21st century Literature from the Philippines and the songs are often about oppression, history,

World daily life for peasants, and

REVIEWER 3rd Quarter other socially relevant topics. (e.g. Florante at
Laura by Francisco
Philippine Literary History from Pre-Colonial to Baltazar)
Contemporary Period c. Prose Narratives- this form describes
I. Pre-Colonial Period important events in life either real
Pre-colonial literature is the literature of a or imaginary.
formative past by the various groups III. Nationalistic or Propaganda and Revolutionary
of people who inhabited the archipelago. A Period (1864-1896)
literature of varying human interest, close The Propaganda Movement was a period of time
to the religious and political organizations of when native Filipinos were
the ancient Filipinos. The verses were calling for reforms. The movement’s prominent
addressed to the ears rather than the eyes. members were: Jose P. Rizal, Mariano
These verses composed and sung were Ponce and Marcelo H. del Pilar. Characteristics
regarded as group property. of this Period:
Hereunder are the literary forms of Pre-colonial 1. Planted seeds of nationalism to Filipinos.
literature: 2. The language was shifted from Spanish to
Riddles (Bugtong)- which means battle of wits Tagalog.
among participants. (e.g. "Three eyes Literary Forms:
have I, all in a row; when the red one opens, 1. The literary forms during this time were:
all freeze." The answer is traffic light.) Propaganda Literature, Political
Proverb (Salawikain)- a phrase that gives advice Essays, Diariong Tagalog and La Solidaridad
and effectively embodies a 2. The Political Novels were: Noli Me Tangere
commonplace truth based on practical and El Filibusterismo by Dr.
experience or common sense. Jose Rizal3. The Revolutionary Literature
(e.g. Laugh and the world laughs with you, were: political essays (e.g. Kalayaan) and
weep and you weep alone.) poetry (e.g. True Decalogue, Katapusang Hibik
Folk Songs- a traditional or composed song ng Pilipinas, Liwanag at
typically characterized by stanzaic form, Dilim
refrain, and simplicity of melody. (e.g. hele or IV. American Colonization Period (1910-1945)
uyayi-lullaby; harana-serenade; The public-school system was introduced by
ambahan-Mangyan; kalusan-Ivatan; tagay- Americans to Filipinos.
Cebuano) Thomasites were the first teachers during this
Chants (Bulong)- used in witchcraft and/or period. English language was
enchantment. Chant may be considered introduced and literary themes and motifs
speech, music, or a heightened or stylized related to the people’s search and
form of speech. desire to gain autonomy and independence as
Epic-a long poem, typically one derived from well as relevant social concerns or
ancient oral tradition, narrating the political issues were exhibited in most works
deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary in both prose and poetic forms.
figures or the history of a nation. (e,g: Features of Philippine Literature during American
Lam-ang- Ilocano; Hinilawod- Panay; Colonization Period:
Kudaman-Palawan; Darangen-Mindanao) • In the early part of American Occupation,
Legend- is a genre of folklore that consists of a Spanish, Tagalog and other local
narrative featuring human actions languages were used and later on English was
perceived or believed both by teller and later on used.
listeners to have taken place within human • The use of first-person point of view in
history. (e.g. Legend of Makahiya; Legend of writing started to be popular.
Pasig River) • The comparison of urban and rural living
LESSONII. Spanish Colonization Period (1565-1863) became the common focus of the
A. Characteristics of Spanish Colonization: text. Short-stories are most widespread
1. literary form during this period.
It has two distinct classifications: religious V.
and secular Japanese Colonization (1942-1944)
2. During Japanese colonization, the journalistic
It introduced Spanish as the medium of writing was ceased and placed
communication. B. under strict monitoring, there was “no freedom
Literary Forms: of speech”. Hence, the only
1. Religious Literature Filipino writers who could write freely were
a. Pasyon- long narrative poem about the those who were living in the United
passion and death of Jesus States. Most writers and authors were led to
Christ. either go underground or write in
b. Senakulo-it is the dramatization of the Tagalog. Many wrote poems, short stories,
Pasyon. plays, etc. The common theme of
2. Secular (non-religious) Literature most poems during the Japanese occupation
a. Awit- colorful tales of chivalry made for was nationalism, country, love and
singing and chanting. (e.g. life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
Ibong Adarna by Jose dela Cruz) Three types of poems emerged during this period:
b. Korido- s a popular narrative song and Lengua Para Diablo- “The devil ate my word.
poetry that forms a ballad. The It was an excerpt from Banana Heart Summer
by Merlinda Bobis. It tackles how poverty and
employment and how affect the Filipino 7. Francisco Arcellana- “The Man Who Could Be
families. Poe”; “Death In a factory”; and
1. Haiku- is a three-line poem with seventeen “The Other Woman”
syllables, written in a 5,7,5 syllable 8. F. Sionil Jose- “The pretenders”; “My
count. Often focusing on images from nature, brother”;“My executioner”; and “Po-On”
haiku emphasizes simplicity, 9. Cirilo Bautista- “The trilogy of Saint Lazarus”
intensity, and directness of expression. and “Galaw ng Asoge”
Example: 10. Nick Joaquin- “The Sorrows of Vaudeville”;
“The Old Pond” by Matsuo Bashō “The woman who had two navels”;
An old silent pond and “Summer Solstice”
A frog jumps into the pond— Notable literature writers and their works from Pasig
Splash! Silence again.2. Tanaga (Maikling Tula)- is a City
Filipino style of poetry with four-line stanzas 1. LOPE K. SANTOS (Poet, Novelist, Essayist and
with Critic)
the syllable count of 7-7-7-7, and a rhyme Famous Works and Awards of Lope K. Santos:
scheme of AABB. It expresses • He was a fictionist, poet, printer,
insights and life lessons. revolutionary (in the Philippine-American
Example: War), politician (governor of Rizal 1910-1913,
“KAIBIGAN” first Filipino governor of Nueva
ni Emelita Perez Baes Vizcaya 1918-1920 and senator of the 12th
“Ang katoto kapag tunay district 1921-1922). As senator,
hindi ngiti ang pag-alay he authored the law on Andres Bonifacio Day
kundi isang katapatan and sponsored bills to improve
ng mataus na pagdamay.” the condition of workers.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)- the usual • From 1941 to 1945, he was director of the
and common form of poetry. Institute of National Language and
Noteworthy writers during this period: espoused the teaching of the national
• A few of the playwriters were: Jose Ma. language. His Balarila ng Wikang
Hernandez (he wrote Panday Pira) Pambansa of 1946 became the official
and Francisco Soc Rodrigo (Pula, sa Puti) textbook.
• Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. • Santos was a Tagalog language writer and
Romulo who won Pulitzer Prize former senator of the Philippines.
for his bestsellers “I saw the fall of the He is best known for his 1906 socialist novel,
Philippines” and I see the Philippines Banaag at Sikat and his
Rise” and his “Mother America and my contributions for the development of Filipino
Brother Americans” grammar and Tagalog
VI. Contemporary /Modernism Period (Period Of orthography. Santos, a.k.a. “Berfugo,”.
The New Society 1972- 1980) • Santos authored 10 books of poetry and six
• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with novels, including his masterpiece
the development or progress of the Banaag at Sikat.
country- like the green revolution, family • He was also one of the pioneer essayist and
planning, proper nutrition, environment, critics writing in Spanish and
drug addiction and pollution. Tagalog in Philippine language and literature.
• The new society tried to stop pornography or • He received many awards, among them the
those writings giving bad influences posthumous Republic Cultural
on the morals of the people. Heritage Award in 1977.
• All school newspapers were temporarily Trivia:
stopped and so with school organizations. Did you know that the roots for the
• The themes of most poems dealt with patience, consolidation of Tagalog-based Filipino
regard for native culture, customs into one national language were planted
and beauties of nature and surroundings. deep into the very soil of Pasig by our
• Filipino poetry was romantic and townmate Lope K. Santos of Buting?2.
revolutionary. Bilingual education was GREGORIO COCHING (Novelist and Translator)
initialized. Famous Works and Awards of Gregorio Coching:
• Filipino Songs dealt with the themes that • Gregorio Coching was one of the popular
were really true-to life like those grief, novelists of his time. He began
poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, writing in 1923 with the novel Sanggumay,
of country and of fellowmen. which won first prize in the
Notable writers and their works: Liwayway publication contest.
1. Manuel Arguilla – “How my Brother Leon • His many other novels include Baliya, Nita
Brought Home a Wife? Ravinsky, Okami San, Dama de
2. Aurelio Tolentino- “Kahapon, Ngayon at Noche, Nanay Ko, and Babae ng Bayan.
Bukas” • He translated into Tagalog John Milton’s
3. Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero- “Wanted: A Paradise Lost. Two of his novels were
Chaperon” made into films: Teniente Rosario and Ilaw ng
4. Jose Garcia Villa – “First, Poem must be Langit.
magical” and “Footnote to youth”5. Alejandro • He had a son who became a noted komiks
Roces- “Poems 55” and “My Brothers Peculiar writer and excellent illustrator,
Chicken” Francisco, who in turn has successful portrait
6. Edith Tiempo- “The Charmer’s Box”; artist daughters, Lulu and
“Bonsai”; “A blade of Fern”; and “His Maribel.
Native Coat”
• Among Francisco’s works for the komiks, the University of the Philippines?artists to the
which were serialized and held the Filipinas Journal of Science and Culture and
readership in suspense, were Satur, Sabas, Philippine
Ang Barbero, Palasig, Maldita, Quarterly of Culture and Society.
and Movie Fan. Most of his works eventually 5. BERNARDO DEL ROSARIO, JR. (Playwright and
found their way into films. Novelist)
3. FEDERICO LICSI ESPINO, JR. (Poet, Short Story Famous Works and Awards of Bernardo Del
Writer and Playwright) Rosario, Jr.:
Trivia: • Amazing indeed that this mechanical
Did you know that Gregorio engineering graduate of the
Coching was also from Buting, Pasig University of the Philippines, and now
City associate professor of the Rizal
born in 1892, a.k.a. Technological University, would be a twice-
Kalingkingan? awarded literary personality for
Trivia: works in Filipino.
Did you know that Federico Licsi • In 1966, he won the first prize in the Palanca
Espino, Jr. was from Palatiw, Pasig Awards for his one-act play,
City? Famous Works and Awards of Federico Licsi Itim ang Kulay ng Paruparo. In 1968, he won
Espino, Jr: first prize in the Liwayway
• Multi-awarded Espino received his novel contest for Ang Panginoon ng Madera.
journalism degree from the University of 6. BENIGNO R. JUAN (Writer/ Journalist)
Santo Tomas in 1959. Famous Works and Awards of Benigno R. Juan:
• He worked as editorial assistant of Saturday • He’s the cousin-in-law of Federico Licsi
Mirror Magazine. Later, he Espino, Jr., he is a staff member of
became a freelance writer, writing in four Liwayway Publications. He has been awarded
languages: English, Spanish, prizes for his short stories in
Tagalog, and Ilocano. Trivia:
• He also authored collections of stories: The Did you know that Bernardo Del
Country of Sleep, Percussive, Rosario, Jr. was from Sagad, Pasig
Blood, and Geometries, Bright and Dark. City with his family, where his roots
• He wrote two Palanca winning plays: The have always been?
Ricebird Has Brown Wings and Lady Trivia:
Macbeth/ A Black Symphony in Three Did you know that Benigno R. Juan, has
Movements. served as an elected barangay
• Espino continues to live and write in Palatiw, council
Pasig City. lor of
4. DR. LUCIANO P.R SANTIAGO (Writer, Palatiw,
Historian, and Psychiatrist Pasig City
Famous Works and Awards of Dr. Luciano P.R. for two terms. He finished
Santiago: his early schooling at Pasig Catholic
• His love for history and the arts has brought College.Filipino. He also served as barrio
him prestigious awards and councilman of Palatiw, and was among those
prizes such as the Premio Manuel Bernabe, named Outstanding Pasigueños in 1994.
Primer Premio in History from the • His works include: Ang mga Deboto, Bagyo,
Centro Cultural de la Embajada de España in Ina, Kapag di ukol, Kotse,
1987; finalist, Best Book for Maluwalhating Pasko, Sa Paskong Darating,
The Hidden Light, Catholic Mass Media Si Tatang, Sorpresa, Sumpa, Ang
Awards in 1988; the Catholic Author mga tinik ni Sigfreda, Wala nang lawin sa
Award from the Asian Catholic Publishers and bukid ni Tata Felipe,
the National Book Award for Trahedya, Tagtuyot, Saan ihahanap ng
art from the Manila Critics Circle for The puwang ang hininga’t panagimpan,
World of Damian Domingo, both in Piitan, Pangamba, Orasyon, Monumento,
1990.” Malas, Maibabalik pa ba?, Lagablab
• Dr. Santiago was trained in adult and child ng isang yagit, Kabayu-kabayuhan, Isang
psychiatry at Sheppard and ganap na paglaya, Inhustisya,
Erroch Pratt Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, Ibagsak ang ano, kailan at paano, Gusto kong
he won the Wendell Muncie umiyak, Duguang sapatos,
Prizes for 1970 and 1976 for writing in Dilim, Ama, Masarap, Masakit Umibig (Taliba
psychiatry. He is the only nonAmerican newspaper, 2006), Bahay
and only two-time recipient of the award. Kuwago (Taliba, 2006), and Futuristic.
• Santiago’s research on the various aspects of
the 19th century has produced An argument is comparable to a couple who
books like The Hidden Light: The First Filipino have disagreement about where to go
Priests, 1987, and The World on their next date.
of Damian Domingo, 1990, with Nick Joaquin. An argument is simply a text written that
He has contributed on Filipino conveys the writer’s thesis statement
Trivia: about a topic and asserts that the argument
Did you know that Dr. Luciano P.R they say is true.
Santiago, finished his early schooling at However, as a critical reader, you should not
Pasig Catholic College, high school at easily accept the writer’s argument,
San Beda College, and a medical degree at unless you have carefully evaluated the
veracity of his arguments and finally decide
whether you as a reader agree with it.
An argument has two vital parts: a claim and a adaptation has been conceptualized recently
support. Thus, it is a must that by academic scholars such as
you identify the writer’s exact claim, this Robert Stam as a dialogic process.
pertains to what the author firmly Elision and interpolation- In some cases, film
believes. A claim usually offers solution to a adaptations also interpolate
problem or provides decision about scenes or invent characters. This is especially
something. It asserts conclusion which is shown in true when a novel is part of a literary
a form of judgment, saga. Filmmakers will invent new characters
opinion, idea or point of view that the writer wants or create stories that were not present
the reader to accept. On the in the source material at all.
other hand, the support pertains to the reasons Theatrical adaptation Films that are created
which may be shown through the and adapted as musical.
writer’s shared belief, assumptions and values and Example is Lualhati Bautista’s Dekada 70 and
evidences shown by giving Lino Brocka’s Himala for
facts, example, statistics and authorities which will “Himala the musical’ and there are also the
serve as the basis for the musical play, Eto Na! MusikalnAPO! is a
readers to accept the author’s conclusion or heartwarming look back at the '70s, made
claim. even more
In assessing an argument, a reader should enjoyable through the lyrics and music of
focus on the process of reasoning as legendary local musical group APO
well as its sincerity. Fundamentally, the support Hiking Society .
must be suitable to the claim Television adaptation Feature films are
and the statements made are consistent. occasionally created from
Evaluating Opinions and arguments teaches a television series or television segments. In
reader or a listener to effectively some cases, the film will offer a
evaluate opinions and arguments, as well as longer storyline than the usual television
to differentiate an opinion and program's format and/or expanded
argument based on facts and supporting production values.
evidence. Through evaluation of Radio adaptation Radio narratives have also
arguments of others, you gain sound insights provided the basis of film
of what it means to argue logically, adaptation. In the heyday of radio, radio
justly, and credibly. segments, like television segments
This skill will allow you to be analytical and today, translated to film on several occasions.
evaluative in creating your own Comic book adaptation The adaptation
opinions, establishing their own set of values process for comics is different from
and beliefs. that of novels. Many successful comic book
To evaluate an argument, there are key questions series last for several decades
that will guide you. and have featured several variations of the
1. Fairness: Is the argument fair and balanced, characters in that time. Films
or does it contain bias? based on such series usually try to capture
2. Evidence and Logic: Are the given premises the back story and “spirit” of the
reliable and relevant? Are the character instead of adapting a particular
premises backed-up by sub-arguments? Does storyline. Occasionally, aspects of
the author make contradictory the characters and their origins are simplified
What do you consider as a good and a bad or modernized. Example is
argument? Darna, Kapt. Barbel and many works of Mars
Note: Relate student’s responses to the Ravelo, a Filipino comic book
intended lesson. cartoonist and graphic novelist.
points? Is the movement from premise to Video game adaptation Similar to comic book-
conclusion logical? Does the based films in the past
argument contain gaps in reasoning? Is it well (especially from 1980s), films based on video
built and convincing? games tend to carry a
3. Tone: Is the attitude of the writer reputation of lackluster quality and receive
appropriate for the content? negative reaction from both film
4. Judgment: Is the argument good or bad? critics and fans of the source material This is
generally due to difficulties in
Humans have a long history of adapting adopting a story meant to be played
“texts” into different forms. interactively into a linear movie-going
Historical events and spoken legends were the experience. Some, such as Super Mario Bros.,
inspiration for paintings and were particularly negatively
sculptures, plays, written tales, stained glass received and are considered among the worst
windows, and later, stories in the films ever made.
form of the novel In order to evaluate the adaptation
Cinematic adaptations of literary and effectively, SELF ASSESSMENT can be
theatrical texts are as old as the useful. Self-assessment is about revision and
medium of cinema itself, and as long as screen improvement. It enables
adaptations have existed, so has students to independently assess their own
the tension between literature and film. and other students’ progress
A film adaptation is the transfer of a work or with confidence rather than always relying on
story, in whole or in part, to a teacher judgment. When
feature film. Although often considered a type students’ self and peer assess, they are
of derivative work, film actively involved in the learning
process and their independence and Used to visualize important part of
motivation is improved. communication process.
Used to add emphasis, direct attention,
Adaptation is defined as the ability to make fit illustrate concepts, informational
or suitable by changing, or and background for content as well as
adjusting – modifying something to create a navigation control for multimedia
change in structure, function, products.
and form, which produces a better 3. Audio
adjustment. Is a fundamental to multimedia.
A literary adaptation is simply taking an
At basic level, sound act as a notice or
existing story and reworking it
warning.
into a different genre, medium, or perhaps
To enhances attraction of multimedia
temporal context.
presentation.
“To adapt’’ means to transpose or
Help to increase concentration toward the
rearrange from one medium to another.” A
presentation.
good example of this is the movie, 10 Things I
4. Video
Hate About You, which is an
A moving picture.
adaptation of William Shakespeare’s The
Taming of the Shrew, placing the Combines features of graphics and audio to
story and characters into modern times and create dynamic content for
making the characters high multimedia products.
school students. Would recognize the impact of seeing the
It can also involve adapting the same actual event rather than reading or
literary work in the same genre or listening to it.
medium just for different purposes, e.g. to 5. Animation
work with a smaller cast, in a To create movement on the screen.
smaller venue (or on the road), or for a Play huge role in entertainment (providing
different demographic group (such as action and realism) and in
adapting a story for children). Sometimes the education (providing visualization and
editing of these works without demonstration).
the approval of the author can lead to a court Effective for training applications (provide
case. simulation of the process).
There are three types of adaptation Movement are made from many still images.
1. Literal (Close): It is an adaptation in which Multimedia in Literature
the dialogue and the actions All the language skills (listening, reading,
are preserved more or less intact. speaking, writing) as well as
2. Faithful (Intermediate): It is an adaptation viewing skills are developed.
based on a literary or other Literature learning with multimedia provides
original source which captures the essence of an approach that is new and
the original, often by using attractive, compared to conventional textbooks
cinematic equivalents for specific literary in which verbal meaning
techniques. predominates.
3. Loose: It is an adaptation in which only a It suggests interactive activities and provides
superficial resemblance exists opportunities to study authors,
to the original source. texts, and contexts using a variety of media
and a variety of technological
Multimedia is a combination of text, graphic, and information resources.
sound, animation and video
that is delivered by computer. ARGUMENT – a reason or a set of reasons
When you allow the user to control what and given with the aim of persuading others that
when these elements are an action or ideas is right or wrong. A written
delivered, it is interactive multimedia. text conveys the writer’s thesis statement
When you provide a structure of linked supported with reasons about the topic.
elements through which the user can
navigate, interactive multimedia becomes EVIDENCE AND LOGIC- a reliable document
hypermedia. Hypermedia is a way presented.
of organizing multimedia information by
linking media elements. World wide CLAIM- a statement says that something
web is the largest and most used of happened in a certain way or just happen.
hypermedia application.
FAIRNESS – is an argument that shows
Components of Multimedia
balance and free from biased.
1. Text Letter (Alphabet) and
symbols.Basic elements to present JUDGEMENT – describes a decision or
information. opinion given after careful consideration.
In the form of words, sentences and
paragraphs are used to communicate TONE - pertains to the attitude of the writer of
thoughts, ideas and facts. the content of arguments
The easiest of all multimedia elements to
manipulate.
2. Graphics
Still images.
Backbone of any multimedia product.