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Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu; 1 December
Tipu Sultan
1751 – 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as Sher-e-
Badshah
Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore",[2] was the Indian Muslim
Nasib-ud-Daulah
ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India.[3] He
Mir Fateh Ali Bahadur Tipu
was a pioneer of rocket artillery.[4][5][6] He introduced a
number of administrative innovations during his rule,
including a new coinage system and calendar,[7] and a new
land revenue system, which initiated the growth of the
Mysore silk industry.[8] Tipu was also a pioneer in
introducing Channapatna toys.[9] He expanded the iron-
cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military
manual Fathul Mujahidin. He deployed the rockets against
advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-
Mysore Wars, including the Battle of Pollilur and Siege of
Srirangapatna.[10]

Tipu Sultan and his father used their French-trained army

in alliance with the French in their struggle with the
British,[11] and in Mysore's struggles with other
surrounding powers: against the Marathas, Sira, and rulers
of Malabar, Kodagu, Bednore, Carnatic, and Travancore. Portrait of Tipu Sultan, from Mysore
(c. 1790–1800).
Tipu's father, Hyder Ali, had risen to power and Tipu
Sultan of Mysore
succeeded him as the ruler of Mysore upon his death from
cancer in 1782. He won important victories against the Reign 10 December 1782 – 4
May 1799
British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. He negotiated the
1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them, ending the Second Coronation 29 December 1782
Anglo-Mysore War. Predecessor Hyder Ali
Successor Krishnaraja III
Tipu's conflicts with his neighbours included the Maratha–
(as Maharaja of Mysore)
Mysore War, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of
Gajendragad.[12] Born Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab
Tipu
Tipu remained an implacable enemy of the British East
1 December 1751
India Company, sparking conflict with his attack on
Devanahalli, Kingdom of
British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the Third Anglo-
Mysore
Mysore War, he was forced into the Treaty of
(modern-day Karnataka,
Seringapatam, losing a number of previously conquered
India)
territories, including Malabar and Mangalore. He sent
emissaries to foreign states, including the Ottoman Empire, Died 4 May 1799 (aged 47)
Afghanistan, and France, in an attempt to rally opposition Srirangapatna, Sultanate
to the British. of Mysore
(modern-day Karnataka,
India)

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In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, a combined force of Burial Srirangapatna, present-

British East India Company troops supported by the day Mandya, Karnataka
Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu. He 12°24′36″N 76°42′50″E
was killed on 4 May 1799 while defending his stronghold of Spouse Khadija Zaman Begum
Seringapatam. and 2 or 3 others
Issue Shezada Hyder Ali,
Early years Ghulam Muhammad
Sultan Sahib and many
others
Childhood
Names
Tipu Sultan was born in Devanahalli, in present-day
Badshah Nasib-ud-Daulah Sultan
Bangalore Rural district, about 33 km (21 mi) north of
Mir Fateh Ali Bahadur Saheb Tipu
Bangalore on 1 December 1751.[13][14] He was named "Tipu
Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of Arcot. Being House Mysore
illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son Father Hyder Ali
a prince's education and a very early exposure to military Mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa
and political affairs. From the age of 17 Tipu was given
Religion Shia Islam[1]
independent charge of important diplomatic and military
missions. He was his father's right arm in the wars from Seal
which Hyder emerged as the most powerful ruler of
southern India.[15]

Tipu's father, Hyder Ali, was a military officer in service to

Tipu Sultan
the Kingdom of Mysore who had become the de facto ruler
Battles/wars Second Anglo-Mysore
of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa
War
was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the
Battle of Annagudi
fort of Kadapa. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Maratha-Mysore War
Tipu an early education in subjects like Urdu, Persian, Siege of Nargund
Arabic, Kannada, beary, Quran, Islamic jurisprudence, Siege of Adoni
riding, shooting and fencing.[13][16][17][18] Battle of Savanur
Mysorean invasion of
Malabar
Language Siege of Bednore
Battle of Nedumkotta
Tipu Sultan's mother tongue was Urdu. The French noted Third Anglo-Mysore War
that "Their language is Moorish[Urdu] but they also speak Fourth Anglo-Mysore
Persian."[19] Moors at the time was a European designation War
for Urdu: "I have a deep knowledge [je possède à fond] of Siege of Seringapatam
the common tongue of India, called Moors by the English, (1799)
Siege of Bahadur Benda
and Ourdouzebain by the natives of the land."[20]

Early military service

Early Conflicts
Tipu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by French officers
in the employment of his father. At age 15, he accompanied his
father against the British in the First Mysore War in 1766. He Tippu's birthplace, Devanahalli.

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commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of Carnatic in 1767 at

age 16. He also distinguished himself in the First Anglo-Maratha War
of 1775–1779.[22]

Alexander Beatson, who published a volume on the Fourth Mysore

War entitled View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo
Sultaun, described Tipu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five
feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was
rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands;
he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose;
his complexion was fair, and the general expression of his
countenance, not void of dignity".[23]
War coat used by Tipu
Sultan of Mysore.c. 1785-
1790
Second Anglo-Mysore War
In 1779, the British
captured the French-
controlled port of Mahé,
which Tipu had placed
A flintlock blunderbuss, built for Tipu under his protection,
Sultan in Srirangapatna, 1793–94. providing some troops for
Tipu Sultan used many Western its defence. In response,
craftsmen, and this gun reflects the
Hyder launched an invasion
most up-to-date technologies of the
of the Carnatic, with the Mural of the Battle of Pollilur on the
time.[21]
aim of driving the British walls of Tipu's summer palace,
out of Madras.[24] During painted to celebrate his triumph over
the British
this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched
by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel
William Baillie who was on his way to join Sir Hector Munro.
In the Battle of Pollilur, Tipu decisively defeated Baillie. Out of
360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys,
who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties.
Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie,
but on hearing the news of the defeat he was forced to retreat to
Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at
Kanchipuram.[25]
Very small Cannon used by Tipu
Tipu Sultan defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Annagudi near Sultan's forces now in Government
Tanjore on 18 February 1782. Braithwaite's forces, consisting of Museum (Egmore), Chennai
100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 sepoys and 10 field pieces,
was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tipu Sultan seized
all the guns and took the entire detachment prisoner. In December 1781 Tipu Sultan successfully
seized Chittur from the British. Tipu Sultan had thus gained sufficient military experience by the
time Hyder Ali died on Friday, 6 December 1782 – some historians put it at 2 or 3 days later or
before, (Hijri date being 1 Muharram, 1197 as per some records in Persian – there may be a
difference of 1 to 3 days due to the Lunar Calendar). Tipu Sultan realised that the British were a
new kind of threat in India. He became the ruler of Mysore on Sunday, 22 December 1782 (The
inscriptions in some of Tipu's regalia showing it as 20 Muharram, 1197 Hijri – Sunday), in a simple

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coronation ceremony. He then worked on to check the advances of the British by making alliances
with the Marathas and the Mughals. The Second Mysore War came to an end with the 1784 Treaty
of Mangalore.[26]

Ruler of Mysore
In 1780, Tipu crowned himself Badshah or Emperor of Mysore, and struck coinage.

Conflicts with Maratha Confederacy

The Maratha Empire, under its new Peshwa Madhavrao I,
regained most of Indian subcontinent, twice defeating Tipu's
father, who was forced to accept Maratha Empire as the
supreme power in 1764 and then in 1767. In 1767 Maratha
Peshwa Madhavrao defeated both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
and entered Srirangapatna, the capital of Mysore. Hyder Ali
accepted the authority of Madhavrao who gave him the title of
Nawab of Mysore.[27]

However Tipu Sultan wanted to escape from the treaty of

Marathas and therefore tried to take some Maratha forts in Tipu Sultan seated on his throne
Southern India, which were captured by Marathas in the (1800), by Anna Tonelli
previous war. Tipu also stopped the tribute to Marathas which
was promised by Hyder Ali.[28] This brought Tipu in direct
conflict with the Marathas, leading to Maratha–Mysore
War[28] Conflicts between Mysore (under Tipu) and Marathas:

Siege of Nargund during February 1785 won by Mysore

Siege of Badami during May 1786 in which Mysore
surrendered Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace at
Siege of Adoni during June 1786 won by Mysore Srirangapatna, Karnataka
Battle of Gajendragad, June 1786 won by Marathas
Battle of Savanur during October 1786 won by Mysore
Siege of Bahadur Benda during January 1787 won by Mysore
Conflict ended with Treaty of Gajendragad in March 1787, as per which Tipu returned all the
territory captured by Hyder Ali to Maratha Empire.[28][29] Tipu would elease Kalopant and return
Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas, Tipu
would also pay an annual tribute totaling 12 lakhs, for an agreed period of 4 years to the Marathas.
In return, Tipu Sultan would get all the region that he had captured during the war. This includes
Gajendragarh and Dharwar.[30][31] The Marathas in return agreed to recognize his authority and to
address Tipu sultan as "Nabob Tipu Sultan Futteh Ally Khan".[31] However the Marathas
ultimately betrayed Tipu and in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War the Marathas presented their
support to the British East India Company which allowed the British to take over Mysore in
1799.[32][33]

The Invasion of Malabar (1766–1790)

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In 1766, when Tipu Sultan was just 15 years old, he got the chance
to apply his military training in battle for the first time, when he
accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the
incident- Siege of Tellicherry in Thalassery in North Malabar,[34]
Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came
from Mysore to reinstate the authority over Malabar. After the
Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90), due to the monsoon flood,
the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the Tipu Sultan at the lines of
attack of British in Srirangapatnam he went back.[35] Travancore.

Third Anglo-Mysore War

In 1789, Tipu Sultan disputed the acquisition by Dharma Raja
of Travancore of two Dutch-held fortresses in Cochin. In
December 1789 he massed troops at Coimbatore, and on 28
December made an attack on the lines of Travancore, knowing
that Travancore was (according to the Treaty of Mangalore) an
ally of the British East India Company.[36] On account of the
staunch resistance by the Travancore army, Tipu was unable to
break through the Tranvancore lines and the Maharajah of
Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's Travancore appealed to the East India Company for help. In
forces at the battle of Srirangapatna response, Lord Cornwallis mobilised company and British
1799 military forces, and formed alliances with the Marathas and the
Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Tipu. In 1790 the company
forces advanced, taking control of much of the Coimbatore
district.[36] Tipu counter-attacked, regaining much of the
territory, although the British continued to hold Coimbatore
itself. He then descended into the Carnatic, eventually reaching
Pondicherry, where he attempted without success to draw the
French into the conflict.[36]

In 1791 his opponents advanced on all fronts, with the main

British force under Cornwallis taking Bangalore and
General Lord Cornwallis, receiving
two of Tipu Sultan's sons as
threatening Srirangapatna. Tipu harassed the British supply
hostages in the year 1793. and communication and embarked on a "scorched earth" policy
of denying local resources to the British.[36] In this last effort
he was successful, as the lack of provisions forced Cornwallis to
withdraw to Bangalore rather than attempt a siege of Srirangapatna. Following the withdrawal,
Tipu sent forces to Coimbatore, which they retook after a lengthy siege.[36]

The 1792 campaign was a failure for Tipu. The allied army was well-supplied, and Tipu was unable
to prevent the junction of forces from Bangalore and Bombay before Srirangapatna.[36] After about
two weeks of siege, Tipu opened negotiations for terms of surrender. In the ensuing treaty, he was
forced to cede half his territories to the allies,[22] and deliver two of his sons as hostages until he

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paid in full three crores and thirty lakhs rupees fixed as war indemnity to the British for the
campaign against him. He paid the amount in two instalments and got back his sons from
Madras.[36]

Napoleon's attempt at a junction

In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the Jacobin
Club of Mysore for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty
Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.[37] In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that
the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in
order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.[38]

One of the motivations of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt was to establish a junction with India
against the British. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the
ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib.[39] Napoleon assured the French Directory that "as
soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together
with them, attack the English in their possessions."[40] According to a 13 February 1798 report by
Talleyrand: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to
India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."[40] Napoleon was unsuccessful
in this strategy, losing the Siege of Acre in 1799 and at the Battle of Abukir in 1801.[41]

Although I never supposed that he (Napoleon) possessed, allowing for some difference of
education, the liberality of conduct and political views which were sometimes exhibited by
old Hyder Ali, yet I did think he might have shown the same resolved and dogged spirit of
resolution which induced Tipu Sahib to die manfully upon the breach of his capital city
with his sabre clenched in his hand.

— Sir Walter Scott, commenting on the abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814

Death
Horatio Nelson defeated François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers at the
Battle of the Nile in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into
Mysore in 1799—one from Bombay and two British, one of which
included Arthur Wellesley.[42] They besieged the capital
Srirangapatna in the Fourth Mysore War.[43] There were more than
60,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately
4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces
numbered only around 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's
ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to
make an easy path for the British.[44][45] The death of Tipu Sultan
led British General Harris to exclaim "Now India is ours."[32]

When the British broke through the city walls, French military
Tipu Sultan confronts his
advisers told Tipu Sultan[46] to escape via secret passages and to
opponents during the Siege
of Srirangapatna.
fight the rest of the wars from other forts, but he refused.[47] Tipu
famously said "Better to live one day as a tiger than a thousand years
as a sheep".[48]

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Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which

was located 300 yards (270 m) from the N.E. Angle of the
Srirangapatna Fort.[49] He was buried the next afternoon at the
Gumaz, next to the grave of his father. Many members of the
British East India Company believed that Nawab of Carnatic
Umdat Ul-Umra secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan
during the war and sought his deposition after 1799. These five
men include Mir Sadiq, Purnaiya, two military commanders
Saiyed Saheb and Qamaruddin, and Mir Nadim, commandant
of the fort of Seringapatam. The episode of treachery as The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu
narrated by Hasan starts with the disobedience of Tipu's Sultan by Henry Singleton, c. 1800

instructions.[50] When he died there were jubilant celebrations

in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it.[51] The death of
Tipu Sultan was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in Britain.[52]

Administration
Tipu introduced a new calendar, new coinage, and seven new government departments, during his
reign, and made military innovations in the use of rocketry.

Mysorean rockets
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, the former President of India, in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture
in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket.
Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the Royal
Artillery Museum in London. According to historian Dr Dulari Qureshi Tipu Sultan was a fierce
warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on
many fronts at the same time.[44] Tipu managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He
was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies.

Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on Mysore's use of rocketry, making critical innovations in the
rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised
troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons
and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder
and the distance to the target. The rockets had twin side sharpened blades mounted on them, and
when fired en masse, spun and wreaked significant damage against a large army. Tipu greatly
expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a
time.[53] The rockets deployed by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than
those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes
for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km
range).[53][10]

British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars.[54] During the
climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets,
causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white

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light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth
war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These
became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the
Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic
Wars.[10]

Navy
In 1786 Tipu Sultan, again following the lead of his father, decided to
build a navy consisting of 20 battleships of 72 cannons and 20 frigates
of 65 cannons. In the year 1790 he appointed Kamaluddin as his Mir
Bahar and established massive dockyards at Jamalabad and
Majidabad. Tipu Sultan's board of admiralty consisted of 11
commanders in service of a Mir Yam. A Mir Yam led 30 admirals and
each one of them had two ships. Tipu Sultan ordered that the ships
have copper-bottoms, an idea that increased the longevity of the ships
and was introduced to Tipu by Admiral Suffren.[55]

Army
Due to their perpetual battle engagements, Haidar and Tipu required
a disciplined standing army. Thus, Rajputs, Muslims and able tribal
men were enrolled for full time service replacing the local militia
called the Kandachar[56] force of agricultural origin which existed in
the Mysore army earlier. The removal of the Vokkaligas from the local
militia which had taken part in wars for centuries and the imposition
of higher taxes on them in place of their quit rent led indirectly to the
implementation of Ryotwari system. Now the Ryots could not rely
A soldier from Tipu Sultan's
upon slaves for their agricultural activities since their slaves were army, using his rocket as a
enrolled in the army in some places. Besides paying higher taxes they flagstaff.
had to endure the additional responsibility of feeding the slaves and
financing their marriages. This led to the weakening of the
system of slavery in Mysore.[57]

Economy
The peak of Mysore's economic power was under Tipu Sultan
in the late 18th century. Along with his father Hyder Ali, he
embarked on an ambitious program of economic development,
aiming to increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore.[58] Tipu Sultan organised his Rocket
Under his reign, Mysore overtook Bengal Subah as India's artillery brigades known as
dominant economic power, with highly productive agriculture Cushoons, Tipu Sultan expanded
the number of servicemen in the
and textile manufacturing.[59] Mysore's average income was
various Cushoons from 1500 to
five times higher than subsistence level at the time.[60] almost 5000. The Mysorean rockets
utilised by Tipu Sultan, were later
Tipu Sultan laid the foundation for the construction of the updated by the British and
Kannambadi dam (present-day Krishna Raja Sagara or KRS successively employed during the
dam) on the Kaveri river, as attested by an extant stone plaque Napoleonic Wars.

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bearing his name, but was unable to begin the construction.[61][62] The dam was later built and
opened in 1938. It is a major source of drinking water for the people of Mysore and Bangalore.

The Mysore silk industry was first initiated during the reign of Tipu Sultan.[63] He sent an expert to
Bengal Subah to study silk cultivation and processing, after which Mysore began developing
polyvoltine silk.[8]

The greater prominence of the Channapatna toys can be traced to patronage from Tipu Sultan, the
historic ruler of Mysore, though these toys existed before this period historically given as gifts as
part of Dusshera celebrations. It is known that he was an ardent admirer of arts, and in particular
of woodwork.[64][9]

Road development
Tipu Sultan was considered as pioneer of road construction, especially in Malabar, as part of his
campaigns, he connected most of the cities by roads.[65]

Foreign relations
Mughal Empire

Both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan owed nominal allegiance to the
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; both were described as Nabobs
by the British East India Company in all existing treaties. But
unlike the Nawab of Carnatic, they did not acknowledge the
overlordship of the Nizam of Hyderabad.[67]

Immediately after his coronation as Badshah, Tipu Sultan Louis XVI receives the
sought the investiture of the Mughal emperor. He earned the ambassadors of Tipu Sultan in
title "Nasib-ud-Daula" with the heavy heart of those loyal to 1788. Tipu Sultan is known to have
Shah Alam II. Tipu was a selfdeclared "Sultan" this fact drew sent many diplomatic missions to
France, the Ottoman Empire,
towards him the hostility of Nizam Ali Khan, the Nizam of
Sultanate of Oman, Zand Dynasty
Hyderabad, who clearly expressed his hostility by dissuading
and Durrani Empire.[66]
the Mughal emperor and laying claims on Mysore.
Disheartened, Tipu Sultan began to establish contacts with
other Muslim rulers of that period.[68]

Tipu Sultan was the master of his own diplomacy with foreign nations, in his quest to rid India of
the East India Company and to ensure the international strength of France. Like his father before
him he fought battles on behalf of foreign nations which were not in the best interests of Shah
Alam II.

After Ghulam Qadir had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have
broken into tears.[69]

After the Fall of Seringapatam in 1799, the blind emperor did remorse for Tipu, but maintained his
confidence in the Nizam of Hyderabad, who had now made peace with the British.

Afghanistan

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After facing substantial threats from the Marathas, Tipu Sultan

began to correspond with Zaman Shah Durrani, the ruler of the
Afghan Durrani Empire, so they could defeat the British and
Marathas. Initially, Zaman Shah agreed to help Tipu, but the
Persian attack on Afghanistan's Western border diverted its
forces, and hence no help could be provided to Tipu.

Ottoman Empire
Tipu Sultan's forces during the
In 1787, Tipu Sultan sent an embassy to the Ottoman capital
Siege of Srirangapatna.
Constantinople, to the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I
requesting urgent assistance against the British East India
Company. Tipu Sultan requested the Ottoman Sultan to send him troops and military experts.
Furthermore, Tipu Sultan also requested permission from the Ottomans to contribute to the
maintenance of the Islamic shrines in Mecca, Medina, Najaf and Karbala.

However, the Ottomans were themselves in crisis and still recuperating from the devastating
Austro-Ottoman War and a new conflict with the Russian Empire had begun, for which Ottoman
Turkey needed British alliance to keep off the Russians, hence it could not risk being hostile to the
British in the Indian theatre.

Due to the Ottoman inability to organise a fleet in the Indian Ocean, Tipu Sultan's ambassadors
returned home only with gifts from their Ottoman brothers.

Nevertheless, Tipu Sultan's correspondence with the Ottoman Empire and particularly its new
Sultan Selim III continued till his final battle in the year 1799.[68]

Persia and Oman

Like his father before him, Tipu Sultan maintained friendly relations with Mohammad Ali Khan,
ruler of the Zand Dynasty in Persia. Tipu Sultan also maintained correspondence with Hamad bin
Said, the ruler of the Sultanate of Oman.[70]

Qing China

Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received an ambassador from
the Qing dynasty-ruled China at his court. The ambassador presented him with a silk cloth. Tipu
was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production
in his kingdom. He sent a return journey to China, which returned after twelve years.[71]

France

Both Hyder Ali and Tipu sought an alliance with the French, the only European power still strong
enough to challenge the British East India Company in the subcontinent. In 1782, Louis XVI
concluded an alliance with the Peshwa Madhu Rao Narayan. This treaty enabled Bussy to move his
troops to the Isle de France (now Mauritius). In the same year, French Admiral De Suffren
ceremonially presented a portrait of Louis XVI to Haidar Ali and sought his alliance.[72]

Napoleon conquered Egypt in an attempt to link with Tipu Sultan. In February 1798, Napoleon
wrote a letter to Tipu Sultan appreciating his efforts of resisting the British annexation and plans,
but this letter never reached Tipu and was seized by a British spy in Muscat. The idea of a possible

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Tipu-Napoleon alliance alarmed the British

Governor, General Sir Richard Wellesley (also
known as Lord Wellesley), so much that he
immediately started large scale preparations for a
final battle against Tipu Sultan.

In his attempts to junction with Tipu Sultan, Social system

Napoleon annexed Ottoman Egypt in the year
1798.
Judicial system
Tipu Sultan appointed judges from both
communities for Hindu and Muslim subjects. Qadi for Muslims and Pandit for Hindus in each
province. Upper courts also had similar systems.[73]

Moral Administration
Usage of liquor and prostitution were strictly prohibited in his administration.[74] Usage and
agriculture of psychedelics, such as Cannabis, was also prohibited.[75]

Polyandry in Kerala was prohibited by Tipu Sultan. He passed a decree for all women to cover their
breasts, which was not practised in Kerala in the previous era.[76][77]

Religious policy
On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special
attention to mosques in the area.[78] Regular endowments were made during this period to about
156 Hindu temples,[79] including the famed Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangapatna.[80] Many
sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in Tipu's administration[81] and his land grants
and endowments to Hindu temples,[82][83][84] which are cited as evidence for his religious
tolerance.

His religious legacy has become a source of considerable controversy in India, with some groups
(including Christians[85] and even Muslims) proclaiming him a great warrior for the faith or
Ghazi[86][87] for both religious and political reasons.[80] Various sources describe the
massacres,[88] imprisonment[89] and forced conversion[90] of Hindus (Kodavas of Coorg, Nairs of
Malabar) and Christians (Catholics of Mangalore), the destruction of churches[91] and temples, and
the clamping down on Muslims (Mappila of Kerala, the Mahdavia Muslims, the rulers of Savanur
and the people of Hyderabad State), which are sometimes cited as evidence for his intolerance.

British accounts
Historians such as Brittlebank, Hasan, Chetty, Habib, and Saletare, amongst others, argue that
controversial stories of Tipu Sultan's religious persecution of Hindus and Christians are largely
derived from the work of early British authors (who were very much against Tipu Sultan's
independence and harboured prejudice against the Sultan) such as James Kirkpatrick[92] and
Mark Wilks,[93] whom they do not consider to be entirely reliable and likely fabricated.[94] A. S.
Chetty argues that Wilks' account in particular cannot be trusted.[95]

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Irfan Habib and Mohibbul Hasan argue that these early British authors had a strong vested
interest in presenting Tipu Sultan as a tyrant from whom the British had liberated Mysore.[94][96]
This assessment is echoed by Brittlebank in her recent work where she writes that Wilks and
Kirkpatrick must be used with particular care as both authors had taken part in the wars against
Tipu Sultan and were closely connected to the administrations of Lord Cornwallis and Richard
Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley.[97]

Relations with Hindus

Tipu Sultan's treasurer was Krishna Rao, Shamaiya Iyengar was his Minister of Post and Police, his
brother Ranga Iyengar was also an officer, and Purnaiya held the very important post of "Mir
Asaf". Moolchand and Sujan Rai were his chief agents at the Mughal court, and his chief "Peshkar",
Suba Rao, was also a Hindu.[81]

The Editor of Mysore Gazette reports of correspondence between his court and temples, and his
having donated jewellery and deeded land grants to several temples, which he was compelled to for
forming alliances with Hindu rulers. Between 1782 and 1799 Tipu Sultan issued 34 "Sanads"
(deeds) of endowment to temples in his domain, while also presenting many of them with gifts of
silver and gold plate.[84]

The Srikanteswara Temple in Nanjangud still possesses a jeweled cup presented by the Sultan.[83]
He also gave a greenish linga; to Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatna, he donated seven silver
cups and a silver camphor burner. This temple was hardly a stone's throw from his palace from
where he would listen with equal respect to the ringing of temple bells and the muezzin's call from
the mosque; to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale he gifted four cups, a plate and Spitoon in
silver.[82][84]

During the Maratha–Mysore War in 1791, a group of Maratha horsemen under Raghunath Rao
Patwardhan raided the temple and matha of Sringeri Shankaracharya. They wounded and killed
many people, including Brahmins, plundered the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and
desecrated the temple by displacing the image of goddess Sarada.[81]

The incumbent Shankaracharya petitioned Tipu Sultan for help. About 30 letters written in
Kannada, which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan's court and the Sringeri Shankaracharya,
were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in Mysore. Tipu Sultan expressed his
indignation and grief at the news of the raid:[81][98]

"People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences
of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse:
"Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir-anubhuyate" (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but
suffer the consequences crying)."[99]

He immediately ordered the Asaf of Bednur to supply the Swami with 200 rahatis (fanams) in
cash and other gifts and articles. Tipu Sultan's interest in the Sringeri temple continued for many
years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s.[100]

In light of this and other events, historian B. A. Saletare has described Tipu Sultan as a defender of
the Hindu dharma, who also patronised other temples including one at Melkote, for which he
issued a Kannada decree that the Shrivaishnava invocatory verses there should be recited in the
traditional form.[101] The temple at Melkote still has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions
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indicating that they were presented by the Sultan. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to
the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale.[101] Tipu Sultan does seem to have repossessed unauthorised
grants of land made to Brahmins and temples, but those which had proper sanads (certificates)
were not. It was a normal practice for any ruler, Muslim or Hindu, on his accession or on the
conquest of new territory.

Persecution of Kodavas outside Mysore

Tipu got Runmust Khan, the Nawab of Kurnool, to launch a surprise attack upon the Kodavas who
were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas fled to the
woods and concealed themselves in the mountains.[102] Thousands of Kodavas were seized along
with the Raja and held captive at Seringapatam.[90]

Mohibbul Hasan, Prof. Sheikh Ali, and other historians cast great doubt on the scale of the
deportations and forced conversions in Coorg in particular. Hassan says that it is difficult to
estimate the real number of Kodava captured by Tipu.[103]

In a letter to Runmust Khan, Tipu himself stated:[104]

"We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-
seeking and sedition-exciting Kodavas, who alarmed at the approach of our victorious
army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible
even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of
sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our Ahmedy
corps." [105]

The coinage system

The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of the most complex and
fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local
South India coinage had been struck in the area that became
Mysore since ancient times, with the first gold coinage
introduced about the 11th century (the elephant pagoda), and
other pagodas continuing through the following centuries.
These pagoda were always in the South Indian style until the Among his many innovations, Tipu
introduced new coin denominations
reign of Haidar Ali (1761–1782), who added pagodas with
and new coin types, including this
Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver copper double paisa weighing over
rupees, always in the name of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam 23 gm. The coin on the left also
II plus the Arabic letter "‫ "ح‬as the first letter of his name. His contains the emblem of the
successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue pagodas, mohurs Sultanate of Mysore.
and rupees, with legends that were completely new. As for
copper, the new large paisa was commenced by Haidar Ali in
AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and
was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan
introduced a set of new Persian names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the
gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were:

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Copper: Qutb "‫ "قطب‬for the 1/8 paisa (Persian for the pole
star) – Akhtar "‫ "اختر‬for the 1/4 paisa (star) – Bahram "‫ "بهرام‬for
the 1/2 paisa (the planet Mars) – Zohra "‫ "زهره‬for the paisa (the
planet Venus) – either Othmani "‫ "عثمانی‬for the double-paisa
(the third caliph of the Rashidun) or Mushtari "‫( "مشتری‬the
planet Jupiter).
A gold coin issued by the Kingdom
Silver: Khizri "‫ "خضری‬for the 1/32 rupee (Khizr the prophet) – of Mysore during the reign of the
Kazimi "‫ "کاظمی‬for the 1/16 rupee (for Musa, the seventh Shi'ite Tipu Sultan.
Imam) – Ja'fari "‫ "جعفری‬for the 1/8 rupee (Ja'far al-Sadiq, the
sixth Shi'ite Imam) – Bâqiri "‫ "باقری‬for the 1/4 rupee
(Muhammad al-Baqir, the fifth Imam) – Abidi "‫ "عبیدی‬for the 1/2 rupee (Ali Zain al-'Abidin, the
fourth Imam) – Imami for the rupee (reference to the 12 Shi'ite Imams) – Haidari "‫ "حیدری‬for the
double-rupee (lion, for Ali b. Abi Talib, who was both the fourth caliph and the first Shi'ite Imam).

Gold: Faruqi "‫ "فاروقی‬for the pagoda (Umar al-Faruq, the second caliph) – Sadîqi "‫ "صدیقی‬for the
double-pagoda (Abu Bakr al-Sadiq, the first caliph) – Ahmadi "‫ "احمدی‬for the four-pagoda ( "most
praised ", one of the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad). During his first 4 years, the large
gold coin was the mohur, with an average weight of about 10.95g (AH1197-1200), replaced with the
four-pagoda of 13.74g with the calendar change to the Mauludi "‫ "مولودی‬system (AM1215-1219).

Coinage dating system

The denomination does not appear on the Hijri dated gold
coins, but was added on all the Mauludi dated pieces.

At the beginning of his first year, Tipu Sultan abandoned the

Hijri dating system and introduced the Mauludi system (from
the Arabic word "walad ", which means "birth "), based on the
2 gold Two Pagoda Coins issued by solar year and the birth year of Muhammad (actually 571 AD,
tipu Sultan
but for some perplexing reason reckoned as 572 by Tipu Sultan
for his staff).

From the beginning of his reign, Tipu Sultan added the name of the Indian cyclic year on the large
silver and gold coins, including this double-pagoda, together with his regnal year. Each of the
names is Persian, though in several examples, the meaning of the names in India was different
from the Iranian meaning (not indicated here). According to the Indian meanings, these are the
cyclic years: Zaki "‫ "زکي‬for cyclic 37, which corresponded to his year 1 ( "pure ") – Azâl "‫ "أزل‬for 38 (
"eternity ", year 2) – Jalal "‫ "َج الل‬for 39 ( "splendor ", year 3) – Dalv "‫ "َدلو‬for 40 (the sign of
Aquarius, year 4) – Shâ "‫ "شاه‬for 41 ( "king ", year 5) – Sârâ "‫ "سارا‬for 42 ( "fragrant ", year 6) –
Sarâb "‫ "سراب‬for 43 ( "mirage ", for year 7) – Shitâ "‫ "شتا‬for 44 ( "winter ", year 8) – Zabarjad "‫"زبرجد‬
for 45 ( "topaz ", year 9) – sahar "‫" ( "َسَح ر‬dawn ", year 10) – Sâher "‫" ( "ساِح ر‬magician ", year 11).[106]

Assessment and legacy

Assessments of Tipu Sultan have often been passionate and divided. Successive Indian National
Congress governments have often celebrated Tipu Sultan's memory and monuments and relics of
his rule while the Bharatiya Janata Party has been largely critical. School and college textbooks in

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India officially recognize him as a "freedom-fighter" along with

many other rulers of the 18th century who fought European
powers.[107] The original copy of the Constitution of India bears
a painting of Tipu Sultan.[108]

In 2017 the 14th Indian president Ram Nath Kovind hailed

Tipu Sultan in his address to the Karnataka Assembly on the
occasion of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the state
The spot in Srirangapatna where secretariat Vidhana Soudha saying "Tipu Sultan died a heroic
Tipu's body was found
death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the
development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This
technology was later adopted by the Europeans."[109]

Tipu Sultan is also admired as a hero in Pakistan. Former Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan
has said that he admires Tipu Sultan as a freedom fighter.[110]

Tipu also patronised art forms such as Ganjifa cards, effectively saving this art form.[111] Ganjifa
card of Mysore have the GI Tag today.[112]

Sword and tiger

Tipu Sultan had lost his sword in a war with the Nairs of
Travancore during the Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789), in
which he was forced to withdraw due to the severe joint attack
from the Travancore army and British army.[113] The Nair army
under the leadership of Raja Kesavadas again defeated the
army of Tipu near Aluva. The Maharaja, Dharma Raja, gave the
famous sword to the Nawab of Arcot, from whom the sword Tipu Sultan's Tiger. Victoria and
was taken as a war trophy by the British after annexing Arcot Albert Museum, London

and sent to London. The sword was on display at the Wallace

Collection, No. 1 Manchester Square, London.

Tipu was commonly known as the Tiger of Mysore and

adopted this animal as the symbol (bubri/babri)[114] of his
rule.[115] It is said that Tipu Sultan was hunting in the forest
with a French friend. They came face to face with a tiger there.
The tiger first pounced on the French soldier and killed him.
Tipu's gun did not work, and his dagger fell on the ground as
the tiger jumped on him. He reached for the dagger, picked it Sword of Tipu Sultan. National
Museum, New Delhi
up, and killed the tiger with it. That earned him the name "the
Tiger of Mysore". He even had French engineers build a
mechanical tiger for his palace.[116] The device, known as Tipu's Tiger, is on display in the Victoria
and Albert Museum, London.[117] Not only did Tipu place relics of tigers around his palace and
domain, but also had the emblem of a tiger on his banners and some arms and weapons.
Sometimes this tiger was very ornate and had inscriptions within the drawing, alluding to Tipu's
faith – Islam.[118] Historian Alexander Beatson reported that "in his palace was found a great
variety of curious swords, daggers, fusils, pistols, and blunderbusses; some were of exquisite
workmanship, mounted with gold, or silver, and beautifully inlaid and ornamented with tigers'
heads and stripes, or with Persian and Arabic verses".[119]

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The last sword used by Tipu in his last battle, at Sri Rangapatnam, and the ring worn by him were
taken by the British forces as war trophies. Till April 2004, they were kept on display at the British
Museum London as gifts to the museum from Maj-Gen Augustus W.H. Meyrick and Nancy
Dowager.[120] At an auction in London in April 2004, Vijay Mallya purchased the sword of Tipu
Sultan and some other historical artefacts, and brought them back to India.[121]

In October 2013, another sword owned by Tipu Sultan and decorated with his babri (tiger stripe
motif) surfaced and was auctioned by Sotheby's.[122] It was purchased for £98,500[123] by a
telephone bidder.

Tipu Sultan Jayanti

In 2015, the Government of Karnataka, under the leadership of then Chief Minister Siddaramaiah
from the Congress party, began to celebrate Tipu's birth anniversary as the "Tipu Sultan
Jayanti".[124] The Congress regime declared it as an annual event to be celebrated on 20
November.[125] It was officially celebrated in Karnataka initially by the Minority Welfare
department, and later by the Kannada & Culture department. However, on 29 July 2019, the next
Chief Minister B. S. Yediyurappa, who belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), ordered the
celebrations cancelled, saying: "Legislators from Kodagu had highlighted incidents of violence
during Tipu Jayanti."

Objecting against the cancellation of the celebrations, the previous Chief Minister Siddaramaiah
said: "BJP has cancelled it because of their hatred towards minorities. It's a big crime. He [Tipu]
was a king of Mysore and fought against the British [as] a freedom fighter. It was during his time
when the foundation was laid for the Krishna Raja Sagara dam. He also tried to improve industry,
agriculture and trade". The previous year, not a single JD(S) leader, including the then chief
minister HD Kumaraswamy, attended the event, turning it into a fiasco.[124]

The Lok Sabha Congress leader, Mallikarjun Kharge, also earlier criticized BJP and RSS for their
opposition against holding the celebrations, and asked: "When RSS can celebrate Nathuram
Godse, can't we celebrate Tipu Sultan?"[126]

In fiction
He has a role in G. A. Henty's 1896 book The Tiger of Mysore,[127] and is also mentioned in
Henty's 1902 At the Point of the Bayonet,[127] which deals with much of the same period.
In Jules Verne's Mysterious Island, Captain Nemo is described as Tipu's nephew.
He was portrayed by Paidi Jairaj in the 1959 Indian historical drama film Tipu Sultan, directed
by Jagdish Gautam.[128]
Bharat Ek Khoj, a 1988 Indian television series based on Jawaharlal Nehru's The Discovery of
India which aired on DD National, dedicated an episode to Tipu Sultan with Salim Ghouse
portraying the king.
Tipu's life and adventures were the central theme of a short-running South Indian television
series The Adventures of Tipu Sultan, and of a more popular national television series The
Sword of Tipu Sultan based on a historical novel by Bhagwan Gidwani.[129][130]
The Dreams of Tipu Sultan is a 1997 play written in Kannada by Indian writer Girish Karnad. It
follows the last days as well as the historic moments in the life of Tipu, through the eyes of an
Indian court historian and a British Oriental scholar.
Tipu Sultan: The Tiger Lord is a Pakistani television series that broadcast on PTV in 1997,
deals with the life of Sultan.

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Naseem Hijazi's novels Muazam Ali and Aur Talvar Ṭūṭ Gaye (And The Sword Broke) describe
Tipu's wars.
Wilkie Collins's novel The Moonstone contains an account of Tipu and the fall of Srirangapatna
in the prologue.
In The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen by Rudolf Erich Raspe, Munchausen
vanquishes Tipu near the end of the novel.
Sharpe's Tiger is a novel by Bernard Cornwell in which Napoleonic–era British soldier Richard
Sharpe fights at Seringapatam, later killing Tipu.
Tipu appears as a "Great Person" in the video games, Sid Meier's Civilization: Revolution and
Sid Meier's Civilization IV.
In his historical Konkani-language novels on the Seringapatam captivity of Konkani Catholics
by Indian littérateur V. J. P. Saldanha, Belthangaddicho Balthazar (Balthazar of Belthangady),
Devache Krupen (By the Grace of God), Sardarachi Sinol (The sign of the Knights) and
Infernachi Daram (The gates of Hell), Tipu is portrayed as "cunning, haughty, hard-hearted,
revengeful, yet full of self-control".[131]

Family
Tipu Sultan's paternal family line claims descent from
Muhammad, hence why their name's contain Sayyid and Wal
Sharif.

Tipu had several wives.[132] One of them, Sindh Sahiba, was

quite renowned for her beauty and intelligence and whose
grandson was Sahib Sindh Sultan also known as His Highness
Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Ahmed Halim-az-Zaman Khan
Sultan Sahib. Tipu's family was sent to Calcutta by the British.
Many other descendants continue to live in Kolkata and have
expressed objection to use of Tipu Sultan's name by political
parties for polarising votes.[133][134]

His sons were: The mausoleum housing Tipu

Sultan's tomb is another example of
1. Shahzada Sayyid Shareef Hyder Ali Khan Sultan (1771 – Islamic architecture.Tipu Sultan's
30 July 1815)[135] flag is in the foreground.
2. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Abdul Khaliq Khan Sultan
(1782 – 12 September 1806)
3. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhi-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1782 – 30 September 1811)
4. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Mu'izz-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1783 – 30 March 1818)
5. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Mi'raj-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1784? – ?)
6. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Mu'in-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1784? – ?)
7. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Yasin Khan Sultan (1784 – 15 March 1849)
8. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Subhan Khan Sultan (1785 – 27 September 1845)
9. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Shukrullah Khan Sultan (1785 – 25 September
1830)
10. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Sarwar-ud-din Khan Sultan (1790 – 20 October 1833)
11. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Nizam-ud-din Khan Sultan (1791 – 20 October
1791)
12. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Jamal-ud-din Khan Sultan (1795 – 13 November
1842)
13. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Munir-ud-din Khan Sultan (1795 – 1 December 1837)
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14. Shahzada Sir Sayyid walShareef Ghulam Muhammad

Sultan Sahib, KCSI (March 1795 – 11 August 1872)
15. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Ghulam Ahmad Khan Sultan
(1796 – 11 April 1824)
16. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Hashmath Ali Khan Sultan
(died at birth)

Image gallery

The tomb of Tipu Sultan at

Srirangapatna. Tipu's tomb is
adjacent to his mother's and father's
graves.

A view of the Hoally Gateway,

Srirangapatnam, where Tipu
Sultan was killed, Seringapatam
(Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham
(c. 1799)

A flintlock blunderbuss, made for Cannon used by Tippu Sultan in

Tippu Sultan in Srirangapatnam in the battle of Srirangapatnam
1793-94. Tippu Sultan used many 1799
Western craftsmen, and this gun
reflects the most up-to-date
technologies of the time.[21]

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During the Republic Day Parade

in 2014, in New Delhi, the tableau
of Karnataka, highlighting "Tipu
Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore,"
made its way through the
Rajpath.

See also
Muslim warriors The Sword of Tipu Sultan - an Indian TV
Mysore invasion of Kerala series on Tipu Sultan
PNS Tippu Sultan Tipu's Tiger
Tipu Sultan Mosque The Dreams of Tipu Sultan by Girish Karnad
Mir Ghulam Ali, an official and senior military
commander

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y.com/richard-cavendish/tipu-sultan-killed-seringapatam). History Today. 49 (5). Retrieved
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Brittlebank, Kate (1999). Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-563977-3. OCLC 246448596 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246448596).
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tippoo Sahib" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C
3%A6dia_Britannica/Tippoo_Sahib). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press. p. 1005.
Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company
(Hardcover). New York: Bloomsbury publishing. ISBN 978-1-63557-395-4.
Habib, Irfan, ed. (2002). Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider
Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies). Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-024-4.
Hasan, Mohibbul (2005), History of Tipu Sultan (https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1
_jEC), Aakar Books, ISBN 978-81-87879-57-2
Moienuddin, Mohammad (2000). Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim). London: Sangam Books.
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Sastri, K.N.V. (1943). Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.201

5.100038/page/n291). Indian History Congress. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
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Wenger, Estefania (March 2017). Tipu Sultan: A Biography (https://books.google.com/books?id
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Further reading
Balakrishna, Sandeep, Tipu Sultan, The Tyrant of Mysore, Rare Publications
Sen, Surendra Nath (1930), Studies in Indian History, University of Calcutta, OCLC 578119748
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/578119748)
Subramanian, K. R. (1928), The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore, self-published, OCLC 249773661
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249773661)
William, Logan (1887), Malabar Manual (https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC),
Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-81-206-0446-9
Grose, John Henry; Charmichael (1777), A Voyage to the East Indies (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=RrA2AAAAMAAJ)
Thompson, Rev. E. W. (1990) [1923]. The last siege of Seringapatam. Mysore City: Wesleyan
Mission. ISBN 978-8120606029.
Agha, Shamsu. Tipu Sultan", "Mirza Ghalib in London";, "Flight Delayed", Paperback, ISBN 0-
901974-42-0
Ali, B Sheik. Tipu Sultan, Nyasanal Buk Trast
Amjad, Sayyid. 'Ali Ashahri, Savanih Tipu Sultan, Himaliyah Buk Ha®us
Banglori, Mahmud Khan Mahmud. Sahifah-yi Tipu Sultan, Himālayah Pablishing Hā'ūs,
Bhagwan, Gidwami S (1976). The Sword of Tipu Sultan: a historical novel about the life and
legend of Tipu Sultan of India. Allied Publishers. OCLC 173807200 (https://www.worldcat.org/o
clc/173807200). A fictionalised account of Tipu's life.
Buddle, Anne. Tigers Round the Throne, Zamana Gallery, ISBN 1-869933-02-8
Campbell, Richard Hamilton. Tippoo Sultan: The fall of Srirangapattana and the restoration of
the Hindu raj, Govt. Press
Chinnian, P. Tipu Sultan the Great, Siva Publications
Hashimi, Sajjad. Tipu Sultan, Publisher: Maktabah-yi Urdu Da®ijast
Home, Robert. Select Views in Mysore: The Country of Tipu Sultan from Drawings Taken on
the Spot by Mr. Home, Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-1512-3
Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association:
distributors, Paico Pub. House.
V.M. Korath, P. Parameswaran, Ravi Varma, Nandagopal R Menon, S.R. Goel & P.C.N. Raja:
Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993). ISBN 9788185990088
Mohibbul Hasan. Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople, Aakar Books, ISBN 81-87879-56-4
Pande, B. N. Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of their religious policies (IOS series),
Institute of Objective Studies
Sil, Narasingha P. "Tipu Sultan: A Re-Vision," Calcutta Historical Journal' (2008) 28#1 pp 1–23.
historiography
Strandberg, Samuel. Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore: or, to fight against the odds, AB Samuel
Travel, ISBN 91-630-7333-1
Taylor, George. Coins of Tipu Sultan, Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0503-9
Wigington, Robin. Firearms of Tipu Sultan, 1783–99, J. Taylor Book Ventures, ISBN 1-871224-
13-6

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21/03/2024, 12:18 Tipu Sultan - Wikipedia

Ashfaq Ahmed Mathur – "SALTANATH-E-KHUDADAT" and a book by Allama Iqbal ahmed

(RH) "Daana e Raaz Diyaar e Dakan mein"

External links
Media related to Tipu Sultan at Wikimedia Commons
The Tiger of Mysore – Dramatised account of the British campaign against Tipu Sultan by G. A.
Henty, from Project Gutenberg
Illuminated Qurʾān from the library of Tippoo Ṣāḥib, Cambridge University Digital Library (http://
cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00003-00075/)
UK Family Finds Tipu Sultan's Gun, Sword In Attic (https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tipu-sultan
s-gun-sword-discovered-in-attic-in-uk-2004365)
Tipu's Legacy. (https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/print-edition/2019/february/2377/news/c
ollection-of-tipu-sultan-treasure-including-gold-encrusted-sword-offered-at-anthony-cribb-sale/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&oldid=1208894449"

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