CHAPTER 1

Motion THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES

....
• State of a Body
;;.. Reference Point
;;.. Rest
;;.. Motion
Motion is a common phenomenon observed in our daily lives. A
moving bus. a running dog etc., show motion while a rock lying > Rest and Motion are Inter-related
on the road does not show motion and we say it is at rest. > Types of Motion
Change in weather, day and night, sunset and sunrise, all are the • Motion along a Straight Line or Rectilinear
consequences of the motion of the eart11. But without mentioning Motion
the observer there is no point in mentioning the terms motion or ;;.. Distance or Path Length
rest. This chapter gives an insight of these terms. Like, whlat is ;.. Displacement
111e distance an air diver. must travel down the run way before
reaching take off? When you throw a ball straight up in the air, •
Speed and Velocity
how high does tt go? When a glass slips from your hand how ;;.. Speed
much time do you have to catch tt before it hits the ftoor? By the ;;.. Velocity
end of this chapter you will be able to understand what motion > Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
is and how the physical Quantities like velocity and acceleration • A.cceleration and Retardation
help to describe tt. ;;. Acceleration
;;.. Uniform Acceleration
;.. Non-unifonm Acceleration
;;.. Retardation or Deceleration
Graphical Representation of Motion
;;.. (Distance or Position) · Time Graph
;;.. Velocity-Time Graph
Derivation of Equations of Motion by Graphical
Method
;;.. Velocity-Time Relation
;;.. Position-Time Relation
;;.. Position-Velocity Relation
A typical sprinter speeds up during the one-third of a race and • Sign Convention
slows gradually over the rest of the course. Is it accurate to say that • Uniform Circular Motion
a sprinter is accelerating as he slows during the final two-thirds of • Quick Recap
the race?
• Assignment
STATE OF A BODY
Reference Point
The location (or position) of an object is described by specifying a reference point. The point from which location
is observed and measured is called the reference point. This reference point is called origin.

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For example - If we say that a school is situated 5 km east of a temple. We have specified the position of
the school with respect to the temple. In this example the temple is the reference point.
A system of geomelric axis in relation to which measurements of size, posi lion or motion can be made is
called frame of referen<:e.

Rest
If an object does not change its position with respect to a fixed poinl taken as a reference point in its
surrounding with the passage of lime, it is said to be al rest.
For example - A book placed on a table remains on the table, if not distumed by anybody. Therefore, its pos~ion
is not changing with respect to the table with the passage of time and we can say that the book is at rest
with respect to the table.
Motion
An object is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to a reference point in its surroundings
with the passage of time.
For example - A moving car changes its position with respect to its surroundings with the passage of time.
Rest and Motion are Inter-related
An object may appear to be moving for one person and stationary for another person. Rest and motion are
nol significanl wilhout viewer. Nothing is at absolute rest or In absol ute motion.
For example - A robber enters into a moving bus, brings out his knife an(! says, "don't move, stand still." The
passengers stand still. The passengers are at rest with respect to the robber but are moving with respect to the road.
Hence, we condude that the state of motion and rest is a combined property of the object under consideration
and the observer.
Types ot Motion
There are various types of motion as an object may move In various ways. An object moving In a straight line
is said to have rectilinear motion. A body moving along a curved path is said to have 'curvilinear motion. An
object moving around a fixed point has rotatory moti on. The pendulum of a clock moves to-and-fro about the
mean position and is said to have oscillatory motion. The motion of a sitar sfnng, when plucked exhibHs vibratory
motion. If an object possesses two or more types of motion at t he same time, then such a motion is called
multiple motion. For example, the lyres of a truck moving along a stralg)1t road exhibit two types of motion,
i.e., rotatory motion as well as rectilinear motion.
The branch of physics which deals with the study of the motion of objects and their response to force
Is called mechanics.

Scalar Quantity :A scalar quantity Is specified by a single value w~ an appropriate unit and has no direction.
Examples : Mass, distance
Vector Quantity : A vector quantity must have magnitude as well as direction and obeys the laws of vector
addition.
E"ample : Displacement, velocity

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE OR RECTILINEAR MOTION

The simplest type of motion is the motion along a straight line, also known as rectilinear motion.
For example -A car is moving along a straight line path as shown below
Reference Terminal

tpoi~
point

:~. t
Flg.1

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Distance or Palll length
II is the total path length covered by an object during the entire journey without taking into consideration its
direction. It is a scalar quantity and is always posit ive for an object in motion.

Displacement
When a body moves from one position to another, t he shortest distance belween the initial and final position
is said to be the magnitude of displacement and it is directed from initial to final position.
II is a vector quantity. II may be positive, negative or zero.
~ When a body travels along a straight line in th e same direction, then the distance it travels is equal to
Its displacement.
·> There are various situations when a body has t ravelled a certain distance yet it has zero displacement.
For example • If we take a round trip and come back to the starting point then, although we have travelled
some distance, our net displacement will be zero t>ecause, the initial and final position are same.
Differences between distance and displacement
Displacement
'
1. It is the actual length of the path 1. It is the shortest distance (straight
covered by a moving body distance) measured between the
irrespective of the direction in initial and the final position of a
which it travels. moving body in a particular direction.

2. It is a scalar quantity. 2. lt isavedorquantity.

3. ltisalwaysposiliveorzero. 3. ltmaybeposilive, negaliveorzero.
4. It depends upon the path followed 4. It is independent of the path followed
by the moVing object. by the ITIOIIing objed.

5. It is always greater than or equal to 5. Its magnitude is always less than or

the displacement equal to the distance travelled.

EXBmple 1 :

A cyclist travels around a 500 m circular track 10 times. What is the total distance and total displacement
of the cyclist?

1 Total di ~cf!m tnt

2 Po.Jition is z-ero ~ f1er
is 10 "' 1 co~le t~ foop
from the start

Solution :
The cyclisl travels a dlsrance of 500 m each lime he completes one lap. Since he completes 10 laps, rotal
distance travelled by him is 5000 m. To find his displacement we draw a line segment from the starting point
to the end point of his motion. Since he starts and ends at the same point, his displacement has a magnitude
of zero.

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we obtain different answers for distance and displacement. II is a good reminder
Not11 : In this example,
of how important it is to clearly differentiate between the vector and the scalar quantities.

Example 2:
A person travels a distance of 4.0 m towards east, then turns left and travels 3.0 m towards north.
(Q What is the total distance travelled by the person?
(if) What is the magnitude of his displacement?
Solution : North
3 ........................... 8
(i) Total distance
= OA + AB 2
3m
= 4m+3m = 7m
A
(u) Total displacement = OB = JoA 2 + A8 2 W~t+------0~~
1 ~2~3~4~----+ Eam

= J<4'f +(3'f
= J16+9m = J25m
08=5 m South

Example 3:
A person travels on a semi-circular track of radius 50 m during a morning walk. If he starts from one end of
the track and reaches the other end. Calculate the distance fravel/ed and the magnitude of displacement of
the person.
Solution :
Let the person starts moving from A and reaches at 8 via C.
Then, the distance travelled by the person
= Length of the semi-circular track
22
= 7!1'= x 50m=157.14m
7
The displacement is equal to the diameter of the semi-circular
track joining A to 8 via 0 .
= 2r= 2 • 50 m =100m
'
Try Yourself
1. A body is moving along a circular path of radius r. What is the distance and displacement of the
body, when ~ completes two and a half revolutions?
(1) Distance Is 5nr and displacement is 2nr (2) Distance Is 2nr and displacement is 5nr
(3) Distance is 2r and displacement is also 2r (4) Distance is 5w and displacement is 2r
2. The numerical value of the ratio of displacemenl to distance is
(1) Less than or equal to one (2) ANiays greater than one
(3) Always less than one (4) Greater than or equal lo one
3. Distance travelled by a body in a given time
(1) Is always Positive (2) Can be zero or positive
(3) Is always Negative (4) Either (1) or (3)

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4. A person completes a round of circular track of radius R in 40 s. At the end of 2 minutes.
displacement will be
(1) 2IrR (2) 3nR
(3) Zero (4) 7nR
5. Which of the following is cotrect?
(1) Magnttude of displacement may be greater than distance
(2) Distance is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of displacement
(3) Distance is always greater than the magnitude of displacement
(4) Both are scalar quantities

[(~)S '(£)~ '(~)£ '(~)c; '(~)~ ·suvJ

SPEED AND VElOCITY

Speed
The speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by it per unit time.

. S d Distance travelled
I.e., pee = Time taken
If a body travels a distance s in time I, tllen its speed v is given by

Iv=TI
It is a scalar quanttty. The Sl unit of distance is metre (m) and that of time is second (s). Therefore. Sl unit
of speed is f!M!tre per second written as mls or m s·1. The other untts of speed Include centimetre per second
(ems·') and kilometre per hour (km h- 1).

Note : While comparing the speeds of different bodies, we must conve!l an the speeds into same units.

Average speed
It is defined as the total distance travelled by a body divided by the total time taken to cover this distance.
II is a scalar quantity.

.
1.e., A verage speed = .:.
T.:.
o.::
ta.:.
l .:.
di:sta
.:c:;:
n.:.
ce
:.,::
tra
;::.v.:.e;..:ll:e.;:.
.:d.: b.!.y.:
th.:.e:..:.
bod
::.:!.y
Total time taken
If a body travels a distance s in time t, tben its average speed is i7.

BJ
The Sl unit of average speed is mls. It can also be expressed in kmlh or cm/s
Uniform Speed (or constant speed)
If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. no matter how small these time intervals may
be. then its speed is said to be uniform.
For example · A car running at a constant speed of 20 mlmin, will cover equal distances of 20 m in every minute.
Non-Uniform Speed
If an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. no matter how small these time intervals may
be, then its speed is said to be non-unifonn speed.
For example • (i) The motion of a car on a crowded road.
(ii) T he motion of a freely falling body.

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Velocity
Velocity of a body is the distance travelled by it per un~ time in a particular direction. In other words, velocity
is the speed of the body in a definite direction.
V 't Distance travelled in a given direction
e 1OCI Y = Time taken
Distance travelled in a given direction is the displacement of the object

Velocity_ Displacement
Time taken
Velocity has magn~ude as well as direction. It is a vector quantity. Its un~ is same as the un~ of speed. Velocity
of a body can be changed by changing its speed, direction of motion or both.
Average velocity
It is defined as the total displacement of a body divided by the total time taken to cover that displacement.

• A 'ty _ Total displacement of the body

1.8., verage ve1OCI - To tal t·1me taken

where, v = Average velocity

x = Total displacement of the body
t = Total time taken
If x1 and x2 are the posilions of an object at times t 1 and 12 , then the average velocity from 11 to 12 is given
by,

Average velocity = x2 - x,
12 -I,
=~
ll/
When the velocity of a body moving in a straight line is changing continuously at a unifonn rate,
then the average velocity is given by the arithmetic mean of initia_l and final velocities for a g iven
period of time.
. A 't Initial velocity+ Final velocity
1.8., verage ve1oc1y =
2

Mathematically, ~
c-::u+Vl
where, v.., = Average velocity of the body
u = Initial veloc~ of the moving body
v = Final velocity of the moving body
Unifonn velocity (Unifonn motion)
A body is said to have uniform velocity, if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time in a particular
direction, no matter how small these time Intervals may be. An object travelling with uniform velocity is said
to have uniform motion along a straight line.
Example - A car moving along a straight line with a constant speed is said to have uniform velocity.
Variable velocity (Non-uniform motion)
A body is said to have variable velocity if
~· It has non-uniform speed or
•!• Its direction of motion keeps on changing or
•!• Both its speed and direction changes with time.
An object travelling with non-uniform velocity Is said to have non-uniform molion.

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Example:
(I) A person running on a circular track.
(ii) A car moving on a e<owded road.

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

The average velocity and the average speed of an object tell us, how last !he object is moving in a given time
interval , but it does not give information that how fast !he object is moving at different instants. For example,
a man drives from his home to office. His average speed can be found out by dividing the total distance travelled
by him by the total time taken. But during his journey he increases or decreases the speed of the car i.e. ,
speed of the car is not same at different Instants.
Instantaneous Velocity
The velocity of an object at a particular instant or at a particular point of its path Is called Instantaneous velocity
i.e., the instantaneous velocity of the object can be d-efined as the average vetodly over an infinitesimally small
time interval.
Instantaneous Speed
The speed at any instant of time is called the instantaneous speed. Generally, instantaneous speed is simply
called speed.
Some Important Points :
·> If an object moves along a straight line without changing its direction, then the magnitude of the average
velocity is equal to the average speed.
·> If a body is moving with a constant velocity, then the average velocity and Instantaneous vek>city are equal.
•> When a body moves with velocities v1 and v2 for an equal lntel'llai of time t, lhen ils average velocity is
given by

•> When a body moves an equal distance s with velocities v1 and v2 , its average velocity is given by

2v1v2
V8'1 = - -
V1 + V2

·> The odometer fitted In automobiles measures the -distance travelled by it In kilometres, Whereas the
speedometer shows the instantan-eous speed of the automobile.

Example 4 :
If an object is moving with velocity 54 kmlh. What will b8 its velocitY in
(i) m/s? (iQ kmlmin?
Solution :
We have,
velocity = 54 km/h
(i) In m/s,
1000
v = 54 x- - =15 m/s
3600
(ii) In km/min,

v = 54 km = 0.9 km/min
60min
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Example 5 :
The average velocity of Ram over a given time duration is 12 m/s. If he travels the first half of the total time
with velocity x mls and the second half of the total time with velocity 2x mls. Calculate the value of x.
Solution :
Lei the total time be 2t
Distance travelled by Ram in going from A to C
d1 =X x I= xt
t
Distance travelled by Ram In going from C to B
A x mls c 2xmls 8
d2 = 2xxt.=2xt
~------ 2t ---------+
Total distance = d1 + d2 = (x + 2x)t = 3xt
Total distance
Average speed = Total Ume

12 = 3xt
2t
3x = 24
lx= 8 mlsl
Alternative method :
As, the velocity of Ram Is changing al uniform rate
+ u x + 2x 3x
v =v - -=--=-
"' 2 2 2

12= 3x
2
l x-8mlsl

Example 6 :
The position of an object moving along x-axis is given by x = a + bt2, where a = 8.5 m and b = 2.5 ms-2
and t is measured In seconds. What is average valocity between t = 2 s and t = 4 s?
Solution :
X -X
Average velocity = - 2- -1
t2 - t,
At I = 2 s, x1 = a + 4b
At t =4 s, x2 =a+ 16b
Average velocity = x 2 - x,
t2- t,
_ (a + 16b) -(a + 4b)
- (4 - 2)
= 6b
= 6(2.5) = 15.0 ms-t

Example 7 :
A motorist is moving with a constant speed of 45 kmlh. How much distance will be covered by him in
(t) 1 min? (ii) 1 h? (iii) 1 s?

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Solution :
We have been given,
Speed v = 45 km/h
(i) Distance travelled by him in one minute = speed (km/h) • time taken (h)

1
Time taken = 1 min = - - hour
60
1
. . x, = 45x = 0.75 km
60
x, = 750 m
(ii) Distance travelled by him in 1 hour is
x2 = speed (km/h) • time (h) = 45 km
X2 = 45km
(iii) Distance travelled by him in 1 s
. 45000m
x3 =v(m/s) x lime taken (second)= s x 1s
3600
x3 = 12.5 m

Example 8 :
An object travels 10 m in 2 s and next 10 m in 4 s. What is the average speed of fhe object?
Solution :
Given
Total distance travelled = A8 + 8C =1 0m+ 10m = 20m
Total time taken = 6 s
'A 10m 8 10m c
A d Total distance travelled
•· verage spee = Total time taken 2.0 s 4.0s

20
= s = 3.33m/s
The average speed of the object is 3.33 m/s.

Example 9 :
A man swims in a paol of width 100 m. He rovers 200 m in 10 minute by swimming from one end to the
other, and back along the same path. Find tha average speed and average velocity of man during the joumey.
Solution :
Total distance covered by the man in 10 min= OA + A8 A Otherend
~:._ ----!3-------=
~
=200m
Displacement or the man in 10 min = 0 ------ --------
----------------
--------
Avera e speed= Total dist~nce covered
------
: _. ili ------·::
---------
9 Total lime taken '"'m e----- ~=-
·---
-------- _-::....-::....--=----=_
------·
200m 1m
~
---_-- - - - --
~--~-~ -~
-------------
--------------
· - -----~---
_-_-_-_
v.,. = = - = 0.33mls
10x 60s 3s ---- ------·
-.. - - - - - - - -
·~----_-_-_-_:_

---- -0 8 One end

-------
-------
Average velocity = Displ~cement 6000ms = 0 mls
Total t1me taken
Therefore, the average speed of the man is 0.33 m/s and the average velocity is 0 m/s.

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Example 10 :
A car travels a distance of 200 km along a straight road at a spead of 40 kmlh. The car ratums back to
same location with a speed of 60 kmlh. Find the average speed and the average velocity of the car for the
entire journey.
Solution :
Total distance travelled v, : 4Qkmfh-
Average speed
Total time 200km
A B
400km 400 km/h +- v,: 60 kmlh
200 km + 200 km
40 kmlh 60 km/h
200
10
(.42. +.62.)
20x2A krn - 4Skmh
(6+ 4)h

Average velocity = Displacement 0

Time taken
Because displacement is zero.
Alternative method :

II. = 2V,V2 = 2x 40 x 60 48 kmlli

•• II.1 + II.2 100

Example 11 :
Sachin jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight road of length 300 m in 2 min 30 s. He then
turns back and jogs 100 m to point C in 1 mfn. What are Sachin's average spead and average velocity in
jogging.
(Q From A to B
(ii) From A to C
Solution :
We have.
(i) Total distance d : 300 m ,.._1oom-
Total time taken I : 2 min 30 s = 150 s
c
A-=======3<mm=~====~B
,._ 300 m
A """"' Total distance travelled
verage s""~ = Total time taken

= 300 m = 2 mis
150 s
Thus, average speed from A to B is 2 m/s
. Total displacement
Average velooty "' Total time taken

=300m = 2 mls
150 s
It concludes that, if the magnitude of dis placement Is equal to the distance travelled, then
average speed and the magnitude of average velocity are the same.
(u) For A to C
Distance travelled = 400 m +--------- 300m ~c~-----+
Total displacement = 200 m A~•----------------~·~~1ovo~m~~;s
Total time taken : (2 min 30 s) + (1 min)
: 3 min 30 s : 210 s
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Total distance travelled
Average speed = Total time taken
400m
= - - =1.9rn's
210s
. Displacement
Average velooty = Total time taken
200m
= s = 0.95 mls
210
Thus, the average velocity from A to Cis 0.95 m/s. It concludes that when the distance travelled and magnitude
of displacement are unequal. the average speed and the magnitude of average velocity are different.

Example 12 :
A car moves at a speed of 2.24 kmlh in the first minute, at a speed of 3.60 kmlh in the second minute and
at a speed of 5.18 kmlh in the third minute. Calculate the average speed of the car in these three minutes.
Solution :
Distance travelled in the first minute
1
s1 = v, x t1 = 2.24x km
60
Distance travelled in the second minute
1
s2 = v 2 x l2 = 3.60 >< -
km
60
Distance travelled in the third minute
1
s~ = v3 x l~ =5.18 x km
60
Total distance travelled, s = s 1 + ~ + s3
s = ( 2.24 + 3.60 + 5.18) km = 11.02 km
60 60 60 '60

Total time taken. I = (1 + 1 + 1) min = 6 min =

2~ h
s
.. Avemge speed =-
I
=11 .02x20 km =3_67 km/h
60 1 h

Try Yourself
6. An artificial satell~e is moving uniformly in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Find its speed if
it takes 24 hour to revolve around the eartrn.
(1) 1760.4 kmlh (2) 3.07 kmlh
(3) 3.07 km/s (4) 1760.4 km/s
7. A person travels along a stralght road for first half length with a constant speed v1 and the second
half length with a constant speed v2 . The average speed of the person Is

(3) Jv,v2 (4) #.

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8. Choose the correct slatemenl
(1) The average speed is always equal to the average velocily
(2) The magnitude of average velocily is always less than or equal to the average speed
(3) The magnitude of average velocity is always grealer than or equal to the average speed
{4) There is no difference between the average speed and the average velocity
9. A train 50 m long passes over a bridge at a speed of 30 krnlh. If it lakes 36 s to cross the bridge,
the length of the bridge will be
(1) 100m (2) 200 m
(3) 250 m (4) 300 m
10. A drunkard is walking along a straight road. He lakes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward,
followed by 5 steps f01ward and 3 steps backward and so on. Each step is 1 m long and lakes
1 second. There is a pit on the road 11 m away from the slarting point. The drunkard will fall into
the pit after
(1) 21 s (2) 29 s
(3) 31 s (4) 44 s
11. The average speed of an object over a given time duration Is 6 m/s. If It travels first half of the
duration with a conslant speed 4 m/s, Its speed during the next half duration is
(1) 5 m/s (2) 4 m/s
(3) 6 m/s (4) 8 m/s
12. An object is moving along the circumference of a circular track of radius R. What is the

displacement of the object when it covers ! th of Its circumference?

(1) 3R (2) ~nR

2
3
(3)
4 nR (4) J2R
13. A man walks 5 m towards east and turns right and moves 12 m . The magnitude of his
displacement is
(1) 10m (2) 20m
(3) 15m (4) 13m
14. A particle moving in a straight line covers half of the total distance with a speed of 3 m/s. The
other half of the distance is covered in two equal time intervals with speeds of 4.5 m/s and
7 .5 m/s. The average speed of the particle during this motion is
(1) 4.0 mls (2) 5.0 m/s
(3) 5.5 mls {4) 4.8 m/s
15. Average speed of a moving object is equal to the magnitude of Its average velocily when it travels
(1) In a straight line without turning back (2) In a circle
(3) Back and fO<Ih (4) In a zig-zag path
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ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION

Acceleration
It is defined as the change in the velocily of an obtect per unit time.

Acceleration = Change in velocily

Time taken

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otionlm
If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value u to final value v in time /, then acceleration a is
given by

a = :..F.::.i
- n:.::a'-1v.:..:e:.:.lo::;c:::.it:!...-'-
y 1'-:-nit:.::ia.::.l,..:v:.::e.:.:
lo:.::et.:..:·ty'-
Time taken

~
This kind of motion is known as accelerated motion.
Sl unit of acceleration is m/s2
~· It is a vector quantity, its direction is in the direction of change in velocity.
•:· It may be positive, negative or zero.
•:• If an object is moving with constant or uniform velocity, then Its acceleration Is zero.

Uniform Acceleration
A body Is said to have uniform acceleration, if It travels in a straight line and Its velocity increases or
decreases by equal magnitude in equal intervals of time.
For example :
(I) The motion of a freely falling body.
(II) The motion of a bicycle going down the slope of a road (when the rider Is not pedaling and air resistance
is negligible).

Non-unilonn Acceleration
A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration, if its velocity changes by unequal magnitude in equal intervals
of time.
For example • The motion of a car on a crowded road.

Retardalion or Deceleration
A body is said to be retarded if the magnitude of its veloci!)r decreases with time. In this case. the final
velocity of the moving body is less than the initial v elocity I.e.• v < u.
For example • When a person applies brake on a moving car, its velocity decreases with time.
For example, if acceleration is a = -5 m/s2, we can write this as the deceleration or retardation is taking
place at 5 mls2 or you can also put it as acceleration in the opposite direction at the rate of 5 m/s2 .

Figure shows the motion of a van that starts from rest, speeds up, travels at a oonstant velocity, slows down,
and then stops. The given figure shows the origin at the left, with the x-axis pointing In a positive direction
to the right. When the van is speeding up, the average velocity and the average acceleration point in the

.,___ _
same direction (+). When the van Is travel6ng at a constant speed, the average acceleration Is zero. When
the van is slowing down, the average velocity(+) and the average acceleration(-) are in opposite directions.
·llme interval I 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9

0
---· +x
~ ....:..• ~
a a= 0 a
When the van is moving in a positive direction but slowing down, 1he direction of the acceleration Is negative.
Consider the directions that the average velocity and average acceleration point if the van turns around and
travels back to its starting point. As shown in fogure below, when the van is speeding up in a negative
direction. both the average velocity and the acceleration point In the negative direction. When the van travels
at oonstant velocity, the average velocity Is negative and the acceleration is zero. As the van slows down
to stop, the average velocity is pointing In the negative direction and the a~erage acceleration is pointing in
the positive direction.

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 Physics - Claoa IX (Level~) I

-----
9 8 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 Time inlerval

-- +K

----:t' -t~ 0 +--:t

When the van is moving in a negative direction and slowing down. the direction of acceleration is pos~ive.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

(Distance or Position) - Time Graph
The change in the position of a body with time can be represented on a distance-time graph. In this graph
time is plotted on x-axis and distance is plotted on y-axis.
From the distance-time graph we can get the following infonnation :
(i) We can describe the nature of motion of the body whether il is unifonn, non-unifonn or the body is at rest.
(ii) We can determine the position of the body al any intennediate time (or any particular point of time).
(iii) We can calculate the speed of the moving bod:,' from the graph.
(1) Distance-time graph of a body moving with uniform speed
The distance-time graph for a body moving wllho uniform speed is a slralght line as shown below. In other
words we can say that if the distance-time graph is a straight line, the body is moving with unifonn speed.

s,----------- 8
t rS
8 <3

~ .;:;~
·!..#}
i5 s,- c
lA
I
0 ~ Ttme-+
'•
Fig. 2
Calculation of Speed from Distance-Time Graph
We consider two points A and 8 , on the distan"ce-time graph as shown in Fig. 2. Draw a line parallel to
x-axis from A and another line parallel to y-axis from B. These lines intersect each other at C to fonn a
t.ABC. On the graph,
AC = (12 - 11) = time interval. and
BC = s2 - s1 = Distance travelled
Distance travelled
Speed = ~~~~~~
Time taKen
s2 - s, BC
=- -=-
12 - lt AC

But !~ is known as the slope of the line OAB.

Therefore, in distance-time graph, the speed of the body is given by the slope of the graph.
(2) Distance-Time Graph for a Body Moving with Non-uniform Speed
The distance-time graph for a body moving with non uniform speed is not a straight line but a curve.
Therefore. we can say that if the distance-time graph of a body is a curve. the body is moving with
non-uniform speed.

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I Physics • ct- IX (Levoi-Q
(a) Increasing Speed
A typical graph for a body moving wilh variable speed is shown in figure 3. In the graph, lhe slope
changes at every point. The slope increases, so the speed increases.

Time~
Fig. 3
(b) Decreasing Speed
The distance-time graph of an object. that is slowing down, is shown below.

t
8c:
~
0

Time-.
Fig.4
This graph shows the speed of the object is decreasing with time. The slope decreases so the speed
decreases.
(3) Position-Time Graph for a Body at Rest
The position-time graph for a body at rest is a straight line parallel to x-axis (time axis).

t, t,
Time-+
Fig. 5
Interpretation
At two points A and B, time has changed but the position of the body i s same, so we can say that the body
is at rest.
Determination of Speed
Consider the small portion AB of the position-time gr:aph (figure 5.)
Position at time 11 = s
Position at time ~ = s

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 Pllyslca • Cl- IX (Level-l) I
Distance covered by the body in time interval 11 to !2 =s - s =0
nme taken = ~ - t,
Distance travelled s- s
S peed - --=0
Time taken 12 - 11

Thus, the speed of the body at rest is zero

In all the above cases. if we consider the displacement on y-axis, then we will get displacement-time graph
and we can determine the velocity of the body from that graph.

(I) Uniform velocity

The body having uniform velocity Is said to have uniform motion. The graph for a uniform velocity Is a
straight fine, as shown below.

t
I"'
a.
a
Time ---.
Fig. 6 : Graph showing uniform velOcity
(II) Non·Unifonn velocity
The graph for a non-uniform velocity is not a straight line, but a curve.

Time ~

Fig. 7 : Graph showing variable (non-uniform) velocity

Vel ocity-Time Graph

The variation in velocity with time for a body moving in a straight line can be represented by a
velocity-time graph. In this graph, time is plotted on x-axis and velocity is plotted on y-axis. From the velocity-
time graph we can get the following information.

(I) We can determine the velocity of the moving body at any particular point oftime and the nature of the motion.

(il) We can determine the acceleration of the body. The slope of the velocity-time graph gives the magnitude
of the acceleration of the body.

(Iii) By calculating area under the graph. we can find the magnitude of displacement travelled by the body
in a given time interval

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I Physics • Claos IX (Levol-1) MoUo•lm
(1) When the object Is moving with constant velocity (Uniform Motion)
(i) The straight line parallel to time axis shows constant velocity.

j A B
€1-v- . .:.,:,- - --.:r,- -
:£;> I
I
I
I
I I
I I
'o 'c
0 t, ~
Time.-.
Fig. 8
(ii) Calculation of the acceleration of the body from the velocity-time graph (Fig. 8).
Velocity of the body at time 11 = v m/s
Velocity of the body at time 12 = v mls
Change in velocity = v - v = 0
Time taken = 12 - 11
= Change in velocity
8 0
Time taken
: . The acceleration of a body moving with constant velocity Is zero.
(iii) Calculation of displacement .from the velocity-time graph (Fig. 8).
To find the displacement travelled by the body (say a car) for a given time interval 11 to 12 • draw
perpendicular from 11 and 12 such that they intersect the straight line graph at A and B respectively.
We will get a closed figure ABCD.
The displacement of the body = Velocity >< time taken
= v • (':z- 11 ) = AD • CD= Area of rectangle ABCD
Thus, the area enclosed by the velocity-time cuNe and the time axis gives the displacement
of the body in a given inteNal of time.
(2) When a body is moving with uniform acceleration (Non-uniform Motion)
(I) When the body is initially at rest
(a) If the body initially at rest starts moving with uniform acceleration. then the velocity-time graph
Is a straight line starting from origin.

~ t,
Time ----+
Fig. 9

(b) AcceIera t.100 =-..:.ch..ca:..,n-:"g..:.e_i

. n.:...v,..;ecclo:..:c..;ity,_
tome taken
v 2 - v1 BC .
a =- -= - = Siope ofhne OAB
12 - 11 AC
. . The slope of the tine gives the acceleration of the body moving with uniform acceleration.

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 Physico - Cl- IX (Lovel-l) I
(c) Displacement of the body in the given time interval (12 - 11) can be calculated by the area of the
shaded portion under the velocity-time curve.
Thus,
Displacement =
Area of the shaded portion under the curve = Area of ABCEF
=Area of a MBC + area of a rectangle ACEF

1
= "2ACx BC + AF x FE

(!I) When the body Is Initially not at rest

0 Time -
Fig. 10
Velocity-time graph of a body. initially not at rest and moving with uniform acceleration, is a straight
line. But it does not originate from origin 0 . It will originate from some point A on velocity axis. It
means at time t = 0, it has some non-zero velocity v (say).
(3) When a body is moving with unifonn retardation (Non-uniform Motion)
The velocity-time graph of a body moving with uniform retard<ltion is a straight line sloping downwards.
The slope of such a straight line graph Is said to be negative.

11me-
Fig. 11
(4) When a body is moving with non-unifonn acceleration
In the case of non-uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph can have various shapes :
(i) When the velocity of a body increases non-unifonnly
In this case, velocity-time graph is a curve moving upwards. Here, the slope of the curve is positive
and increasing with time.

11me-
Fig. 12

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 Phyalcl - o..a IX (Level-f) I
We know that the acceleration of a body is equal to the slope of the velocity-time graph.

Thus,

BC v- u
8 =- =- -
AC t-O

v- u =at

lv =u+at l

This is the first equation of motion.

Position-Time Relation
Displacement of the body(s) =Area under the velocity-time curve

s = Area of MBC + Area of rectangle OACD

s = 1 x AC x BC+OAxOD
2
s = 1 (t - 0) (v - u)+u(t - 0)
2
.. Is = ut + iat 2
1 L· v-u =at)
This is the second equation of motion.

Position-Velocity Relation
The velocity-time graph, the displacement covered by the object in flme I, moving with uniform acceleration
a, is given by the area of trapezium OABD .

... S=(OA + BD) x OD= (~) t

2 2 .
v-u
but v = u+ at=> t =--
a

s=(u;vJ.(v:u)

Iv 2 2
= u + 2as I
This is the third equation of motion.

Note : These equations are applicable only when body moves with unfform acceleration.

SJGN CONVENTION
Vector quantities have magnitude as well as direction, which cannot be Ignored. So, while dealing with vector
quantlr~es we must pay attention towards their direction. As the equations of motion Involve vector quantities
such as velocity, acceleration and displacemen~ we must define some sign conventions for deal1ng with these
quantities.

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I Physics • Class IX (IAvei-Q MoUo•lll
1. The point where the objecl is at t = 0. is taken as origin.
2. We are free to choose any direction as positive or negative.
(a) If we are taking right hand side as positive and left hand side as negative as shown below, and both
v and a are along the positive direction, then the velocity of the object is increasing i.e., it is
accelerating.

- ve 0 +ve
•:• Both acceleration and velocity are positive.
(b) If v and 8 are in opposite direclion. velocity is decreasing with time i.e ., the objecl is retarding.

- ve 0 +ve
(c) If both v and a are along L.H.S. i.e., alongr negative direction. objecl is accelerating, its velocity is
increasing with time.
.- a
.-v
- ve 0 +ve
(d) If v is along the negative direction and 8 is along positive direction then, the object is retarding.
.-v a_.
-ve 0 +ve
(e) Now, consider the vertical motion. If we take upward direction as positive, and downward direction as
negative and both v and a are in the upward direction, then obj ect is accelerating upwards.

-ve

(f) If a and v are in the opposite direction, then. the object is retarding I.e., its velocity is decreasing with
time.

fv "'Ve

(g) If a and v are in the downward direction (- ve), then its velocity increases I.e., the object accelerates
downwards.

+ve

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 Phyalcs - Cl- IX (LIMII-1) I
(h) If velocity is along lhe downward direction and acceleration is along the upward direction, the velocity
of object decreases with lime.

fa +ve

~v -ve

Some Important Points :

(i) If a body starts from rest, then u = 0.

(ii) If a body stops or comes to rest, then v = 0.
(iii) If a body moves with a constant velocity, then a = 0.

5
(1'1) For converting speed from kmlh to mls multiply it by .
18

(v) While calculating displacement from If-f graph. give due regard to the positive and the negative signs. For
calculating distance. only positive sign is to be•used.
(IIi) When an object's velocity and acceleration are in the same direction, the object is speeding up. On the
other hand, when the object's velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions, the object is slowing
down.

Example 13 :
A car starling from rest attains a velocity of 60 kmJh in 10 minutes. Calculate the acceleration and distance
travelled by the car, assuming that the acceleration is unifonn.
Solution :
Given,
5 50
u = 0, v = 60 kmlh = 6ax m/s = m/s
18 3
t = 10 min. = 10 x 60 s = 600 s
From the velocity-time relation, <

50 - 0
v- u 3
v = u + at => a = - - = - - = -
5 m/s2
I 600 180
= 0.028 mls2
We have,
v2 = u2+2as

50 x 50x180
2x 9x 5

= 5000m = 5km
The acceleration of the car is 0.028 mfs2 and the distance covered is 5 km.

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1
Physics • Clan IX (.....I) MoUonl ~
Example 14 :
The motion of a car is described by the velocity-time graph as shown in the figure given below.
y

i
~
5 m/s
A B

8
~ j
'
'c
!!o E
X
0 10 20 30 40 50 Tlme (s)

Find the distance travelled by the car between

(t) Oto20s
(ii) 20 to 50 s
Solution :
We know that.
Distance travelled = Area under v-t graph
(i) For (0 to 20) s,
Distance = Area of <l.OAC
1 1
= -x OC x AC =-x20 x s ... som
2 2
(fo) For (20 to 50) s,
Distance = Area of reclangle ABDC + Area of ABED

Distance= AC x CD + !DEx DB
2
1
= 5x (40-20)+ x 10 x 5
2
= 100 + 25 = 125m
Thus, distance travelled by the car from 0 to 20 s is 50 m and from 20 s to 50 s is 125 m.

Example 15 :
A train starting from a railway sl!lllon and moving with uniform acceleration attains a speed of 40 kmlh In
10 minu1es. Find its acceleration.
Solution :
We have,
Initial velocity u = 0 kmlh
Final velocity v = 40 kmlh
10
Timet = 10 min= h
60
Using formula for acceleration,
v-u
i.e. a = - t-
40 0
= - = 240 km/h2
10
60

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~~ IMoa~ Phyalcl • Class IX (L-1-1) I
Example 16 :
A car moving with a speed of 54 kmlh is brought to rest in 10 seconds by applying brakes. Find the magnitude
of average retardation due to brakes.
Solution :
Initial velocity (u) = 54 km/h

5
= 54 x - = 15m/s
18
Final velocity (v) = 0 m/s
Time interval t = 10 s

v-u 0-15 2
We have a= - - = - - =-1.5m/s
• t 10
Here, negalive signs show retardation
:. The magnitude of average retardation = 1.5 rnls2

Try Yourself
The velocity-time graph for a particle is shown in the figure, then

A
15m,.

1 10m/a
D

f•
0
•
8

10
Time (s)
l\,
,. 20

16. The distance and displacement of the particle from 0 to 15 seconds is

(1) 100m, 50 m (2) 100m, 100m
(3) 100 m, 200 m (4) 100 m, 0
17. The distance and displacement of the partiCle belween 10 s lo 20 sis
(1) 50 m, 100m (2) 50 m, 0
(3) 50 m, 50m (4) 100m, 50 m
18. In which time interval the particle is speeding up?
(1) 0 to 10 S (2) 10 IO 15 S
(3) 15 to 20s (4) 10 to 20 s
19. In which time inlerval the particle is moving with zero acceleration?
(1) 0 to 5s (2) 5 to 10s
(3) 10 to 15 s (4) 15 to 20 s
20. In which time interval the particle is moving with negative acceleration?
(1) 5 to 10 s (2) 10 to 15 s
(3) 15 to 20 s (4) 0 to 5 s

[(~;)oz '(1:)6~ '(~)8~ '(E:)H '(z)g~ ·suy)

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~ Physics • Class IX (tev.l-1) Motion!~
ZONE
Why did the boy throw a bucket of water out of the window?

He wanted to see the Waterfall.

Waterfall is a compound word that refers to water falling straight down over rocks, usually from a high
place. For example, Niagara Falls is a famous waterfall. The meaning of this compound word is easy
to understand from the separate words that make it up : water and fall.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is said to be uniform circular motion.

Example • Motion of the tips of hands of a clock, a car moving on a circular track with constant speed.

The speed of an object moving along a circular track is gl\ten by

v = =le=n~g~t=h=o=f=th~e=~=·==ul~a~rp~a~t~h~t
re r=a=ve=l~le=d~b~y~th=e~o~~~e~ct
Time taken

lv= 2~ I
r ~ Radius of circular track

Fig. 16

~· Velocity of the object at any point on circular path is along the tangent to the circle at that point.

•!• The motion in a circle with constant speed is an example of accelerated motion, because at every point
the direction of motion changes. hence velocity changes.

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~~MoUon Pllyalca • ClaM IX (IAYel·l) I
QUICK RECAP
1. State of rest : A body is said to be at rest if il does not change its position with respect to a fixed point
taken as a reference point in its surroundings with the passage of time.
2. State of motion : A body is said to be In motion if it changes its position with respect to a fixed point
taken as a reference point in its surroundings with the passage of time.
3. Types of motion : The various types of motion are rectilinear motion, curvilinear motion, oscillatory motion,
vibratory motion, multiple motion.
4. Mechanics : The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion of objects and their response to
force is called mechanics.
5. Distance travelled : The actual length of the path travelled by a moving body in a given interval of time
irrespective of the direction in which the body llravels is called the distance travelled by that body.
6. Displacement : The shortest distance (straight distance) measured between the initial position and the
final position of a moving body in a particular direction is called its displacement
7. Uniform motion : A body moving in a straight line has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in
equal intervals of time, no matter how small these time-intervals may be.
8. Non-uniform motion : A body has a non-unfform motion if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals
of time, no matter how small these time-intervals may be or its direction keep on changing.

A d _ total distance travelled

9. verage spee - total time

10. Instantaneous speed : The speed et any Instant of time Is called the Instantaneous speed. Ills equal to
the magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
11. Uniform velocity: A body is said to have uniform 'velocity if it rovers equal displacement in equal intervals
of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.
12. Variable velocity :A body is said to have variable velocity if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals
of time in a particular direction, no matter how small these time-intervals may be, or if it covers equal
distances in equal interval of time but its direction k,eep on changing or if both its direction and speed
changes with time.
13. Acceleration : The rate of change ot lhe velocity of-a body ~ith respect to time is called its acceleration.
14. Retardation : When acceleration of body is opposite to its velocity, It is called retardation.
15. Distance-time graph : A graph showing tl)e distance covered with time is called its distance-time graph.
(i) For a body moving with uniform speed jt is a straight line, inclined to the time-axis.
(ii) For a body moving with non-uniform speed it is a curve.
(iii) For a body at rest it is a straight line parallel to the time-axis.
16. Velocity-time graph : A graph showing the variation of velocity with time is called velocity-time graph.
(i) The shape of lhe velocity-time graph depen.ds upon the nature of motion of the body.
(ill The slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration of the body.
(iii) The area under the velocity-time graph gives the displacement the body in that interval of time.
17. Uniform circular motion: When an object is moving in a circular path with a constant speed, the motion
of the object is said to be uniform circular motion. Uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion.

0 0 0

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 8. A person moves along the boundary of a square
SECTION-A park or side 10 m in 40 s. What will be the
magnitude or displacement of the person at the
Very Short Answer Type Questions : end of 3 minutes?
1. Give one example where the displacement is zero
but the distance travelled is not zero. Short Answer Typa Questions :
2. What is the nature of the motion of a body for 1. A car travels first 10 km in 20 minutes and another
whicll velocity-time graph is shown in ftgure? 10 km In 30 minutes. What is lhe average speed
of lhe car In m/s?
Velocity
2. A student while going to sChool in a school bus,
observes the average speed of the bus to be
20 km/h. On his return trip along the same way,
the average speed is 30 kfl1111. What is the average
speed of the bus in the entire journey?
3. A car moving with a velocHy 54 kmlh on a straight
Time road stops on applying brakes after covering a
3. When are the following true for the path length? distance of 20 m. Compute the acceleration of the
(I) It is zero. car.
(ii) II is greater than the magnitude of 4. A person on a morning walk completes one round
displacement or the object. around a circular park of diameter 500 m,
in 1 minute. What will be the distance covered and
4. What does the odometer of an automobile
the displacement at the end or 5 minutes 30 s?
measure?
5. A body is moving un~ormly in a straight line with a
5. What is the nature of the displacem"lnt versus time
velocity 10 mls. What is the distance covered by it
graph for non-uniform motion? Give an example.
in 10 s? (calculate it with the help of velocity versus
6. Area under velocity-time curve represents which time graph)
physical quantity?
6. The velocity-time graph of a ball is given below.
7. What is the distance travelled by an object from
t = 0 to t = 10 s in the following graph? Velocity

s(= 10 .••.•.••....•.•
A
10m/s
A c
;
i;
1
! 1
ic a d E
0 5 10 20 0 s 10 15 ~ u ~ ~ ~
nme(s) -+ Time (s)

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!!luoaon Physics - Class IX (Level-l) I
What is the acceleration of the ball (i) Which of the particle is travelling fastest?
(i) During first 10 s? (ii) Will they ever meet each other?
(ii) Between 10 s and 35 s?
(iii) Are they travelling uniformly?
(iii) During 35 s to 40 s?
7. Derive position-lime relation by graphical method. 2. A particle starts with an initial velocity 2.5 m/s
along the positive x-direction and it accelerates
B. A car acquires a velocity of 40 km/h in 30 s just
uniformly at the rate 0.5 m/s2.
after the start. Calculate the acceleration of the
car. (I) Find the distance travelled by it in the first two
9. On a 200 km track, a train travels the first 50 km seconds.
at a uniform speed of 40 kmlh. How fast the train
(ii) How much lime does it take to attain the
must travel the next 150 km so as to maintain the
velocity 7.5 m/s?
average speed of 60 kmlh for the whole journey?
10. A man travels a distance 8 m towands north !hen (iii) How muclh distance will it cover in attaining
turns left and moves towards west 6 m. What is the velocity 7.5 rnfs?
the tolal distance and displacement from the 3. On a foggy day, two car drivers spol eaclh other,
starting point of his journey? when they are just 80 m apart. They are travelling
11. An object moving with initial velocity u along a at 72 km/h and 60 km/h respectively towards
straight line attains maximum velocity v afler each other. Both of them simultaneously apply
travelling distance s. Assume the acceleration is
brakes, which retard both the cars at a rate of
uniform. Derive the relationship between position
5 rnfs2. Determine whether they avert the collision
and velocity of the object by graphical method.
or not.
12. A cyclist moves from a certain point x and goes
round a circle of radius rand reaclhes y exact!~ at 4. When the traffic light turns green, a car moves
the other side of the point x as shown in figure. with a constant acceleration 2 rn!s2. At the same
What is the distance and displacement of the time a truck moving with a constant speed of
cyclist during the journey? 10 rnfs, overtakes and passes the car.
(i) How tar beyond the starting point will the car
overtake the truck'?
(ii) How fast will 'the car be travelling at that
Instant?
(iii) Draw position-time curve for eaclh vehicle.
13. The brakes applied to a car produce an
acceleration of 10 mfs2 In the opposite direction to 5. Define uniform velocity of an object moving along a
the motion. If It takes 5 s to stop after the straight line. What will be the shape of velocity-
application of brakes, then how much distance is time and position-time graphs for suclh motion?
covered by the car before coming to rest?
6. How will you differentiate between the distance
Long Answer Type Questions : covered by an object and Its displacement? Write
1. Derive an expression for velocity-time relation by the important clharacterislics of distance travelled
graphical method. The position-time graph of three and displacement.
particles A, B and C are shown in the figure.
7. Show that area under the velocity-time curve of a
Study the graphs and answer the following
questions: body moving uniformly gives the displacement of
A the particle in a given time.
8. A metro train starts from rest and in five seconds
~-----:;7fj---B achieves 108 km/h. After that it moves with
!5 constant velocity and comes to rest after travelling
:~ C 45 m with uniform retandalion. If total distance is
ft 395 m, then find the total time of travelling of
the metro.
9. Derive with help of graphs, the three equations of
motion.
Time
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~ Physics • Claos IX (tev.l-1) Motion!~
5. When a graph between two physical quantities is
SECTION-S a straight line passing through the origi n with
positive slope, then the two quantities are
Objective Type Questions :
(1) Constant
1. For the displacement-time graph of a car as shown (2) Independent of each other
in figure, the ratio of the magnitudes of the velocity
(3) Directly proportional to each other
during the first two seconds and the next four
(4) Inversely proportional to each other
seconds is
6. The area under a velocity-time graph gives the
(1) Time taken by the moving object
1 20 -··············A (2) Displacement of the moving object
.,c '.
E ! (3) Retardation of the moving object
~ i; (4) Acceleration of the moving object
iS.
.ill ' 7. Which one of the following graphs is showing that
0
is c an object is stationary?
2 4 6
1ime(s)--+
(1) 1 : 1 (2)2 : 1 ~~-----­
(3)1:2 (4) 3 : 2 (1) (2) e.
2. A boy goes from A to B with a vel ocity of
20 m/min and comes back from B to. A with a Tome
velocity of 30 m/min. The avera~ velocity of the

i
boy during the whole journey is
(1) 24 m/min
(3) Zero
(2) 25 m/s
(4) 20 m/mln (3) J (4)
3. Velocity-time graph of an object is given below. The
Ti~ TiM!
object has
8. A car moving on a straight road covers the one
third of the total distance with 20 km/h and the rest
with 60 kmlh. The average speed is
(1) 40 kmlh (2) 36 kmlh
(3) 26 kmlh (4) 80 kmlh
9. The ratio of speed to the magnitude of velocity
when the body is moving in one direc1ion is
lime (s) (1) Less than one
(1) Uniform velocity (2) Uniform speed (2) Greater than one
(3) Uniform retardation (4) Variable acceleration (3) Equal to one
4. Which one of the following velocity-time graphs is (4) Greater than or equal to one
not possible? 10. A train l!avels the first 15 km at a uniform speed
of 30 km/h, next 10 km at a uniform speed of
~ -.. 20 kmlh and final 75 km at a uniform speed of
s k 50 kmlh. The average speed for the entire journey
f
~

(1d (2) of the train is

(1) 40 kmlh (2) 50 kmlh
Tme(s} Tflle (s)
(3) 40 m/s (4) 50 m/s
:? 11. A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity. II attains
s I;,. a height 40 m and comes back to the thrower. The
~ ·o di splacement of the ball is
(3) ~ (4) ~ (1) 80m (2) 40m
Time (s) (3) 20 m (4) Zero

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m!liMoaon Pllyslca - Claso IX (Lovel-l) I
12. A ball strikes the floor vertically downward with a 18. The speed-time graph of a ball falling from certain
speed 5 rnls and rebounds with the same speed. height under grav~ and rebounding from a solid
The magnitude of its change in velocity will be surface is represented by
(1) Zero (2) 5 m/s
(3) 10 m/s (4) 40 m/s
13. A car is moving along a straight road with uniform
velocity. It is shown in the graph (1)
l (2)

(1) f (2)

(3) (4)

~r------
f "8 19. Which of the following graphs is not possible?
(3) ~ (4) ~
r.ne rll'n&
14. According to the given velocity-time graph, the
object
(1) (2) ~
i
0 llme

Time 11me Tme

(1) Is moving with uniform velocity
20. Which of the following situations is possible?
(2) Has some initial velocity
(1) An object can have acceleration, but constant
(3) Is moving uniformly with some initial velocity veloclty
(4) Is at rest
(2) The velocity of an object may be zero but
15. The slope of a veloclty-time graph gives acceleration is not zero
(1) Displacement (2) Acceleration (3) Distance and the magnitude o f displacement
(3) Velocity (4) Distance are equal in circular motion
16. An object experiences a constant acceleration for (4) Average speed and the magnitude of average
20 s after starting from rest. If it travels a distance velocity are always equal In circular motion
x 1 in the first 10 s and distance x2 in the remaining
10 s, then which o f the following is true? 21. A car i n creases its speed from 20 km/h to
50 kmlh in 10 seconds. Its acceleration is
(1) x 1 = 2"2 (2) x 1 = x2
(1) 0.30 mJs2 (2) 0.18 mJs2
(3) x 1 = 3JI2 (4) x2 = 3x1
(3) 0.83 mJs2 (4) 0.50 m/s2
17. A body Is projected vertically upward from ground.
Taking vertical upward direction as positive and 22. If the velocity of a body does not change, then its
point of proj ection as origin. The sign of acceleration is
displacement of the body from the origin when It Is (1) Zero
at height h during upward and downward journey
will be (2) Unity
(1) Positive. pos~ive (2) Pos~. negative (3) lnfin~
(3) Negative, negative (4) Negative, positive (4) Between zero and unity

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j Physics. Class IX (......._1) MoUonj~~
23. If the distance travelled by a car is directly 28. The velocity of a particle increases from u to v in
proportional lo the duration of time. The car will time t during which it covers a distance s. If the
lravel with partide has a uniform acceleration, then which one
(1) Uniform acceleration of the following equations does not apply to the
motion?
(2) Uniform speed
(3) Non-uniform acceleration
v- u
(1) 2s = (v + u)t (2) 8= -
1
(4) Uniform velocity
24. The veloc~y of a body moving In a straight line at (3) V
2
= U
2 2a
- -
S
(4) s=(u+iat)t
the end of 5 s is 30 rnls, at the end of 12 s is
58 rnls and at the end of 22 s, it is 98 rnls. The 29. Which of the following would probably show the
body is moving with acceleration time graph for a body whose velocity·
time graph is shown in figure?
(1) Uniform velocity (2) Uniform acceleration
(3) Zero velocity (4) Uniform retardation
25. If a body is travelling along a slraight line ~out
changing the direction of motion, then
l
(1) Speed = lvelocityl
t---+
(2) Distance travelled = Jdisplacementj
(3) Average speed = 1average velocity I
(4) All of these
26. The graph predicts the condition of (1) 8
l

V\
t--+

r ome lt----1 ,-
(2) 8 1
I
(1) Body is undergoing positive acceleration
(2) Body is undergoing negative acceleration t--+

l
(3) Uniform velocity
(4) Uniform speed
27. Which of the following graph is not showing (3)
accelerated motion of a car moving on a straight
road? t--+

~ ,§
·a
(4)
(1) £ (2) £

rome
30. What does the area of an ·acceleration·
disptacement' graph of a uniformly accelerating
body represent?
i i v2 - u2
(3) J (4) J (1) Velocity (2)
2
romo (3) Distance (4) Acceleration
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 Phyla - Cl- IX (Lovel-l) I
31. A freely falling body strikes the surface and 34. Which of the following is true about the uniform
rebounds. The velocitY of the body w.r.t. time during circular motion of an object?
its fall and rebound is best represented by (1) Velocity remains constant
·v (2) Magnitude of velocijy keeps on changing

,, . 'L.
(3) Direction of the velocity changes
(4) All of these
35. The velocity-time graph for a vehicle is shown
below. Which among the following Is the
corresponding acceleration-time graph?

, , '~. ., 'f6_,
32. Which of the following graphs represents the
0"----'---=--'---->+
Time
motion of a body moving along a straight line under a
constant acceleration?

(1) al r----'\ (2) Ol---t.........,.-----+1

0~1

(3) al / (4) aL -
0~1 0~1
33. The speed-time graph for a car is shown. Jfr. Which of the following graphs represent the object
y
moving with. Unifonn acceleration?

AlL. '~~.
~_:C~---0

(2) BC
(3) CD
Time(s) - . .
Which part of the graph represent uniform motion?
(1) OA :c. ]~,
c.

{1) Only A
0

(2) Both B & C

(4) BCD (3) Only C (4) Only B

a o a

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 Pl!yolca • Claoo IX (Levei-IQ I
Now, if the displacement would have been a scalar quantity then its magnitude should be the algebraK: add~ion
i.e., 3 m + 4 m = 7 m. But this is not so, as discussed before the displacement is 5 m. This kind of addition
is called vector addition and the quantities obeying this addition are always vector quantities.

Note : The magnitude of a vector has phys!cel units and It Is always a positive number.

SLOPE OF A LINE

A line in a coordinate plane fonns two angles with the x-rucis, which are supplementary. The angle A (let) made
by the line I with x-axis and measured anticlockwise is called the inclination of the line. If 8 is the inclination
of a line I, then tane is called slope or gradient of t11e line /.

Let A(x2 , y2 ) and B(x 1, y 1) are two points on line I whose inclination Is El. Y

:. LABC = e I·: BC II x-axisJ

Slope of line I = m = tanO

AC
tane= -
BC

. . m = _Y2_-_y_, = _
6_y = ,=O.:.:
iff...:ec..re:.;n...:cec:...;oc..f..:oc..rd:.ic..na:ct"-e
x2 - x1 rue Difference of abscissa

ACCELERATION-TIME GRAPH
The variation in acceleration with time for a body moving in a straight line can be represented by accleration-
time graph. In this graph, time is plotted on x-axis and acceleration is plotted on y-axis. From the acceleration
time graph we can get the following information.
(1) We can determine the acceleration of the moving body· at any particular point of time and the nature of
motion.

(2) By calculating the area under the graph we can find the change in velocity In a given time Interval.
(1) When the Object Is Moving with Uniform Ac:eeleratlon
The straight line parallel to lime axis shows uniform aoceleration

tc
~ ~ A B
Ill
] io
:
!c
"'0 t, t,
time(!)-
Calculation of Change in Velocity from Acceleration-Time Graph
To find the change in velocity for a given time internal 11 to tz,
draw perpendicular from 11 to 12 such that they
intersect the straight tine graph A and B respectivety. We get a closed figure ABCD
Change in velocity = acceleration x time

= a(t2 - 11) =AD x CD= Area of rectangle ABCD

Thus, the area enclosed by the acceleration-time graph and the time axis gives the change i n velocity of the
body in a given time interval.

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~ Physics • Class IX (IAwl.fl) Motlonl~~
(2) When the Body is Moving with Uniform Retardation
The acceleration-time graph of a body moving with uniform retardation is a straight line parallel to time-
axis as shown in figure

]01-----
~ time(t) - +

~
This graph says that the acceleration Is negative, the final velocity is less than the initial velocity.

DISTANCE COVERED IN nlll SECOND

To deduce the equation for the displacement of a body in the n"' second :

Let AB be the distance travelled by a body in n seronds, and AC be the distance travelled by ~ in (n - 1)
seconds.
Thus the distance travelled by the body In tile n"' second is CB = Sn.
Sn= AB - AC ... (i)

1
From s = ut + at2
2
AB = un +ian2 ...(11)

AC = u(n - 1) + -1 a (n - 1)2 ...(iii)

2
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get

sn = un + ian 2 - [ u (n -1) +ia( n -1)

2
1
n 2
1
S = un +- an2 - [ un-u+ - an2 -an+ - a
2 2
1 1]
1 2 1 2 1
s n = un +-an
2
-un+u--an
2
+an--a
2
1
Sn = u +an - -2 a

Sn = U+ a( n-~

In deriving the equations we have assumed that all the vector quantities are In the same direction. However
all vectors need not be in the same direction. Giving due consideration to lhis. '+' and ·-· signs should be
assigned to the quantities.

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 Physics • Clesl IX (l.eve!-11) I
I
Example 1 :

A bike moving along a straight road covers 35 m in the 4th second and 40 m In the !1" second. What Is
its initial velocity and acceleration (if the acceleration is assumed to be uniform)?
Solution :
Let $ 4 and S5 be the distances travelled in the 4111 second and the 5111 second respectively.
S4 = 35 m, S5 = 40 m
From the equations of motion, the distance travelled by a body in the rfh second is given by

s. = u +a ( n - i)
.. 35= u+a (4-~}
7
i.e., 35 = u + a;
2
70 = 2u + 7a ...(i)

Also. 40 = u + a ( 5 - i)
9
40 = U + - 8
2
80 = 2u + 9a ... (ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
10 35
a= = 5ms- 2 • u = = 17.5 ms- 1
2 . 2

Try Yourself
1. Which of the following is not a vector?

(1) Force (2) Momentum

(3) Energy (4) Velocity

2. The slope of line that passes through the points (5, 6) and (4, 3) is

(1) 3 (2) 2
(3) 4 (4) 6

3. The acceleration-time graph of a body is shown below. If initial velocity of body is 20 m/s, then
velocity of body after 10 s is

r mls')
51 .
5 10 ~·J '
(1) 20 ms- • (2) 40 ms- 1
(3) 50 ms-• (4) 70 ms- 1

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I Physics • Class IX (lAwi-11) Motion!~~
4. A car having initial velocity 15 ms- 1 moves with a constant acceleration of 2 ms- 2 on a straight
road. The displacement of the car in s~~> second of ils motion is

(1) 30m (2) 24m

(3) 25m (4) 35m

!(zlv '(v)£ '(~lz '(£)l ·suy)

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Angular Displacement (8)
The angular displacement of a particle moving along a circular path Is defined as the angle swept out by Its
radius in the given lime interval. It is a vector quantity, provided a is small.

Angular Velocity ((I))

It is defined as the change in angular dlsplacemen1 per unit time. It is represented by omega ·,,,·.
Thus.
A ( ) _ Change in angular position (angular displacement)
ngu1ar ve1oc1ty "' - Time taken

I (J)=~~I
Its unit Is radian/second or (radls). Radian is S.l. unit of plane angle a.
Angular velocity is a vector quantity whose direction is associated as follows :
(i) For clockwise rotation. w is directed into the plane.
(u) For anticlockwise rotation, ru is directed out of the plane.
The magnitude of angular velocity is called angular speed.
Relation between Linear Speed and Angular Speed
One radian is the angle sublended at the centre. of a circle of unit radius by an arc of unit length.

f I = r = unit length
a = 1 rad {1c)
I
Aswehave a= - ... (for small angles)
r
:. I = r fl
Divide both sides by f
We get
1
- = r-
a
t t
.. v = r co

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 Phywlcs - Clooa IX (Level-11) I
Linear speed (v) = Angular speed x Radius of circular path

Jv =wrj
w4 Angular speed

r 4 Radius of the circular path

I
Example 2 :

The wheel of a cycle has a diameter 1 m. If the wheel has an angular speed of 5 radls. then calculate the
speed of cycle in mls.

Solution :
We have. v = Itt>
where.
v 4 Linear speed
w 4 Angular speed
r 4 Radius of the wheel
Given.
= =
ul 5 rad/s, r 0.5 m
v = n•>= 0.5 x 5 = 2.5 mls
v = 2.5m/s

I
Example 3 :

A car is moving with speed 3.5 mls. If the radius of its lyre is 0.35 m, then calculate the angular velocity of
the wheel of the car.

Solution :

We have,
v = 1t.o

(1) : -
v
r
Given,
v =3.5 mls, r =0.35 m
w =22.. = 10 rad/s
0.35
'" = 10 radls

RELATIVE VELOCITY
You must have observed how a car that is moving slowly fOIWard appears to be moving backward when your
car pass it In general, when two observers measure the velocity of a moving body, they get different results
if one observer is moving relative to the other. The velocity seen by a particular observer is called the velocity
relative to that observer. or simply relative velocity. The following figure shows a situation in which
understanding relative velocity is extremely important.
• When two objects A and Bare moving with different velocities, then the velocity of one object 'A' with
respect to another object B is called relative velocity of object A with respect to B and is given by
VAS: VA - VB

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~ Physics • Class IX (l.enl-11) Modonj ~~
Similarly,
Relative velocitY of 8 w.r.t. A is given by
V84 = Vs- VA
• When A and 8 are moving in same direction
VA8 = VA- (+Vs} = VA- Vs
• When A and 8 are moving in opposite direction
VA8 : VA - (- v8 ) : VA+ v8
VBA = - V8 - VA= - (v8 + VA)= - vA8
Relative Velocity In One Dimension (Straight Line Motion)
A passenger walks with a velocily of 1.0 m/s along the aisle of a train thai is moving with a velocily of
3.0 m/s (Fig.). What is the passenger's velocily11t's a simple question, but it has no single answer. As
seen by a second passenger sitting in the train. she is moving at 1.0 m/s. A person on a bicycle standing
beside the train sees lhe walking passenger moving at 1.0 m/s + 3.0 m/s = 4.0 m/s. An observer in another
train going in the opposlle direction would give still anolher answer. We have to specify which observer we
mean, and we speak of the velocily relative to a paliticular observer.
The walking passenger's velocity relative to the train is 1.0 m/s. her velocity relative to the cyclist is
4.0 m/s, and so on.

Try Yourself
5. If a particle is moving on a circolar track of radius r with angular speed to. The linear speed of the
particle will be

w (2)
(1) r IIi)

r
(3) (4) tW
(J)

6. The angular velocitY of a cycle wheel is 10 rad/s. If the diameter of the wheel is 80 em, then the
speed of the cycle in m/s is
(1) 8 m/s (2) 10 m/s
(3) 4 m/s (4) 2 mls
7. A person enters into a circular park of radius r and moves on the circular path for t minutes and
reaches at the starting point. The angular di splacement of the person Is
(1) Zero
(2) n
(3) 2"
(4) 2r

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~~ Motion Physics • Claa IX (l..ovei-IQ I
8. A particle is revolving on a circular path with a conslant speed. If its speed and radius of the path
are doubled then its angular speed will
(1) Get doubled (2) Get halved
(3) Remain same (4) Get quadrupled
9. A cyc~st is running at a speed of 5 m/s. If the radius of each wheel of the bicycle is 50 em. Calculate
the angular speed of the wheel.
(1) 0.1 rad/s (2) 10 rad/s
(3) 100 rad/s (4) 0.01 rad/s
10. A train 200m long travelling at 80 m/s overtakes another train 400 m long travelling at 30 m/s. The
time taken by the first train to pass the second train is
(1) 20 s (2) 4 s
(3) 10 s (4) 12 s
11. Two bikes get closer by 10m every second while travelling in the opposite directions. They get closer
by 1 m in every second while travelling in tlhe same directions. The speeds of the two bikes will be
(1) 5 m/s, 5.5 m/s (2) 5.5 m/s, 4.5 m/s
(3) 4.5 m/s, 4 m/s (4) 5 m/s, 5 m/s
[(zh~ '(p)m '(z)6 '(£)9 '(£)L '(£)9 '(z)S ·suy)

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 g_ Two cars leave with a time gap of 1 minute from
SECTION-A the same point. They move with an acceleration of
0.2 mls2 . How long after the departure of the
Subjective Type Questions :
second car, does the distance between them
1. Is displacement a scalar quantity? become equal to three times its value. when the
2. How is linear speed of an object related to its second car just starts?
angular speed (to)?
3. The linear speed of the seconds hand of a wall 2
10. A rifle bullet loses~ th of its velocity in passing
through a plank. Find the lea~t
number of such
clock Is 1.05 cm/s. What will be the length of the
seconds hand? planks required to just stop the bullet
4. A scooter can produce a maximum acceleration of
5 mfs2. Its brakes can produce a maximum
retardation of 10 mfs2. Find the minimum time in SECTION -S
which it starts from rest, covers a distance of
Objective Type Questions :
1.5 km and stops again.
5. A parUcle moves with constant acceleration. If v1 , 1. A body is moving in a straight line with initial
v2 and v3 are the three average velocities in three velocity u and uniform acceleration a. Sum of the
distances travelled in rfi' and (n + 1 )"' seconds is
successive intervals 11, 12 and 13 of time, then prove 50 m. If v is its velocity after n seconds and
v, - Vz t, + lz v
that
vz- v3 -lz-+-13 . u = 5 m/s, then - is
u
6. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate a for (1) 5 (2) 10
some time after which it decelerates at a constant
rate fl to come to rest. If the total lime is I prove (3) 15 (4) 20
2. What does the area of an 'acceleration-
that maximum velocity reached is vm = aj3t and
a+j3 displacement' graph of a uniformly accelerating
2 body represent?
total displacement is s = aj3l .
2(a+ll) v2 -u2
7. A train of 150 m length is going towards North at (1) Velocity (2)
2
a speed of 36 km/h. A bird Is flying at 18 km/h
parallel to track towards South. Find the time
(3) Distance (4) Acceleration
taken by the bird to cross the train. 3. If the linear speed of minute hand of a wall dock
8. A train is moving with uniform acceleration. The is 3. 14 • 1Q-4 mls then, the length of the minute
two ends of the train pass through a point on the hand will be
track with velocity v1 and v2 . With what velocity the
(1) 18 em (2) 1800 em
middle point of the train would pass through the
same point? (3) 3.14 em (4) 314 em

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 Pllyolca - Claoo IX (l.evei-IQ I
4. The wheel of a car is running at a speed of 50 m/s 8. Two trains having length 200 m and 332 m are
if the angular speed of the wheel is 500 radls then, running in the opposite directions with velocities
the radius of the wheel is 54 km/h and 72 km/h. In what time they will
(1) 50 m (2) 1 m completely cross each other?

(3) 0.1 m (4) 0.2 m

(1) 15.2 s (2) 16.2 s
(3) 15.8 s (4) 16.8 s
5. Which of the following is the acceleration-time
graph of an object having uniform motion? 9. The acceleration-time (a-1) graph of a particle
moving with initial speed of 45 mls is shown below.
The velocity of body at t = 20 s is
tf----
a
3(ms"')

(1) (2)
,_ 0
10 20
~·>

t
a
t
8
-2

-
(3) (1) 10 ms-1

-
(4) (2) 4 ms-•
(3) 5 ms-• (4) 8ms-•
6. We can conveniently obtain the information about 10. If an object moves a circular distance s of radius
the nature of motion of an object using graphs. The r, then Its angular dlsplaosm~t Is
velocity-time graph of an object moving along a s r

::
straight line is shown in the figure. (1) (2)
r s
A
{3) rs r..'V~ (4) r2s
I

Iv
v
•mt•
2mla

-2mla
0
I
7 .-
• 10
B
15
_F ~~

E
20
"-",_"
25 31
1,..

f<
G

~(S)
--.
SECTION-C
Assertion & Reason Type Questions :
In the following questions, a statement of
assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
-4mls

-<lmla
0 IJ . ' t: ~ (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the
reason Is the correct explanation of the
-<lmla assertion, then marl< (1).

The distance covered by the object from t = 0 to (2) II both Assertion & Reason are true but the
reason is not the correct explanation of the
t = 10 s is
assertion, then mark (2).
(1) 40 m (2) 50 m {3) If Assertion i s true statement but Reason is
false, then marl< (3).
(3) 60 m (4) 30m
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false
7. Two cars A and B moving in opposite direction statements, then mark (4).
along a straight road with constant velocities of
1. A : Average velocity of a moving body can be
20 m/s and 40 m/s respectively. Velocity of B with
zero but Its average speed cannot be zero.
respect to A i s
R : Displacement can be zero but distance
(1) 20 mls (2) 30 mls travelled cannot be zero for a moving
(3) 60 mls (4) 80 mls object.

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~ Physics • Claoa IX (Level-11)
2. A : An object moving with a constant 2. Match the following :
acceleration can have zero velocity.
Column I Column II
R : A moving object having zero acceleration
has zero velocity. a. Unitonn motion (i) Velocity-time graph
3. A : The following graph is not possible. is a curve

b. Non-onitonn motion (ii) Straight line parallel

0
v to time axis in
velocity-time graph

c. Straight line parallel (iii) Unequal distances

to position axis in covered In equal
R : There are two velocities at the same time,
position-time graph intervals of time
so it is not possible.
4. A : In uniform circular motion , the particle d. The velocity-time (IV) Not possible
moves wHh constant speed but not with graph is a circle
constant velocity.
(v) Equal distances
R : In circular motion direction of motion of the
covered in equal
particle changes with time.
intervals of time
5. A: The position-time graph in the ffgure
represents uniform motion. (1) a(ii, v). b(i. iii). c(iv), d(iv)

(2) a(iv), b(iii), c(ii), d(i)

(3) a(iv), b(v). c(ili), d(ii)

(4) a(l), b(iv), c(v), d(il)

Tlme
R : The particle changes tts position with time. 3. Match the following :

Column I Column II

SECTION-0 a. Constant speed with (i) At highest point

varying velocity of a body projected
Match the Columns Type Questions : vertically up
1. Match the following :
b. The velocity of a (il) Unifonn circular
Column I Column II body having finite motion
a. Straight line parallel (i) Body at rest < acceleration is zero
to time axis in
c. Zero displacement (iii) Body reaching on
velocity-time graph
and finite distance point of projection
b. Straight line parallel ~i) Body In uniform
to time axis in motion (ov) A body moving on
position-time graph circular track with
c. Straight line parallel (iii) Body having unifonn speed 2 mls and
to position axis in acceleration complete one
position-time graph revolution

d. Straight line inclined (ov) Not possible (1) a(ii, iv), b{i), c(iii)
to 45' with time axis
In velocity-time graph (2) a(ii), b(i). c(iii)

(1) a(ii). b(i). c(iv), d(iii) (2) a(i). b(ii), c(iii). d(iv) (3) a(ii, iv), b(i), c(iii, iv)

(3) a(iii), b(ii), c(i). d(iv) (4) a(iv). b(iii), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(ii), b(i), c(iii, iv)

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mJMotlon Phyolcl • Claoa IX (l.evei-11) J

4. For the velocity-time graph shown in figure. match (1) a(i, ii. iii, iv), b(iii). c(ii), d(i)
the following columns (2) a(i, iv), b(iii), c(ii), d(i)
v(mls)
(3) a(i. ii, iv). b(iii), c(ii). d(i)
(4) a(i, ii), b(iii). c(ii). d(i)
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .
5. Match the following :
Column I Column II
l(s) a. Motion of freely (i) Retardation
8 falling body
-10 b. Reading of (ii) Average speed
speedometer

Column I Column II c. Movement of tips of (iii) No~uniform motion

hands of a clock
a. Constant (i) t = Otot = 2s
acceleration d. Brakes applied on a (IV) Uniform circular
moving car motion
b. Zero displacement (ii) t = 2stot = 4s
(v) Instantaneous speed
c. Increasing speed (iii) t = Otol = 4s
d Negative (IV) t = 4stot=8s (1) a(iv), b(ii), c(lii), d(l) (2) a(iii), b(ii), c(iv), d(i)
displacement (3) a(iii), b{v). c(iv). d(i) (4) a(iv). b(v). c(iii). d(i)

0 Q 0

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