nat 1 NaCl... a Cp i ‘Sodium ion Helium atom (He) exists inthe uncombined || soaium tlorde state, Cori ion * Hydrogen (H,) exists in the combined state.Chapter Challenge a An excess of electrons produce a negative charge Remembe A deficiency of electrons produce a positive charge. ‘Answer the questions with respect to the atoms of hydrogen and helium given below: i) Compare the atom of hydrogen and helium on the basis of the number of electrons and the composition of the nucleus. (i) Draw the structure of hydrogen atom as it would appear a, It loses an electron b. It gains an electron Hydrogen Helium (iii) Compare the particles formed in (ii) a and in (ii) b with the atom of helium on the basis of the number of electrons, the composition of the nucleus and the charge on the particle. (iv) Name the particle formed in (ii) a and in (ii) b. Are these particles the same size as the parent atom hydrogen? Explain. (v) What is the term given to the electrons in the last shell of the atom? (vi) What is the valency and charge on the hydrogen ion in each of the following compounds? a. Sodium hydride (NaH) b. Hydrochloric acid (HCI) Answer the questions with respect to the atoms of Chlorine, Argon and Calcium given below: Calei Chlorine ae a Complete the following table: wn {atom) | Symbol of ion | Electronic configuration (ion) Element | Electronic configura Chlorine Argon Calcium The difference between chlorine, argon and calcium. i int out: &. ; ) Study the table and poi The similarity between chlorine, argon and calcium. A 2wo Seegeee center . XN is the metal nitride. Write: + Fill in the blanks: Exercise wing terms: Atomic Number i (i) Mass Number Wii) Electronic Configuration (iv) Isotope (Vv) Vater 3 ci (vi) Valence Electrons we 1 a and 162" represent atoms Of three different elements, a. Which atom has the tendency to: () Lose electrons? (ti) Gain electrons? (iii) Neither lose nor gain electrons? b, indings support this theory? & Which of the following atoms have @ complete octet? () Argon (ii) Calcium (ii) Neon {iv) Potassium (v) Krypton (vi) Helium b. What are atoms with complete octet or duplet called? State three properties of isotopes. Name the isotope of hydrogen that has two neutrons, Explain why the relative atomic mass of chlorine is a fraction. Write the electronic configurations of the following: (i), Naz i), AR? (ili) Mge (iv) Nate (v) Z7Ap+ (vi) *Mig?+ " 3 12 (i) the ion of X (ii) number of valence electrons in the atom of X. its formula with phosphate, chromate, carbide 2 A bond is formed when atoms mutually share electrons, (ii) An isotope of hydrogen with no neutrons is ———______ 7 . (ii) The plum pudding model of the atom was proposed by — lectrons. (iv) A chloride ion has _____el 1e (v)__Isotopes of the same element have the sam:= Tick the correct answor: 42. fy Which of the following is an atom? an Or, b. Car a K d. Br! {iy Which of the following is a cation? a Cl, b. Fees ic Al d. Br'- (ii) Which of the following is an anion? a 0, b. Be cas, d. Br (iv) Which of the following is NOT an element? a KCI bP, cS id: He (v)_ Which of the following has excess electrons? a. Be b. Br ce. Br d. Br, (vi) Which of the following is deficient in electrons? a Be b. Bris c. Br 4. Br, (vii) Which of the following is a noble gas? a 2,8,1 b. 2 c. 2,8,8 d. Both b and c (vil) Which of the following will not combine to form a compound? a. Radon b. Carbon c. Nitrogen d. Magnesium | (ix) Which statement is true for an atom with 3 valence electrons? a. Itis a metal b. It is a non-metal ©. Itis anoble gas d. itis a metalloid (4) Which statement is true for an element with atomic number 7? a. It is a non-metal b. Itis a metalloid c. Itis anoble gas d. [tis a metal (xi) The ions of have the same electronic configuration. a. Sodium and potassium b. Potassium and chlorine 2 ©. Sulphur and sodium Fluorine and chlorine (xi) An atom having atomic number 13 will 3 electrons to form a . s a. Lose, anion Lose, cation a ©. Gain, anion Gain, cation (xii) An atom having atomic number 18 will electrons. @. Lose electrons b. Gain electrons ©. Neither lose nor gain d. None of these {X\V) Valency of aluminium is 3 (+) and sulphide is 2 (-). Hence formula of aluminium sulphide is: a ALS, b. ALS, ce. AIS d. Als, _®Y) Valency of manganesetIV) is 4 (+) and oxygen is 2 (+). Formula of manganese oxide is: o :. Mno, b. MnO, c, MnO, d. Mno