Padmashri Annasaheb Jadhav Bharatiya Samaj Unnati Mandal's
B.N.N. College (Arts, Science & Commerce), Bhiwandi
Dist. Thane (Maharashtra)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Class: T.Y.B.Sc.
Subject: Analytical Chemistry [Paper-IV]
Semester-VI
Unit- II [Methods of Separation -II]
BY
Subject : Analytical Chemistry
Contents: Semester VI
Unit – I: Electroanalytical Techniques
1.1 Polarography
1.2 Amperometric Titrations
Unit – II: Methods of Separation-II
2.1 Gas Chromatography
2.2 Ion exchange Chromatography
Unit – III: Food and Cosmetics analysis
3.1 Introduction to Food Chemistry
3.2 Cosmetics
Unit – IV: Thermal Methods and Analytical Methods
4.1 Thermal Methods
4.2 Analytical Method Validation
Unit – II: Methods of Separation-II
Gas Chromatography
Link for animated video of GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgdcyAQDKro
Ion-exchange chromatography
The term ion-exchange referes to reversible exchange of ions, of similar charge between a
solid phase (resin) and a Liquid phase (solution -mobile ions or counter ions). i.e solid stationary
phase and liquid mobile phase
The solid phase consisit of natural or synthetic crystal lattice , that is insoluble in but
permeable to the liquid phase
An ion-exchange material is composed of charged groups that are fixed and ions of opposite
that are able to move . The ions that are able to move are called mobile ions or counter ions.
These mobile ions can be exchanged for ions in solution provided electrical neutrality is
maintained.
Classification of ion exchangers
I. Cation exchangers- These contain acidic mobile ions or functional groups, such as
sulphonic group(-SO3H), carboxylic group (-COOH) and phenolic group(-OH).
II. Anion exchangers- These contain basic functional group and halides.
III. Bifunctional exchangers- These contain two functional groups, acidic and basic.
Cation exchange take place at the sulphonic group and
anionic exchange take place at the quaternary ammonium group.
Requirements of ion exchange material (Resin) :
1] The resin must be sufficiently cross linked so that its solubility is negligible.
2] It should be porous so that migration of ions through a packed column can takes
place at a reasonable rate.
3] A sufficient number of functional groups must be present in the resin so as to
effect an efficient ion exchange.
4] the resin should be chemically stable and denser than water.
Swelling process: A resin contains a high proportion of polar group within it .hence
large quantity of water, which is some times gram per gram of dry resin, is able to
penetrate the resin bead and destroy the resin structure . The distortion causes the
resin to swell and the process is known as swelling.
Process of Ion-exchnage
Ion- exchangers can be regarded as insoluble acids, bases or salts. The process of ion
exchange considered as similar to salt formation or salt displacement.
The conversion of hydrogen form or a hydroxyl form of an ion-exchanger into its
sodium or chloride form can be treated as salt formation.
R-H+ + Na+ R-Na+ + H+
R-OH- + Cl- R-Cl - + OH-
The conversion of one salt form to another form treated as double
decomposition.
R-Na+ + K+ R-K+ + Na+
R-Cl- + Br- R-Br- + Cl-
A strongly acidic cation exchanger behaves like strong acid and
completely ionised over wide range of pH.
2RSO3- H+ + CaCl2 (RSO3-)2 Ca2+ + 2HCl
An acidic cation exchanger containing carboxylic group –COOH or the
phenolic group (-OH) is weakly acidic ionises only in alkaline medium.
A strongly basic anion exchanger ionises over the whole range of pH.
RN(CH3)3+OH- + Cl- RN(CH3)3+Cl- + OH-
Weakly basic anion exchanger ionises pH less than 7.
Link for animated video of ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4U4ndf2ayg
