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/ 166
RACE AND
CIVILIZATION
by
FRIEDRICH HERTZ
‘Dike.
Translated by
A. S, LEVETUS and W. ENTZ
LONDON,
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD.
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
1928 CONTENTS
““gwprevarions 5 so
Pore. 7. fa
I. Race Harazp ano Tuzonirs of Rack. 1
yace Theory, the Evaluation of Races, and Race
Tastinet
~cistotie’s Justification of Slavery | 4
the Privileges of Arstocracy Justia ;
+ Fie Origin of he Aryan Cree é
Bilief in Race and Nationalism in France” 7
Bhief in Race in Eneldha Dolo 8
Bilief in Race in Germany fo Dt ae
Race Hatred ia America 2
Race Hatred, World Trade, a wna Biace : 33
fface Theory and Sauctee 14
‘Notes to Chapters c Doe
ML, Tue Puvstcar Dievenexens nerweny ue Races oF
Mawkinp ox Rezaviox to usin Mewran Liz. 20
“thie Term “« Race” +20
“he Problem Dolor
‘Unity of the Human Race—Primitive Forms | aa
righ and Variation of Race Characterntcs 3g
Stoll Formation. Dolo
Facial Bones | - lol foto
Facial Features Doll fotos
Brain Doll los
Colour of Skin, Hair, and Byes | 8
‘he son of Pare Racal Type: ‘Race anne ao
Notes to Chapter II “
HI. Rack axp Povcnorocy . toe
Instinct and Reason Mental Heredity... 50
Inherited Tendencies or Environment | +. 52
Eases; Nobility. 5
Genius, Heredity, and Environment Dols
‘The Conceptions of Race Character Dol
Qualitative Race Differences» Dolo
Distributive Race Character + fo
‘The Temperament Doctrine ol @
Evolution and Tradition | Doll 6 vi CONTENTS
Is Race Antipathy a Natural Law?
ace Hat and Word History
‘Notes to Chapter 111
Race anp LaNevace iw History 5.
‘The Indo-European Problem
Migrations and Crosangs in Aaciont ‘Times
War as Tacir in Race Mising and the Foring 3
‘Nations
Language no Tost of Raco
Relationship between the Aryan and other cr Language
Families
Languages and Cultural Value
‘Notes to Chapter IV
18
3
”
80
Be
89
9
98
V. Noxpies, Anvans, axp Orme Ermnfexrs 1x EUROPE .«* 100
Prohistorie Connexions. #
Prosont Distsibution of Racos
‘Tho Nordic Typoin Germany
Nordic Typo and Ancient Classic xan
‘Tho Pre-Aryans in Gresce
‘The Ligarians
‘The Exruseans
The Iberians
‘The Finns and Magyars -
‘Non-Aryan Features in
Genius and Raco
Notes to Chapter V
wrope
VI. Tue Pronzmt or Rack Mixine
Effects of Racial Crossings.
‘The Racial Compound of the Jews
Notes to Chapter VI :
VIL. Race Mixcuino axp Decay ov Narioxs «
‘The Fall of Rome -
‘Social Reasons for the Rise and Decline of Rome
‘The Decay of Grooce
‘The French Revolution -
Race Mixture and Cultural Development
Notes to Chapter VII 5
‘VII. Tae Mopuax Rack Tuzonris
Gobincan’s Theory.
‘The Anthropo-Sociologieal Selioot
The Race Theory of IL. §. Chamberlain
203
206
15
5
nb
15
ry
19
+133
136
137
337
2a
147
at
152
156
159
159
23
266 ‘The Race Theories of Eugen Fischer, Hans Guenther,
and F. Lene
~Some Amerian Race Theoég Lothrop Stdded,
“Madison Grant, W. McDougall
Notes to Chapter VIIT
IX,“ Reuicious Live oF THE ARvans AD SELOTES .
+ ocial Foundations of Aryans and Semites
Monotheism and Polyihetim =
Soot Foundations of Ieraal_ |
Religious and Morel Evolution of Inral
+ Cbsbtianity and Jadsiom 5
‘fomparison between" Aryan” “and « Semsite
Religitty clo 0
clgions Evolution of Tadia
Budabism « :
Tolerance |
Jedaism and the Cure”
‘Notes to Chapter IX,
X. Anvax axp Smurmic Civmuizarion
CConststution of the Family
Economics. :
Evolution of Right and Law ||
‘Human Rights among Semites and Aryans
Parallel Development of Right and Law among al
Races
Foundations of Formation of States)
Notes to Chaptar X
1. ON Racist. Canacery rom Pacenss
Character of Primitive Races.
‘The Negro Question in America
Former Basbarinm of Atyan Peoples and its Risin
Ear0pe + :
ecm Ries
ons Aryan Cris
Unity of Human Spit
‘Notes to Chapter XI
XIL, Ow que AutuceD “RaciaL CHARACTER" OF THE
| Teuress. cor
Parallels of Character of Primitive Foo
‘Teatonie Fidelity.
Entrance of the Teutos in History
Freedom and Pobtical Talent .
‘The Position of Women - 5
Killing the Aged
im
180
187
189
190
or
193
195
205
205
213,
25
23
228
238
230
233
235
239
240
22
5
245
250
253
259
259
26t
267
an
an
2p
277
286
287
285 XIII.
xv.
CONTENTS
Conifng of Work Was, Doing Robbery «ay
ot fo Chapter 21 Dt a
Gavenst Pancosoinios non Courunat Procnrss . 298
Physical Precondition fr Cultarl Progress. 300
Filer Prue fr Propo of Ctere Ss
Notes fo Chaps 311 = aan ce
Payenoroov anp Emacs or tum Race Tupomms . 310
ace Theory and Struggle for Lite « a
Trace and Demoeragy a
Fela of he Race Thies Sn Though S33
The Bikes of te Race Dogme as
RacallastnctandNadonal Peeing || 1 eo
nee Dota aod Inavidvaey : eS
Notesto Chapter XIV. e . | 1 326 ABBREVIATIONS
5 Archin for Antivpson
E Konesjondnbi dor dutch Gs far Autrepge,
‘Sincte und. Urge
= Jnl of the Roy dnthpsoil Inte of ret Brita
nd Iron © 5
= Zoe far aac
= Eitiepn nratona itch for Vatherand Spaced,
Dire far aston Gah
= Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
= Zora fur andopael
= ew for Mephesto
Tawra of dato ond Peony.
2 Data ot noma esc etre, Pars
= Verhentungen, ‘Dorner Gaaiche fur deplete,
‘at nd Cgc
= Patachantvopaogtce Reus
= Grune der Soalchonome
TF Honttach dv swpvchendon Paco, publ by G.Katia,
Soke ea PREFACE
GEVERAL crits ofthis book belive that F deny any corelation
between race and mentality. I wish, therefore, to state
once more that I db not assert definitely the absolute mental
equality of all races; nor can the opposite be demonstrated
convincingly. What history and ethnology seem to teach is
‘that the {mndamental traits are the same in all races, and that
the adaptability of individuals of one race to social and cultural
conditions created by other races is not limited by inherited
qualities. But probably there is at least a diversity of temperament
Detwedn cergain races and even small differences may sometimes
have great consequences. However, those theories, which try to
explain almost everything by temperament, seem completely
superseded to-day.
Another tenet of all race theories is that race mixing may be
followed by disastrous consequences. For this view also, no
evidence whatever bas proved conclusive.
My book has also been objected to as exaggerating the influence
of environment, but I do not at all think that environment is all
powerful, nor do I emphasize hereditary transmission of acquired
‘characteristics. This latter theory T even hold to be very
improbable, at least in the usual form, though the question is not
yet definitely settled, and, moreover, has no great importance for
the subject of this’ book. Generally, environment only offers
certain opportunities, and it depends on the historical level and the
cultural individuality of a people how it is used, though, of course,
‘opportunity may be a very strong factor. Much depends also on
the influence of individual leaders. But this influence is mainly
traceable in the formation of nations, notin that of races, with which
this book is exclusively concerned.
The theory of the great racial superiority of the “ Nordics
‘and of their r6le as the sole creators of all civilization first assumed
political importance as the gospel of the Pan-Germans, as worked
out by H.S. Chamberlain, It has become one of the most powerful
ideologies in modem Germany, and its part in the mentality leading
to the Great Waris indisputable. Now, however, some of the nations xl PREFACE
‘who were adversaries of Germany in the War seem to become more
‘and more infected by the unfortuiate product of Pan-German
arrogance themselves. Even where the antagonism between peoples
is more of an economic or social origin, it becomes hopelessly
aggravated and embittered by the introduction of race theories
asserting the natural right of one race to dominate others, or to
restrict by force their possibilities of existence. Thus facial
questions have become the greatest of all dangers to the peace and
the civilization of the world.
Vanna, 1028, RACE AND CIVILIZATION
CHAPTER I
RACE HATRED AND THEORIES OF RACE
ODS ef she most deplorable phenomens of recent yours has
‘etn the growth of the separative instincts among men. The
extraordiniry development of trade and trafic throughout the
‘world has reduced the spatial and mental distances between the
most, widely separated paoples. Tn place of these, however, have
appelied degp gulls between neighbours and even between con
stituent part$ of the same people® All nations have become more and
‘more bound together in a world-economy and a world-calture
the idea of permanent peace and organizations of all kinds striving
to bring nations together have spread widely. In strange contrast
to allthis we find a return to economic and political isolation, and
fa recrudescence of hatred against everything foreign or diferent
from the native type. Two powerful movements of our time—
nationalism and socialism—emphasize the feeling of community,
‘and yet at the same time racial hatred arrives to disrupt national
and social unity.
‘Our whole thinking is dominated by evolutionary ideas ; we
‘cannot escape the sense of relationship connecting all living beings—
an attitude for which scientific research in many felds offers the
most" convincing reasons, and through which a new religious
sentiment is growing up. Science and contemplation demonstrate
sore and mare the fact that nowhere are there hard and fast
lines of demarcation, that everything is in a state of endless
becoming, and that even the line between living and dead has
grown uncertain.
mn sharpest contrast to this is the doctrine, so often preached,
that within the human race, indeed even within nations, there
exist unbridgeable abysses, and that the diferences between races
fare so powerful as to be insurmountable, Race has become a
political slogan. Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism have played
4 fateful part in history, and already we arevhearing of Pan-
Islamism and a Pan-Altican race movement. 2 RACE HATRED
Tt is not difficult to see the close connexion between the race
argument and national antagonism, and yet the most superficial
glance shows that nation and race are by no means identical. Many
nations are indeed quite chance groupings ; they have sometimes
split off from their nearest blood relations, while the mingling of
various stocks has also played a part in their development, along
with conquest, dynastic marriages, and inheritances, and” other
similar factors. In spite of this, however, all nations like to cherish
‘two illusions: that they are of pure biood, and that racial
differences are very deep-seated. In nationalistic ideology almost
everywhere belief in race 1s 2 dominant factor. Its emergence
Jhas caused that intensification of national antagonism: which has
‘become such a danger to our civilisation.
Race Tapory, THe Evatustion or Recxs, anp Race Instixcr
Jn this book we shall confine qur attention to those theories of
race which sot out to establish, scientifically, the degree of innate
value of various peoples, and to deduce the whole movement of
history from "“ Race ”. In such theories the result is usually clear
from tho start, namely the glorification of one’s own stock, and the
cextenuation of the deeds of oppression and exploitation of others.
We certainly do not oppose the statement that there aro or may
bbe racial differences, we do not “‘dony that races exist ", as the
favourite phrase of certain people puts it. What we do oppose as a
degradation of true science is the clothing of mere greed and the
brutal lust of domination in the garments of scientific terminology.
‘The chiof content of race theories, in this sense isthe assumption
that the differences Letween peoples and even cortain differences
‘within a people are as decp-scatcd as they are enduring. Ono{s own
race is considered noble, the souree of all culture, the pioneer of
all progress. All other Tacos, on the other hand, are inferior, Jess
gifted, morally ignoble. Not all the power of civilizing tendencies,
of economic development, or of education, can avail to enable the
ignoble races to fre themselves from this inferiority. At best such
peoples can only copy superficially the example of a higher race :
a real cultural clevation would demand a change in the physical
basis of life, and could only be achieved by extensive intermingling.
This would, however, take place at the expense of the higher race,
which would be dragged down precisely as much as the lower race
rose. Very often it is even assumed that evory mingling of races
only leads to the combination in the product of all the bad qualities
cof both sides, Further it is asserted that race feeling (meaning, AND THEORIES OF RACE 3
in practice, racial arrogance and hatred) has been implanted in
man by nature, and that every dilution or obliteration of natural
antagonism must be rejected
Tn all this there is nothing tre except that racehatre is a very
ancient phenomenon. Yet it is not so much founded on a real
facil instinct. as on mistrst and dislike of al foreigners, no matter
to witat race they belong—a feeling which always develops under
certain primitive conditions of life. Indeed, this feeling is a relic
ofbarbarous times, Tehas remained for our” cltur" to perform
the service of dressing up this atavste survival in scent tinsel
‘One capital error of race theores is the superficial analogies
drawn been physical and mental differences. No oe would deny
that physical diferences between races exist, and maintain then
selves most peristenly., Bot what does this prove with regard
to the,mental life of min? Our task isto discus the various
relationshipeexisting between rice and cultural, that is, mental,
Phenomena ; for us the physical side treated by anthropology and
biology isa secondary matter. Only the stady of the human mind
can give us an insight in the problem, i. payehology, ethnology,
History, and sociology
TRaoe theories represent a strange mixture, mads up of
evolutionary thought on the one hand; and, on the othe, the
assumption of rigid race types and of abeclate and fundamental
differences between man and man. They are made up, further, of
determinism and a moraliing view of history, of mystica andthe
most Blatant egotism. The politica results of these theories manifest
themselves in an arrogant contempt of foreign peoples and their
achievements in absurd boastfulnes with regard to the exotllence
‘of one's own people, in brutal resistance of every effort towards
freedom, in an intesifcation of national and social antagonismas,
and in the crudest exaltation of force. In the mental sphere these
theories lead to the greatest intolerance, to a blind narrow-
mindedness, and to a loss of the capacity for ertical thought and
the ordinary powers of judgment. This idea of race, mostly ignored
or even refuted by competent erence has al the sabe, an enormous
influence on the credulous mass of hal-educsted people to whom
it is cleverly presented as. the latest revelation by uncritical
give the coloured people representation in special councils, so that
pechaps two parliamentary systems will develop side by side. RACE’ HATRED
Beuier in Race IN GeRMANy
For a long time Germany was predominantly cosmopolitan, and
her great thinkers and writers, Herder, Goethe, Schiller, are the
highest embodiments of this spirit. But the groat rise of German
nationalism during the last decade of the nineteenth contury was
accompanied by an extraordinary growth of racial pride, and many
influential circles looked down with scom upon the “inferior”
Latin, Celtic, and Slav peoples.\* Nowhere Rave race theories had
‘9 pemnicious an influence as in German-speaking countries. They
served as welcome weapons against democracy, for the mass of the
people was represented as coming of pre-Aryan races doctrine
‘which Ammon tried to prove by an exhaustive series of skull
‘measurements. In contrast to the “people”, the higher classes
‘were, itis said, of Germanic blood, and thérefore born to rule, -This
noble race was also destined to» dominate the world—a faith
proclaimed by numerous Pan-German writers. This aggressive
‘Pan-Germanism was provided with its race theory by the French-
‘man Gobineau andl by the Englishman Chamberlain®” Both of
‘those ware closely connected with Richard Wagner's cirle, in which
they found strong support, for the characters and the motifs of
Wagner's compositions provided no small incitement to rafial
pride. Ludwig Schemann became an enthusiastic apostle of
Gobineau ; he founded a Gobinoau association and a Gobineau
museum. The writings of this Fronch count wore systematically
spread by the Pan-Germans. Soon, howover, H. S. Chamberlain
‘began to take bis place. Friedrich hit off the differences between
them in the words: “Chamberlain's victorious triumphal song of
the glory of the Toutons, and Gobincau's sad requiem of the dying
splendour of the Aryans.” As Schemann says, Chamberlain became
“the leader of all those who need for their quickening a stronger
dose of the illusion without which nothing on this earth is accom-
plished”. Kaiser Wilhelm I beeame Chamberlain's strongest
propagandist; he himself read Chamberlain's chief work to his
sons, and causod it also to be distributed among the officers of the
army, while a rich endowment made possible the placing of free
copies of the work in many libraries and associations. Tn
Memories of My Life, the ex-Emperor William could still write:
“The gly of Teutonism was frst revealed and preached to an
amazed Germany by Chamberlain's Foundations of the Nineleonth
Centiry, bat all in vain, as the collapse of the German people
roves’ AND THEORIES OF RACE “or
‘This belie in race penetrated into the realm of science itself, and
‘a number of organizations were charged with the task of providing
the belief with a scientife foundation, At last things went so far
that assocttions for racial eugenics were formed, members of which
‘were only allowed to marry after a very carefal inquiry into their
pedigree, n order that any mixing with an inferior race might be
avoided. In all this we can see how real was the coninbution of
racial théories to the development and the strengthening of that
atitude of mind whiel finally brought eatastrophe upon the whole
German people An infinitely exaggerated estimate of their own
power, coupled with an undervaluation of that of other peoples,
rade therh blind to the dangers of «political programme which was
bound, to end in rain.
Tn introducing the gregt German army bill on 7th April, 1918,
an evegt regarded in man quarters as an introduction to the world-
war, the Gerthan Chancellor, Bethmann-Holveg, spoke ofthe threat
cof collision between the Slavs and the Germans, and sad thatthe
latter wore being compelled to increase armaments by the new and
extreme manifestation of racial feeling among the Pan-Slav
‘These ilLconsidered words were felt to be a blow in the face by the
Slavs of Austria-Hungary, who constituted the strongest racial
group in that empire, and they served in the world-war as most
eflcve propaganda in ranging all Slavs on the side of fellow-
embers of their race. "When the war broke out it was hailed from
many sides asa war of races. An article by the illustrious historian
Karl Lamprecht is especially worth noticing in this connexion.
It appoared in the Berliner Tagbat of 23rd August, 1914, and also
asa pamphlet. Init the wnter spoke of the struggle of the Germanic
peoples and the Latin (Catholic) Slav peoples, on the one hand,
against the encroachments of Eastern barbarians on the other, a8
in line with the struggles of the past sguint the Magyars and the
Turks—as though Tarksand Magyars worenot fighting on the side of
Germany! Then Lamprecht discovered that Scandinavia, Holland,
Switzerand, and America wore, on account of race fooling,
sympathetic to Germany, and he announced triumphantly : “I i
blood that tells” The iilusion that America was to be counted as
fan ally led him to go s0 far as to announce the living future
of a Teuto-Germanie race!” Since England, however, could not
be fitted into this scheme, the grat historian went on to declare:
“Hts noteworthy that af the Very centre of the British empire it
is no longer the pare Germanie spirit, but rathtr the Celtic sist
vwhich iin control.” The fact that a really grat scholar who was not m RACE HATRED
even a chauvinist could be guilty of such incomprehensible confusion
‘of mind shows better than anything else can the evil infuence which
the belief in race exercises upon men’s thinking
Race HATRED 18 AMERICA
‘The Gobineau theory had a favourable reception in America,
‘As a matter of fact, the Fronch aristocrat thoroughly ditliked
‘American democracy, and, as his disciplo Schemann says (p. 376),
hhe even saw in the American spirit coupled'with that of the Jews,
the evil genius of humanity in the modem world, The theory,
hhowever, was a welcome weapon in the struggle ofthe slave-owners
against the abolition of slavery which raged during the’ sixties of
last century. Consequently Gobineau's book was at once translated
and spread abroad in America; the slve-owners-of.the Souther
States themselves commissioned scholass"to-prove that the, Negro
is nof © Biman being, or, at least, las of a human being than @
white parson, and That, in Cohsequence, sa stified in the
Arista fashion. “Twas also. pointed out that slavery. was
justified on Biblical grounds, sce it was clear that the Negroes had
‘escended from one who liad been cursed of God—the black colour
-was the wiark of Caf Unfortunately the law of ” might is right ”
‘was on the Side of the Norther States, as the outcome of the war
‘proved. The " sacred ” right to own slaves was abolished. Yat even
‘to-day throughout large areas in America the most elementary civil
rights are denied to Negroes, although this is contrary to the spirit
of the constitution. In the Souther States especially, they are
‘treated with the greatest contempt and compelled to submit to @
number of humiliating special laws. The brutal lynchings which are
still practised upon Negroes are among the most shameful stains
that besmirch white “civilization”. In addition, the infux of
{immigrants from Europe and Asia, usually belonging to a very low
level of civilization, increased the race hatred. Tt was chiolly
against Asiatics that this race hatred raged, and especially against
Japanese, Chinese, and Indians, whose capacity for culture no one
an question. Quite recently the United States passed 2 law
excluding Asiatic from the Union, apparently quite untroubled by
the fact that thereby the danger of a world-confict with Japan,
and even of arising allover Asia against the whites has been brought
appreciably nearer. Indoed, race prejudices of al kinds seem always
to find a favourabje scl in America.®
‘The immigration act of 1924 is restricting immigration very
severely, especialy that of Slavs and South Europeans. This AND THEORIES OF RACE 8
is Trading 10 increased employment of Negroes in the
industrial districts, and a consequent embitterment of race
antagonism.
Of course, economic motives are at the back of this policy, namely
the fear of American workers and small farmers that they will be
‘undercut by immigrants with a lower standard of life. We find the
same'notives also in Australia, South Africa, and Canada, but race
hatred tod, throws its weight into the scale, especially in the move-
sent directed against he immigration of Japanese. ‘The relatively
‘small number of Japanese immigrants has not really displaced many
‘white warkers. Further, the Japanese standard of life is not lower
than thatof the Bast and South-European immigrants, and in any
case, the right and proper desire not to allow the common standard
of life to be reduced by foreigners who can work at lower rates than
the Smerican workers cofld be more effectively attained either by a
law which ntade it impossible tq employ foreign labourers at lower
‘wages than American, or by a special tax upon the goods produced
‘under such cheaper conditions
Race HarRep, Worip Trape, axp Wort PEAce
Inall parts of the world Europeans have either driven the coloured,
‘peoples away from the soil of their forefathers, or have depressed,
them into a subject or proletarian population without any rights or,
at least, as in India and in Egypt, have placed them under tutelage.
‘The only reasons offered as an excuse for this were: “Our own
interest and right to live demands it,” and also “ the need of the
‘worldfor gold, cotton, wheat, etc.,is better satisfied by thismeans””.*¢
‘Theavhite man has taken possession of enormous territories to exploit
which he does not possess the necessary labour. The over-
populated lands of Asia could provide sufficient labour power.
Such workers, indeed, would be glad to escape the poverty caused.
by lack of living room at home. These Asiatics could produce food
‘and raw material in Australia, America, and South Africa for the
white population of Europe and America, and would, besides,
‘become buyers of the industrial products of these lands. Now this
necestary pre-condition of a development of world trade is being
frustrated by negative immigration laws originating in egotism
and race hatred. In this case the principles by which the whites
justify their occupation of colonies are quite disregarded ; neither
the native's right to live nor the general intereSt of the world are
taken into account. Tt is no wonder that the racial animosity of 4 RACE HATRED
those who are oppressed is increasing to a point at which it will
become a great danger to the peaceful development of the world,
Undoubtedly this race madness is among the chief causes which
Jed to the ghastly slaughter of the world war. It is a-mistake to
seekits origin mainly in economic factors. Ifthe bankers, merchants,
or industrials of the whole world, or their workers and clerks, had
had to decide, the great war would not havo broken out. The real
causes of modem wars aze irrational in character ; they" ie in the
overgrowth of that selfconscioumess whic? considers the smallest
concession to an enemy nation to be ignominious. To this overdone
sense of importance the idolatry of race has contributed a great
deal. There is in this sense a certain truth in the prophecy of
G. Vacher de Lapouge, the chief French protagonist of rae, when he
said twenty-five years ago: “Lam convincod that men will slaughter
‘ach other by the million in the coming’ century for the sake of a
slight difference in skull measurements. By this sign which will
replace the Biblical shibboleth and tho relationship of language
related races will recognize each other, and the last of the
sentimentalists wall ve to wainess a great extirpation among the
peoples.”
Rice Tawory axp ScteNcE
Tas a strange thing that so many scholars have fallon victims
to the demon contained in this idea of race. Indeed, in many
politically backward lands itis precisely the academic circles which
have become strongholds of race prejudice. The reason for this lies
in the over-development of specialization and of merely technical
instruction in many colleges—a state of things which Kant in his
day described ironically as“ factory-like ” ®—and also in powerful
political traditions end in economic slfshness.
Most of the great masters of the natural and mental sciences
have, with striking unity and decisiveness, combatod the sllusion
‘that mankind is split up by mental differences which are profound
and unchangeable. Such men, to name only a few (those still living
being excepted), as J. G. Herder, A. von Humbolat, K. E. von Baer,
*J. Miller, J.C. Prchard, C. Darwin, T. Huxley, H.T. Buckle, J.
Mill, H. Spencer, R. Virchow, M. Schleiden, A. de Toquevlle,
B, Réclus, A. de Quatrefages, A. Bastion, T. Waitz, F. Ratzel,
F. von Luschan, J. von Ranke, all agree in this point of view.
Alexander von Humboldt said: “In stating that mankind is @
unity we also desire to combat the unpleasant assumption that there
are higher and lofrer races. There are certainly mouldable, more
highly educated races and races which, through mental culture, AND THEORIES OF RACE x5
have been ennobled. But there are no ‘nobler’ races” (Kosmos,
i, 382). The greatest comprative anthropologist, Rudolf Virchow,
was of the opinion that when one took an alkinclusive view of
hhumanity ene could not avoid the thought that we are actually
Drothers and sisters. That brillant scholar K. E. von Baer, spoke
very appropriately of the belief in the great inferiority of Negroes
as an-aitempt on the part of brutal slave owners to pacify their
consciencés; he said: “‘serious and learned men have often
expressed themselves iff opposition to this idea for many zoological
reasons. But the idea will not disappear quickly all the same,
simply because zoological reasons have no weight with many of
those who ‘ielieve themselves capable of having an opinion in these
matters.”
Leading men of research in all regions of mental science come to
the sme conclusions. A’ early a weiter as Helvetius in France
pointed out shat nations out of pride consider those characteristics,
‘0 be inborn racial virtues which spring merely from their own form
of government. He adds that every people admires its own faults
and shows contempt for the opposite qualities. In order to be a
suocess in any country one must be able to show oneself the hump
of thenation.*” J. G. Herder, perhaps the finest and most universal
student of the human soul, stood most definitely and decidedly
against the idea of deep-seated differences between races. The very
use of the word “ race” in connexion with man caused him deep.
rmisgiving® The well-known historian of culture, H. T. Buckle,
‘wrote that he cordially subscribed to the remark made by one ofthe
greatest thinkers of the time (J. S. Mill) that “‘of all the vulgar
modes of escaping from the consideration ofthe effect of social and
‘oral influences on the human mind, the most vulgar is that of
attributing the diversities of conduct and character to inherent
natural differences". The founders of the comparative study of
Indo-Germanic languages, Aug. Friedr. Pott, Max Muller,
©. Schrader, have completely destroyed the scientific accessories
surrounding the Aryan cult. The same opinion is clearly expressed
by the great lawyer, R. von Thering.*®
(Of special importance is the opinion of Blisée Réclus the famous
geographer, whose tremendous work in twenty volumes, A New
Universal Geography, one can only look upon with wonder and
admiration. In the introduction to this work he emphasizes how
important itis to be on guard against the danger of exalting one
race. He says that even the smallest and most findeveloped tribes
Jook upon themselves as the most perfect representatives of the RACE HATRED
world, Foreigners they deseribe as dumb, deaf, stammering, filthy
creatures idiots, monsters, or demons. And he goes on to say that,
the superiority of Europe is due not to racial giftsor characteristics,
but to fortunate geographical conditions, and that, Europe will
‘eventually be overtaken, Réclus' fellow countryman, tho famous
A. de Quatrefages, says that it is easy to see that all men have
practically the same moral faculties, both good and evi, but that
unfortunately the resemblance in the case of the evilis usually
nore strongly marked. The prominent geographer and ethnologist,
C. Peschel, is ofthe opinion thet, at any rate as far as the power of
thought is concerned, there is no questioning the unity and equality.
‘of mankind. Most overwhelming of all has been the'testimony
of those interrelated sciences, ethnology, anthropology, folk-
psychology, and sociology. These sciences have established the fact
that the development of peoples, provided it is contemporary and
under similar conditions, often follows such similar litle that
there remains little room for the fluence of the racial factor. This
is made clea in, for example, the monumental works of such leading
scholars as J. C. Prichard, T. Waitz, G. Gerland, A. Bastian,
Herbert Spencer, F. Ratzel, H. Westermarck, P. W. Schmidt,
F. won Luschan, and alo in numberles works by specialists**
‘Our greatest German investigator, Friedrich Ratzel, refers constantly
in is Ethnology andin his Anthropo-Genpraply to the masked mental
and cultural likenesses between all the races of the world. He
summarizes his standpoint in the following sentences: “There
is only one humanity, whose divergences of form are many, but not
deep.” “As a matier of fact, the gulf fixed between two groups of
‘humanity by diference of culture is completely independent of their
difierences of talent.” “Race has nothing to do with tho possession
‘of culture.” Felix von Luschan is of the same opinion *: ‘There
are no savage peoples; there are only pooples whose culture is
‘iffeent from our own. The decisive characters among so-called
‘races’ are essentially the result of climatic, social, and other
‘outside circumstances, There are no fundamentally inferior races.
The differences between races, especially the moral and intellectual
ifferences, are not nearly so great as those which exist between
individual members of one and the same race." Ferdinand von
Andrian expressed the same opinion. The ethnologist Father W.
‘Schmit, one of the chief representatives of the modem "‘Kultur-
Ameislehre", says that the equal fundamental endowment of the
‘human mind all the world over is a firmly established acquisition
‘of modem ethnology. AND THEORIES OF RACE y
Let us add to the testimony of ethnologists that of a few
philosophers and sociologists. Wilhelm Wundt expresses himself
definitely against the view that moral ideas are confined to a few
‘cultured peoples? And he adds: “No open-minded man can
avoid the Conviction that such moral differences are not greater than
those in the region of the intellect, where, in spite of the great
variety of outlook and ways of thought the universality of the laws
of thought remains unshakable.” In his Volkerpsyckologie he
writes: ““If there is anything which anthropology has firmly
established, it is the fact that the qualities of human creative
imagination, and those feelings and emotions which influence it
in its resulis, ae in their essential characteristics the same in men
of all lands and regions.” ‘The philosopher Minsterberg ® hits off
race thebries when he says that they are simply other forms of
‘ateriglism, a poor substitte for philosophy, the lat result of an
anti-phil8sophic age. Friedrich Jogl, that fine-minded philosopher,
says: “ Thereis no madness more fatal, and none which we must
fight harder, than that which would look’ upon moral strength or
oral weakness as the peculiar inheritance of a particular race or
nation.” With crushing sarcasm Nietzsche exploded the belief in
ace. Of the many other scholars who reject race theories, we
mention only the sociologist and national economist, Max Weber,
and the historians Eduard Meyer and Ludwig Riess. 95
‘With intuitive insight great poets have long seen the oneness of
humanity, and their words often sound like a premonition, a protest
‘against pride of caste and race. Shakespeare wrote (All's Well that
Ends Well, i, 8) —
“Strange it is that our bloods,
Qf colour, weight, and heat, pour'd all together,
Would quite confound distinction, yet stand off
In differences s0 mighty.”
Herder, Goethe, Schiller, Lessing—these among others—rejected
entirely national fanaticism, which is closely allied to race madness,
and recognized humanity as one.** NOTES TO CHAFTER I
1 Aristotle's Poles, 4, 1, 2 Ch. also Rove, Conta sia,
chap and
TThucady in antigay strong opposition was raised (o tho contempt of
‘barbarians on racial grotds, 06: by Piston is Selemnan, Clalso Gontper,
Grachace Denker, 9.988, 298 ean, 7.286. Jeb, Hellonet
Sd Barbro ly Geshe dos Natontionatainy 1929
ing she cvoniln of Goody of Monmouth. ‘he ory fs mentioned
ae
Tedegr. Cf. Janson and Sthmite- Kalleberg, Histonagraphi w Qualon
2 Ses Gch Td hd) pets y
SRA ots etn ble, rnd in 148 to pte thn te
awits were of Fmish-Tetane vice. The Eimpres Hunde ordre a
amelie impriacnment and the secretary of 7 Teedowaeh
‘who ed sted that flier wa righ, to be given « hundred laches with tho
gut aller was frend fo seca
"hogtn Tey, Mics ds lmbe Méreingios prdlids de omaiatons
uy inci de Prac nee pobon 6s} Caio Bent Joanne, La
Principe de nals, WBS pe ey.
OCP Patent Verse fie Dentchon Recher, $§ 9-6 (pasion
Brosla, 190: ek paracsiedy the comments of Polar Duala on p 3
Gro Bosinnvlior, sitous ae Tancion gouurnoment ao tr France
2 yls, 127 published poahumossy,
‘slg ine Rapin sevuution of 1617 democrats waiter sere to the
sgn lv the Man congue to dopanded Unt the tytn ae of
‘he Nowmans ove the Bopha shouldbe sbaed, Ck. Trevelyan, England
te Sua, p- 282
“Gido Monta, Dela Monarch raga, 7 vol, 181422
“hitey, Coniations ser Phare de Hance (aoe, ion, 1868),
p. 129; Lobia Balen, ive on France dope cnt ana, 1914, pe 2
2°08 the engin and insuenes of Coban’ ns ef th fo portant
bookd by att Selle, Le Como de Gobrzns ef Swjunisme hierige,
ISIN ga Leds Eoin. ‘osncet ence 1 A
biquis cok ter Tree aedaes Seprce gure, i929. Teport ol
Dr Brsdnommine pee see
TWEE BE Oldham, Christianity and the Hace Polen, 3824, pp. 48,
160, 178
2 Bane Defoe, Te Tre dor Englishman, Defoisdofenting Witkan I,
who gas atactod ty Engishtauonests a” Dutch". Uh my, of our,
Hive helped the crchatn of he book
A"feofound ential survey of thote theories given by. John M.
aber te fa eo eens obs, Tie Sason en he Ct U7, pet The
1816, p18, and by Wb. aiagion, Falacis of Have Theorit,
Eualny tats Life of Lod Pantie avs. Disrall pales th
elicit in he Lif of Lord Bentinel, xxv aq. Dralt praise the
Jags ae Semen. rane objection way.
'F JNerion fo race mlstay requir of course, no meal aenion aslo
sit ha prove oupaty Ded on soul or estes ats Only'whan
‘ise or socal buyeots are apie! dows pesos ristiona between races,
SPE seed grvey jn H Cldhas Crsiansy aud te ace rb,
ore pp S08 tad TW. Gregory, The Menace of Caown, 1985. CE asd
Jeet Bayes, Inesion fom Souk ai.
"WS prune Bamarcé who was not an extreme nationalist, often pointed
aught ean rat wee ead ao won por He ds ea at
sand Svs Fad ¢ female, passive, Unprodazune charac, ‘aad tie
‘Gera were ft supers Yet"he believed tat the Garmane roger &
18 NOTES TO CHAPTER I 19
Slavic edmixture, Cf. very siguiicant utterances mm Poschinger, Neue
Tichgeprche Bioware, vali p98, Blanch Devhrndige ts meta
Eaion, 1884, vol yp. 98, 3. Butch Tagebuchblater, 1909, eli, Pr 118.
(epee to 4 Styria detegaton of 13th Ail 1805}
There ware, of course zace theonsie in Germany before Gobineau and
Ghamberlia’ sbut they fad no. great success. "CE om thee forerunners
‘Theghala Rieder, Guschicie der Gonmonenforchvng,2 wala, WH, Che ander
Eg Pongomantne phxoplgve, 147, and tes onginac du Pangomansne,
Lapouge compltined in 1909 that race theories didnot fnd any attention
1g France, and that they ad almost become s monepoly of Certeay. where
they formed the creat of aggresive PanrCermansms,” However, Layouge
Adiives the Faas Germans Because thoy decd to challnge in the name ef
‘Kryanism the Anglo-Saxons, the mest Anyen face, io sstrggie for world
Supjemecy (eapocge, Rave of muhen socal
Gi Palio” Batncalprodutiton wd Pfanzungewirtschaft im don Nord
ameramsche Sidstacton, 1697, vo. ip. S81 In the times of slavery there
‘were, Amerisins who catia 10 the follwnng conclusion "Man has ‘est
‘rented ter the image of God. Since Cod 1 no negro, he negro ean be
"From 1800 to 1922 a tog! of 1,731 Iynchings was recorded, of which
1880 yee faced pep A Creal at tio ten oe
itch of Neggoee im_Ateica is ven by fenace of
Baier, 1808 Estee f Brg, PAE Buontan Commons
BC Motinop Stoadars, Tig Rising Tide of Colour, 1930: Madison Grant,
Tha Passing ofthe Great Hace, 1916; C- Gould, America, a Family Mater, 122
CE Manouvaler, “L'indlce cephaligue et la peeudososclogie” (Revie
ae Pate d Antirepstgie de Pars), 1888, pp. 259,29) se.
Easy Be Se dn Falun (Bogue
4 Slivetns, De Fesprit uores compiler 21, 2b 1777, pp. 171, 178.
4S CEHerder's Idten’ gw Piloophye det Coshichte dar Mensch,
pubisiea by Duntear vol ix; pp, 156,458; vel Sp. 39: AS seq
Bhatt, Buckle, Meson) of Craton mm Eaplnal voli. R vou
Thging, Vergschcht der Indvunspacr, 1884, pp, $98, 188.
SHEE Aciehe, Modone Valterhinde, 1864, $C Brcherd, Rescorches ine
‘e Phiel Hatin of Man, 1858 (Gert. edison, 1870), Walts snd Geland,
‘chrpalegin der Notecter 6 woe, 1658. Tae works of Benen A
nant ane Ch alo: Wencrmas, he ong nd aecopmen of
‘oral ideas, 1008, 2 vole and Schmsdt and Roppers, Vaiher wd eure
Int vol 1084. As regards Hving authorities wh take « similar wow, Tacit
only to. F. Bikner G, Duschan, J Kohibrogge, it. Thormwald, F.
sheimer, Robert Micha
TR iaths eicellens book, Valier, Rassen, Sfraces, 1822, p. 187
8 WhWonde, Stkih ath edition, 1918 vol p40, CE algo voli, 281
2G Minetiberg Die dimeine, 1004, 33 8.
ried Jou Wesen wad Zita teen Beton, D2.
5s CEM Weber Varkandtgen den soon declan Seilgtags,
yolg pp. 9, Tes, 180 sho Ms Weber, Wns ad Geisha 18a
EE, “Huth, 1812, tol, pp." 71-82: Barmhestn, Labrbuch doy
Hitorischon Method ud der Goiehicdliphiospice, 1908, p. S84, and sand
Mayer, Gece des iteruns, rd edition, 160, 4, ps 77. Oral Spengler
aso i Spats the urea race Ceorle” cf,.0. Spengler, Unogong es
nding SH sen
eet cain of Rheoly Momiaen im Hermann, Behr, De
Antisemitionas 1894, p.28 seq Colecdons of many other such urerances
‘Guantsemitsinare tobe fovedin ebooks" Aatsemttmspigt! Grd elton,
Bin}, Schrattentols, Antoomerhammer, cine Anthloge aus der Walitertr,
1804/and Dentscher Git wd dena, 1850. CHAPTER I
THE PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RACES OF
MANKIND IN RELATION 10 THEIR MENTAL LIFE
Tue Tum “Race” 7
ACE sa term weed in natural sciooe. ‘Tt denotes mbdivison
of the species which inherits ita ureteric, Living
creatures are usally reckoned to belong to the sume specs i they
Tred suowssfuly when cowed, and if their oftpring pokes
the same cape without limite, Yet even this debniten Is not
cqate exact, There are certain diferent species which © some
degree inte breed succesfully, as do aso the resulting hybrids
ven betwoen species theeforethere are no ‘wnbridgeable gulls
far ln as betwoen rate of fhe same apcis,
‘Long ogo Litecck sid: Divisions ee only etal umes
for in truth, natore hs formed neither dases hor orders, neither
farile nor sorts, nor speci,” Kant also emphasizes the
Giferene between ‘attra tad ert divions? Tt expecially
Clear that racial evisons are forthe most pert artificial, for the
treatest anthropologists dir widely inthe matter, or instance,
Exvier and Quatrelages put the numberof rail divsons among
mankind at 8, Linneus and Hurley distinguish 11 homan rocos,
Blumenboch 6, Bufon 6, Prichard, Hunter, and Feehal, Age,
Desmouline and Pickering 11, Haccel and Trane Mller 12,
Bory St. Vineant 15, alte Bran 10, Topinard 18, Morton 32
Crawor 6, Burke €2.Gliddon 180. And oven then when te ogee
sto the actual number, they elaogres asf the division, As a
Tater of fat one might Just as well assume that there wes
100 races every individual indeed forms a race or & mixtare of
races. Even between racte most distant from each other there
tis innumerable, almost unnoticeable transition, Neverislas,
Sch tema as rat and species ar extremely usefal in the sphere of
fatal sence,
As a consequence of all this many representatives of the sciences
of caltre refuse to employ the term “race”, since it belongs
exclusively tothe ren ofthe natural ences Herder condemn
the ue ofthe tem ace with regard 0 human beings. In our time
many eminent investigators, such as Triedrich Mller, Frcdich
20 PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES ar
Ratzel, Paul Topinard, Rudolf Martin, Karl Schuchardt, have, one
after the other, emphasized the point of view that anthropology
should concer itself with races and ethnology with peoples;
Dut this lo has not always been adhered to. A leading ethnologist
of the present time, Father W. Schmiat, expressly says that as long
as we know nothing of the connexion between the body and mind
the tine has not yet come for ethnology, as a mental scence, to
base discissions on the conception of race held in the natural
sciences! In this conifexion he can cite Wundt, who insists upon,
the recognition of the peculiar nature and special laws of mental
life. One of the greatest of anthropologists and ethnographists,
Luschan, believes that the word “‘race'” might well be given up,
if we could only find a less ambiguous term,
Professor Eugen Fischey’s method, therefore, of defining race as
1 largey group with inherited physical and mental characteristics
begs the queftion and is a retrograde step Such a definition in a
modem text-book of anthropology takes the writer outside his
sphere. Kant, of course, in his Anthropology could treat of the
iherited and ‘acquired national character because he meant by
“anthropology” something quite different from what we mean,
namely study of the human character, not ofthe body.
‘Tue Prowest
Is it, then, from this standpoint, not superfuoss to concer
curelves with questions of natural sence, when oat red task i
to study something mental and spiritual, that feulture? Certainly
dot. For itis not suicient to ontrovert the wncrtcl materialism
of racial science merely spon philosophic growds, Tt can be
demonstrated that its fundamental assumptions, even from the
view point of natural selene, are either wholly or in pat ntenable
not 10 mention it false concisions ao egerde the mind. Racial
theories have tosinly been based on the following anthropological
statements —
1. The physical differences between races are 0 deep and
perdstent that one Ought really to speak of dierent species of
hhumat beings.
2 These diferent species or races have also diferent origins
(polygeneis), o, atleast, have been kept severely apart from each
other since the eels ies.
3. A great argument for this is found inthe lens to animals,
cor in the primitive traits which characterize certain races. 22° PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
4, On the otherhand, certain racial physical features are accom-
panied by genius and by creative and civiizng gifts generally.
(The Nordic race alone initiates civilization.)
5, The mingling of races leads to sterility, degeneration, and the
break up of civilization. (The downfall of the ancient world)
6. The transformation, physical or mental, of races is impossible
save by selection. Environment and education have no influence ;
acquired characteristics ospocially cannot be inherited. ”
7. Variation in type is always due toa ratial change and involves
rental changes also. The supposed elimination of the Nordic type
in modern times.
8, Tn order to maintain a healthy race the keenest struggle for
existence is necessary, and the ruthless eradication of all weaker
elements, Democracy and social reform are therefore detrimental.
Unrry oF rae Howaw Race—Prnirive Forws”
A few decades back there was a widespread controversy on
‘the question of “the unity of the human raco ”. by which was meant.
sometimes the question whether the races of mankind constitute
independent stocks, or are merely varictis of the same single stock,
and at other times the rather different question whether all races
have derived from one primitive stock or not.* The modem belief
in the relationship of all living beings rather lessons the importance
of these questions. It is noteworthy, howover, that the greatest
scientific investigators have always been on the side of unity. Ranke,
‘the well-known anatomist, summing it all up, says: It seems to
‘us spocially important in the modern Darwinian natural philosophy
that, owing to it, the assumption that the human race has one
common ancestry—an idea which has for long held the chief place
in the minds of anatomical anthropologists, building upon their
‘own careful and patient studies—has won its way, even among those
parts of the public which could not understand anatomical proofs
in their bearing on the problem, and would not be convinced by
them in any case.” The modern half-educated man indeed has
adopted Darwinism only so far as to ascribe to other races the
resemblance to animalsso generally believed in. All slave-ownersor
their partisanshave been in the habit of explaining that the Negroisan
animal. On the outbreak of the world-war the Japanese were called
in Germany “ yellow monkeys”, although a short time before that,
while there was still hope that they might bocome allies, they had
‘been hailed everywhere exultantly. In every land nationalist THE RACES OF MANKIND 23
caricatures have always portrayed enemies with hideous and bestial
features.
‘The belief that certain races more closely resemble animuls,
physically and mentally, than others finds no support in anatomy
‘or the theory of evolution,
The Dutch anatomist Kobibrugge has dealt comprehensively
‘with this guestion.® He shows that there is no generally adopted
‘pinion as to what is really meant by “ primitive”; indeed, there
are five different deftions of it which take as their standard
sometimes the likeness to apes, orto the lower animals, sometimes
the likenoss to embryo forms, ete. Cuvier knew that the sll of the
‘young ape more closely resembles the human skull than does that
‘of the full-grown ape, while the differences only gradually become
ore marked. The samqis true of the skulls of Europeans and
‘Negroes, which in children are exactly the same, while that of the
‘Negro divergts later from the common form. Therefore, according
to the bio-geneti law, it would seem that the human type (including
the European) is the older and the more primitive. ‘This fact has
also been used as a proof that man is not desoended from apelike
beings. Some leading authorities, indeed. have taken the position
that it is more probable that apes and the higher animals have
Geveloped from forms which more closely resembled the human
one, but this is denied by others (Schwalbe, Martini).
Khlbrugge comes to the conclusion : Higher diferentiation in
sn anatomical sense has nothing to do with higher mentality.
Indeed, it is clear that those very peoples which have retained the
primitive childlike forms, such as the Cancasians, Mongols, Hindus,
‘and Malays, have attained alo to the highest mental development;
Dut te Eskimos and the Tierra del Fuegians must be accounted
for here, too.
With regard to other animal features which are usually aseribed
‘to primitive peoples, Weissbach, one of the first authorities on the
subject, sas that the apo-kenes is by no means limited to any one
particular people, but that each people must be regarded as having
inberited something of this relationship; and certainly we
Europeans cannot claim to be completely without those traits,
Martis'says about the same (p. 598). Further it was pointed out that
‘many lower forms are even more commonly met with among whites
‘than among coloured peoples, and that, as a matter of fact, the
typical features ofthese latter often show a decided development of
those characteristics which diferentiate men fom apes, and for
‘which the term "excessively human forms” is employed. 24 PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
Onions AND VaRtation oF Race CHARACTERISTICS
Te can hardly be questioned any longer that the external
variations among human races are adaptations to natural cgnditions.
Its only with regard to the manner and the speed ofthe adaptation
that any difference of opinion exists. This is not the place for an
exhaustive explanation of the thoories of race development, since
‘we are concerned only with the mental implications of rade. Greater
‘or lesser adaptability of race characteristts would possibly be of
importance for us if it had ever boen established that great
differences in the mental and spiritual capacity existed... But this
thas never been proved. Of course, this question belongs’exclusively
+o the sphere of the mental sciences, Since, however, research into
the question of possible mental variations among races has not
produced hitherto any positive result, thére is, so far as the problem
of culture is concerned, little practical interest in‘ the question
‘whether the essentially uniform mental “outfit” of mankind is
‘variable, and if so, whether any variation is likely to be slow or
quick. “However, the question of physical modifications may be
important for our study of the montal problems if itis concerned
with this point whether considerable variations, such as have taken
place in historical times, indicate a change of race or a variation
{in the same race owing to environment,
We shall therefore merely touch upon the great controversial
matter of modem biology, namely whether variations in spocies
and in races are brought about through selection of variations in the
germcells (Weissmann), or whether by changes in organs, effected
by direct natural influences (Geofitoy), or by the use or neglect of
the organs (Lamarck). Lamarck’s statement on the inheritance
‘of aoquired characteristics naturally supports the view that racial
types change very quickly, while mere selection would need a long
time to bring about such changes. Race theorists aro almost all
of the opinion that racial characteristics do not change under the
infuence of environment, but cortainly do change through the
dying out of unadapted types, and the survival of those which adapt
themselves. According to a remarkable theory of Lapouge itis not
conly the natural, but also the social environment that is sdlective
and that therefore social conditions further the survival or the
dying out of certain types. Biological research during the last few
decades has confirmed to a large extent the theory that acquired
characteristics aretnot transmitted by heredity. Yet the problem
is far from being settled. Even in the field of natural science extical THE RACES OF MANKIND 25
investigators Rave put forth grave objections to one-sided
seleesimism, and have found it insufficient to explain the evolution
of species.” “The exaggerated emphasis on the invariability of race
‘by extreme Mendelians, on the one hand, and on the other hand,
the view of de Vries, that great differ noes in type have come about
Dy leaps (mutations), have for some time even east doubts upon the
idea &f evolution, that basic principle of modern scientific thought.
But itis precisely in the crossing of races, that is inthe combination
‘anew of the relatively” persistent individual characteristics, and in
‘the mutation effected in the germ-cell by the influence of environ-
sag, fiat recent Mendelian thought csovers ways towars the
méte rapid evolution of new forms. The essence of Lamarck’s
principle, which, as a matter of fact, Darwin himself never rejected,
4s now adopted in a purfjed form and supported by representative
authorjties with strong evidenos. Stockhbrosders who can draw upon
the accumulated experiences of generations believe firmly in the
inheritance of acquired characteristics, as well-known experts,
confirm.* Koblbrugge says that practically all anthropologists of
today are Lamarckians and not Darwiaians. Moreover, biological
‘experiments carried out of late seem to provide strong proof of a
modified Lamarckian’ standpoint. Various animals were placed
under abnormal conditions and subjected to extreme heat or cold,
moisture or dryness, ight or darkness, changed diet and so on.
Distinct variations from the normal type resulted ; and by means of
light, heat, and moisture, changes were effected in butterflies and
in other animals corresponding to those observed in hot regions.
Jn many cases these acquired characteristics seem to have been
inherited even after the restoration of normal conditions.
‘Panl Kammerer placed salamanders with yellow and black spots,
some on a yellow and some on a black background. The salamanders
became in one case predominantly yellow, in the other pre-
dominantly black, and their offspring retained these variations,
even although changed to a different background. Other
experimenters have succeeded in changing the instincts of
invertebrates and insects, achieving, for instance, a change in the
instinct for food, the manner of laying eggs, the chrysalis stage, the
Drood-tnstinct, and so on—a change so persevering that it seems
to have been inherited even when the modifying conditions were
absent. (Schroeder, Pictet, etc)
‘As to the implications of some of these results of experiments,
there are still diferences of opinion. Many bioldgists assume that
only great variations in the germ-cell (mutations) can become the 26 PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
starting point of new races, but oven such mutation in the germ
cell mast be in the end traceable to the influence of environment ;
and the rest of the body, whose sensitiveness to environment has
never been questioned, constitutes “environment ” for the germ
call, Finally, the fact must be mentioned that a great influence has
been ascribed of lato to the inner socrotions with rospoct to the
development of human characteristic? a
However, it cannot be expected that human forms shduld adapt
‘themselves in the shortest space of time to changed conditions, for
‘man cannot be submitted to the simple conditions of an experiment.
With regard to the colonization of land overseas, the settlement
‘of Negroes in North America, etc., our experience reaches only a
few generations back, since it seems that the number of Europeans
in the tropics must be continually kept yp by reinforcements from
‘the home countries, while Negro slaves, owing to the small pumbor
‘of women among them, and to Aerlty induced by” promiscuity,
ete, increased only slowly and had to be continually imported anow.
‘There are certain evidences, however, that in the caso of pure-
blooded Europeans who have lived for generations in the tropics
(Creoles) a distinct change in type takes place. It must not be
forgotten, too, thet the European who goos to the tropics to a great
extent takes his European environment and habit of life with him ;
he is by no means 29 much exposed to natural conditions as are the
natives. Nevertheless, the disadvantages involvod in his Ick of
adaptation often expresses itself in an increased mortality.
Tthas often been asserted thatin the tropics European races can stay
permanently only by mingling with the natives, that is by acquiring
some of the natural adaptability of the indigenous poople.
Kollmann, who represents tho standpoint that
