Name: Ali Raza

Roll no: FA21-BCT-003

Subject: RCS lab

Department: Civil Engineering Technology

Checked By: Engr. Raja Bilal Nasar

Topic.

Write down any five tall structure constructed in the world .Also write the
primary investigation before construction , design parameter , method of
construction , height of structure and problem encounter during construction.

There are some tall structure of the world.

1. Burj khalifa. (Dubai)

2. Shanghai Tower. (China)
3. One world trade centre. (New york)

1.Burj Khalifa.(Dubai)

Primary investigation of Burj Khalifa before construction.

The initial inquiry preceding the erection of Burj Khalifa included an
examination of the geotechnical aspects to evaluate soil composition and
stability at the construction location. Structural analysis was conducted to
identify the optimal design for the towering structure, while feasibility
studies were implemented to assess the economic practicability of the
project. Furthermore, an environmental impact assessment and the
acquisition of regulatory approvals were integral stages in the pre-
construction phase.
Design parameters.
The design parameter of Burj khalifa include consideration such as:
of Burj Khalifa, During the construction of Burj Khalifa, several challenges were
encountered. One of the During the construction of Burj Khalifa, several
challenges were encountered. One of the challenges was the extreme height of
the structure, which required innovative engineering solutions to ensure stability
and safety. Another challenge was the sandy soil in Dubai, which required the
construction of a massive reinforced concrete mat foundation supported by bored
reinforced concrete piles. Additionally, wind forces were a significant concern, and
wind tunnel testing was conducted to optimize the tower's shape and minimize
wind resistance. Specialized cranes and material handling systems were also used
to efficiently transport materials and equipment to the upper levels of the
building. was the extreme height of the structure, which required innovative
engineering solutions to ensure stability and safety. Another challenge was the
sandy soil in Dubai, which required the construction of a massive reinforced
concrete mat foundation supported by bored reinforced concrete piles.
Additionally, wind forces were a significant concern, and wind tunnel testing was
conducted to optimize the tower's shape and minimize wind resistance.
Specialized cranes and material handling systems were also used to efficiently
transport materials and equipment to the upper levels of the building. the
construction of Burj Khalifa, several challenges were encountered. One of the
challenges was the extreme height of the structure, which required innovative
engineering solutions to ensure stability and safety. Another challenge was the
sandy soil in Dubai, which required the construction of a massive reinforced
concrete mat foundation supported by bored reinforced concrete piles.
Additionally, wind forces were a significant concern, and wind tunnel testing was
conducted to optimize the tower's shape and minimize wind resistance.
Specialized cranes and material handling systems were also used to efficiently
transport materials and equipment.

Wind Resistance: The design of the Burj Khalifa incorporates aerodynamic

features to minimize the impact of wind forces. Tall structures like the Burj
Khalifa are particularly susceptible to strong winds, and these aerodynamic
features help in reducing the pressure exerted by the wind on the building.
This ensures stability, especially at great heights where wind forces can be
substantial.

Foundation: Extensive geotechnical studies were conducted to understand

the characteristics of the sandy soil in Dubai. Based on these studies, the
design included a large reinforced concrete mat foundation. This type of
foundation is designed to distribute the immense load of the building over
a wide area, preventing excessive settlement and ensuring the stability of
the structure. It's a crucial element, especially when dealing with
challenging soil conditions.

Overall Contribution: The careful consideration and incorporation of these

parameters—wind resistance features and a well-designed foundation—
collectively played a pivotal role in the successful construction and
functionality of the Burj Khalifa. They address key challenges associated
with tall structures, making the building not only structurally sound but also
capable of withstanding external forces like wind, ensuring its long-term
stability and usability.

Method of construction.
The costruction of burj khalifa involved several key methods.

Foundation construction: In Dubai's sandy terrain, a robust mat foundation

was crafted, fortified by bored reinforced concrete piles to guarantee
unwavering stability.

Superstructure construction: The Y-shaped layout, comprising a central core

and three wings, was built using a jump form system. This method entailed
incrementally elevating a movable formwork system, pouring concrete for
each successive floor.
Reinforcement and concrete: The construction heavily employed high-
strength steel to endure the immense loads and pressures encountered by
a structure of such towering height.
Wind engineering: The tower underwent wind tunnel testing to scrutinize
and enhance its shape, minimizing the impact of wind forces and ensuring
stability.
Materials handling: To efficiently transport materials and equipment to the upper
levels, specialized cranes and a dedicated material handling system were utilized.
Height of structure.
Determind to be 1km (1000 meters) making it the tallest building in world.
Problem encounter during construction.
During the construction of burj khalifa several challenges were encountered ,
including:
High wind forces: Crafting a towering structure necessitated inventive approaches
to mitigate the impact of formidable wind forces. The Y-shaped layout and
strategic setbacks were devised to minimize wind resistance, yet the persistent
challenge posed by the wind endures.
Foundation challenges: The sandy terrain in Dubai posed formidable obstacles for
laying the foundation. Thorough geotechnical examinations were undertaken to
guarantee the stability of the colossal edifice, ultimately culminating in the
adoption of a reinforced concrete mat upheld by bored piles.
Material logistics: Transporting materials and equipment to the upper level of
such a tall building required specialized logistics and material handling system.

Concrete pouring challenges: Casting concrete at such staggering heights

presented challenges, including the imperative task of upholding the quality and
uniformity of the concrete mixture. Addressing the swift curing of concrete,
exacerbated by the scorching temperatures in Dubai, was also a significant hurdle.
Temperature extreme:
Dubai's intense temperatures, particularly in the summer months, presented
challenges for the construction workforce and necessitated meticulous planning
to safeguard their well-being.
2. Shanghai tower.(China)

Primary investigation before construction.

Before commencing the construction of the Shanghai Tower, a thorough

preliminary investigation encompassed an extensive examination of geological
conditions, environmental impact assessments, and feasibility studies. Engineers
and planners executed surveys to comprehend the indigenous soil composition,
seismic activity, and various geotechnical factors. Furthermore, a meticulous
analysis of urban planning considerations, regulatory requirements, and potential
environmental impacts was undertaken. The primary objective of this preliminary
investigation was to furnish crucial data for the subsequent design and
construction phases, ensuring the Shanghai Tower's resilience to local conditions
and adherence to regulatory standards
Design parameters.

Height: The tower’s intended height was a defining parameter , making it one of
the tallest building globally.

Structural design: Enduring seismic activity, wind loads, and various

environmental factors demanded advanced engineering solutions to ensure
structural stability.
Sustainability: The design places a strong emphasis on environmentally conscious
features, including energy-efficient systems, sustainable building materials, and
strategies for minimizing waste.
Technology integration: Integrating state-of-the-art technologies for energy
management, security, and intelligent building features. These design parameter
were crucial in shaping the iconic and multifunctional structure that is the
shanghai tower.

Method of construction.

The construction of shanghai tower followed a methodical process involving

several key steps:

Foundation construction: The initial phase involved establishing a deep and

sturdy foundation capable of supporting the immense weight of the tower. This
likely included excavation, the installation of reinforced concrete, and potentially
the utilization of piles to ensure stability.
Core construction: Simultaneously with the foundation, the tower's core,
encompassing elevators, stairwells, and utility shafts, was erected. It's probable
that reinforced concrete was employed for the structural elements of the core.
Superstructure construction: The superstructure of the tower, featuring its unique
twisted form, took shape gradually through the use of reinforced concrete and
potentially structural steel. This stage encompassed the construction of floors,
columns, and the exterior walls.
Height of structure: The shanghai tower stands at a height of 632 meter (2073
feet) making it one of the tallest building in the world.

Problem encounter during construction.

Geotechnical challenges: Unforeseen complexities in the geological conditions
such as soil types or water table variations , may have required adjustment to
foundation design.

Wind and seismic considerations: The tower’s height presented challenges in

term of wind forces and seismic considerations.
Safety concerns: Ensuring the safety of workers during construction , particularly
in the context of such a tall structure , would have been a op priority.

3. One world trade centre.(New york)

Primary investigation before construction. The initial examination preceding the
construction of One World Trade Center involved analyzing the site, conducting an
environmental impact assessment, studying structural engineering aspects, and
taking into account security considerations. Moreover, meticulous planning and
collaboration with diverse stakeholders were imperative to guarantee the
project's triumph and tackle potential obstacles.
Design parameters.
Height and structure: Determining the tower’s height , structural integrity and
load bearing capacity to withstand various forces including wind and seismic
activity.

Architectural Aesthetic: Harmonizing visual allure with practicality, while also

considering the symbolic importance of the building and its contribution to the
New York City skyline.
Regulatory compliance: Adhering to building codes, zoning regulations, and other
legal prerequisites to guarantee the project aligns with both local and national
standards.
Interior space planning: Optimizing the use of interior space for offices, public
areas, and amenities, taking into consideration the requirements of both tenants
and visitors.

Method of construction.

Steel frame construction: The structural framework of the tower was constructed
utilizing a steel frame system, where steel columns and beams collectively formed
the building's skeleton.
Concrete core: A reinforced concrete core imparted additional strength and
stability to the structure. Within this core, elevators, stairwells, and various
services found their place.
Wind engineering: The design integrated principles of wind engineering to
ascertain the tower's resilience against formidable winds at its elevation. This
encompassed wind tunnel testing and refining the building's shape.
Height of structure.
The world trade centre in the New York city has a height of 1,776 feet (541
meters) including its spire.
Problems encounter during construction.
Budget overruns: unforeseen cost or changes in plan can lead to exceeding the
initially estimated budget.
Delays: weather conditions, unexpected side conditions or logistical issues can
cause project delays.
Design changes: changes in project requirements or design alteration can disrupt
construction schedules and increase cost.
Labor shortages: Availability of skilled labor can be a challenge , leading to delays
and increased labor costs.