Abstract Underground cables area unit at risk of a good style of faults thinks to. underground conditions, wear and tear, rodents, etc. additionally police investigation fault supply is tough and also the entire line is to be mammary gland so as to see the whole line and fix faults. Therefore here tend to propose cable fault detection over IOT that detects the precise fault position over loT that creates repairing work terribly straightforward. The repairman understand specifically that half encompasses a fault and solely that space is to be mammary gland to observe the faulty supply. This protects heaps of your time, cash and energy and additionally, permits us to service underground cables quicker. This tend to use IOT technology that permits the authorities to observe and check faults over the web. The system detects a fault with the assistance of a possible divider network set across the cable. Whenever a fault gets created to some extent shorting 2 lines along, a selected voltage gets generated as per the resistors network combination. This voltage is detected by the microcontroller and is updated to the user. The data sernt to the user is that the distance to that voltage corresponds to. The microcontroller retrieves the line information and shows over the alphanumeric display, additionally, it transfers this information over the web to show online. We tend to use ARDUINO (IDE) to develop the online web the net system that links with the system to show the cable faults online.TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE NO 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Objectives. 1.2 General Introduction. 1.3 Previous Methodology. 1.4 Limitations, 1.5 Introduction To Embedded Systems 2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM 3, 10T. 3.1 Importance Of The Project 4. ADVANTAGES. 5, LITERATURE SYSTEM. 6. PROJECT DETAILS. 6.1 Online Monitoring Of Power Lines 6.2 Existing System. 6.3 Proposed System 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM. 7.1 Control Room. 7.2 Hardware Requirements. PAGE NO 10 a cv 12 13 14 15 16 19 19 20 20 2 21 227.3 Software Requirements 7.4 Product Perspective HARDWARRE COMPONENTS DETAILS. 8.1 Node MCU ESP8266 GSM MODEM. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Features. 9.3 Hardware Description. 9.4 SIM Com Sim900 AGSM Module. 9.5 MAX 232 IC. 9.6 Serial Port/DB9 Connector. 9.7 Power Supply Socket 9.8 Power On/Off And GSM On Switch. 9.9 SIM Card Slot. 9.10 PXD TXD & GND Pins (JP2) 9.11 Inserting SIM Card Into SIM Card Slot/Holder 9.12 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display ) 9.13 Pin Diagram Of LCD CURRE.NT SENSOR. CONTROLLER AND SOFTWARE. 11.1 Arduino. 11.2 PIN Diagram 11.3 Analog Input. 22 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 30 30 30 34 32 33 34 36 36 3911.4 Digital Input. 11.5 Power Supply. 11.6 Architecture Diagram. 11.7 Communication. 11.8 Arduino Software (IDE). 11.9 File, 11.10 Bait. 11.11 Sketch, 12. TOOLS 13 CONCLUSION. 14, REFERENCES 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 45 49FIGURE NO. 1 72 8.1 8.2 9.1 92 93 94 95 9.6 97 98 99 9.10 10.1 Wd 112 13.1 LIST OF FIGURES TITLE Block Diagram Control Romm NodeMCU (ESP8266) Development Board Esp8266 NodeMCU chip Hardware Description SIM900AGSM Module MAX232 IC Serial port / DB9 connector Power Supply Socket Power ON/OFF and GSM ON Switch SIM Card Slot RXD, TXD and GND pins Inserting SIM card into SIM card Slo/Holder Pin Diagram of LCD Current Sensor Pin Diagram of ATMEGA 328 Architecture Diagram Project kit PAGE NO 23 26 26 28 28 29CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives ‘Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the location of fault in underground cable lines from the source station to exact location of fault in any units here in kilometres 1.2 General Introduction Electrical energy is generated in the generating station and then it is distributed to the different loads at different areas for consumption through step up and step down transformers. Distribution of the electrical energy is done via electric cables. Study of cable failures and development of accurate fault detection and location methods has been interesting research topics in the past and present. Fault detection entails determination of the presence of a fault, while fault location detection includes the determination of the physical location of the fault, However, this fault detection and fault location detection technology for underground power distribution systems is still in developing stages. There are many ways to find the cable fault location. This paper deals with the method to Locate Faults in a Damaged Cable. Before fixing any fault in cables, the fault has to be identified first. Types of common underground Cable Faults: result of the © Open-Circuit Faults: Open circuit fault is a kind of fault that occurs a conductor breaking or the conductor being pulled out of its joint. In such instances, there will be no flow of current at all as the conductor is broken (conveyor of electric current). © Short-circuit or cross fault: This kind of fault occurs when the insulation between two cables or between two multi-core cables gets damaged. In such instances, the current will not flow through the main core which is connected to load but will flow directly from one cable to another or from one core or multi-core cable to the other instead. The load will be short circuited.© Ground or earth faults: This kind of faults occurs when the insulation of the cable gets damaged. The current flowing through the faulty cable starts flowing from the core of the cable to earth or the sheath (cable protector) of the cable. Current will not flow through the load then. Cable Faults A cable fault can be defined as any defect, inconsistency, weakness or non-homogeneity that affects the performance of a cable. All faults in underground cables are different and the success of a cable fault location depends to a great extent on practical aspects and the experience of the operator. To accomplish this, it is necessary to have personnel trained to test the cables successfully and to reduce their malfunctions. The development of refined techniques in the field of high voltage testing and diagnosis, in addition to the variety of methods for locating power cable faults, makes it imperative that qualified and experienced engineers and service operators be employed. In addition, it is important for the trained personnel to be thoroughly familiar with the fundamentals of power cable design, operation and the maintenance. The purpose of this document is therefore to be an additional support to the user manuals of the different equipment’s concerning all aspects of the fault location in order to make up a volume of reference which will hopefully be useful for operators and field engineers. 1.3 Previous Methodology Above the ground, the electromagnetic signal transmitted via the audio frequency generator can be measured along the cable trace. Depending on the pickup coil direction, the signal can be coupled differently. 1. Maximum method the detecting coil is horizontal to path of line. Maximum audio signal is directly above the line. The maximum method is used for cable routing as well for terrain examination. 2. Minimum method the detecting coil is vertical to the path of the line. The minimum audio frequency signal is directly above line. The minimum method is used for depth determination measurement as well for exact cable tracing and pinpointing. 101.4 Limitations * Cost, must consider life time cos Ss not just initial * Cost differential decreasing with time + Fault location instantaneous, can have longer repair time ‘+ Manual fault detection, © Lack of fault detection time © Lack of manpower * Location find out difficult 1.5 Introduction to Embedded Systems Microcontrollers are widely used in Embedded System products. An Embedded product uses the microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task & one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any no. of applications such as word processor, print server, bank teller terminal, video game player, network server or internet terminal. Software for variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a PC can perform multiple task is that it has RAM memory and an operating s stem that loads the application software into RAM & lets the CPU run it. In and Embedded system there is only one application software that is typically burn into ROM. An x86PC Contain or its connected to various Embedded Products such as keyboard, printer, modem, Disc controller, Sound card, CD- Rom Driver, Mouse & so on, Each one of these peripherals as a microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example inside every mouse there is microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to PC. Although microcontroller are preferred choice for many embedded systems, there are times that a microcontroller is inadequate for the task. For this reason in recent years many manufactures of general purpose microprocessors such as INTEL, Motorola, and AMD & Cyrix have targeted their microprocessors for the high end of embedded market. While INTEL, AMD, Cyrix push their x86 processors for both the embedded and desktop ulpe market, Motorolla is determined to keep the 68000 families alive by targeting it mainly for high end of embedded system. One of the most critical needs of the embedded system is to decrease power consumptions and space. This can be achieved by integrating more functions into the CPU chips. All the embedded processors based on the x86 and 680x0 have low power consumptions in additions to some forms of /O, Com port & ROM all on a single chip. In higher performance Embedded system the trend is to integrate more & more function on the CPU chip & let the designer decide which feature he/she wants to us. 2CHAPTER 2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM An Embedded System employs a combination of hardware & software (a “computational engine”) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a “computer works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Software is used for providing features and flexibility Hardware = (Processors, ASICs, Memory...} is used for performance (& sometimes security An embedded system is a special purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. Unlike a general purpose computer, such as a PC, an embedded system performs predefined task’s usually with very specific tasks design engineers can optimize it reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass produced, so the cost savings may be multiplied by millions of items. ‘The core of any embedded system is formed by one or several microprocessor or micro controller programmed to perform a small number of tasks. In contrast to a general purpose computer, which can run any software application, the user chooses, the software on an embedded system is semi-permanent, so it is often called firmware. BCHAPTER 3 10T The reality of the Internet of Things (IOT) today presents many parallels. Technology is being inserted into everyday physical objects, and while we can’t yet stop bullets by concentration, we can teach objects to respond to our presence, motion, vocal commands, eyeball tracking, and even autonomic physiological behaviors such as heart rate or sleep patterns. IoT combines connectivity with sensors, devices and people, enabling a form of free-flowing conversation between man and machine, software and hardware. With the advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, these conversations can enable devices to anticipate, react, respond and enhance the physical world in much the same way that the internet currently uses networks and computer screens to enhance the information world. Today computers and the Internet are almost wholly dependent on human beings for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabyte (1 petabyte=1015 bytes) of data available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings by typing, pressing a record button, taking a digital picture, or scanning a bar code. Conventional diagrams of the Internet leave out the most numerous and important routers of all - people. The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy all of which means they are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. And that’s a big deal. We warm or put them in your gas tank. Ideas and information are important, but things matter ‘re physical, and so is our environment. You can't eat bits, burn them to stay much more. Yet today’s information technology is so dependent on data originated by people that our computers know more about ideas than things. If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things using data they gathered without any help from us we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potential to change the world, just as the Internet did or even more. 143.1 Importance of the project “Underground Cable Fault Distance Detector using ATmega328 Microcontroller” works mainly on the principle of Ohm’s Law where a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through set of series resistors (which is the equivalent model of underground cable). © Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) The TDR sends a low-energy signal through the cable, causing no insulation degradation. A theoretically perfect cable returns that signal in a known time and in a known profile. Impedance variations in a "real-world" cable alter both the time and profile, which the TDR screen or printout graphically represents. This graph (called a "trace") gives the user approximate distances to "landmarks" such as opens, splices, Y-taps, transformers, and water ingression. One weakness of TDR is that it does not pinpoint faults. TDR is accurate to within about 1% of testing range. Sometimes, this information alone is sufficient. Other times, it only serves to allow more precise thumping. Nevertheless, this increased precision can produce substantial savings in cost and time. Another weakness of TDR is that Reflectometer cannot identify faults- to-ground with resistances much greater than 200 ohms. In addition to this, it also incorporates the concept of the Millman's Theorem. Fault location methods can be classified a 1) Online method: This method utilize process the sampled voltages& current to determine the fault points. Online method for underground cable are less than overhead lines. 2) Offfline method: In this method special instrument is used to test out service of cable in the field, There are two offline methods as following 1) Tracer method: In this method fault point is detected by walking on the cable lines. Fault point is indicated from audible signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to pinpoint fault location very accurately. Example: 1) Tracing current method 2) Sheath coil method 2) Terminal method: It is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from one or both ends without tracing. This method use to locate general area of fault,to expedite tracing on buried cable, Example: 1) Murray loop method 2)Impulse current method. 45CHAPTER 4 ADVANTAGES 1) Less maintenance 2) It has higher ef iency 3) Less fault occur in underground cable 4)Underground cable fault location model are applicable to all types of cable ranging from Ikv to S00kv&other types of cable fault such as-Short circuit fault, cable cuts, Resistive fault, Sheath faults, Water trees, Partial discharges. 5) Improved public safety. 16CHAPTER 5 LITERATURE SURVEY ‘Title: Grounding of AC and DC Low-Voltage and Medium-Voltage Drive Systems Author: J. C. Das and Richard H. Osman The grounding of ac and de drive systems should detect and clear ground faults both on the source and load side of the converters. Most drive systems are separately derived through a step-down transformer, which serves as a drive isolation, as well as rectifier transformer. Isolation transformers on individual or group drive systems, downstream of main substation transformers are also common. An output isolation transformer on an ac drive will isolate the drive electronics, step up the ac voltage from the inverter section and also serve to control high line-to-ground voltages on the motor windings. The grounding system has profound effect upon the continuity of operations, loading of the solid-state devices and common-mode voltages. This paper discusses the various possibilities of grounding of low-voltage and medium-voltage drive systems and shows that a high-resistance grounding system can be often implemented to permit continuity of operations, allow fault detection, and limit the transient overvoltage. Title: Advancements in Technology Create Safer & Smarter HRG Systems Author: Anthony S. Locker, P.E. Mark S. Scarborough, P.E The merits of High Resistance Grounding (HRG), design considerations, and potential safety issues, prior to its application have been well documented in past Electrical Safety Workshops. At the 2008 IEEE Electrical Safety Workshop, a challenge was put forth to discuss current and developing technologies that can resolve some of the potential safety issues. A field survey was conducted and research was performed to identify these issues. This paper discusses each potential safety issue and cross-references it with a current or developing technology to ass st the user during the design, operation, and maintenance stages. These advancements in technologies have the ability to resolve the potential safety issues, establishing a safer, smarter HRG system. v7Title: Considerations for Ground Fault Protection in Medium-Voltage Industrial and Cogeneration Systems Author: Daniel, Nasrollah Industrial plants utilize medium-voltage systems for in-plant distribution of purchased and cogenerated electrical energy. During the planning stage, system protection is generally specified, including the type of source neutral grounding and ground fault protection, Where medium voltage systems have expanded, circuit-breaker interrupting ratings have also been increased. Accordingly, grounding consideration should be reviewed, particularly because charging and/or ground fault current values have also increased. The typical methods for grounding of medium-voltage neutral systems-high resistance, low resistance, and ungrounded, as well as methods used to detect the presence of a ground fault-are reviewed. Also, the effects of charging current and how the ground fault protection method could affect conductor ratings are analysed. Title: High-Resistance Grounding of Low-Voltage Systems: A Standard for the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Author: John P. Ison, Pankaj K. Sen A debate has existed in the petroleum and chemical industry for years concerning low- voltage (480-600 V) power systems grounding. Since reliability and continuity of service are very important, some engineers in the past preferred using an ungrounded system. The practicality of such ungrounded system becomes questionable as the extent of coverage increases. Few ungrounded low-voltage systems are presently being designed due to the possible destructive nature of transient overvoltage’s resulting from an arcing ground fault. Most systems now utilize either a solidly grounded or high-resistance grounded source. This paper begins with a brief discussion on ungrounded, solidly grounded, and high-resistance grounded systems. Benefits and limitations of each system are also discussed. It is shown that the use of high-resistance grounded low-voltage systems makes good sense in the petrochemical industry. Design, construction, operation, and maintenance factors for such systems are discussed and analyzed together with 18systems when three-phase four-wire loads are present. Finally, operational problems and some appropriate solutions are discussed where significant variable-sj utilized. It is suggested that this should become a standard of the industry and the solidly grounded system should be used only in applications where the high-resistance grounded system becomes impractical. Title: Guidelines For High Resistance Grounding of Low Voltage Common AC Bus & Common DC BUS PWM Drive Systems Author: Gary Skibinski, Zhijun Tim Liu, Robet Van Lieshout, Lukaszewski Mike Tuchalski High Resistance Ground (HRG) systems have gained popularity in process applications due to their ability to continue operation in licu of a single line-ground fault and improved ability to limit escalation of the single line-ground fault into a multi-phase event, Guidelines for designing safe and reliable HRG equipment for use on grid systems ics and with linear loads have steadily evolved. However, literature on the characteri: pitfalls of HRG systems when used with nonlinear power converter systems is limited. Part I of the companion paper set is a review of sinewave HRG systems and effect of increased line-ground voltage stress on motor loads during fault conditions. Part TT investigates problems of HRG systems used with non-linear power converters such as increased neutral grounding resistor power dissipation, increased motor line-ground transient voltages on faults, susceptibility of ground fault sensing equipment to nuisance tripping, de bus voltage pump up on faults & nuisance tripping of Main earth leakage breakers. Part IT will conclude with a study of HRG zero sequence fault current characteristics and paths observed under various fault locations in a common AC or common DC bus Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) drive system. 19CHAPTER 6 PROJECT DETAILS 6.1 Online Monitoring of Power Lines As more buildings and areas are being covered with power line systems, the number and severity of power outages become more serious leading to lower system’s reliability. Reliability is important as it causes serious negative impacts on public health and economical systems. Integration of IoTs technology together with the power grid, aims to improve the reliability of power grids through a continuous monitoring of transmission lines status; in addition to environmental behaviours and consumers activities to send periodic reports to the grid control units, The control units process and extract information from the reported data in order to detect faults, isolate the fault, and then resolve faults intellectually performing energy restoration in smart grid must take into the account the location criticality of blackouts. For examples, it is critical to guarantee high reliability for health and industrial systems. The restoration problem becomes a very complex problem when taking into the consideration the large number of combinations of switching operations which exponentially increases with the increase in system’s components. Designing the smart grid in a hierarchical model divides the problem into multiple control units in charge of restoring power within its region or scope. This enhances the time needed to process the data and speeds up the restoration process. If some control units fail to restore energy in some regions within their scope, they forward the problem to upper levels for better action and handling as higher levels have a larger system’s view. For the real worldwide operated voltage distribution lines underground cables have been used from many years. In order to reduce the sensitivity of distribution networks to environmental influences underground voltage cables are highly used, Underground cables have been widely used in power distribution networks due to the advantages of underground connection, more enhanced security than overhead lines in adverse weather condition, less liable to damage by storms or lightning. It is l ss costly for larger distance, 20eco- friendly and low maintenance cost. But if any fault occur in cable, then it is difficult to locate fault and its type. So this system is used to detect the location and type of fault in digital way. The requirement of locating the faulty point in an underground cable in order is to facilitate quicker repair, improve the system reliability and reduced outage period, 2 Existing system: © Manual fault detection. «Lack of fault detection time © Lack of manpower © Location find out difficult 3 Proposed system: + Automatic fault detection © Time consumption is less © Worldwide monitor via iot + Easily find the locations. This project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometres using Arduino board. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault ‘The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to inbuilt ADC of Arduino board to develop precise digital data for display in kilometres. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KM’s and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the Arduino board. aFurther this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short-circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project. 22CHAPTER 7 BLOCK DIAGRAM: Under Ground Section CURRENT SENSOR FAULT SWITCH ARDUINO. CONTROLLER Fig. 7.1 Block Diagram 7.1 Control Room: aa Fig. 7.2 Control Room In the proposed system fault switches are employed along with the underground cable. Whenever we press the switch, fault is created, and the arduino which is already preprogramed senses the voltage changes and the fault distance is calculated. Arduino coding is done by using embedded C language and Arduino software. The LCD which is interfaced with the Arduino displays the fault occurring region and the fault distance is sent to the respective person through mobile. Also, these data is sent to a dedicated website by using a GSM module and IOT. 237.2 Hardware Requirements «Arduino 328 * LCD © Current sensors Fault Switch + GSM + 10T 7.3 Software Requirements © Arduino IDE + Embedded C © Cloud 7.4 Product Perspective Nowadays underground cable system is quite common in many urban areas wherein it becomes very difficult to repair in case of any faults because finding the exact location of the fault in such cable system is quite difficult. With the proposed system, finding the exact location of the fault is possible. The system consists of two parts. An LCD display and a web page. This paper uses a standard concept of Ohms law, i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through series resistor (assuming them as cable lines), then the current would vary depending upon the location of the fault in the cable. In case of a short circuit (line to ground), the voltage across the series resistors changes which is then fed to an ADC, to develop a precise digital data that gets displayed on the LCD. This project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in km and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known km to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault that occurs at a particular distance is displayed on the LCD interfaced to the microcontroller. When the switches are open, a difference in resistance occurs and the distance is calculated. The exact distance is displayed in the LCD in unit distance. The web page will notify the faults, 24CHAPTER 8 HARDWARE COMPONETS DETAILS 8.1 NodeMCU ESP8266 NodeMCU is an open source IoT stage. It incorporates firmware which keeps running on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Expressive Systems, and equipment which depends on the ESP-12 module. The term NodeMCU typically refers to the firmware, whereas the board is termed Devkit. NodeMCU Devkit 1.0 consists of associate ESP-12E on a board that facilitates its use. It additionally contains a transformer, a USB interface. The expression "NodeMCU" of course alludes to the firmware as opposed to the improvement units. The firmware utilizes the Lua scripting dialect ‘The NodeMCU (Node Micro Controller Unit) is an open source software and hardware development environment that is built around a very inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266. The ESP8266 is designed and manufactured by Express, contains all crucial elements of the modem computer: CPU, RAM, networking (wi-fi), and even a modern operating system and SDK. When purchased at bulk, the ESP8266 chip costs only $2 USD a piece. That makes it an excellent choice for this system design. ‘The NodeMCU aims to simplify ESP8266 development. It has two key components An open source ESP8266 firmware that is built on top of the chip manufacturer's proprietary SDK. The firmware provides a simple programming environment based on eLua (embedded Lua), which is a very simple and fast scripting language with an established developer community. For new comers, the Lua scripting language is easy to learn. And to add on NodeMCU can be programmed with the Android IDE too. ii, A development kit board that incorporates the ESP8266 chip on a standard circuit board. The board has a built-in USB port that is already wired up with the chip, a hardware reset button, Wi-Fi antenna, LED lights, and standard-sized GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins that can plug into a bread board. Figure 2 below shows the NodeMCU development board. 25Fig. 8.1 NodeMCU (ESP8266) Development Board ‘There are various platforms for IoT system one of them is NodeMCU. It provides lower level control on devices which is known as firmware. These control runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC, which hardware is based on ESP-12 module.Esp8266 is a Wi-Fi based communication system’s microchip. It uses TCP/IP protocol for communicating with internet through router. It uses 802.11b/g/n slandered technology for Wi-Fi communication, It is a Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC instruction unite microprocessor with 32 KB instruction RAM, 32KB instruction Cache RAM, 80KB Data memory.ESP8266 (Pin) and Arduino Mega’s (Pin) common pins are GND TX (0)-3.3V, RX (0), 3.3V. For running the ESP8266 on Arduino platform we need to install ESP8266 package in Arduino IDE. As a board is using, we need to give the additional board manager. Fig. 8.2 Esp8266 NodeMCU chip As shown in Fig it has 12 GPIO pins. One ADC pin. For this project 7 GPIO pins have been used. They are DO to D6 which delivers digital outputs. 26CHAPTER 9 GSM MODEM: 9.1 Introduction: GSM (Global System for Mobile) / GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) ‘TTL-Modem is SIM900 Quad-band GSM /GPRS device, works on frequencies 850 MHZ, 900 MHZ, 1800 MHZ and 1900 MHZ. It is very compact in size and easy to use as plug in GSM Modem. The Modem is designed with 3V3 and SVDC TTL interfacing circuitry, which allows User to directly interface with 5VMicrocontrollers (PIC, AVR, Arduino, 8051, etc.) as well as 3V3 Microcontrollers (ARM, ARM Cortex XX, etc.). The baud rate can be configurable from 9600-115200 bps through AT(Attention) commands. This GSM/GPRS TTL Modem has internal TCP/IP stack to enable User to connect with internet through GPRS feature. It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer application in mobile phone to mobile phone interface 9.2 Features © Quad Band GSM/GPRS : 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz. © Built in SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Card holder © Built in Network Status LED © Inbuilt Powerful TCP/ 1P(Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) stack for internet data transfer through GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) + Audio Interface Connectors (Audio in and Audio out) © Most Status and Controlling pins are available * Normal Operation Temperature : -20 °C to +55 °C © Input Voltage : 5Vto 12VDC + LDB9 connector (Serial Port) provided for easy interfacing 79.3 Hardware Description: GSMON Switch gp Bridge Rectifier On/OMTSwiteh LMII7 Voltage eeulator Fig.9.1 Hardware Description 9.4 SIMCom SIM900AGSM Module: This is actual SIM900 GSM module which is manufactured by SIMCom. Designed for global market, SIM900 is a quad-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies GSM 850MHz, EGSM 900MHz, DCS 1800MHz and PCS 1900MHz. Fig. 9.2 SIM900AGSM Module 9.5 MAX232 IC: ‘The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits, so that devices works on TTL logic can share the data with devices connected through Serial port (DB9 Connector). 28Fig. 9.3 MAX232 IC 9.6 Serial port / DB9 connector: User just needs to attach RS232 cable here so that it can be connected to devices which has Serial port / DB9 Connector Pin 1 : DCD (Data Carrier Detect) : RxD (Receive Data) ‘TxD (Transmit Data) DTR (Data Terminal Ready) 5: Signal Ground (SG) : Data Set Ready (DSR) : Request To Send (RTS) Clear To Send (CTS) Pin 9 : Ring Indicator (RI) Fig. 9.4 Serial port / DB9 connector 9.7 Power Supply Socket: ‘This power supply socket which actually named as AC/DC Socket provides the functionality to user to connect external power supply from Transformer, Battery or Adapter through DC jack. User can provide maximum of 12VAC/DC power supply through AC/DC socket. 29Fig. 9.5 Power Supply Socket 9.8 Power On/Off and GSM On Switch: Power On/Off switch is type of push-on push-off DPDT switch which is used for only make power supply on/off provided through AC/DC Socket indicated by ‘Power LED. GSM On Switch is type of Push on DPST tactile switch which is used for only to make GSM module ‘On ‘indicated by ‘Module On/Off LED” while initiating with Network indicated by ‘Network Indication LED’ Fig. 9.6 Power ON/OFF and GSM ON Switch 9.9 SIM ( Subscribe Identity Module) Card Slot: This onboard SIM card slot provide User functionality of insert a SIM (GSM only) card of any service provider. Process of inserting and locking SIM card into SIM card slot is given in this manual. While inserting in and removing out SIM card from SIM card slot, User needs to take precaution that power supply should be OFF so that after making Power supply ON it will be easy to reinitialize with STM for this module. 30Fig. 9.7 SIM Card Slot 9.10 RXD, TXD and GND pins (JP2): These pins are used to connect devices which needs to be connected to GSM module through USART communication. Devices may be like Desktop or Laptop ‘Computer System, Microcontrollers, etc. RXD (Receive Data) should be connected to ‘TXD (Transmit Data) of other device and viceversa, whereas GND (Ground) should be connected to other device’s GND pin to make ground common for both system . Cus See pevetceeree GSM ; Modal, =D RXD Device TxD TXD Fig. 9.8 RXD, TXD and GND pins 9.11 Inserting SIM card into SIM card Slot/Holder: Here is the process how to insert SIM card into SIM card slot. User just need to unlock SIM card cover by sliding back. Then user need to open this cover and insert SIM card according to slot. Put down cover on SIM card and then lock by sliding forward. 319.9 Inserting SIM card into SIM card Slot/Holder 9.12 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) The display used is 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display); which means 16 characters per line by 2 lines. The standard is referred as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (Here Atmegai6) and communicates directly with the LCD. Here 8-bit mode of LCD is used, i.e., using 8-bit data bus. The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW. + The EN line is called "Enable." This[5] control line is used for telling the LCD that we are sending data. For sending data to the LCD, the program should make sure that the line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are ready completely, bring EN high (1) and should wait for the minimum time required by the LCD datasheet and end by bringing it low (0) again. The RS line is "Register Select” line. When RS is low (0), the data is treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When the RS is high (1), the data sent is text data which is displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "B" on the screen you would set RS high 32© The RW line is "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively questioning (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is read command. All the others are write commands~so RW will always be low. In case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DBO, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DBS, DB6, and DB7. Fig. 9.10 Pin Diagram of LCD 33‘Table of LCD pins Pinno Name Description 1 VSS GND 2 vce Power supply (#5v) 3 VEE Contrast Adjust 4 RS ‘= Instruction Input 1=Data Input 3 RW ‘0=Write to LCD 1=Read From LCD 6 EN Enable Signal 7 DO BitO LSB 8 DI Bit | 9 D2 Bit2 10 D3 Bit3 i D4 Bit4 12 DS Bit 5 B Dé Bite 14 D7 Bit7 MSB 34CHAPTER 10 CURRENT SENSOR: The name of the device indicates it work. The current sensor is used to sense the current in the system or where we want to use the current sensors. In this system we used current sensor at transmission cables to detect the current in transmission cables. It detect both that is AC and DC current and generate proportional to it. Fig. CURRENT SENSOR The generated signal could be an analog voltage or digital voltage. Then it measured the current and utilized to display in an ammeter or it can be stored that data in system for control purposes. Fig. 10.1 Current Sensor 35CHAPTER 11 CONTROLLER & SOFTWARE 11.1 ARDUINO: Arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontroller consist of 14 input and output analog and digital pins (from this 6 pins are considered to be a PWM pins), 6 analog inputs and remaining digital inputs. Power jack cable is used to connect arduino board with the computer. Externally battery is connected with the arduino microcontroller for the power supply. Arduino is an open source microcontroller from which there is no feedback present in the microcontroller. This arduino board consist of 12C bus that can be able to transfer the data from arduino board to the output devices, These arduino boards are programmed over RS232 serial interface connections with ATmega arduino microcontrollers. The operating volt ranges from Sv. The input voltage recommended for arduino microcontroller is from 7v and the maximum of 12v. The DC input current given to the arduino board is in the range of 40mA. It consists of different types of memories such as flash memory, EEPROM, SRAM. The length of the arduino board is nearly about 68.64mm and the width of the microcontroller is about 53.4mm, The weight of the arduino microcontroller is about 20g. We can use various types of microcontroller such as 8 bit AVL Atmel microcontroller and 32 bit Aunel arm microprocessor. From these different kinds of processors, we can use those processors for various engineering projects as well as industrial applications. Some of the examples of using the arduino in the industrial applications are controlling the actuators and sensors. Some of the examples of arduino microcontrollers are Arduino Duemilanove, Arduino UNO, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, and Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino Nano, Arduino Due, LilyPadArduino, micro arduino, We have already mentioned, arduino has been programmed by using c and c++ programming language. These c and c++ are high level languages. Normally it has 18 number of input and output pins. Among those 6 pins are considered to be an analog inputs.From these analog inputs, we can be able to work the arduino microcontroller using analog inputs supply. Normally analog inputs can be in the range of 0-SV. Similar 36to that digital inputs are present in the microcontroller which can act the use of microcontroller using digital inputs. Digital inputs can be in the range of 5V. 11.2 PIN DIAGRAM (PCINT14/RESET) PCS PCS (ADCS/SCL/PCINT13) (PCINT16/RXD) PDO PC4 (ADC4/SDA/PCINT12) (PCINT17/TXD) PD1 PC3 (ADC3/PCINT! 1) (PCINT18/INTO) PD2 PC2 (ADC2/PCINT10) (PCINT19/0C2B/INT1) PDS PC1 (ADC1/PCINT9) (PCINT20/XCK/TO) PD4 PCO (ADCO/PCINTS) voc GND (PCINT6/XTAL1/TOSC1) PB6 GND AREF AVCC (PCINT7/XTAL2/TOSC2) PB7 PBS5 (SCK/PCINTS) (PCINT21/OCOB/T1) PDS. PB4 (MISO/PCINT4) (PCINT22/OCOA/AINO) PD6 PB3 (MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3) (PCINT23/AIN1) PD7 (PCINTO/CLKO/ICP1) PBO PB2 (SS/OC1B/PCINT2) PB1 (OC1A/PCINT1) Fig. 11.1 Pin diagram of ATMEGA 328 ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor for the arduino board. Nearly it consists of 28 pins. From these 28 pins, the inputs can be controlled by transmitting and receiving the inputs to the external device. It also consists of pulse width modulation (PWM). These PWM are used to transmit the entire signal in a pulse modulation. Input power supply such as Vee and Gnd are used. These IC mainly consists of analog and digital inputs. These analog and digital inputs are used for the process of certain applications. 37‘The power pins are as follows: VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply. 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is SO mA. GND: Ground pins. Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digital Write(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX): Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data, These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB- to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function, SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSD, 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communi library. ion using the Wire 38