1)

t = 5 * 3600; % Time duration (seconds)

k = 0.78; % Thermal conductivity (W/m·°C)
dT = 10 - 3; % Temperature difference (°C)

% Heat loss calculation

heat_loss_05cm = k * dT * t / (0.5 / 100) / 1000; % for 0.5 cm thickness
heat_loss_1cm = k * dT * t / (1 / 100) / 1000; % for 1 cm thickness

% Plotting the effect of glass thickness on heat loss

thickness_range = linspace(0.002, 0.02, 100);
heat_loss_range = k * dT * t ./ (thickness_range * 100) / 1000;

figure;
plot(thickness_range * 100, heat_loss_range, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Glass Thickness (cm)');
ylabel('Heat Loss (kJ)');
title('Effect of Glass Thickness on Heat Loss');
grid on;

2)

d = 5 / 100; % Diameter (m)

T_surface = 70; % Surface temperature (°C)
T_surrounding = 20; % Surrounding temperature (°C)
h_range = linspace(5, 30, 100); % Convection coefficient (W/m^2 · °C)
epsilon = [0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1]; % Emissivity

% Constants
sigma = 5.67e-8; % Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m^2 · K^4)

% Heat transfer rate calculation

heat_transfer_rates = zeros(length(epsilon), length(h_range));
for i = 1:length(epsilon)
for j = 1:length(h_range)
convective_heat = h_range(j) * pi * d * (T_surface - T_surrounding);
radiative_heat = epsilon(i) * sigma * pi * d^2 * (T_surface + 273.15)^4;
heat_transfer_rates(i, j) = convective_heat + radiative_heat;
end
end

% Plotting
figure;
plot(h_range, heat_transfer_rates, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m^2 · °C)');
ylabel('Rate of Heat Transfer (W)');
title('Effect of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient on Heat Transfer Rate');
legend('Emissivity = 0.1', 'Emissivity = 0.5', 'Emissivity = 0.8', 'Emissivity =
1');
grid on;

3)

% Given data
V_refrigerant_initial = 0.01; % Initial volume of refrigerant-134a (m^3)
T_final = 20 + 273.15; % Final temperature of the refrigerant (K)
P_final = 400e3; % Final pressure of the refrigerant (Pa)

% Constants
R_specific = 188.93; % Specific gas constant for refrigerant-134a (J/kg·K)

% Range of initial pressures

P_initial_range = linspace(0.5e6, 1.5e6, 100); % Initial pressure range (Pa)

% Initialize array to store tank volumes

V_tank_final = zeros(size(P_initial_range));

% Loop over different initial pressures

for i = 1:length(P_initial_range)
P_initial = P_initial_range(i);

% Calculate initial mass of refrigerant using its specific volume at initial

state
v_specific_initial = 1 / V_refrigerant_initial; % Specific volume at initial
state (m^3/kg)
m_refrigerant_initial = V_refrigerant_initial / v_specific_initial; % Initial
mass of refrigerant (kg)

% Calculate specific volume of refrigerant at final state using the ideal gas
law
v_specific_final = R_specific * T_final / P_final;

% Calculate volume of the tank at final state

V_tank_final(i) = m_refrigerant_initial * v_specific_final;
end

% Plotting the effect of initial pressure on tank volume

plot(P_initial_range / 1e6, V_tank_final, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Initial Pressure (MPa)');
ylabel('Volume of the Tank at Final State (m^3)');
title('Effect of Initial Pressure on Tank Volume');
grid on;

4)

% Constants
R = 8.314; % Gas constant in J/(mol*K)
% Initial conditions
V1 = 0.5; % Volume of tank 1 in m^3
T1 = 20 + 273.15; % Temperature of tank 1 in K
P1 = 600 * 1000; % Pressure of tank 1 in Pa
V2 = 0.5; % Volume of tank 2 in m^3
T2 = 30 + 273.15; % Temperature of tank 2 in K
P2 = 150 * 1000; % Pressure of tank 2 in Pa
T_surroundings = -10:1:30; % Surroundings temperature range in °C
T_surroundings = T_surroundings + 273.15; % Convert to Kelvin

% Preallocate array to store final pressures

final_pressure = zeros(size(T_surroundings));

for i = 1:length(T_surroundings)
% Calculate final equilibrium pressure
T_sur = T_surroundings(i);
n1 = (P1*V1)/(R*T1); % moles of gas in tank 1
n2 = (P2*V2)/(R*T2); % moles of gas in tank 2
n_total = n1 + n2; % total moles of gas
V_total = V1 + V2; % total volume
T_final = (T1*n1*T1 + T2*n2*T2 + T_sur*n_total)/(n1*T1 + n2*T2 + n_total); %
final temperature
final_pressure(i) = (n_total*R*T_final)/V_total; % final pressure
end

% Plot
figure;
plot(final_pressure / 1000, T_surroundings, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Final Pressure (kPa)');
ylabel('Surroundings Temperature (K)');
title('Final Pressure vs Surroundings Temperature');
grid on;

5)

% Given data
P = 10e6; % Pressure (Pa)
T = 400 + 273.15; % Temperature (K)

% Constants
R = 8.314; % Universal gas constant (J/mol·K)

% Ideal gas equation

v_ideal_gas = R * T / P;

% Calculate percent error for ideal gas approximation using steam tables
T_range = 325:25:600; % Temperature range (°C)
v_steam_tables = 0.0428; % Specific volume at 10 MPa and 400°C (m^3/kg)
v_percent_error = abs(v_steam_tables - R * (T_range + 273.15) / P) / v_steam_tables
* 100;

% Plot percent error against temperature

plot(T_range, v_percent_error, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Temperature (°C)');
ylabel('Percent Error in Ideal Gas Approximation (%)');
title('Percent Error in Ideal Gas Approximation vs Temperature');
grid on;

6)

% Given data
diameter_range = linspace(5, 15, 100); % Balloon diameter range (m)
T = 20 + 273.15; % Temperature (K)
P_values = [100e3, 200e3]; % Pressure values (Pa)
Molar_mass = 4.002602; % Molar mass of helium (g/mol)

% Constants
R = 8.314; % Universal gas constant (J/mol·K)

% Loop over different pressures

for j = 1:length(P_values)
P = P_values(j);
% Calculate volume of the balloon
volume = (4/3) * pi * (diameter_range/2).^3;
% Calculate number of moles of helium using ideal gas law
n = P * volume / (R * T);
% Calculate mass of helium
mass = n * Molar_mass; % Mass in grams
% Plot mass of helium against balloon diameter for current pressure
plot(diameter_range, mass, 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
end

% Add labels and legend

xlabel('Balloon Diameter (m)');
ylabel('Mass of Helium (g)');
title('Effect of Balloon Diameter on Mass of Helium');
legend('Pressure = 100 kPa', 'Pressure = 200 kPa');
grid on;

7)

% Constants
R = 8.314; % Universal gas constant in J/(mol*K)
v = 1; % Specific volume in m^3
m = 2.841; % Mass of steam in kg
P_range = 0.1:0.1:1; % Pressure range in MPa

% (a) Ideal gas equation

T_ideal = (P_range * 1e6 * v) / (R * 1000); % Convert pressure from MPa to Pa, R
from J/(mol*K) to kJ/(kg*K)

% (b) Van der Waals equation

a = 0.4077; % Van der Waals constant in m^3/(kg*K)
b = 3.7934e-5; % Van der Waals constant in m^3/kg
T_vdw = arrayfun(@(P) fzero(@(T) (R * 1000 * T * v) - (P + a * (m / v)^2) * v + b *
P * m, 300), P_range * 1e6);

% (c) Steam tables (Interpolation)

P_steam = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1]; % Pressure from steam
tables in MPa
T_steam = [350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440]; % Corresponding
temperature in K
T_interp = interp1(P_steam, T_steam, P_range);

% Plot percent error in ideal gas approximation

percent_error = abs((T_ideal - T_interp) ./ T_interp) * 100;

plot(P_range, percent_error, 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Pressure (MPa)');
ylabel('Percent Error (%)');
title('Percent Error in Ideal Gas Approximation vs Pressure');
grid on;

8)

% Given data
V_initial = 200; % Initial volume (L)
T_initial = 20; % Initial temperature (°C)
T_final = 70; % Final temperature (°C)
P_range = linspace(400, 1200, 100); % Pressure range (kPa)

% Constants
R_specific = 0.18893; % Specific gas constant for refrigerant-134a (kJ/kg·K)
Molar_mass = 102.03; % Molar mass of refrigerant-134a (g/mol)

% Convert temperatures to Kelvin

T_initial_K = T_initial + 273.15;
T_final_K = T_final + 273.15;

% Initialize array to store work done

work_done = zeros(size(P_range));
% Calculate work done for each pressure in the range
for i = 1:length(P_range)
P = P_range(i); % Pressure (kPa)

% Calculate initial specific volume using ideal gas law for saturated liquid
v_initial = R_specific * T_initial_K / P;

% Calculate final specific volume using ideal gas law for superheated vapor
v_final = R_specific * T_final_K / P;

% Calculate work done using area under the curve (trapezoidal rule)
work_done(i) = (v_final - v_initial) * P * 1000; % Convert from kJ to J
end

% Plot work done versus pressure

figure;
plot(P_range, work_done, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Pressure (kPa)');
ylabel('Work Done (J)');
title('Effect of Pressure on Work Done');
grid on;

% Plot process on P-v diagram

figure;
hold on;
plot([V_initial V_initial], [P_range(1) P_range(end)], 'k--', 'LineWidth', 2); %
Initial vertical line
plot([V_initial v_final], [P_range(end) P_range(end)], 'k--', 'LineWidth', 2); %
Final horizontal line
plot([V_initial v_final], [P_range(1) P_range(end)], 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); %
Process line
hold off;
xlabel('Volume (L)');
ylabel('Pressure (kPa)');
title('P-v Diagram for Process');
legend('Initial State', 'Final State', 'Process');
grid on;

9)

% Given data
m_water = 50; P_initial = 250e3; T_initial = 25 + 273.15; A_piston = 0.1; V_final_1
= 0.2; V_final_2 = V_final_1 + 0.2;
k_spring_range = linspace(50e3, 500e3, 100); delta_x = 0.2; delta_x_additional =
0.2;

% Constants
R_specific = 8.314; Molar_mass = 18.01528;

% Calculate initial volume and force exerted by the piston

V_initial = m_water * R_specific * T_initial / (P_initial * 1000);
F_initial = P_initial * A_piston;

% Initialize arrays
[P_final, boundary_work] = deal(zeros(size(k_spring_range)));

% Loop over different spring constants

for i = 1:length(k_spring_range)
k_spring = k_spring_range(i);

% Calculate final force exerted by the piston after reaching the spring
F_final = k_spring * delta_x;

% Calculate work done during the process

boundary_work(i) = F_initial * delta_x + 0.5 * k_spring * delta_x_additional^2;

% Calculate final pressure using the ideal gas law

V_final = V_initial + A_piston * delta_x + A_piston * delta_x_additional;
P_final(i) = m_water * R_specific * T_initial / (V_final * 1000);
end

% Plot final pressure and work done against spring constant

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(k_spring_range / 1e3, P_final / 1e3, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Spring Constant (kN/m)'); ylabel('Final Pressure (kPa)'); title('Effect of
Spring Constant on Final Pressure'); grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(k_spring_range / 1e3, boundary_work / 1e3, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Spring Constant (kN/m)'); ylabel('Boundary Work Done (kJ)'); title('Effect
of Spring Constant on Boundary Work Done'); grid on;

10)

% Given data
P_in = 300e3; % Inlet pressure (Pa)
T_in = 200 + 273.15; % Inlet temperature (K)
V_in = 30; % Inlet velocity (m/s)
P_out = 100e3; % Outlet pressure (Pa)
V_out = 180; % Outlet velocity (m/s)
A_in = 80 / 1e4; % Inlet area (m^2)

% Constants
gamma = 1.4; % Specific heat ratio for air
% (a) Calculate mass flow rate through the nozzle using mass flow rate equation
rho_in = P_in / (287 * T_in); % Inlet density (kg/m^3)
m_dot = rho_in * V_in * A_in; % Mass flow rate (kg/s)

% (b) Calculate exit temperature of the air using isentropic relations

T_out = T_in * (P_out / P_in)^((gamma-1)/gamma); % Exit temperature (K)

% (c) Calculate exit area of the nozzle using continuity equation

A_out = m_dot / (rho_in * V_out); % Exit area (m^2)

% Print results
fprintf('(a) Mass flow rate: %.4f kg/s\n', m_dot);
fprintf('(b) Exit temperature: %.2f K\n', T_out);
fprintf('(c) Exit area: %.4f m^2\n', A_out);

% Effect of inlet area on mass flow rate, exit temperature, and exit area
A_in_range = linspace(50 / 1e4, 150 / 1e4, 100); % Inlet area range (m^2)

% Initialize arrays to store results

m_dot_range = zeros(size(A_in_range));
T_out_range = zeros(size(A_in_range));
A_out_range = zeros(size(A_in_range));

% Loop over different inlet areas

for i = 1:length(A_in_range)
A_in_temp = A_in_range(i);

% Calculate mass flow rate

m_dot_range(i) = rho_in * V_in * A_in_temp;

% Calculate exit temperature

T_out_range(i) = T_in * (P_out / P_in)^((gamma-1)/gamma);

% Calculate exit area

A_out_range(i) = m_dot_range(i) / (rho_in * V_out);
end

% Plot results against inlet area

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(A_in_range * 1e4, m_dot_range, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Inlet Area (cm^2)');
ylabel('Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)');
title('Effect of Inlet Area on Mass Flow Rate');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(A_in_range * 1e4, T_out_range, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Inlet Area (cm^2)');
ylabel('Exit Temperature (K)');
title('Effect of Inlet Area on Exit Temperature');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(A_in_range * 1e4, A_out_range * 1e4, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Inlet Area (cm^2)');
ylabel('Exit Area (cm^2)');
title('Effect of Inlet Area on Exit Area');
grid on;

11)

Not done

12)

% Given data
T_source_range = linspace(300, 1000, 100); % Source temperature range (°C)
T_sink_range = [0, 25, 50]; % Sink temperature range (°C)
Q_in = 1200 * 60; % Heat supplied to the engine (kJ/min) converted to kJ/s

% Constants
T_0 = 273.15; % Absolute zero temperature (K)

% Initialize arrays to store results

power_produced = zeros(length(T_source_range), length(T_sink_range));
cycle_efficiency = zeros(length(T_source_range), length(T_sink_range));

% Loop over different source temperatures

for i = 1:length(T_source_range)
T_source = T_source_range(i) + T_0; % Source temperature (K)

% Loop over different sink temperatures

for j = 1:length(T_sink_range)
T_sink = T_sink_range(j) + T_0; % Sink temperature (K)

% Calculate Carnot efficiency

efficiency_carnot = 1 - T_sink / T_source;

% Calculate maximum power output (W)

max_power_output = Q_in * efficiency_carnot;

% Store results
power_produced(i, j) = max_power_output;
cycle_efficiency(i, j) = efficiency_carnot;
end
end
% Plot power produced and cycle efficiency against source temperature
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T_source_range, power_produced, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Source Temperature (°C)');
ylabel('Power Produced (W)');
title('Effect of Source Temperature on Power Produced');
legend('Sink Temp: 0°C', 'Sink Temp: 25°C', 'Sink Temp: 50°C');
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T_source_range, cycle_efficiency, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Source Temperature (°C)');
ylabel('Cycle Efficiency');
title('Effect of Source Temperature on Cycle Efficiency');
legend('Sink Temp: 0°C', 'Sink Temp: 25°C', 'Sink Temp: 50°C');
grid on;

13)

% Given data
m_steam = 0.0103; % Mass of steam (kg)
W_net_range = linspace(15, 25, 100); % Net work output range (kJ)

% Constants
R_specific = 0.4615; % Specific gas constant for steam (kJ/kg·K)

% Calculate maximum absolute temperature (Tw) and minimum absolute temperature (Tc)
Tw = 2 * 273.15; % Max absolute temperature (K)
Tc = 273.15; % Min absolute temperature (K)

% Initialize array to store temperature of steam during heat rejection process

T_reject = zeros(size(W_net_range));

% Loop over different net work outputs

for i = 1:length(W_net_range)
W_net = W_net_range(i); % Net work output (kJ)

% Calculate heat input and heat rejection

Q_in = W_net / (1 - Tw/Tc); % Heat input (kJ)
Q_out = Q_in - W_net; % Heat rejection (kJ)

% Calculate temperature of steam during heat rejection process

T_reject(i) = (Q_out / (m_steam * R_specific)) + 273.15; % Convert to °C
end

% Plot temperature of steam during heat rejection process against net work output
plot(W_net_range, T_reject, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Net Work Output (kJ)');
ylabel('Temperature during Heat Rejection (°C)');
title('Effect of Net Work Output on Steam Temperature during Heat Rejection');
grid on;

14)

% Given data
Q_added_range = [500, 900, 1300]; % Heat added to the working fluid (kJ)
T_source_range = linspace(100, 1000, 100); % Source temperature range (°C)

% Constants
R_specific = 0.287; % Specific gas constant for air (kJ/kg·K)

% Initialize arrays to store results

entropy_change_fluid = zeros(length(T_source_range), length(Q_added_range));
entropy_change_source = -entropy_change_fluid; % Source entropy change is the
negative of fluid entropy change
total_entropy_change = entropy_change_fluid + entropy_change_source;

% Loop over different amounts of heat added

for i = 1:length(Q_added_range)
Q_added = Q_added_range(i); % Heat added to the working fluid (kJ)

% Loop over different source temperatures

for j = 1:length(T_source_range)
T_source = T_source_range(j) + 273.15; % Source temperature (K)

% Calculate entropy changes

entropy_change_fluid(j, i) = Q_added / T_source;
total_entropy_change(j, i) = 0;
end
end

% Plot entropy changes against source temperature for different heat added
figure;
for i = 1:length(Q_added_range)
subplot(3,1,i);
plot(T_source_range, entropy_change_fluid(:, i), 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
plot(T_source_range, entropy_change_source(:, i), 'LineWidth', 2);
plot(T_source_range, total_entropy_change(:, i), 'LineWidth', 2);
hold off;
xlabel('Source Temperature (°C)');
ylabel('Entropy Change (kJ/K)');
title(sprintf('Effect of Source Temperature on Entropy Change (Q = %d kJ)',
Q_added_range(i)));
legend('Working Fluid', 'Source', 'Total');
 grid on;
end

15)

% Given data
m_aluminum = 20; % Mass of aluminum block (kg)
T_aluminum_initial = 200 + 273.15; % Initial temperature of aluminum block (K)
m_iron_range = 1:10; % Range of mass of iron block (kg)
T_iron_initial = 100 + 273.15; % Initial temperature of iron block (K)
m_total = m_aluminum + m_iron_range; % Total mass of both blocks (kg)

% Constants
C_aluminum = 0.903; % Specific heat capacity of aluminum (kJ/kg·K)
C_iron = 0.449; % Specific heat capacity of iron (kJ/kg·K)

% Initialize arrays to store results

T_final = zeros(size(m_iron_range)); % Final equilibrium temperature (K)
delta_S_total = zeros(size(m_iron_range)); % Total entropy change (kJ/K)

% Loop over different masses of iron block

for i = 1:length(m_iron_range)
m_iron = m_iron_range(i);

% Calculate the final equilibrium temperature

T_final(i) = (m_aluminum * C_aluminum * T_aluminum_initial + m_iron * C_iron *
T_iron_initial) / (m_total(i) * (C_aluminum + C_iron));

% Calculate the entropy change for aluminum block

delta_S_aluminum = m_aluminum * C_aluminum * log(T_final(i) /
T_aluminum_initial);

% Calculate the entropy change for iron block

delta_S_iron = m_iron * C_iron * log(T_final(i) / T_iron_initial);

% Calculate the total entropy change

delta_S_total(i) = delta_S_aluminum + delta_S_iron;
end

% Plot equilibrium temperature and total entropy change against iron mass
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(m_iron_range, T_final, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Mass of Iron Block (kg)');
ylabel('Equilibrium Temperature (K)');
title('Effect of Iron Mass on Equilibrium Temperature');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(m_iron_range, delta_S_total, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Mass of Iron Block (kg)');
ylabel('Total Entropy Change (kJ/K)');
title('Effect of Iron Mass on Total Entropy Change');
grid on;