SECTION 1.

1  Four Ways to Represent a Function 17

a and b with x 1 , x 2, then f sx 1 d , f sx 2 d. We use this as the defining property of an

increasing function.
y B
D
y=ƒ

C
f(x™)
A f(x¡)

0 a x¡ x™ b c d x
FIGURE 22

A function f is called increasing on an interval I if

y f sx 1 d , f sx 2 d  whenever x 1 , x 2 in I
y=≈ It is called decreasing on I if
f sx 1 d . f sx 2 d  whenever x 1 , x 2 in I

In the definition of an increasing function it is important to realize that the inequality

0 x f sx 1 d , f sx 2 d must be satisfied for every pair of numbers x 1 and x 2 in I with x 1 , x 2.
You can see from Figure 23 that the function f sxd − x 2 is decreasing on the interval
FIGURE 23 s2`, 0g and increasing on the interval f0, `d.

1.1 Exercises
1. I f f sxd − x 1 s2 2 x and tsud − u 1 s2 2 u , is it true 4. The graphs of f and t are given.
that f − t ? (a) State the values of f s24d and ts3d.
2. If (b) Which is larger, f s23d or ts23d ?
x2 2 x (c) For what values of x is f sxd − tsxd ?
f sxd −     and    tsxd − x
x21
(d) On what interval(s) is f sxd ⩽ tsxd ?
is it true that f − t ? (e) State the solution of the equation f sxd − 21.
3. The
 graph of a function t is given. (f ) On what interval(s) is t decreasing?
(a) State the values of ts22d, ts0d, ts2d, and ts3d. (g) State the domain and range of f.
(b) For what value(s) of x is tsxd − 3 ? (h) State the domain and range of t.
(c) For what value(s) of x is tsxd ⩽ 3 ?
(d) State the domain and range of t. y

(e) On what interval(s) is t increasing? g

y
f
2

3 g
0 2 x

_3 0 3 x

5. Figure
 1 was recorded by an instrument operated by the
California Department of Mines and Geology at the

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18 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

University Hospital of the University of Southern California (c) The years when the temperature was smallest and largest
in Los Angeles. Use it to estimate the range of the vertical (d) The range of T
ground acceleration function at USC during the Northridge
earthquake. T (•C)

6. In
 this section we discussed examples of ordinary, everyday
functions: population is a function of time, postage cost is a
function of package weight, water temperature is a function 14
of time. Give three other examples of functions from every-
day life that are described verbally. What can you say about
the domain and range of each of your functions? If possible,
sketch a rough graph of each function.
13
7–14 Determine whether the equation or table defines y as a
function of x. 1900 1950 2000 t

7. 3x 2 5y − 7 8. 3x 2 2 2y − 5 Source: Adapted from Globe and Mail [Toronto], 5 Dec. 2009. Print.

9. x 1 sy 2 3d − 5
2 2
10. 2xy 1 5y − 4 2 20. Trees
 grow faster and form wider rings in warm years and
grow more slowly and form narrower rings in cooler years.
11. s y 1 3d3 1 1 − 2x 12. 2x 2 y − 0 | | The figure shows ring widths of a Siberian pine from 1500
to 2000.
13. 14. (a) What is the range of the ring width function?
x y x y
Height (cm) Shoe size Year Tuition cost ($) (b) What does the graph tend to say about the temperature of
the earth? Does the graph reflect the volcanic eruptions of
180 12 2016 10,900 the mid-19th century?
150 8 2017 11,000
150 7 2018 11,200 R
160 9 2019 11,200 1.6
175 10 2020 11,300 1.4

Ring width (mm)

1.2
1
0.8
15–18 Determine whether the curve is the graph of a function 0.6
of x. If it is, state the domain and range of the function. 0.4
15. yy y 16. yy y 0.2
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 t
11 1 11 1
Year
00 0 11 1 xx x 00 0 11 1 xx x
Source: Adapted from G. Jacoby et al., “Mongolian Tree Rings
and 20th-Century Warming,” Science 273 (1996): 771–73.

21. You
 put some ice cubes in a glass, fill the glass with cold
17. yy y 18. yy y water, and then let the glass sit on a table. Describe how the
temperature of the water changes as time passes. Then sketch
11 1 11 1 a rough graph of the temperature of the water as a function of
the elapsed time.
00 0 11 1 xx x 0 0 11 1 x x
22. You
 place a frozen pie in an oven and bake it for an hour.
Then you take it out and let it cool. Describe how the temper-
ature of the pie changes as time passes. Then sketch a rough
graph of the temperature of the pie as a function of time.
19. Shown
 is a graph of the global average temperature T during 23. The
 graph shows the power consumption for a day in Septem-
the 20th century. Estimate the following. ber in San Francisco. (P is measured in megawatts; t is mea­
(a) The global average temperature in 1950 sured in hours starting at midnight.)
(b) The year when the average temperature was 14.2°C (a) What was the power consumption at 6 am? At 6 pm?

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 SECTION 1.1  Four Ways to Represent a Function 19

(b) When was the power consumption the lowest? When was 31. Temperature readings T (in °C) were recorded every two
it the highest? Do these times seem reasonable? hours from midnight to 2:00 pm in Atlanta on a day in June.
The time t was measured in hours from midnight.
P
800 t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
600 T 23 21 20 19 21 26 28 30
400
(a) Use the readings to sketch a rough graph of T as a
200 function of t.
(b) Use your graph to estimate the temperature at 9:00 am.
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 t 32. Researchers
 measured the blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
Pacific Gas & Electric of eight adult male subjects after rapid consumption of 30 mL
of ethanol (corresponding to two standard alcoholic drinks).
24. Three
 runners compete in a 100-meter race. The graph The table shows the data they obtained by averaging the BAC
depicts the distance run as a function of time for each (in gydL) of the eight men.
runner. Describe in words what the graph tells you about (a) Use the readings to sketch a graph of the BAC as a
this race. Who won the race? Did each runner finish the function of t.
race? (b) Use your graph to describe how the effect of alcohol
varies with time.
y
A B C t (hours) BAC t (hours) BAC
100
0 0 1.75 0.022
0.2 0.025 2.0 0.018
0.5 0.041 2.25 0.015
0.75 0.040 2.5 0.012
1.0 0.033 3.0 0.007
0 20 1.25 0.029 3.5 0.003
1.5 0.024 4.0 0.001
25. Sketch
 a rough graph of the outdoor temperature as a function Source: Adapted from P. Wilkinson et al., “Pharmacokinetics of
of time during a typical spring day. Ethanol after Oral Administration in the Fasting State,” Journal of
Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 5 (1977): 207–24.
26. Sketch
 a rough graph of the number of hours of daylight as a
function of the time of year. 33. If f sxd − 3x 2 2 x 1 2, find f s2d, f s22d, f sad, f s2ad,
f sa 1 1d, 2 f sad, f s2ad, f sa 2 d, [ f sad] 2, and f sa 1 hd.
27. Sketch
 a rough graph of the amount of a particular brand of
coffee sold by a store as a function of the price of the coffee. x
34. If tsxd − , find ts0d, ts3d, 5tsad, 12 ts4ad, tsa 2 d,
28. Sketch
 a rough graph of the market value of a new car as a sx 1 1
function of time for a period of 20 years. Assume the car is ftsad 2, tsa 1 hd, and tsx 2 ad.
well maintained.
35–38 Evaluate the difference quotient for the given function.
29. A
 homeowner mows the lawn every Wednesday afternoon. Simplify your answer.
Sketch a rough graph of the height of the grass as a function
f s3 1 hd 2 f s3d
of time over the course of a four-week period. 35. f sxd − 4 1 3x 2 x 2,    
h
30. An
 airplane takes off from an airport and lands an hour later
at another airport, 650 kilometers away. If t represents the f sa 1 hd 2 f sad
36. f sxd − x 3,    
time in minutes since the plane has left the terminal building, h
let xstd be the horizontal distance traveled and ystd be the alti- 1 f sxd 2 f sad
tude of the plane. 37. f sxd − ,    
x x2a
(a) Sketch a possible graph of xstd.
(b) Sketch a possible graph of ystd. f sxd 2 f s1d
38. f sxd − sx 1 2,    
(c) Sketch a possible graph of the ground speed. x21
(d) Sketch a possible graph of the vertical velocity.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
20 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

39–46 Find the domain of the function. 63. y 64. y

x14 x2 1 1
39. f sxd − 40. f sxd −
x2 2 9 2
x 1 4x 2 21

41. f std − s
3
2t 2 1 42. tstd − s3 2 t 2 s2 1 t 1 1

1 u11 0 1 x 0 1 x
43. hsxd − 44. f sud −
sx 2 2 5x
4
1
11
u11 65–70 Find a formula for the described function and state its domain.
45. Fs pd − s2 2 s p 46. hsxd − sx 2 4x 2 5 2
65. A
 rectangle has perimeter 20 m. Express the area of the rect-
angle as a function of the length of one of its sides.
 rectangle has area 16 m2. Express the perimeter of the rect­
66. A
47. Find
 the domain and range and sketch the graph of the angle as a function of the length of one of its sides.
function hsxd − s4 2 x 2 .
67. Express
 the area of an equilateral triangle as a function of the
48. Find the domain and sketch the graph of the function length of a side.
x2 2 4  closed rectangular box with volume 0.25 m3 has length twice
68. A
f sxd −
x22 the width. Express the height of the box as a function of the width.
 open rectangular box with volume 2 m3 has a square base.
69. An
49–52 Evaluate f s23d, f s0d, and f s2d for the piecewise defined Express the surface area of the box as a function of the length
function. Then sketch the graph of the function. of a side of the base.
49. f sxd − H x 2 1 2 if x , 0
x if x > 0
70. A right circular cylinder has volume 400 cm3. Express the
radius of the cylinder as a function of the height.

50. f sxd − H 5
1
2 x 2 3
if x , 2
if x>2 71. A
 box with an open top is to be constructed from a rectan­
gular piece of cardboard with dimensions 30 cm by 50 cm

51. f sxd − H x 1 1 if x < 21

x2 if x . 21
by cutting out equal squares of side x at each corner
and then folding up the sides as in the figure. Express the
vol­ume V of the box as a function of x.

52. f sxd − H 21 if x < 1

7 2 2x if x . 1
50

x x
x x
30
53–58 Sketch the graph of the function. x x
53. f sxd − x 1 x | | 54. f sxd − x 1 2| | x x

|x|
|
55. tstd − 1 2 3t | 56. f sxd −
x 72. A
 Norman window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted

57. f sxd − H| | 1
x | |
if x < 1
| |
if x . 1
by a semicircle. If the perimeter of the window is 10 m,
express the area A of the window as a function of the width x
of the window.
58. tsxd − || x | 2 1|
59–64 Find a formula for the function whose graph is the given
curve.
59. The line segment joining the points s1, 23d and s5, 7d
60. The line segment joining the points s25, 10d and s7, 210d
61. The bottom half of the parabola x 1 s y 2 1d 2 − 0
62. The top half of the circle x 2 1 s y 2 2d 2 − 4 x

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 1.2  Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions 21

73. In
 a certain state the maximum speed permitted on freeways 79–80 The graph of a function defined for x > 0 is given.
is 100 kmyh and the minimum speed is 60 kmyh. The fine for Complete the graph for x , 0 to make (a) an even function and
violating these limits is $15 for every kilometer per hour (b) an odd function.
above the maximum speed or below the minimum speed.
79.  y
Express the amount of the fine F as a function of the driving
speed x and graph Fsxd for 0 < x < 150.
74. An
 electricity company charges its customers a base rate of $10
a month, plus 6 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for the first
1200 kWh and 7 cents per kWh for all usage over 1200 kWh.
0 x
Express the monthly cost E as a function of the amount x of
electricity used. Then graph the function E for 0 < x < 2000.
75. In
 a certain country, income tax is assessed as follows. There 80.  y
is no tax on income up to $10,000. Any income over $10,000
is taxed at a rate of 10%, up to an income of $20,000. Any
income over $20,000 is taxed at 15%.
(a) Sketch the graph of the tax rate R as a function of the
income I.
0 x
(b) How much tax is assessed on an income of $14,000?
On $26,000?
(c) Sketch the graph of the total assessed tax T as a function
of the income I.
81–86 Determine whether f is even, odd, or neither. You may
76. (a) If the point s5, 3d is on the graph of an even function,
wish to use a graphing calculator or computer to check your
what other point must also be on the graph?
answer visually.
(b) If the point s5, 3d is on the graph of an odd function, what
other point must also be on the graph? x x2
81. f sxd − 2 82. f sxd − 4
x 11 x 11
77–78 Graphs of f and t are shown. Decide whether each x
function is even, odd, or neither. Explain your reasoning. 83. f sxd −
x11
84. f sxd − x x | |
77. y 78. y
g 85. f sxd − 1 1 3x 2 2 x 4 86. f sxd − 1 1 3x 3 2 x 5
f
f
87. If f and t are both even functions, is f 1 t even? If f and t
x x are both odd functions, is f 1 t odd? What if f is even and t
g is odd? Justify your answers.
88. If f and t are both even functions, is the product ft even? If f
and t are both odd functions, is ft odd? What if f is even and
t is odd? Justify your answers.

1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions

A mathematical model is a mathematical description (often by means of a function or
an equation) of a real-world phenomenon such as the size of a population, the demand
for a product, the speed of a falling object, the concentration of a product in a chemical
reaction, the life expectancy of a person at birth, or the cost of emissions reductions. The
purpose of the model is to understand the phenomenon and perhaps to make predictions
about future behavior.
Given a real-world problem, our first task in the mathematical modeling process is to
formulate a mathematical model by identifying and naming the independent and depen-
dent variables and making assumptions that simplify the phenomenon enough to make
it mathematically tractable. We use our knowledge of the physical situation and our

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 1.2  Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions 33

1.2 Exercises
1–2 Classify each function as a power function, root function, 5–6 Find the domain of the function.
polynomial (state its degree), rational function, algebraic function,
cos x 1
trigonometric function, exponential function, or logarithmic 5. f sxd − 6. tsxd −
function. 1 2 sin x 1 2 tan x

1. (a) f sxd − x 3 1 3x 2 (b) tstd − cos2 t 2 sin t

(c) r std − t s3
(d) v std − 8 t 7. (a)  Find an equation for the family of linear functions
with slope 2 and sketch several members of the
sx family.
(e) y −
(f ) tsud − log10 u
x2 1 1 (b) Find an equation for the family of linear functions
3t 2 1 2 such that f s2d − 1. Sketch several members of the
2. (a) f std − (b) hsrd − 2.3 r family.
t
(c) Which function belongs to both families?
(c) sstd − st 1 4
(d) y − x 4 1 5
8. What
 do all members of the family of linear functions
1 f sxd − 1 1 msx 1 3d have in common? Sketch several
(e) tsxd − sx
3
(f ) y − 2
x members of the family.
9. What
 do all members of the family of linear functions
f sxd − c 2 x have in common? Sketch several members of
3–4 Match each equation with its graph. Explain your choices.
the family.
(Don’t use a computer or graphing calculator.)
3. (a) y − x 2     (b) y − x 5     (c) y − x 8 ; 10. Sketch several members of the family of polynomials
Psxd − x 3 2 cx 2. How does the graph change when c
y changes?
g
h
11–12 Find a formula for the quadratic function whose graph is
shown.
11. y y 12. y y
18 18 (_2, (_2,
2) 2)
0 x f f (0, 1)(0, 1)

0 0 x x
f (4, 2)(4, 2) g g
0 0 3 3 x x (1, _2.5)
(1, _2.5)

4. (a) y − 3x (b) y − 3 x 13. Find

 a formula for a cubic function f if f s1d − 6 and
f s21d − f s0d − f s2d − 0.
(c) y − x
3
(d) y − sx 3

14. Recent
 studies indicate that the average surface tempera-
y ture of the earth has been rising steadily. Some scientists
F have modeled the temperature by the linear function
T − 0.02t 1 8.50, where T is temperature in °C and t
represents years since 1900.
g (a) What do the slope and T-intercept represent?
(b) Use the equation to predict the earth’s average surface
f temperature in 2100.

15. If
 the recommended adult dosage for a drug is D (in mg),
x
then to determine the appropriate dosage c for a child of
age a, pharmacists use the equation c − 0.0417Dsa 1 1d.
G Suppose the dosage for an adult is 200 mg.
(a) Find the slope of the graph of c. What does it represent?
(b) What is the dosage for a newborn?

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
34 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

16. The
 manager of a weekend flea market knows from past 21. At
 the surface of the ocean, the water pressure is the same
experience that if he charges x dollars for a rental space at as the air pressure above the water, 1.05 kgycm2. Below the
the market, then the number y of spaces that will be rented is surface, the water pressure increases by 0.3 kgycm2 for every
given by the equation y − 200 2 4x. 3 m of descent.
(a) Sketch a graph of this linear function. (Remember that (a) Express the water pressure as a function of the depth
the rental charge per space and the number of spaces below the ocean surface.
rented can’t be negative quantities.) (b) At what depth is the pressure 7 kgycm2 ?
(b) What do the slope, the y-intercept, and the x-intercept of
the graph represent? 22. The resistance R of a wire of fixed length is related to its
diameter x by an inverse square law, that is, by a function of
 relationship between the Fahrenheit sFd and Celsius sCd
17. The the form Rsxd − kx 22.
temperature scales is given by the linear function F − 95 C 1 32. (a) A wire of fixed length and 0.005 meters in diameter has a
(a) Sketch a graph of this function. resistance of 140 ohms. Find the value of k.
(b) What is the slope of the graph and what does it represent? (b) Find the resistance of a wire made of the same material
What is the F-intercept and what does it represent? and of the same length as the wire in part (a) but with a
18. Jade
 and her roommate Jari commute to work each morning, diameter of 0.008 meters.
traveling west on I-10. One morning Jade left for work at 23. The illumination of an object by a light source is related to
6:50 am, but Jari left 10 minutes later. Both drove at a con- the distance from the source by an inverse square law. Sup-
stant speed. The graphs show the distance (in kilometers) pose that after dark you are sitting in a room with just one
each of them has traveled on I-10, t minutes after 7:00 am. lamp, trying to read a book. The light is too dim, so you move
(a) Use the graph to decide which driver is traveling faster. your chair halfway to the lamp. How much brighter is the
(b) Find the speed (in kmyh) at which each of them is driving. light?
(c) Find linear functions f and t that model the distances
traveled by Jade and Jari as functions of t (in minutes). 24. The pressure P of a sample of oxygen gas that is compressed
at a constant temperature is related to the volume V of gas by
y
a reciprocal function of the form P − kyV.
Distance traveled

45 (a) A sample of oxygen gas that occupies 0.671 m3 exerts a

pressure of 39 kPa at a temperature of 293 K (absolute
Jade
(km)

30 (6, 25) temperature measured on the Kelvin scale). Find the

Jari value of k in the given model.
15 (6, 11)
(b) If the sample expands to a volume of 0.916 m3, find the
new pressure.
0 3 6 9 12 t
25. The power output of a wind turbine depends on many factors.
Time since 7:00 AM (min) It can be shown using physical principles that the power P
generated by a wind turbine is modeled by
19. The
 manager of a furniture factory finds that it costs $2200 to
manufacture 100 chairs in one day and $4800 to produce P − kAv 3
300 chairs in one day.
(a) Express the cost as a function of the number of chairs where v is the wind speed, A is the area swept out by the
produced, assuming that it is linear. Then sketch the graph. blades, and k is a constant that depends on air density,
(b) What is the slope of the graph and what does it represent? efficiency of the turbine, and the design of the wind turbine
(c) What is the y-intercept of the graph and what does it blades.
represent? (a) If only wind speed is doubled, by what factor is the
power output increased?
20. The
 monthly cost of driving a car depends on the number of (b) If only the length of the blades is doubled, by what factor
kilometers driven. Lynn found that in May it cost her $380 to is the power output increased?
drive 770 km and in June it cost her $460 to drive 1290 km. (c) For a particular wind turbine, the length of the blades is
(a) Express the monthly cost C as a function of the distance 30 m and k − 0.214 kgym3. Find the power output (in
driven d, assuming that a linear relationship gives a watts, W − m2 ? kgys3 ) when the wind speed is 10 mys,
suitable model. 15 mys, and 25 mys.
(b) Use part (a) to predict the cost of driving 2400 km per
month. 26. Astronomers infer the radiant exitance (radiant flux
(c) Draw the graph of the linear function. What does the emitted per unit area) of stars using the Stefan Boltzmann
slope represent? Law:
(d) What does the C-intercept represent? EsT d − s5.67 3 1028 dT 4
(e) Why does a linear function give a suitable model in this
situation? where E is the energy radiated per unit of surface area

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 1.2  Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions 35

measured in watts (W) and T is the absolute temperature 30. When

 laboratory rats are exposed to asbestos fibers, some of
measured in kelvins (K). them develop lung tumors. The table lists the results of sev-
(a) Graph the function E for temperatures T between eral experiments by different scientists.
100 K and 300 K. (a) Find the regression line for the data.
(b) Use the graph to describe the change in energy E as (b) Make a scatter plot and graph the regression line.
the temperature T increases. Does the regression line appear to be a suitable model
27–28 For each scatter plot, decide what type of function you for the data?
might choose as a model for the data. Explain your choices. (c) What does the y-intercept of the regression line represent?

27. ((a)
a) y (b)
(b) y
Asbestos Percent of mice Asbestos Percent of mice
exposure that develop exposure that develop
(fibersymL) lung tumors (fibersymL) lung tumors

  50 2 1600 42
400 6 1800 37
500 5 2000 38
0 x 0 x 900 10 3000 50
1100 26
(a) y
28. (a) (b)
(b) y

31. Anthropologists use a linear model that relates human femur

(thighbone) length to height. The model allows an anthro-
pologist to determine the height of an individual when only a
partial skeleton (including the femur) is found. Here we find
the model by analyzing the data on femur length and height
for the eight males given in the table.
0 x 0 x
(a) Make a scatter plot of the data.
(b) Find and graph the regression line that models the data.
(c) An anthropologist finds a human femur of length
29. The
 table shows (lifetime) peptic ulcer rates (per 100 popula-
53 cm. How tall was the person?
tion) for various family incomes as reported by the National
Health Interview Survey.
(a) Make a scatter plot of these data and decide whether a Femur length Height Femur length Height
linear model is appropriate. (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(b) Find and graph a linear model using the first and last
50.1 178.5 44.5 168.3
data points.
48.3 173.6 42.7 165.0
(c) Find and graph the regression line.
(d) Use the linear model in part (c) to estimate the ulcer rate 45.2 164.8 39.5 155.4
for people with an income of $25,000. 44.7 163.7 38.0 155.8
(e) According to the model, how likely is someone with
an income of $80,000 to suffer from peptic ulcers? 32. The
 table shows average US retail residential prices of
(f ) Do you think it would be reasonable to apply the electricity from 2000 to 2016, measured in cents per kilo-
model to someone with an income of $200,000? watt hour.
(a) Make a scatter plot. Is a linear model appropriate?
Ulcer rate (b) Find and graph the regression line.
Income (per 100 population) (c) Use your linear model from part (b) to estimate the
average retail price of electricity in 2005 and 2017.
$4,000 14.1
$6,000 13.0
Years since 2000 CentsykWh Years since 2000 CentsykWh
$8,000 13.4
$12,000 12.5 0 8.24 10 11.54
$16,000 12.0 2 8.44 12 11.88
$20,000 12.4 4 8.95 14 12.52
$30,000 10.5 6 10.40 16 12.90
$45,000 9.4 8 11.26
$60,000 8.2
Source: US Energy Information Administration

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36 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

33. The
 table shows world average daily oil consumption from 35. It
 makes sense that the larger the area of a region, the
1985 to 2015, measured in thousands of barrels per day. larger the number of species that inhabit the region.
(a) Make a scatter plot and decide whether a linear model is Many ecologists have modeled the species-area relation
appropriate. with a power function. In particular, the number of
(b) Find and graph the regression line. species S of bats living in caves in central Mexico has
(c) Use the linear model to estimate the oil consumption in been related to the surface area A of the caves by the
2002 and 2017. equation S − 0.7A0.3.
(a) The cave called Misión Imposible near Puebla,
Years Thousands of barrels Mexico, has a surface area of A − 60 m2. How
since 1985 of oil per day many species of bats would you expect to find in
that cave?
0 60,083 (b) If you discover that four species of bats live in a cave,
5 66,533 estimate the area of the cave.
10 70,099
15 76,784 36. The
 table shows the number N of species of reptiles and
20 84,077 amphibians inhabiting Caribbean islands and the area A of
25 87,302 the island in square kilometers.
(a) Use a power function to model N as a function
30 94,071
of A.
Source: US Energy Information Administration (b) The Caribbean island of Dominica has area 753 km 2.
How many species of reptiles and amphibians would
34. The
 table shows the mean (average) distances d of the plan-
you expect to find on Dominica?
ets from the sun (taking the unit of measurement to be the
distance from the earth to the sun) and their periods T (time
of revolution in years). Island A N
(a) Fit a power model to the data.
(b) Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion states that Saba 10 5
“The square of the period of revolution of a planet is Monserrat 103 9
propor­tional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun.” Puerto Rico 8,959 40
Does your model corroborate Kepler’s Third Law? Jamaica 11,424 39
Hispaniola 79,192 84
Planet d T
Cuba 114,524 76
Mercury 0.387 0.241
Venus 0.723 0.615 37. Suppose that a force or energy originates from a point
Earth 1.000 1.000 source and spreads its influence equally in all directions,
Mars 1.523 1.881 such as the light from a lightbulb or the gravitational force
Jupiter 5.203 11.861 of a planet. So at a distance r from the source, the intensity
Saturn 9.541 29.457 I of the force or energy is equal to the source strength S
Uranus 19.190 84.008 divided by the surface area of a sphere of radius r. Show
Neptune 30.086 164.784 that I satisfies the inverse square law I − kyr 2, where k is
a positive constant.

1.3 New Functions from Old Functions

In this section we start with the basic functions we discussed in Section 1.2 and obtain
new functions by shifting, stretching, and reflecting their graphs. We also show how to
combine pairs of functions by the standard arithmetic operations and by composition.

■ Transformations of Functions
By applying certain transformations to the graph of a given function we can obtain
the graphs of related functions. This will give us the ability to sketch the graphs of
many functions quickly by hand. It will also enable us to write equations for given graphs.

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42 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

(d) st 8 tdsxd − tstsxdd − t (s2 2 x ) − s2 2 s2 2 x

This expression is defined when both 2 2 x > 0 and 2 2 s2 2 x > 0. The first
inequality means x < 2, and the second is equivalent to s2 2 x < 2, or 2 2 x < 4, or
x > 22. Thus 22 < x < 2, so the domain of t 8 t is the closed interval f22, 2g. ■

It is possible to take the composition of three or more functions. For instance, the
composite function f 8 t 8 h is found by first applying h, then t, and then f as follows:
s f 8 t 8 hdsxd − f stshsxddd

EXAMPLE 8 Find f 8 t 8 h if f sxd − xysx 1 1d, tsxd − x 10, and hsxd − x 1 3.

SOLUTION
s f 8 t 8 hdsxd − f stshsxddd − f stsx 1 3dd
sx 1 3d10
− f ssx 1 3d10 d − ■
sx 1 3d10 1 1

So far we have used composition to build complicated functions from simpler ones.
But in calculus it is often useful to be able to decompose a complicated function into
simpler ones, as in the following example.

EXAMPLE 9 Given Fsxd − cos2sx 1 9d, find functions f , t, and h such that F − f 8 t 8 h.
SOLUTION Since Fsxd − fcossx 1 9dg 2, the formula for F says: first add 9, then take
the cosine of the result, and finally square. So we let
hsxd − x 1 9      tsxd − cos x       f sxd − x 2

Then s f 8 t 8 hdsxd − f stshsxddd − f stsx 1 9dd − f scossx 1 9dd

− fcossx 1 9dg 2 − Fsxd  ■

1.3 Exercises
1. Suppose
 the graph of f is given. Write equations for the 3. The graph of y − f sxd is given. Match each equation with its
graphs that are obtained from the graph of f as follows. graph and give reasons for your choices.
(a) Shift 3 units upward. (a) y − f sx 2 4d (b) y − f sxd 1 3
(b) Shift 3 units downward. (c) y − 13 f sxd
(d) y − 2f sx 1 4d
(c) Shift 3 units to the right. (e) y − 2 f sx 1 6d

(d) Shift 3 units to the left. y
@ !
(e) Reflect about the x-axis. 6
(f ) Reflect about the y-axis.
(g) Stretch vertically by a factor of 3. f #
3
(h) Shrink vertically by a factor of 3.
$
2. Explain
 how each graph is obtained from the graph
of y − f sxd. _6 _3 0 3 6 x
(a) y − f sxd 1 8 (b) y − f sx 1 8d
(c) y − 8 f sxd
(d) y − f s8xd
_3
(e) y − 2f sxd 2 1
(f ) y − 8 f ( 18 x) %

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 SECTION 1.3  New Functions from Old Functions 43

4. T
 he graph of f is given. Draw the graphs of the following 1
13. y − 12 14. y − 2sx 2 1
functions. x
(a) y − f sxd 2 3 (b) y − f sx 1 1d 1
15. y − sin 4x 16. y − 1 1
(c) y − f sxd
1
(d) y − 2f sxd x2
2
17. y − 2 1 sx 1 1 18. y − 2sx 2 1d2 1 3
y
19. y − x 2 2 2x 1 5 20. y − sx 1 1d3 1 2
2 21. y − 2 2 x | | 22. y − 2 2 2 cos x

0 1 x
23. y − 3 sin 12 x 1 1 24. y −
1
4
tan x 2

4
S D
25. y − cos x | | 26. y − sx 2 1 | |
5. T
 he graph of f is given. Use it to graph the following
functions. 27. The
 city of New Orleans is located at latitude 30°N. Use Fig-
(a) y − f s2xd (b) y − f ( 12 x) ure 9 to find a function that models the number of hours of day-
light at New Orleans as a function of the time of year. To check
(c) y − f s2xd
(d) y − 2f s2xd the accuracy of your model, use the fact that on March 31 the
sun rises at 5:51 am and sets at 6:18 pm in New Orleans.
y
28. A
 variable star is one whose brightness alternately increases
1 and decreases. For the most visible variable star, Delta Cephei,
the time between periods of maximum brightness is 5.4 days,
0 1 x the average brightness (or magnitude) of the star is 4.0, and its
brightness varies by 60.35 magnitude. Find a function that
models the brightness of Delta Cephei as a function of time.
 –7 The graph of y − s3x 2 x 2 is given. Use transformations
6
29. Some
 of the highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of
to create a function whose graph is as shown.
Fundy on the Atlantic Coast of Canada. At Hopewell Cape
the water depth at low tide is about 2.0 m and at high tide
y
it is about 12.0 m. The natural period of oscillation is
y=œ„„„„„„
3x-≈ about 12 hours and on a particular day, high tide occurred
1.5 at 6:45 am. Find a function involving the cosine function
that models the water depth Dstd (in meters) as a function
of time t (in hours after midnight) on that day.
0 3 x
30. In
 a normal respiratory cycle the volume of air that moves
6. y 7. y
into and out of the lungs is about 500 mL. The reserve and
residue volumes of air that remain in the lungs occupy about
3 2000 mL and a single respiratory cycle for an average human
_4 _1 0 x
_1 takes about 4 seconds. Find a model for the total volume of
air Vstd in the lungs as a function of time.
_2.5
0 2 5 x | |
31. ( a) How is the graph of y − f ( x ) related to the graph of f ?
(b) Sketch the graph of y − sin x . | |
(c) Sketch the graph of y − s x . | |
8. (a) How is the graph of y − 1 1 sx related to the graph of
32. Use
 the given graph of f to sketch the graph of y − 1yf sxd.
y − sx ? Use your answer and Figure 4(a) to sketch the
Which features of f are the most important in sketching
graph of y − 1 1 sx .
y − 1yf sxd? Explain how they are used.
(b) How is the graph of y − 5 sin x related to the graph of
y − sin x ? Use your answer and Figure 6 to sketch the y
graph of y − 5 sin x .
9–26 Graph the function by hand, not by plotting points, but by 1
starting with the graph of one of the standard functions given in
Table 1.2.3, and then applying the appropriate transformations. 0 1 x
9. y − 1 1 x 2
10. y − sx 1 1d 2

11. y − x 1 2 | | 12. y − 1 2 x 3

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
44 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

33–34 Find (a) f 1 t, (b) f 2 t, (c) f t, and (d) fyt and state their 56. (a) ts ts ts2ddd (b) s f + f + f ds1d
domains. (c) s f + f + tds1d (d) s t + f + tds3d
33. f sxd − s25 2 x 2, tsxd − sx 1 1
1 1 57. Use
 the given graphs of f and t to evaluate each expression,
34. f sxd − , tsxd − 22 or explain why it is undefined.
x21 x
(a) f s ts2dd (b) ts f s0dd (c) s f 8 tds0d
(d) s t 8 f ds6d (e) s t 8 tds22d (f) s f 8 f ds4d
35– 40 Find the functions (a) f 8 t, (b) t 8 f , (c) f 8 f , and (d) t 8 t
and their domains. y

35. f sxd − x 3 1 5, tsxd − s

3
x
g f
1
36. f sxd − , tsxd − 2x 1 1
x 2
1
37. f sxd − , tsxd − x 1 1
sx 0 2 x
x
38. f sxd − , tsxd − 2x 2 1
x11
2
39. f sxd − , tsxd − sin x 58. Use
 the given graphs of f and t to estimate the value of
x f s tsxdd for x − 25, 24, 23, . . . , 5. Use these estimates to
40. f sxd − s5 2 x , tsxd − sx 2 1 sketch a rough graph of f 8 t.
y
41– 44 Find f 8 t 8 h. g
41. f sxd − 3x 2 2, tsxd − sin x,  hsxd − x 2
1
|
42. f sxd − x 2 4 , | tsxd − 2 x,  hsxd − sx
0 1 x
43. f sxd − sx 2 3 , tsxd − x 2,  hsxd − x 3 1 2
x f
44. f sxd − tan x, tsxd − ,  hsxd − s
3
x
x21

45–50 Express the function in the form f 8 t.

59. A
 stone is dropped into a lake, creating a circular ripple that
45. Fsxd − s2 x 1 x 2 d 4 46. Fsxd − cos2 x travels outward at a speed of 60 cmys.

Î
(a) Express the radius r of this circle as a function of the
s
3
x x
47. Fsxd − 48. Gsxd − 3 time t (in seconds).
11s
3
x 11x
(b) If A is the area of this circle as a function of the radius,
find A 8 r and interpret it.
49. v std − secst 2 d tanst 2 d 50. Hsxd − s1 1 sx
60. A
 spherical balloon is being inflated and the radius of the
balloon is increasing at a rate of 2 cmys.
51–54 Express the function in the form f 8 t 8 h.
(a) Express the radius r of the balloon as a function of the
51. Rsxd − ssx 2 1 52. Hsxd − s
8
21 x | | time t (in seconds).
53. Sstd − sin scos td
2
54. Hstd − cos (s tan t 1 1) (b) If V is the volume of the balloon as a function of the
radius, find V 8 r and interpret it.

55–56 Use the table to evaluate each expression.  ship is moving at a speed of 30 kmyh parallel to a straight
61. A
shoreline. The ship is 6 km from shore and it passes a light-
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 house at noon.
(a) Express the distance s between the lighthouse and the
f sxd 3 1 5 6 2 4
ship as a function of d, the distance the ship has traveled
tsxd 5 3 4 1 3 2 since noon; that is, find f so that s − f sd d.
(b) Express d as a function of t, the time elapsed since noon;
55. (a) f s ts3dd (b) ts f s2dd that is, find t so that d − tstd.
(c) s f 8 tds5d (d) s t 8 f ds5d (c) Find f 8 t. What does this function represent?

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 1.4  The Tangent and Velocity Problems 45

62. An
 airplane is flying at a speed of 560 kmyh at an altitude (c) Sketch the graph of the voltage Vstd in a circuit if the
of two kilometers and passes directly over a radar station at switch is turned on at time t − 7 seconds and the
time t − 0. voltage is gradually increased to 100 volts over a period
(a) Express the horizontal distance d (in kilometers) that the of 25 seconds. Write a formula for Vstd in terms of Hstd
plane has flown as a function of t. for t < 32.
(b) Express the distance s between the plane and the radar
65. Let f and t be linear functions with equations
station as a function of d.
f sxd − m1 x 1 b1 and tsxd − m 2 x 1 b 2. Is f 8 t also a
(c) Use composition to express s as a function of t.
linear function? If so, what is the slope of its graph?
63. The Heaviside Function The Heaviside function H is defined by
66. I f you invest x dollars at 4% interest compounded annually,

Hstd − H
0 if t , 0
1 if t > 0
then the amount Asxd of the investment after one year is
Asxd − 1.04x. Find A 8 A, A 8 A 8 A, and A 8 A 8 A 8 A. What
do these compositions represent? Find a formula for the com-
It is used in the study of electric circuits to represent the sud- position of n copies of A.
den surge of electric current, or voltage, when a switch is
instantaneously turned on. 67. (a) If tsxd − 2x 1 1 and hsxd − 4x 2 1 4x 1 7, find a func-
(a) Sketch the graph of the Heaviside function. tion f such that f 8 t − h. (Think about what operations
(b) Sketch the graph of the voltage Vstd in a circuit if the you would have to perform on the formula for t to end up
switch is turned on at time t − 0 and 120 volts are with the formula for h.)
applied instantaneously to the circuit. Write a formula (b) If f sxd − 3x 1 5 and hsxd − 3x 2 1 3x 1 2, find a
for Vstd in terms of Hstd. function t such that f 8 t − h.
(c) Sketch the graph of the voltage Vstd in a circuit if the 68. If f sxd − x 1 4 and hsxd − 4x 2 1, find a function t such
switch is turned on at time t − 5 seconds and 240 volts that t 8 f − h.
are applied instantaneously to the circuit. Write a formula
for Vstd in terms of Hstd. (Note that starting at t − 5 69. Suppose t is an even function and let h − f 8 t. Is h always an
even function?
corre­sponds to a translation.)
70. Suppose t is an odd function and let h − f 8 t. Is h always an
 he Ramp Function The Heaviside function defined in
64. T
odd function? What if f is odd? What if f is even?
Exercise 63 can also be used to define the ramp function
y − ctHstd, which represents a gradual increase in voltage or 71. Let f sxd be a function with domain R .
current in a circuit. (a) Show that Esxd − f sxd 1 f s2xd is an even function.
(a) Sketch the graph of the ramp function y − tHstd. (b) Show that Osxd − f sxd 2 f s2xd is an odd function.
(b) Sketch the graph of the voltage Vstd in a circuit if the (c) Prove that every function f sxd can be written as a sum of
switch is turned on at time t − 0 and the voltage is gradu- an even function and an odd function.
ally increased to 120 volts over a 60-second time interval. (d) Express the function f sxd − 2 x 1 sx 2 3d2 as a sum of
Write a formula for Vstd in terms of Hstd for t < 60. an even function and an odd function.

1.4 The Tangent and Velocity Problems

In this section we see how limits arise when we attempt to find the tangent to a curve or
L the velocity of an object.

■ The Tangent Problem

The word tangent is derived from the Latin word tangens, which means “touching.” We
can think of a tangent to a curve as a line that touches the curve and follows the same
(a)
direction as the curve at the point of contact. How can this idea be made precise?
P For a circle we could simply follow Euclid and say that a tangent is a line  that inter-
L C sects the circle once and only once, as in Figure 1(a). For more complicated curves this
definition is inadequate. Figure l(b) shows a line  that appears to be a tangent to the
curve C at point P, but it intersects C twice.
(b)
To be specific, let’s look at the problem of trying to find a tangent line  to the parab-
FIGURE 1 ola y − x 2 in the following example.

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50 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

1.4 Exercises
1. A
 tank holds 1000 liters of water, which drains from the (c) Using the slope from part (b), find an equation of the
bottom of the tank in half an hour. The values in the table tangent line to the curve at Ps0.5, 0d.
show the volume V of water remaining in the tank (in liters) (d) Sketch the curve, two of the secant lines, and the tangent
after t minutes. line.
5. T
 he deck of a bridge is suspended 80 meters above a river. If
t smind 5 10 15 20 25 30 a pebble falls off the side of the bridge, the height, in meters,
of the pebble above the water surface after t seconds is given
V sLd 694 444 250 111 28 0 by y − 80 2 4.9t 2.
(a) Find the average velocity of the pebble for the time
(a) If P is the point s15, 250d on the graph of V, find the period beginning when t − 4 and lasting
slopes of the secant lines PQ when Q is the point on the (i) 0.1 seconds (ii) 0.05 seconds (iii) 0.01 seconds
graph with t − 5, 10, 20, 25, and 30. (b) Estimate the instantaneous velocity of the pebble after
(b) Estimate the slope of the tangent line at P by averaging 4 seconds.
the slopes of two secant lines.
6. I f a rock is thrown upward on the planet Mars with a velocity
(c) Use a graph of V to estimate the slope of the tangent line
of 10 mys, its height in meters t seconds later is given by
at P. (This slope represents the rate at which the water is
y − 10 t 2 1.86t 2.
flowing from the tank after 15 minutes.)
(a) Find the average velocity over the given time intervals:
2. A
 student bought a smartwatch that tracks the number of (i) [1, 2] (ii) [1, 1.5] (iii) [1, 1.1]
steps she walks throughout the day. The table shows the num- (iv) [1, 1.01] (v) [1, 1.001]
ber of steps recorded t minutes after 3:00 pm on the first day (b) Estimate the instantaneous velocity when t − 1.
she wore the watch. 7. T
 he table shows the position of a motorcyclist after acceler­
ating from rest.
t smind 0 10 20 30 40
t ssecondsd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Steps 3438 4559 5622 6536 7398
s (meters) 0 1.5 6.3 14.2 24.1 38.0 53.9
(a) Find the slopes of the secant lines corresponding to the
given intervals of t. What do these slopes represent? (a) Find the average velocity for each time period:

(i) [0, 40] (ii) [10, 20] (iii) [20, 30] (i) f2, 4g (ii) f3, 4g (iii) f4, 5g (iv) f4, 6g
(b) Estimate the student’s walking pace, in steps per minute, (b) Use the graph of s as a function of t to estimate the
at 3:20 pm by averaging the slopes of two secant lines. instantaneous velocity when t − 3.
3. T
 he point Ps2, 21d lies on the curve y − 1ys1 2 xd. 8. T
 he displacement (in centimeters) of a particle moving back
(a) If Q is the point sx, 1ys1 2 xdd, find the slope of the and forth along a straight line is given by the equation of
secant line PQ (correct to six decimal places) for the motion s − 2 sin t 1 3 cos t, where t is measured in
following values of x : seconds.
(i) 1.5 (ii) 1.9 (iii) 1.99 (iv) 1.999 (a) Find the average velocity during each time period:
(v) 2.5 (vi) 2.1 (vii) 2.01 (viii) 2.001 (i) f1, 2g (ii) f1, 1.1g
(b) Using the results of part (a), guess the value of the slope (iii) f1, 1.01g (iv) f1, 1.001g
of the tangent line to the curve at Ps2, 21d. (b) Estimate the instantaneous velocity of the particle
(c) Using the slope from part (b), find an equation of the when t − 1.
tangent line to the curve at Ps2, 21d.
9. The point Ps1, 0d lies on the curve y − sins10yxd.
4. T
 he point Ps0.5, 0d lies on the curve y − cos x . (a) If Q is the point sx, sins10yxdd, find the slope of the
(a) If Q is the point s x, cos xd, find the slope of the secant secant line PQ (correct to four decimal places) for x − 2,
line PQ (correct to six decimal places) for the following 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9. Do the
values of x : slopes appear to be approaching a limit?
(i) 0 (ii) 0.4 (iii) 0.49 ; (b) Use a graph of the curve to explain why the slopes of the
(iv) 0.499 (v) 1 (vi) 0.6 secant lines in part (a) are not close to the slope of the
(vii) 0.51 (viii) 0.501 tangent line at P.
(b) Using the results of part (a), guess the value of the slope (c) By choosing appropriate secant lines, estimate the slope
of the tangent line to the curve at Ps0.5, 0d. of the tangent line at P.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.