Continue.. S 5 * When one attribute of a relation can only take values from another + Referential Integrity: attribute of the same relation or any other relation, it is called referential integrity. ROLLNO NAME ADDRESS PHONE —AGE_BRANCH. cone Student 1 mam eLa—sessizust 18s 2 RAMESH GURGAON s6soaisea 188 ¥ Branch 3 SUT = -ROHTAK 9756253131 20° ECE 4 Sunes neu eo GRANCH_CODE RANCH NAME cs compureR science . INFORWATION TECHNOLOGY ce ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ow CIVILENGINEERINGFunctional Dependencies + A functional dependency is a constraint that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one set can accurately determine the value of other sets. * Itis denoted as X > Y, + where X is a set of attributes that is capable of determining the value of Y. + The attribute set on the left side of the arrow, X is called Determinant, while on the right side, Y is called the Dependent. Note: Functional dependencies are used to mathematically express relations among database entities and are very important to understand advanced concepts in Relational Database SystemExample: Valid functional dependencies Roll_no name deptname dept building 42 abe co A4 43 par Ir 3 44 xyz co A4 45 xyz Ir 3 46 mno EC B2 47 jd ME B2 + roll_no > { name, dept_name, dept_building },> Here, roll_no can determine values of fields name, dept_name and dept_building, hence a valid Functional dependencyContinue.. *roll_no > dept_name , Since, roll_no can determine whole set of {name, dept_name, dept_building}, it can determine its subset dept_name also. *dept_name + dept_building , Dept_name can identify the dept_building accurately, since departments with different dept_name will also have a different dept_building * More valid functional dependencies: roll_no > name, {roll_no, name} -» {dept_name, dept_building}, etc.Invalid functional dependencies: *name > dept_name Students with the same name can have different dept_name, hence this is not a valid functional dependency. + dept_building > dept_name There can be multiple departments in the same building, For example, in the above table departments ME and EC are in the same building B2, hence dept_building > dept_name is an invalid functional dependency. * More invalid functional dependencies: name ~> roll_no, {name, dept_name} > roll_no, dept_building > roll_no, etc.Types of Functional dependencies 1. Trivial functional dependency 2. Non-Trivial functional dependency 3. Multivalued functional dependency 4. Transitive functional dependencyContinue.. + In Trivial Functional Dependency, a dependent is always a subset of the determinant. i.e. IfX-> Y and Y is the subset of X, then it is called trivial functional dependency + For Example: + Here, {roll_no, name} > name is a trivial functional dependency, since the dependent name is a subset of determinant set {roll_no, name} Similarly, roll_no > roll_no is also an example of trivial functional dependency.Non-trivial Functional Dependency * In Non-trivial functional dependency, the dependent is strictly not a subset of the determinant. *i.e. If X > Y and Y is not a subset of X, then it is called Non-trivial functional dependency. * For Example: * Here, roll_no > name is a non-trivial functional dependency, *since the dependent name is not a subset of determinant roll_no Similarly, {roll_no, name} -> age is also a non-trivial functional dependency, since age is not a subset of {roll_no, name}Multivalued Functional Dependency * In Multivalued functional dependency, entities of the dependent set are not dependent on each other. * i.e. Ifa > {b, c} and there exists no functional dependency between b and ¢, then it is called a multivalued functional dependency. + For Example: * Here, roll_no > {name, age} is a multivalued functional dependency, since the dependents name & age are not dependent on each other(i.e. name > age or age > name doesn’t exist !)Transitive Functional Dependency * In transitive functional dependency, dependent is indirectly dependent on determinant. + ie. Ifa > b & b > c, then according to axiom of transitivity, a > ¢. This is a transitive functional dependency * For Example: * Here, enrol_no > dept and dept > Hence, according to the axiom of transitivity, enrol_no > building_no is a valid building_no, functional dependency. This is an indirect functional dependency, hence called Transitive functional dependency.