G2_CHEM_fertilizer & metal extraction

NO. 1
A farmer treats a field with calcium hydroxide to make it less acidic.
When the farmer adds ammonium nitrate fertiliser to the field immediately after the calcium
hydroxide, they react.
Why does this reaction make the fertiliser less effective?
A. It makes ammonia gas, so less nitrogen is absorbed by the soil.
B. It makes an acid, making the soil acidic again.
C. It makes nitrogen gas, so less nitrogen is absorbed by the soil.
D. It makes the fertiliser too strong, stopping the plants growing so well.

NO. 2
Compounds that contain nitrogen can be used as fertilisers.
Which compound contains the greatest proportion of nitrogen by mass?
A. CH4N2O
B. NH4Cl
C. NH4NO3
D. (NH4)2SO4

NO. 3
Which reaction produces ammonia gas?
A. warming ammonium chloride with dilute sodium hydroxide
B. warming ammonium nitrate with dilute sulfuric acid
C. warming ammonium phosphate with dilute sodium chloride
D. warming ammonium sulfate with dilute nitric acid

NO. 4
Which statement about the manufacture of ammonia is correct?
A. Ammonia is manufactured by heating hydrogen and nitrogen at 50 °C and 1.0 atm.
B. Ammonia is obtained by heating hydrogen and nitrogen in the Contact process.
C. Hydrogen for the manufacture of ammonia is extracted from air.
D. The reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia is reversible.
NO. 5
Ammonia is produced by the Haber process.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g).
Which statement about the Haber process is not correct?
A. An iron catalyst is used to increase the rate of reaction.
B. The reaction is carried out at high temperature to increase the rate of reaction.
C. The reaction is carried out at low pressure to increase the yield of ammonia.
D. The reaction is reversible.

NO. 6
Ammonia is manufactured in an exothermic reaction.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌
2NH3(g)
What is the effect of lowering the temperature on the rate of formation and equilibrium yield
of ammonia?

rate of formation equilibrium yield

A decreases decreases

B decreases increases
C increases decreases

D increases increases

NO. 7
Ammonium sulfate is used as a fertiliser.
It is made from ammonia and sulfuric acid.
Which words complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?
The ......1...... is made by the ......2...... process in which ......3...... is used as a catalyst.

1 2 3
A ammonia Contact iron

B ammonia Haber vanadium(V) oxide

C sulfuric acid Contact vanadium(V) oxide

D sulfuric acid Haber iron

NO. 8
The raw materials for the Haber process are hydrogen and nitrogen.
What are the sources of the hydrogen and nitrogen?
A. hydrogen from ethanol and nitrogen from NPK fertilisers
B. hydrogen from methane and nitrogen from air
C. hydrogen from sulfuric acid and nitrogen from air
D. hydrogen from water and nitrogen from ammonium nitrate

NO. 9
A farmer’s soil is very low in both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).
Which fertiliser would improve the quality of this soil most effectively?

percentage
nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) potassium (K)

A 11 11 27

B 12 37 10

C 28 10 10

D 31 29 9

NO. 10
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is a fertiliser and is added to fields to help crops grow.
Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, is an alkali and is added to fields to reduce the acidity of the soil.
Ammonium nitrate and slaked lime should not be added to a field at the same time because
they react with each other to form a gas, Z.
What is Z?
A. ammonia
B. hydrogen
C. nitrogen
D. oxygen

NO. 11
Aluminium is extracted from bauxite by electrolysis.
Which statement is correct?
A. Aluminium ions are oxidised to form aluminium.
B. The cathode has to be replaced regularly because it reacts with the oxygen which is
formed.
 C. Cryolite is added to remove impurities.
D. Carbon dioxide is produced at the anode.

NO. 12
Why is cryolite used in the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis?
A. It changes bauxite to aluminium oxide.
B. It decreases the melting point of the aluminium.
C. It dissolves the aluminium oxide.
D. It protects the anodes from corrosion.

NO. 13
Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.
Which statement is not correct?
A. Aluminium ions are oxidised at the cathode.
B. Carbon dioxide is made at the anode.
C. Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of the aluminium oxide.
D. The electrodes are made from graphite.

NO. 14
Impure iron from the blast furnace is converted to steel as shown.

Which statement about the process is correct?

A. Acidic oxides are added to remove alkaline impurities.
B. Coke is added as a reducing agent.
C. Oxygen is blown in to oxidise the impure iron.
D. The steel produced contains less carbon than the impure iron.
NO. 15
Iron is extracted from hematite in the blast furnace at a temperature of about 1550 °C.
Which equation shows the main reaction that increases the temperature in the furnace?
A. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
B. C + O2 → CO2
C. CO2 + C → 2CO
D. Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

NO. 16
Which statement about the reactions in the blast furnace is correct?
A. Carbon reacts with oxygen and heats the furnace.
B. Carbon monoxide removes the silicon dioxide impurity forming slag.
C. Iron(III) oxide is oxidised to iron.
D. Limestone reduces iron(III) oxide to iron.

NO. 17
Molten iron from the blast furnace contains impurities.
The process of turning the impure iron into steel involves blowing oxygen into the molten
iron and adding calcium oxide.
What are the reasons for blowing in oxygen and adding calcium oxide?

blowing in oxygen adding calcium oxide

A carbon is removed by reacting with oxygen reacts with acidic impurities making slag

B carbon is removed by reacting with oxygen reacts with slag and so removes it

C iron reacts with the oxygen reacts with acidic impurities making slag
D iron reacts with the oxygen reacts with slag and so removes it

NO. 18
Bauxite contains aluminium oxide.
Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
Why is cryolite added to the electrolytic cell used to extract aluminium?
A. Cryolite prevents the carbon anodes being burned away.
B. Cryolite removes impurities from the bauxite.
C. Cryolite increases the rate at which aluminium ions are discharged.
D. Molten cryolite dissolves the aluminium oxide.
NO. 19
Basic oxides and oxygen are used to convert iron into steel.
Which statement is not correct?
A. Carbon is converted into carbon dioxide.
B. Silicon is converted into silicon(IV) oxide.
C. The basic oxides react with acidic impurities to form slag.
D. The oxygen reacts with the iron to produce hematite.

NO. 20
Aluminium is manufactured by electrolysis of aluminium oxide.
The diagram shows the electrolysis cell.

Which statement about the process is not correct?

A. Aluminium ions gain electrons during the electrolysis and are reduced.
B. Cryolite is added to reduce the melting point of the aluminium oxide.
C. The anode and cathode are made of graphite.
D. The cathode has to be replaced regularly because it is burnt away.

NO. 21
Iron is extracted from hematite in the blast furnace.
The hematite contains silicon(IV) oxide (sand) as an impurity.
What reacts with this impurity to remove it?
A. calcium oxide
B. carbon
C. carbon dioxide
D. slag

NO. 22
Which types of reaction do hematite and limestone undergo in the blast furnace?
 hematite limestone

A reduction reduction

B reduction thermal decomposition

C thermal decomposition reduction

D thermal decomposition thermal decomposition

NO. 23
This question is about compounds of nitrogen and fertilisers.
a. Ammonium chloride is heated with sodium hydroxide.
NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O
Choose from the list the word that describes this reaction.
Draw a circle around your answer.

addition displacement oxidation reduction [1]

b. Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
i. Give the meaning of the symbol . ⇌
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. The nitrogen for this process is obtained from the air.
State the percentage of nitrogen in clean, dry air.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]

c. Fertilisers contain nitrogen.

Name two other elements found in most fertilisers that are essential for plant growth.
................................................................... and ...................................................................
[2]

d. Bacteria in the soil can convert ammonium ions into oxides of nitrogen.
Oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain.
i. Name one other pollutant in the air that contributes to acid rain.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. State one adverse effect of acid rain on buildings.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 7]
NO. 24
This question is about air and fertilisers.
a. Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases and carbon dioxide.
State the percentage of nitrogen in clean, dry air.
..............................................................................................................................................
[1]

b. Polluted air contains oxides of nitrogen.

i. Give one source of oxides of nitrogen in the air.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. State one adverse effect of oxides of nitrogen on health.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]

c. Many fertilisers contain nitrogen and potassium.

i. Name one other element found in most fertilisers.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. Explain why farmers use fertilisers on fields where crops are to be grown.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iii. Describe a test for potassium ions.
test
......................................................................................................................................
observations
.......................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]

NO. 25
The diagram shows a blast furnace.
a. The following equations represent reactions which take place in the blast furnace.
A C + O2 → CO2
B CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
C CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
D CO2 + C → 2CO
E Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
i. Which reaction is used to increase the temperature inside the blast furnace? ...........
[1]
ii. Which reaction is an example of thermal decomposition? ........... [1]
iii. In which reaction is carbon both oxidised and reduced? ........... [1]
iv. Which equation shows the removal of an impurity from the iron? ........... [1]
v. Which equation shows the reaction of an acidic substance with a basic substance?
........... [1]
b. Use the diagram of the blast furnace to help you answer these questions.
i. What enters the blast furnace at X?
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. What leaves the blast furnace at Y?
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iii. Name two waste gases that leave the blast furnace.
1..........................................................................................................................................
2..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
c. The graph shows how the malleability of iron changes as the percentage of carbon in
the iron changes.

i. Describe how the malleability of iron changes as the percentage of carbon changes.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. Iron obtained from the blast furnace contains high levels of carbon.
Explain how the amount of carbon in the iron can be decreased.
.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 12]
NO. 26
a. The table compares the percentage by mass of the elements in the whole Earth and in
the Earth’s crust.

percentage by mass percentage by mass

element
in the whole Earth in the Earth’s crust

aluminium 1.20 8.20

calcium 1.10 3.60

iron 34.60 5.00

magnesium 12.70 2.00

oxygen 29.50 46.60

silicon 15.20 29.50

sodium 0.60 2.80

titanium 0.10 0.55

other elements 1.75

total 100.00 100.00

Answer these questions using only the information in the table.

i. Deduce the percentage by mass of the other elements in the whole Earth.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. State which element is present in the whole Earth in the greatest percentage by
mass.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iii. Give two major differences in the composition of the whole Earth and the Earth’s
crust.
1
..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

b. Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a calcium atom.

 [2]

c. Iron is extracted from iron ore.

i. Name an ore of iron.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. Iron ore contains iron(III) oxide.
Iron(III) oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide in a blast furnace.
Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
Fe2O3 + 3CO → ......Fe + ......CO2 [2]
iii. Calcium carbonate is added to the blast furnace, where it undergoes thermal
decomposition.
Calcium oxide is formed.
State the meaning of the term thermal decomposition.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
iv. Choose the correct statement about the reaction of calcium oxide in the blast
furnace.
Tick (✓) one box.

v. State one advantage of recycling iron.

.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 13]

NO. 27
a. The table compares the percentage by mass of the elements in the whole Earth and in
the oceans.

percentage by mass in the percentage by mass in

element
whole Earth the oceans

calcium 1.1 0.1

chlorine less than 0.01 1.0

hydrogen less than 0.01 11.0

iron 34.6 0.0
magnesium 12.7 1.0
 oxygen 29.5 85.0
silicon 15.2 0.0

sodium 0.6 1.0

other elements 6.3

total 100.00 100.00

Answer these questions using only the information in the table.

i. Deduce the percentage by mass of the other elements in the oceans.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. State which non-metallic element is present in the whole Earth in the greatest
percentage by mass.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iii. Give two major differences in the composition of the whole Earth and of the oceans.
1
..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

b. Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a chlorine atom.

[2]

c. Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide in a blast furnace.

i. Explain why air is blown into the blast furnace.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. In the blast furnace, carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to produce carbon
monoxide.
Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.

CO2 + C → ......CO [1]

iii. Carbon monoxide reduces iron(III) oxide to iron.

State the meaning of the term reduction.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
 iv. When 80g of iron(III) oxide reacts with excess carbon monoxide, 56g of iron is
produced.
Calculate the minimum mass of iron(III) oxide needed to produce 14g of iron.

.............................. g [1]

d. Steel is an alloy of iron.

i. Choose two substances from the list that are used in the conversion of iron from the
blast furnace into steel.
calcium oxide
carbon dioxide
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
silicon(IV) oxide
sulfur dioxide

1
..........................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
ii. State the meaning of the term alloy.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 13]

NO. 28
a. Name the ore of aluminium which mainly consists of aluminium oxide.
..............................................................................................................................................
[1]
b. Aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in molten
cryolite.
 i. Give two reasons why the electrolysis is done using a molten mixture of aluminium
oxide and cryolite instead of molten aluminium oxide only.
1
..........................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
ii. Write ionic half-equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes.
positive electrode
................................................................................................................
negative electrode
..............................................................................................................[2]
iii. The anodes are made of carbon and have to be replaced regularly.
Explain why the carbon anodes have to be replaced regularly.
.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
c. The positions of some common metals in the reactivity series are shown.

i. When magnesium is placed in aqueous copper(II) sulfate a displacement reaction

occurs immediately.
Write an ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.
.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
ii. State two observations you would make when magnesium is placed in aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.
1
..........................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
iii. When aluminium foil is added to aqueous copper(II) sulfate no immediate reaction
takes place.
Explain why.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
d. Aluminium powder reacts with iron(III) oxide to produce aluminium oxide and iron.
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 14]
NO. 29
a. 29Al is a radioactive isotope of aluminium. The only non‑radioactive isotope of aluminium
is 27Al.
i. Describe, in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons, how the isotopes 29Al and
27Al aresimilar and how they are different.

how they are similar

............................................................................................................
how they are different
......................................................................................................... [2]
ii. Complete the table to show the number of nucleons, neutrons and electrons in an
2713Al3+ ion.[3]

number in 2713Al3+

nucleons
neutrons

electrons

b. Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis.

i. Name the main ore of aluminium.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. Why is aluminium not extracted from its ore by reduction with carbon?
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iii. The main ore of aluminium contains aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide is dissolved
in molten cryolite before it is electrolysed.
Give two reasons, other than cost, why cryolite is used.
1
..........................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
iv. The reaction at the anode during the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis is
shown.
2O2– → O2 + 4e–
Is this process oxidation or reduction?
Give a reason for your answer.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
v. During the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis, carbon dioxide is formed at the
anode.
Explain how carbon dioxide is formed at the anode.
.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
c. When a piece of zinc metal is added to copper(II) sulfate solution there is an immediate
reaction.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
When a piece of aluminium metal is added to copper(II) sulfate solution the initial
reaction is very slow.
 i. Explain why zinc metal reacts with copper(II) sulfate.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
ii. What type of reaction is this?
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iii. Explain why the initial reaction between aluminium metal and copper(II) sulfate is
very slow.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 15]

NO. 30
Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
a. Why is aluminium not extracted by heating aluminium oxide with carbon?
..............................................................................................................................................
[1]
b. Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound with a high melting point.
i. Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in one of
the oxide ions present in aluminium oxide. Include the charge on the oxide ion.
One of the aluminium ions is shown.[2]

ii. The melting point of aluminium oxide is above 2000°C.

Explain why aluminium oxide has a high melting point.
.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
c. Aluminium can be extracted by electrolysis using the apparatus shown.

i. Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in

the wires,
............................................................................................................................
 the electrolyte.
....................................................................................................................[2]
ii. Give two reasons why cryolite is used.
1
..........................................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
iii. Write the ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium during the electrolysis.
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
iv. Explain how carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anodes.
.......................................................................................................................................
[3]
d. When a piece of aluminium is placed in dilute hydrochloric acid, there is no immediate
visible reaction.
If the aluminium is left in the dilute hydrochloric acid for several hours, bubbles start to
form.
Explain why aluminium does not react immediately with dilute hydrochloric acid.
..............................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 14]