GEOGRAPHY PRESENTATION
INTEGRATING TOPOGRAPHIC,
ORTHOPHOTO MAPS WITH THEORY
PAPER 1
CLIMATOLOGY & GEOMOPHOLOGY
GRADE 10 - 12
14 – 15 JULY 2022
VALLEY CLIMATES
Slope Aspect
OUTCOMES
At the end of the presentation, participants will be able to:
• Define the concept of aspect
• Identify north and south facing slopes in the valley and on the mountain on the
topographic map.
• Describe and explain the impact of aspect on the north and south facing slope to
human activities on the topographic map.
• Define the concept of katabatic winds.
• Explain the formation of katabatic wind and apply the impacts on human and
environment.
A - North Facing Slope / Southern Slope
( i ) ASPECT : Direction to which the slope faces in relation to the direction of the sun’s rays • Receives direct sunlight
•
Valley Climates : Application on the Valley •
It is warmer
Higher evaporation
NB: Discuss the ff as Positive & Negative Impacts
under Socio-Economic and Environmental
Impacts
• Impacts of Aspect on Vegetation and wildlife (at A)
• Sun loving plants become dense on north facing
1463 slope
• North facing slope becomes habitat for sun loving
animals
B • Impacts of Aspect on Settlements (at A)
• High density of settlements more especially in
cold climatic regions
A B- South Facing Slope / Northern Slope
• Does not receive direct sunlight
• Has lower temperature
• Has shadow zone
• Has lower evaporation
• Has higher moisture content
NB: Discuss the ff as Positive & Negative Impacts under
159 Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts
1563.3 Positive / Negative Impacts of Aspect on Vegetation
(agriculture) and Wildlife (at B)
• Shade loving plants grow well
• Habitat for plants and animals that need moist
conditions.
N
• Positive / Negative Impact of Aspect Human and
Settlements) (at B)
• Low density of houses due to low temperature more
especially in cold climatic regions
Warmer at A or B North-facing North facing slopes
Slope in SH 1. Settlements
2. Rural settlements
on the Thermal
belt
South Facing Slopes
A 1. Dense vegetation
(natural)
2. Cultivated lands
3. Orchards and
wine yards
4. Plantations
B
(ii) KATABATIC WINDS: Cold downslope wind that blows from mountain top to valley bottom at night
Valley Climates : Application on the Valley (i) Formation of Katabatic Wind
• Cooling of the mountain top occurs during the
evening (at 1463 m at A and 1563.3 m at A)
• The air close to the ground at A and B is also
cooled
A • The air becomes heavy and dense.
A • The air blows on the valley sides downslope
to the bottom of the valley.(represented by
1463 arrows on the map)
• The air reaches the valley bottom known as
Katabatic Wind.(at 1380m and 1360m)
• (ii) NB: Discuss the ff as Positive &
Negative Impacts under Socio-Economic
A and Environmental Impacts
c Positive / Negative Impacts of Katabatic Wind on
(iii) NB: Discuss the ff as Positive & Negative Impacts climate
under Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts B • Causes low temperature in the valley at night
• Impact of Katabatic winds on Human Activities A • Frost: in the valley floor further cooling
• Frost damages frost sensitive crops stimulates condensation to occur below
• Frost favours cultivation of frost resistance crops in the freezing leading causing frost occurrence
valley floor 159
1563.3
• Frost harms frost sensitive livestock • Temperature Inversion: Katabatic wind
• Temperature inversion promotes formation of the invades and replaces warm air in the valley
thermal belt higher up the middle of the valley floor forcing warm air to rise vertically up
• Thermal belt becomes favourable site for settlement through the middle of the valley, as a result
and cultivation due to warmer temperatures( at B on temperature inversion occurs.
the map) N
• Inversion layer traps smoke particles that emit from • Radiation Fog: Further cooling may occur
industries in the valley causing poor visibility above freezing point, leading to the formation
• Radiation fog reduces visibility, cause traffic delays of radiation fog.
and may stimulate an increase in the number of
accidents
Day 2 - Assessment– Valley Climates ORAL /WRITTEN ASSESSMENT
Refer to the topographic map below and answer the (Cont….)
questions asked ORAL / WRITTEN ASSESSMENT ➢ Choose a letter on the cross section
• Refer to both the cross-section and topographic map to representing a suitable site for
1. Name the wind at A (1) answer the following questions. Provide a reason for cultivation of sun loving plants.
each answer you choose. (1+2)(3)
2. At what time of the day do Anabatic winds occur? (1)
➢ Choose a letter on the cross section that represents an ➢ Choose a moist, cold site usually
3. Between 1 and 2, where would frost resistant unsuitable site for location of heavy industries (1+2) (3) located on a shadow zone. (1+2)(3)
crops be planted? (1)
➢ Choose the letter on the cross section that corresponds ➢ Where do the radiation fog ussually
4. Explain the location of the settlement at no 1. (2) with site no 1 on the topographic map. (1+2) (3) become highly concentrated on the
cross section? (1+2)(3) TOTAL = [15]
TOTAL = [5]
Spot Height 1463 B
2 D C
A
A
1
N
N
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Drainage Basin
OUTCOMES
At the end of the presentation, participants will be able to:
• Define the concept of drainage basin.
• Identify and define the fluvial landforms in the drainage basin on the topographic map.
• Define, identify and describe the drainage patterns and associated underlying rock structure on the topographic map.
• Determine the stream order on the topographic map.
• Define the concept of drainage density, describe and explain the factors influencing drainage density, identify and compare
high, medium and low drainage densities on the topographic map.
• Identify, describe and explain the straight, meandering and braided stream channels on the topographic map.
• Identify, list and describe the fluvial landform features that develop at the meandering and braided stream channel on the
topographic map.
• Identify, describe and explain the characteristics of the upper, middle and lower course on the topographic map.
Fluvial Processes:
1. Drainage Basin
A. Drainage Basin: Total area drained by the river and its
tributaries. •Watershed : High lying area
separating two drainage
basis
• River system : Main river
and its tributaries
•Tributary: A river that joins
the main river
•Interfluve: High lying area
separating tributaries of the
same river system
•Confluence: Junction where
tributary joins the manin
river
Fluvial Processes:
2. Drainage Density
• Concept : No. of streams in a drainage basin DD = Total length of streams / area drained by them
Low Drainage Density : Few Streams in a drainage basin High Drainage Density: Many streams in drainage basin close to
streams are far apart each other
Influenced by one or more of the following factors Influenced by one or more of the following factors
1. Soft rainfall causing more infiltration 1. Heavy rainfall causing more runoff
2. Gentle slopes causing more infiltration 2. Steep slopes causing more runoff
3. Lots of vegetation causing more infiltration 3. Very little vegetation causing more runoff
4. Less moisture in the ground cause soil to absorb more water 4. More moisture in the ground cause soil to absorb less water
5. Permeable rock allows more infiltration of water and less runoff 5. Impermeable rock allows less infiltration of water and more runoff
Fluvial Processes:
3. Drainage Patterns
Concept: Arrangement of streams in a drainage basin
A. DENDRITIC PATTERN
Characteristics Underlying rock
structure / Area where
• Looks like it is found
branches of a tree.
• Rocks of uniform
• Tributaries join resistance to erosion
main river at acute /rate of erosion is the
angles same on the entire
drainage basin.
• Most dominating
type of pattern for • Massive igneous,
South African horizontally layered
rivers sedimentary or
metamorphic rock
type.
Fluvial Processes:
3. Drainage Patterns
B. TRELLIS PATTERN
Characteristics Underlying rock
structure / Area where
• Main rivers flow it is found
parallel to each
other. • Alternating hard and
soft rock
• Short tributaries
join main river at • Folded sedimentary
approximately 90° rocks
at right angles.
Fluvial Processes:
3.Drainage Patterns
C. RADIAL PATTERN
Characteristics Underlying rock
structure / Area where
• Rivers radiate it is found
from a central
point and spread • Originate / Flow from
to different a dome shaped
directions. landform such as a
butte, volcanic crater
Fluvial Processes:
3. Drainage Patterns
D. RECTANGULAR PATTERN
Characteristics Underlying rock
structure / Area where
• Rivers have it is found
rectangular
bends along the • Landscape has joints
course of the or faults that
river. intersect each other
• Streams develop and
flow on the paths
along those faults
Fluvial Processes:
4. Stream Orders
Concept: A numerical system used to determine the quantity of streams in a drainage basin
Characteristics
1. First orders Relationship
streams are near
the source and
between stream
order and drainage
have no tributaries density
2. Second order
• The higher the
streams are at the
stream order, the
confluence of two higher the
drainage density.
first order streams
• The lower the
3. Third order
streams are at the
confluence of two
stream order, the
lower the
second order
streams
4 drainage density.
Fluvial Processes:
5. Stream Channel Characteristics
A. Straight Stream Channel
Characteristics
May occur in all sections of
the river but they are
mostly found :
• In the upper course
• Close to the source
• Where the stream
flows on a steep
slope/gradient
• Where a river flows
through an alluvial fan
Fluvial Processes:
5. Stream Channel Characteristics
B. Meandering Stream Channel River
Meander
1. Characteristics
• A river has meanders/bends
along the course
River
May occur in all sections of the Meander
river but they are mostly found :
River
• In the middle and lower Meander
course
• Where the stream flows on a
gentle slope/gradient
• Where a river flows close to
the mouth
Fluvial Processes:
5. Stream Channel Characteristics
B. Meandering Stream Channel
2. Landforms that 2. Landforms that develop
develop in river in river meanders
meanders
B. Outer bank
A. Inner bank
Processes Cross-section of river meander
• Water flows at a Processes
slow speed • Acceleration of water
• Deposition of silt on
Convex / Slip Off Bank Concave Bank/Undercut • Erosion on the outer
the inner bank bank
• Slip off / Convex bank • Undercut/Concave bank
is formed is formed
Fluvial Processes:
5. Stream Channel Characteristics
C. Braided Stream Channel 2.Formation of a braided channel
1. Characteristics • River flows on a gentle slope
• Erosive power is reduced
• A river channel sub-divides into • Deposition of sediment occurs
• Path of the river channel is blocked
many streams that randomly
• River splits into many small streams
split and rejoin later in the lower and make way through deposited
sections sediment
Where does it occur? 3. Value / Importance
• May be found in the (Positive/Negative)
middle and mostly in the • Provides suitable material with
nutrients for soil fertility
lower course
• Farmers have high yields
• Where the stream flows on • Not suitable for construction of
a gentle slope/gradient building due to floodplain
• Where a river enters the • Not suitable for construction of
sea/mouth buildings because of unstable soil
• Stream channel has wide
open u shaped valley
Fluvial Processes:
5. Stream Channel Characteristics
C. Braided Stream Channel
2. Fluvial Landforms
associated with Braided
rivers
• Sandbanks: Sandy debris
deposited due loss of energy
on the stream channel
• Marshes: Reeds and grassy
vegetation that grows on the
water logged wetland
• River meanders: bends or
curves on the stream channel
• Oxbow lakes: U shaped lake
that develops when the
meander is cut off in the
stream channel.
2. Fluvial Landforms
associated with Braided
rivers
• Sandbanks: Sandy debris
deposited due loss of energy
on the stream channel
• Marshes: Reeds and grassy
vegetation that grows on the
water logged wetland
• River meanders: bends or
curves on the stream channel
• Oxbow lakes: U shaped lake
that develops when the
meander is cut off in the
stream channel.
Day 3: Assessment - Fluvial Landforms
1. Name the drainage pattern marked A (1)
2. Refer to the topographical map and explain why the
A pattern named in question 1 developed (2)
3. Is the drainage density in A of this area high
or low? (1)
4. Give one reason for your answer in question 3 (2)
B
5. Which factors influenced drainage density at A? (3)
C 6. Determine the stream channel characteristic
marked B on the map. (1)
7. What is the stream order at point C? (1)
8. Why does erosion take place at E? (2)
9. Draw a cross profile of the river
F E from line E---F. (2)
Total = 15
UPPER COURSE LOWER COURSE
MIDDLE COURSE
Fluvial Processes:
Characteristics Characteristics
• River width is narrow. • River width is wide.
• Characteristics
Deep V-shaped valley. • Wide open U-Shaped river valley.
• • River width is increased.
Closed V-Shaped river valley. • Close to the mouth.
• • Open V-Shaped river valleys.
Close to the source. • Flows on an almost flat gradient.
• • Meanders develop on the river.
Flows on steep gradient. • Has sandbanks, oxbow lakes, meander
• Has more rapids, waterfalls and deep • Flows on gentle gradient.
scars, deltas, floodplains.
Processes
gorges. • Stream flow characteristic is mostly
• Stream flow characteristic is mostly • Additional tributaries cause more water.
laminar.
turbulent. • Lateral erosion and vertical erosion occurs.
Processes
• • Water speed is reduced.
Stream channel is mostly straight • More deposition dominates.
• Debris is rounded rocks and small pebbles.
Processes • Less erosion.
• • Meandering occurs.
Downcutting dominates. • Water flows at low speed.
• Less deposition. • Debris is mostly fine sand/silt
• Water flows at high speed.
• Debris is mostly big rocks
