TMF6044

ICT Infrastructure
Tan Chong Eng (Course Coordinator)
FCSIT, UNIMAS

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Course Outline
• Introduction to Networking
• ICT Infrastructure Elements
• Digital and Analog Signals
• OSI and TCP/IP Models
• Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
• Switching
• WAN Technologies
• Cloud Computing Infrastructure
• Future Trends: Wireless Network Infrastructure
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
 Course Assessment
• Assignment 1 (20%)
• Assignment 2 (20%)
• Project (30%)
• Final Exam (30%)

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Course Instructors
TAN Chong Eng, PhD LAU Sei Ping, PhD
Associate Professor, UNIMAS Senior Lecturer, UNIMAS
Senior Member, IEEE Senior Member, IEEE
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Mohamad Imran bin Bandan, PhD

Senior Lecturer, UNIMAS
Professional Technologists, MBOT
Email: [email protected]

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Introduction to
Networking
(Lecture 1)

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Basic Communication Models

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 What Data Communications and
Network can do ….
• Networks are changing the way we do business and the
way we live.
– Internet
– Mobile phones
– Electronic mail
– Cable TV
– Computer Networks
– Telephone
– Astro TV Network
– SMS / MMS Network

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Questions
• How network operate?
• What types of technology are available?
• Which design best fills which set of needs?
• How does information flow?
• Sharing???

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Areas of Communications and Data
Network
• Three general areas of Communications and
Data Network:
– Data Communications
– Networking and
– Protocol

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Overview of Data Communication
and Networking

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 Data Communication
• Communication is the process of sharing
information
• “Telecommunication”
– Communication at a distance
• “Tele” is ”far” in Greek
– Traditionally speech
– Sound, pictures, text, ...

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Data Communication
• Data communication – exchange of data between
two device via some form of transmission medium
– Communication devices must be part of a communication
system
– Combination of Hardware and software

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of Data Communications
System
• Depend on four fundamental characteristics
– Delivery – data must be received by intended
device or user and only by that device or user
– Accuracy – system must deliver the data
accurately
– Timeliness – system must deliver data in a timely
manner
– Jitter - refers to the variation in the packet arrival
time

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Five components of data communication

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Components of Data Communication
System
• Data communication system is made up of 5
components
• Message – information to be communicated (text, audio, video,
pictures, etc)
• Sender – device that sends the message (computer, telephone, etc)
• Receiver – device that receives the message
• Medium – physical path by which the message travel
• Protocol – set of rules(agreement) for communication to work on

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Protocol
• Communications protocols includes a
treatment of protocol architectures as well as
analysis of individual protocols at various
layers of the architecture
• TCP/IP
• OSI Layer

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
 What is networks?
(computer networks)
• It is a set of devices (nodes) connected by
media links
• A node: a computer, printer and others
• Communication channels: the link connecting
the devices

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Example of Enterprise
Network

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Example of campus
network

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 Network Criteria
• Network Criteria (How to evaluate networks)
– Performance – types of hardware / software,
cable
transmission medium, users
– Reliability – frequency of failure, recovery time,
catastrophe (fire, earthquake, etc)
– Security – unauthorized access, viruses, etc

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
 Basic Concept
• Basic Concept
– Type of Connection
– Physical Topology
– Transmission Mode
– Categories of Network
– Internetwork

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Type of Connection

• refers to the way two or more communication devices attach

to a link
• 2 possible line configurations :
– point-to-point
• provide a dedicate link between two devices
• the entire capacity of the channel is reserved
• most point-to-point line configurations use an actual
length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but
other options such as microwave or satellite are also
possible

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Point-to-point connection

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Multipoint - sharing can cut cost
- contoh: public toilet

– Multipoint / multidrop Connection

• more than two specific devices share a single link
• In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the
channel is shared.
• If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a
spatially shared line configuration.
• If users must take turns, it is a time-shared line
configuration .

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Multipoint connection

- Kinek mainframe jadi server

- Main frame is old school

cth: unimas internet. cuma ada 2 getaway tapi diguna oleh ribuan org di unimas

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Physical Topology
dont see it physical
things but its there
• Topology - the way a network laid out, either physically or logically.
• Two or more devices connect to a link, and two or more links forms a
topology.
• Topology of a networks is the geometric representation of the relationship of all
the links linking devices to one another
• There are five basic topologies possible: mesh, star, tree, bus, and
ring.
• Two relationships are possible:
• Peer-to-Peer, where the devices share link equally.
• Primary-secondary :where one device controls traffic and others
must transmit through it.
• Ring and mesh topologies are more convenient for peer-to-peer
transmission, while star and tree are more convenient for primary-
secondary.
• A bus topology is equally convenient for either.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Categories of topology

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology - Mesh
problem of sharing is waiting time. so bila pakei mesh, waiting mesh is
shorten as possible

• Topology - Mesh
• In a mesh topology, every devices has a dedicated point-to-point link
to every other device. advantage
• The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between
the two devices it connects.
• A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n-1)/2 physical
channels to link n devices.
• To accommodate that many links every device on the network must
have n-1 input/output (I/O) ports.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology cont.. Mesh

• A network where every device is directly connected to

every other.
• The formula to compute the number of links is:
n(n-1)/2
where n is the number of devices.
• The calculation for number of ports per machine is:
n-1
where n is the number of devices.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Example:
important!! may come out on exam

Ques1: Given a 5 device mesh, calculate how many

links are there in that network?
Ans: n = 5, so number of links = 5(5-1)/2 ..or .. 5(4)/2 ..
or .. 20/2 .. or .. 10.

Ques2: From the example above, each machine would

require:
n-1 .. or .. 5-1 .. or .. 4 ports.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Fully connected mesh topology
(for five devices) mesh - direct connection

good things:
-if 1 cable broken, still can communicate with
other computer

bad things:
-high cost sbb bnyak mok guna cable

example:
- server (small server number)
- to enhance reliability

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology – Mesh (cont.)
• Advantages
• Guarantees that each connection can carry its data load,
eliminate traffic problem when links must be shared by
multiple devices.
• Mesh topology is robust. If one link unusable, it does not
effects the entire system.
• Privacy / security. not sharing sbb bila sharing, high risk untuk data breach. (higher security risk)
• Fault identification and fault isolation easy.
senang mok detect sini yang ada problem

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology – Mesh (cont.)
• Disadvantages
• Need an amount of cabling and I/O ports. costly
• Installation and reconfiguration are difficult. difficult to configure
• Wiring can be greater than the available space.
• Hardware can be expensive
• For these reasons a mesh topology is usually implemented
in a limited fashion – for example , as a backbone.
to ensure maximun reliability

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology – Star

• Topology – Star
– In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
only to a central controller, usually called a hub.
– The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data
to another, it sends to the controller, which then relays the data to the
other connected devices.
– Cheaper than mesh topology
– Easy to install and configure
– Addition and deletion involve only one connection: between that
devices and the hub
– Robustness

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Star topology
only 1 cable to connect to the central device and kakya boleh communicate with other device yang connected to
the central devices

central device

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Extended Star Topology
• Is based upon the physical star topology has one
or more repeaters between the central node (the
'hub' of the star) and network nodes
• The repeaters being used to extend the maximum
transmission distance of the point-to-point links
between the central node and the network nodes
beyond that which is supported by the
transmitter power of the central node or beyond
that which is supported by the standard upon
which the physical layer of the physical star
network is based.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

copper cable max 100 meters

untuk extend panjang cable

Source: http://www.chetbacon.com/LessonPlans/xstar-top.htm

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology - Bus
• Bus
– A bus topology is a multipoint configuration.
– One long cable acts a backbone to link all the devices in the network.
– Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
– There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the
distance between those taps.
– Advantage: easy installation, use less cabling
– Disadvantage: difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation
– Removing nodes can cause degradation in signal, adding cause
modification of backbone

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Bus topology

- bila one devices transmit data, the other devices mesti tunggu sampei bus ya become vacant baruk dapat polah transmission (long
waiting time) (bad performance)
- cheaper sbb sekda central devices
- good only for small network

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology - Tree
• Tree
– A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and
star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured
workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable.
• Advantages
– Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Supported
by several hardware and software venders.
• Disadvantages
– Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of
cabling used. If the backbone line breaks, the entire
segment goes down. More difficult to configure and wire
than other topologies.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Tree Topology
mix of different topology (star and backbone)

Image sourced from http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap5/chap5.htm#TreeNetwork

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology - Ring

• Ring
• In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-
point configuration only with the two devices on either
side of it.
• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from
device to device until it reaches its destination.
– Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Ring topology
- mcm circle
- if one device broken, sekpat connect to other devices
- cheap sbb sekda central devices
- mesti ada token baruk dapat nya communicate, if sekda token nya mesti nunggu sampei nya ada token baruk dapat nya
nak communicate (long waiting time, performance bad)

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology - Ring (Cont.)
• Advantage:
• Easy to install and reconfigure.
• To add or delete requires moving only two connections
• Signal is circulating at all time.
• Alarm is used to alerts the network operator due to any problem.

• Constraints:
• ring length and number of devices.
• Constraint in unidirectional can be solved by dual ring or a switch
capable of closing off the break. move in one way only

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Topology - Hybrid
• Hybrid topology
• Several topologies as subnetworks linked together
in a larger topology
• Two different topologies can be connected to each
other via a central controller in a star topology.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Transmission Mode
• TRANSMISSION MODE
– The term transmission mode is used to define the direction of signal
flow between two linked devices.
– There are three types of transmission modes: simplex, half-duplex,
full duplex printer is full duplex
• Simplex cheaper implementation
• In simplex, communication is unidirectional. Eg: keyboard
• Half-duplex hardware is simple
• Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
• The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of the two
devices is transmitting at the time. Eg: walkie-talkie

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Transmission Mode (Cont.)
- can receive and transmit at the same time
- allow two directional communication

• Full-duplex
• Also called duplex, both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously.
• Signals going on either direction share the
capacity of the link.
• Either the link contain two physically separate
path, capacity of the channel is divided between
signals travelling in opposite directions.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Transmission Mode
Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Categories of Network
WAN
- it must belong to the same company
bukan nya maksudnya internet (internet
does not belong to anyone)
- contoh mcm bank, HSBC. belong to one
company but can be access at different
country

- wifi home and office

• Network categories determined by its size, its

ownership, the distance it covers and its physical
architecture.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 LAN

• Local Area Network (LAN)

– Privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or
campus.
– LAN size limited to a few kilometers.
– LAN share resources between PCs (or workstations).
– The resources include hardware (printer), software (application
program) or data.
– One of the computers in LAN may be given a large capacity disk drive
and become a server to the other clients. big LAN use more than one type of
only small LAN
– LAN only use one type of transmission medium. transmission medium. cth, wifi di rumah.
boleh connect pakei cable or via internet jak.

– The most common LAN topologies are bus and star.

– Speeds can increase to 1000Mbps (1 Gbps).

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

LAN

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 MAN
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Designed to extend over an entire city.
– Maybe a single network, or connecting a number
of LANs into a larger network
– MAN can be owned by a private company or
public company, such as a local telephone
company.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

MAN

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 WAN
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
– Provides long distance transmission of data, voice, video,
image, over large geographical areas – country, continent
or the whole world.
– WANS is usually in combination of public, leased or private
communication devices.
– WAN which wholly owned by a single company is often
referred to as an enterprise network.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

WAN

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 Interconnection of Networks
• Internetwork / internet
– When two or more networks are connected

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 The Internet
• An internet is a network of networks.
• The Internet is a collection of many
separate networks.
• TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the
Internet.
• There are local, regional, national, and
international Internet service providers
(ISPs).

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Internet today
Interconnect devices - utk connect devices ngan internet

router is the main component

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Protocol
• Protocol- a set of rules that govern all aspects
of information communication.
• It defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
• Key elements of a protocol are syntax,
semantics, and timing.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Protocol (cont.)
format

• Syntax - the format or layout of the message

• Semantics - what to do with the different parts
as defined by the syntax.cth mcm address, ada alamat, poskod, kakya negeri line by line

• Timing - the actual speed of data transmission.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Protocol Data Units
set of rule

** dari atas ke bawah untuk sender

layer 5 - application (browser)

layer 4

layer 3

layer 2

after layer 1 nya akan send to the destination. bila nya

data
1 - 5 volt diterimak oleh destination computer, computer akan polah
layer 1 0 - 0 volt from layer 1 until layer 5. baruk receiver nerimak message

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Standards different brand tapi function sama

• A standards provides a model for

development, makes it possible for a product
to work regardless of the individual
manufacturer.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Categories of Standards

- bila rami orang pakei, nya become standard - undang-undang di polah oleh government
- get market share first kakya nya convince untuk jadi De Jure (government regulation)

WCB/McGraw-Hill ã The McGraw-Hill Companies,

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, Inc., 1998
All rights reserved.
 Standard (cont.)
• De facto can categorized into:
- Proprietary - standards are those that are owned by
the organization that developed them. They are
also called "closed" standards. Not available to
general public.
- Non-Proprietary - standards are shared across many
vendors. They are also called "open" standards.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Standards organizations
• ISO (International Standards Organization)
• ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union)
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• IEEE- professional group involved in developing
standards for computing, communication, electrical
engineering and electronics
• EIA (Electronic Industries Association)

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

 Conclusion
From Cisco CCNA:
• Computers are vital components of every network.
The more you know about computers, the easier it is
to understand networks.
• Knowledge about how a computer functions makes it
easier to understand networks.
• Think of the internal components of a PC as a
network of devices, all attached to the system bus.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Thank you

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.