Day 01 : Design Process

“Vito”
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What are our department’s jobs???

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So we want to design an aircraft.
First, we must know the aircraft
parts and its function
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What main parts are on the aircraft??

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What is Design?
A decision-making process (most of the time iterative), in which the engineering science and
mathematics are applied to convert resources into a stated objective.

Design is defined as mapping process from functional space to the physical space to satisfy the
designer-specified goals or objectives.

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What is Design?
In general, a design process includes three major operations: analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
(Sadraey)

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Classes of Design
● Routine Design 🡪🡪 Known knowledge, parameters, standards, methods , etc
● Innovative Design 🡪🡪 Novel solution, no standards, known knowledge
● Creative Design 🡪🡪 New knowledge

Design Challenges
(4Cs of Design)
● Creativity 🡪🡪 Requires creation of something that has not existed before or not existed in the
designer’s mind before
● Complexity 🡪🡪 Requires decisions on many variables and parameters
● Choice 🡪🡪 Requires making choices between many possible solutions at all levels, from
basic concepts to smallest detail of shape
● Compromise 🡪🡪 Balancing multiple and sometimes conflicting requirements

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Seni Mendesain
Putuskan (decision making)
konfigurasi terbaik teroptimal yang
bisa memenuhi 3 kriteria berikut:
1. Functionality (memenuhi semua
kebutuhan)
2. Feasibility (mampu diwujudkan
dari segi manufaktur, biaya, dan
waktu)
3. Reliability (dapat diandalkan
terus menerus) Penting: terutama untuk tim TD

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What is Design Thinking ?

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What must we do when designing an
aircraft?
1.Know THE PURPOSE of your design!
2.Compare with existing stuffs
3.Make concepts and sketches
4.Predict weight and size
5.Do the aerodynamics stuffs
6.Make detailed cad model
7.Make production plan
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8.Make it REAL!
9.REVISE and IMPROVE it AksantaraITB
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Design Process

YES

NO
DRO- Design Requirements and Objectives

●As the name implies, it defines ALL the

requirements and objectives of our design
●Requirements - Parameters demanded by the
client/ competition to be fulfilled in our design
●Objectives - Parameters that WE want to
achieve in our design
●Good interpretation and formulation of DRO aksantaraitb
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is essential for a good design

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Let’s formulate example of DRO

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Example of Objectives

• By April 2020, Racing Plane Team Design Engineer

will design a UAV with a less than 12 m/s stall speed
but capable of flying with a speed of 55 m/s

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Setting Our Objectives
S.M.A.R.T Objectives

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Max E. Douglas’ model for writing
effective objectives
1.The word to followed by
2.an action verb.
3.A statement of the single, specific, measurable result to be
achieved.
4.A target date.
Ex: To achieve a 12% increase of CL/CD over
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Pendekatan Alternatif:
Buat semacam Visi Misi
Visi
Apa yang ingin kita capai?
Misi
Apa saja yang kita perlukan untuk
mencapai Visi tersebut?
Bagaimana mencapai visi tersebut? Apa aja misi yang kurang?

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TENTUKAN SKALA PRIORITAS
Mana yang harus kudu wajib dipenuhi (Demand), mana yang nice to have tapi ga wajib (Wish)

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EXERCISE 01
Buat Visi Misi wahana dari sebuah UAV VTOL yang memiliki misi memadamkan kebakaran.
Tentukan prioritas Demand dan Wishnya!
Waktu: 5 menit

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Always define, formulate, and write
down the DRO clearly and concisely.

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Conceptual Design

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Conceptual Design
➔Design phase where we conceptualize and/ or
sketch the configuration, basic form, rough
component layout, and constraints of the aircraft to
be designed and also compare it with existing similar
designs.
➔The concept is formulated based on
the DRO aksantaraitb
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➔“Brainstorming” phase AksantaraITB

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 What are the important things to do?
1. Establish strong foundation or philosophy behind the
design. (VERY IMPORTANT!!!)
2. Study books and journal article as many as you can!
3. Do a comparative study - gather similarly designed aircrafts,
note each pros and cons for reference
4. Define the constraints of the design based on our needs and
limitations
5. Sketch several possible configurations for the design and aksantaraitb
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choose according to our objectives and constraints

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Things to note
● We don’t play with numbers yet!
● Make as many options/ sketches as possible
● Doing comparative study is a must.
● Every single element and argumentation of
the concept must be justified
● Consider every major features of the aksantaraitb
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aircraft in the concept AksantaraITB

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What are the major features?
Minimum:
• All aerodynamic surfaces configuration: Wing, VTP, HTP.
• Propulsion configuration
• Fuselage configuration
• System layout

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Flowchart

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Functional
Analysis
Exercise 02:
Buat Functional Analysis
dari Fire Fighting UAV
Sebelumnya (5 menit)

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Bandingkan
Antara Opsi
Desain

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 Menjawab dua pertanyaan ini:

Feasibility Kedua pertanyaan di atas harus terjawab “yes”:

- Kalau pertanyaan pertama = “no”, ubah design

Analysis objectives.
- Kalau pertanyaan kedua = “no”, ubah
konsep/konfigurasi desain

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Sketching helps us visualize the
physical form of the design.

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Case Example

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KRTI - Racing Plane (RP)
Missions : Straight line,
round trip grouped elimination race;
Autonomous flight

Philosophy : Simple, robust,

compact, affordable
and uncompromised speed

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KRTI - Fixed Wing (FW)
Missions : monitoring and mapping, autonomous long range
and time flight
Philosophy : stable, relatively fast, high endurance and range,
high tech payload

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KRTI - Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL)
Missions : Payload dropping race, autonomous flight

Philosophy : stable, lightweight, agile, and safety can be fun

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EXERCISE 03
TENTUKAN FILOSOFI DESAIN UNTUK PESAWAT “RC TRAINER
AIRCRAFT” ! (3 menit)
Misi: Sebagai wahana latihan untuk calon pilot UAV.

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Preliminary Design
➔ “Optimization, Analysis, and Aerodynamic & Structural
simulation ” Phase
➔ Three fundamental aircraft parameters determined first during
the preliminary design phase are: (i) Aircraft Maximum TakeOff
Weight (MTOW), (ii) Wing Loading to calculate wing reference
area, (iii) Thrust to Weight Ratio
➔ These three parameters will govern the aircraft size,
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What are the important things to do?
1. Collect required component (airframe, electrical component)
weight data > Take off weight Calculation. Don’t forget to
include safety factor.
2. Define wing loading > wing reference area
3. Define thrust to weight ratio > required propulsion system
4. Airfoil selection
5. Initial sizing (wing, fuselage, tail) and analyze to get
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aerodynamic data
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Matching Chart
What’s next???
6. Electrical component layout > Fuselage sizing and geometry
7. Material selection > Less weight, better!
8. Weight and Balance (Mass Distribution and CG Location)
9. Analyze aircraft performance using aerodynamic data from
software (Javafoil, XFLR5, CFD, OpenVSP, etc)
10. Analyze flight dynamic of aircraft

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JANGAN TAKUT BERASUMSI!
Selama asumsi yang digunakan dalam analisis logis
dan cukup merepresentasikan kondisi real yang terjadi.

“Lebih baik kita tau sedikit-sedikit daripada kita tidak tahu sama
sekali.”

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TERAPKAN SAFETY FACTOR
DALAM PERHITUNGAN!
● Kondisi ideal tidak dapat dimodelkan 100%
sehingga diperlukan mekanisme untuk
mengantisipasi hal tersebut -> Safety factor
● Minimal 1.5 untuk dunia penerbangan.
● Safety factor terlalu besar juga tidak baik.

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CEK PERFORMA WAHANA UNTUK SETIAP
SEGMEN MISI!!!!

Koordinasi dengan pihak-pihak yang game

plan dan mission planning!
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Preliminary Design Checklist

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 The key activity during
preliminary design is “lofting”.
Output of preliminary design is
design layout
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"The devil is in the detail"
- Anonymous

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Detailed Design
➔ “Detailing the actual parts” phase. All the “little pieces” not
even considered during preliminary design must be designed
during this phase. Example : spar.
➔ Another important task during the detail design phase is
production design. Determine how the UAV will be fabricated,
starting with the smallest and simplest subassemblies and
building up to the final assembly process
➔ At this phase, compromises are inevitable, but aksantaraitb
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the design must still meet DRO
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Things to Note
1. Design production must be clear

1. Design production must be in accordance with manufacturing

method in Aksantara

1. Design department must coordinate and communicate with

manufacture department to formulate the design production

1. The dimensions of the reference must be evidence

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Some General Guidelines
Pastikan desain SESUAI TUJUAN/DRO!
It’s about COMPROMISE!
Keep it SIMPLE!
Penuhi kebutuhan DIVISI LAIN!
Sesuaikan dengan teknologi yang kita PUNYA!
Yang penting IT WORKS!
GUNAKAN SENSE DESIGN
Pakai konfigurasi yang sudah PROVEN sebagai referensi
Selalu KOORDINASI DAN KOMUNIKASI!
VALIDASI, CHECK, AND RECHECK!
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"The best design is the simplest
one that works"
- Albert Einstein

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EVALUATE YOUR DESIGN

● Current State: Approach speed terlalu cepat. Manuver landing sulit.

Future State (Ideal): Wahana dapat approach dengan pelan sehingga
proses landing aman.
● Gap: Stall speed wahana terlalu tinggi sehingga wahana tidak dapat
terbang dengan approach speed rendah.
● Improve (Action Plan): Menggunakan flaps pada wahana.
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INVESTIGATE YOUR PROBLEM

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EXERCISE 04
INVESTIGASI KEMUNGKINAN KEGAGALAN
WAHANA DI VIDEO INI (5 menit) BERDASARKAN
FRAMEWORK FISHBONE
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LwD8_MNiqorEBF_e09LWiypaD5XXYmMX/
view?usp=sharing

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Terakhir….
harap untuk diingat, diperhatikan, dan diterapkan

KULTUR AMD:
LITERASI, DISKUSI,EVALUASI
Jangan malas baca atau cari ilmu pengetahuan dari sumber apapun.
Diskusikan dengan rekan-rekan AMD lain.
Libatkan anggota AMD senior dalam proses validasi (wajib) dan brainstorming.
Jangan malu bertanya. Malu bertanya sesat di jalan jatuh pesawat kalian!
Evaluasi secara berkala. Ingat: Tidak ada desain yang sempurna!
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TUGAS
1. Pilih salah satu lomba KRTI 2021
2. Kaji ketentuan perlombaan tersebut. Tentukan objective yang ingin dicapai.
3. Buat conceptual design berdasarkan kajian wahana. Beri beberapa opsi
konfigurasi. Lakukan kajian conceptual design dan pilih yang menurut kalian
terbaik.
4. Gunakan framework yang sudah ada dalam mengerjakan soal.
5. Lampirkan jawaban pada exercise-exercise sebelumnya di file yang sama.
6. Kumpulkan di s.id/Tugas01AMD. Format file pengumpulan tertera di form.
7. Cantumkan referensi yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.
8. Jangan nyontek. Kerjakan secara mandiri.
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9. Deadline: Senin, 6 Maret 202. Pukul 23.59

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TERIMA KASIH

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